TABLE 2. U.S. research and development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2012
All
Performer:
Funding
Year
source:
performers
Industry
Industry
Federal
All
sources
Federal
5,160
5,617
6,281
8,500
9,908
10,915
12,490
13,711
14,564
15,636
17,519
19,103
20,252
22,072
23,346
24,666
25,996
26,271
26,952
28,740
30,952
33,359
35,671
39,435
43,338
48,719
55,379
63,224
72,292
80,748
89,950
102,244
114,671
120,249
1,015
963
973
1,130
1,297
1,507
1,681
1,801
1,987
2,188
2,558
2,965
3,156
3,308
3,444
3,497
3,790
4,154
4,409
4,676
4,837
5,132
5,561
5,890
6,211
6,962
7,471
7,831
8,605
9,501
10,830
11,916
13,093
13,504
U&C
U&Cb
Other
FFRDCsa
Total Federala Industryd
Total
Total
NA
NA
123
333
407
323
418
477
555
426
414
463
373
355
419
415
464
473
491
548
545
648
727
890
962
1,082
1,164
1,277
1,385
1,484
1,585
1,739
1,863
1,891
273
301
342
391
433
491
586
705
834
993
1,178
1,375
1,595
1,818
2,035
2,187
2,280
2,418
2,565
2,757
2,953
3,216
3,570
3,899
4,346
4,996
5,715
6,455
7,085
7,603
8,251
9,154
10,308
11,540
Federal governmente
Nonprofit
Other nonprofit
FFRDCs
Other
Industry
Other
U&C
nonprofit
Total
Total Federalc Industryf nonprofitf
37
40
42
46
51
56
61
67
75
84
96
114
136
165
200
221
233
259
290
312
343
393
432
480
569
679
785
920
1,058
1,207
1,357
1,514
1,743
2,019
27
29
32
36
40
45
50
55
62
70
78
88
101
114
126
139
155
171
182
195
211
239
272
300
337
364
386
419
463
534
595
654
713
780
131
161
187
217
267
316
349
385
440
500
580
629
630
652
696
722
731
727
735
785
841
926
1,067
1,266
1,467
1,772
2,013
2,306
2,484
2,544
2,840
3,243
3,616
3,973
112
123
131
146
167
195
234
264
304
363
408
417
472
537
561
596
642
677
709
771
882
988
1,062
1,139
1,213
1,353
1,564
1,658
1,784
1,915
2,176
2,511
2,761
2,867
FFRDCsc
Total
Current $millions
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
3,630
4,070
4,517
6,272
7,324
8,066
9,200
10,032
10,353
11,037
12,216
13,049
13,812
15,193
15,966
17,014
17,844
17,594
17,829
19,004
20,704
22,239
23,460
26,107
28,863
32,222
37,062
43,228
50,425
57,166
63,683
73,061
82,376
85,932
1,430
1,750
2,057
2,995
3,928
4,436
5,217
5,604
5,685
6,008
6,856
7,257
7,367
7,977
7,946
8,145
7,987
7,306
7,175
7,469
7,600
7,572
7,878
8,671
9,523
10,107
11,354
12,752
14,997
17,061
19,095
21,657
25,333
26,000
2,200
2,320
2,460
3,277
3,396
3,630
3,983
4,428
4,668
5,029
5,360
5,792
6,445
7,216
8,020
8,869
9,857
10,288
10,654
11,535
13,104
14,667
15,582
17,436
19,340
22,115
25,708
30,476
35,428
40,105
44,588
51,404
57,043
59,932
149
165
191
221
242
280
356
453
557
687
839
995
1,167
1,335
1,491
1,586
1,624
1,686
1,760
1,890
2,009
2,160
2,400
2,619
2,893
3,329
3,848
4,335
4,670
4,879
5,210
5,748
6,388
7,028
40
45
50
57
64
72
81
90
101
112
125
138
150
160
168
185
208
237
262
282
302
320
348
369
394
443
482
519
581
621
658
721
834
969
21
24
27
32
37
39
40
40
40
41
41
41
42
45
52
58
61
66
72
79
90
104
118
131
155
182
215
264
314
363
432
518
630
745
58
61
64
71
79
95
125
148
169
200
234
250
286
329
342
364
388
410
427
472
566
639
675
711
740
830
985
1,017
1,075
1,129
1,306
1,548
1,694
1,686
26
31
35
37
37
38
42
48
49
54
55
55
62
70
74
81
93
95
98
101
105
114
124
135
147
160
174
189
206
224
244
265
289
314
28
31
32
38
51
62
67
68
86
109
119
112
124
138
145
151
161
172
184
198
211
235
262
292
326
363
405
452
504
561
626
698
778
867
NA
NA
9
11
14
18
22
48
92
130
165
205
215
210
225
235
245
230
215
200
190
210
225
245
275
333
390
469
524
536
585
620
655
541
TABLE 2. U.S. research and development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2012
All
Performer:
Funding
Year
source:
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 (preliminary)
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
performers
Industry
Industry
Federal
All
Total Federala Industryd
sources
Federal
126,360
133,881
141,891
151,993
160,876
165,350
165,730
169,207
183,625
197,346
212,152
226,457
245,318
268,905
279,716
279,387
293,060
304,547
327,185
352,567
379,681
406,610
404,731
407,703
428,163
452,556
13,588
14,342
15,231
15,671
15,249
15,853
16,531
16,355
16,904
16,585
16,819
17,362
18,142
19,247
22,374
23,798
24,982
24,898
26,322
28,240
29,859
29,839
30,560
31,970
35,775
37,574
90,160
94,893
99,860
107,404
114,675
116,757
115,435
117,392
129,830
142,371
155,409
167,102
182,090
199,961
202,017
193,868
200,724
208,301
226,159
247,669
269,267
290,681
282,393
278,977
294,093
316,700
28,757
28,221
26,359
25,802
24,095
22,369
20,844
20,261
21,178
21,356
21,798
22,086
20,496
17,117
16,899
16,401
17,798
20,266
21,909
24,304
26,585
36,360
39,573
34,199
31,309
36,300
31,904
34,408
37,839
49,507
55,844
60,168
68,047
73,674
77,377
81,953
6,276
5,896
5,860
6,584
7,311
8,305
9,159
9,675
10,558
11,466
22,444
24,934
27,211
36,531
41,279
44,463
50,124
53,905
55,003
57,848
8,842
10,721
12,392
17,444
22,139
24,453
28,424
30,112
30,203
31,489
U&C
U&Cb
Other
FFRDCsa
Total
Total
61,403
66,672
73,501
81,602
90,580
94,388
94,591
97,131
108,652
121,015
133,611
145,016
161,594
182,844
185,118
177,467
182,926
188,035
204,250
223,365
242,682
254,321
242,820
244,778
262,784
280,400
1,995
2,122
2,195
2,323
2,277
2,353
1,965
2,202
2,273
2,297
2,130
2,078
2,039
2,001
2,020
2,263
2,458
2,485
2,601
3,122
5,165
6,346
6,646
7,214
6,956
6,808
12,807
14,221
15,634
16,939
18,206
19,388
20,495
21,607
22,617
23,718
24,884
26,181
28,176
30,693
33,720
37,888
41,959
44,782
47,006
48,951
51,149
53,917
56,972
60,369
62,457
62,723
13,603
14,213
14,819
19,087
19,140
20,010
21,701
23,793
24,800
26,358
NA
NA
741
1,940
2,294
1,781
2,277
2,563
2,949
2,233
1,685
1,844
2,060
2,277
2,440
2,707
3,193
3,785
4,428
5,202
Federal governmente
Nonprofit
Other nonprofit
FFRDCs
Other
Other
Total Federalc Industryf nonprofitf
FFRDCsc
Industry
U&C
nonprofit
Total
7,768
8,593
9,317
9,939
10,667
11,528
12,307
12,996
13,592
14,084
14,530
15,174
16,264
17,719
19,767
22,654
25,727
27,872
29,019
29,600
30,160
31,178
33,434
36,565
37,714
37,393
1,065
831
1,165
933
1,274
1,061
1,399
1,166
1,483
1,242
1,525
1,320
1,557
1,392
1,623
1,456
1,751
1,548
1,861
1,672
1,922
1,808
1,972
1,950
2,098
2,082
2,246
2,174
2,395
2,189
2,610
2,178
2,856
2,166
3,008
2,231
3,060
2,368
3,182
2,563
3,438
2,803
3,706
3,069
3,809
3,193
3,788
3,145
3,718
3,189
3,659
3,242
2005 constant $millions
2,262
2,527
2,852
3,187
3,458
3,569
3,709
3,938
4,110
4,436
4,838
5,163
5,619
6,231
6,826
7,617
8,226
8,562
9,265
10,076
10,833
11,640
11,917
12,100
12,965
13,506
882
1,003
1,131
1,249
1,358
1,448
1,531
1,595
1,617
1,666
1,786
1,922
2,112
2,324
2,542
2,828
2,984
3,109
3,294
3,530
3,915
4,324
4,620
4,771
4,872
4,923
4,287
4,581
4,756
4,894
5,120
5,259
5,289
5,294
5,367
5,395
5,463
5,559
5,652
5,742
6,225
7,102
7,301
7,659
7,817
7,306
5,567
4,766
5,052
5,315
5,246
5,174
3,013
3,213
3,669
4,126
4,652
4,993
5,267
5,599
5,827
6,209
6,626
7,332
8,207
9,734
11,167
12,150
13,141
13,779
14,452
14,336
15,132
16,363
18,002
18,401
18,120
18,113
1,704
1,762
2,062
2,346
2,679
2,806
2,843
2,911
2,847
2,906
3,014
3,281
3,761
4,510
5,488
5,778
5,945
6,537
6,545
6,044
5,980
6,236
7,097
7,093
6,553
6,305
342
372
405
440
479
521
567
617
671
730
809
859
931
1,020
1,029
998
1,020
1,041
1,107
1,182
1,257
1,301
1,258
1,265
1,333
1,398
967
1,078
1,202
1,340
1,494
1,666
1,857
2,071
2,308
2,574
2,804
3,192
3,516
4,204
4,650
5,374
6,176
6,201
6,800
7,111
7,896
8,827
9,647
10,043
10,234
10,410
509
510
547
636
696
748
749
758
808
772
821
843
1,013
1,526
2,192
2,319
2,494
2,644
2,828
2,943
3,543
4,698
5,106
5,457
5,516
5,464
921
1,008
1,151
1,287
1,361
1,543
1,937
2,431
2,957
3,598
244
273
301
329
361
397
439
484
534
587
226
242
253
268
287
306
332
360
396
440
167
178
193
210
225
245
270
296
329
364
810
983
1,127
1,264
1,502
1,739
1,901
2,069
2,338
2,621
689
750
789
847
938
1,075
1,272
1,419
1,615
1,903
356
371
386
411
442
524
678
795
898
1,048
161
190
211
216
209
209
229
258
260
283
173
190
193
221
287
342
365
365
457
571
NA
NA
51
64
79
99
120
258
486
681
127
144
163
183
206
215
215
215
213
212
Total
TABLE 2. U.S. research and development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2012
All
Performer:
Funding
Year
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
source:
performers
Industry
Industry
Federal
All
sources
Federal
90,856
97,569
101,585
107,657
110,483
111,968
112,449
107,947
105,470
107,815
110,004
108,691
106,193
111,023
114,703
120,488
126,443
132,294
138,307
145,598
156,021
170,926
186,067
190,897
194,940
199,688
203,934
210,337
215,006
215,868
211,686
211,666
225,015
237,309
250,687
13,269
15,146
15,831
16,134
16,300
15,875
16,395
17,068
17,253
17,540
17,189
16,723
16,556
16,583
16,440
17,218
17,059
16,385
16,462
17,132
18,784
19,920
21,245
21,439
20,963
21,392
21,890
21,687
20,380
20,696
21,114
20,459
20,714
19,943
19,874
Total Federala Industryd
63,354
66,649
69,281
74,106
75,557
77,232
77,187
72,292
69,770
71,291
73,584
72,460
69,840
73,501
76,392
79,688
84,621
90,453
96,472
103,077
110,461
122,140
133,665
136,419
139,093
141,536
143,525
148,632
153,260
152,429
147,444
146,849
159,094
171,201
183,638
35,556
37,066
36,953
38,909
37,603
36,973
34,549
30,020
28,078
28,019
27,011
24,671
23,453
24,412
25,205
24,996
25,924
26,683
28,692
30,763
33,121
36,205
41,106
41,276
44,364
42,092
37,885
35,706
32,202
29,203
26,624
25,345
25,952
25,681
25,757
U&C
U&Cb
Other
FFRDCsa
27,798
29,583
32,328
35,197
37,953
40,259
42,638
42,273
41,692
43,272
46,573
47,788
46,387
49,089
51,188
54,693
58,697
63,770
67,780
72,314
77,340
85,935
92,559
95,143
94,728
99,443
105,640
112,926
121,058
123,225
120,820
121,504
133,143
145,521
157,880
Total
Total
2,147
2,365
1,871
1,732
1,983
1,884
2,007
1,944
1,921
2,056
1,937
2,111
2,164
2,506
2,546
2,676
2,658
2,672
2,650
2,676
2,749
2,907
3,023
3,002
3,078
3,165
3,155
3,215
3,043
3,072
2,510
2,755
2,785
2,762
2,517
6,109
7,020
7,998
8,868
9,630
9,928
9,863
9,933
10,038
10,342
10,495
10,477
10,626
10,976
11,503
12,354
13,048
13,507
13,555
13,708
14,312
15,302
16,725
18,320
19,758
21,211
22,470
23,441
24,332
25,311
26,177
27,028
27,715
28,520
29,404
Federal governmente
4,349
5,082
5,854
6,512
7,054
7,199
7,023
6,926
6,885
7,090
7,138
7,038
7,145
7,373
7,656
8,232
8,786
9,070
8,934
8,797
9,037
9,608
10,365
11,156
11,984
12,817
13,390
13,754
14,256
15,049
15,720
16,256
16,656
16,936
17,169
648
702
750
780
795
838
900
974
1,025
1,058
1,072
1,043
1,036
1,039
1,043
1,096
1,099
1,085
1,112
1,120
1,141
1,205
1,352
1,538
1,642
1,738
1,831
1,936
1,981
1,991
1,989
2,030
2,146
2,238
2,271
Nonprofit
Other nonprofit
FFRDCs
Other
Other
FFRDCsc
Industry
U&C
nonprofit
Total
Total Federalc Industryf nonprofitf
Total
210
207
208
219
244
261
262
269
282
296
318
339
351
369
409
449
490
551
601
655
749
865
1,022
1,183
1,282
1,392
1,524
1,613
1,659
1,723
1,777
1,821
1,896
2,010
2,136
498
580
682
802
944
1,001
1,008
1,062
1,133
1,169
1,219
1,279
1,285
1,351
1,505
1,679
1,792
1,924
2,023
2,175
2,353
2,531
2,828
3,204
3,490
3,769
4,099
4,410
4,621
4,659
4,737
4,926
5,036
5,334
5,717
405
449
504
554
594
629
670
703
712
730
748
779
810
843
891
899
880
877
886
962
1,031
1,092
1,157
1,238
1,360
1,496
1,626
1,728
1,815
1,890
1,955
1,995
1,981
2,003
2,111
3,005
3,213
3,158
3,178
3,294
3,277
3,162
2,985
2,874
2,945
2,989
3,017
3,176
3,563
3,883
4,381
4,596
4,825
4,753
4,586
4,927
5,422
5,867
6,307
6,614
6,832
6,835
6,772
6,843
6,866
6,756
6,622
6,577
6,487
6,455
2,116
2,130
2,368
2,617
2,655
2,705
2,775
2,780
2,773
2,890
3,135
3,219
3,160
3,206
3,211
3,347
3,572
3,470
3,414
3,453
3,774
4,198
4,479
4,552
4,649
4,792
5,273
5,710
6,217
6,518
6,728
7,003
7,140
7,467
7,830
856
1,047
1,078
1,024
1,065
1,067
1,060
945
841
750
675
684
670
690
728
822
890
981
1,003
966
1,015
1,037
1,062
859
786
760
786
880
930
976
957
949
990
928
970
1,214
1,277
1,435
1,602
1,618
1,652
1,676
1,683
1,669
1,769
2,012
2,080
2,009
2,002
1,959
2,053
2,249
2,128
2,056
2,036
2,264
2,587
2,748
2,676
2,629
2,629
2,964
3,246
3,580
3,663
3,632
3,642
3,489
3,494
3,561
285
281
311
341
350
368
402
390
384
379
373
372
370
381
389
396
398
396
394
404
423
444
469
499
527
555
582
609
640
680
724
772
822
878
956
617
572
622
673
686
685
696
707
720
743
750
766
781
823
863
899
925
945
964
1,012
1,086
1,167
1,263
1,377
1,492
1,608
1,728
1,855
1,997
2,175
2,372
2,590
2,829
3,095
3,313
TABLE 2. U.S. research and development expenditures, by performing sector and source of funds: 1953–2012
All
Performer:
Funding
Year
source:
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 (preliminary)
performers
Industry
Industry
Federal
All
sources
Federal
264,602
282,488
303,084
308,304
303,036
311,319
314,660
327,185
341,532
357,426
374,472
369,517
367,326
377,706
392,206
20,287
20,891
21,693
24,661
25,812
26,539
25,724
26,322
27,356
28,109
27,480
27,901
28,804
31,559
32,563
Total Federala Industryd
195,249
209,679
225,378
222,664
210,278
213,230
215,218
226,159
239,917
253,484
267,706
257,823
251,348
259,436
274,467
25,806
23,601
19,293
18,626
17,789
18,907
20,939
21,909
23,543
25,027
33,486
36,130
30,812
27,619
31,459
U&C
U&Cb
Other
FFRDCsa
169,443
186,078
206,085
204,038
192,488
194,323
194,279
204,250
216,374
228,457
234,219
221,693
220,536
231,816
243,008
Total
Total
2,428
2,348
2,255
2,227
2,455
2,611
2,568
2,601
3,024
4,862
5,844
6,068
6,499
6,136
5,900
30,591
32,445
34,595
37,166
41,094
44,573
46,269
47,006
47,419
48,151
49,656
52,015
54,391
55,097
54,359
Federal governmente
17,730
18,728
19,971
21,787
24,572
27,330
28,798
29,019
28,673
28,393
28,714
30,525
32,944
33,269
32,407
2,304
2,416
2,532
2,640
2,831
3,034
3,108
3,060
3,083
3,237
3,413
3,477
3,413
3,280
3,171
Nonprofit
Other nonprofit
FFRDCs
Other
Industry
U&C
nonprofit
Total
2,278
2,397
2,450
2,413
2,362
2,301
2,305
2,368
2,483
2,638
2,827
2,915
2,833
2,813
2,809
6,033
6,471
7,023
7,523
8,262
8,739
8,846
9,265
9,760
10,198
10,720
10,880
10,901
11,437
11,705
2,246
2,432
2,620
2,802
3,068
3,169
3,212
3,294
3,420
3,685
3,982
4,218
4,299
4,298
4,266
6,496
6,508
6,472
6,862
7,703
7,756
7,913
7,817
7,078
5,241
4,389
4,612
4,788
4,628
4,484
Other
Total Federalc Industryf nonprofitf
8,567
9,450
10,971
12,308
13,179
13,960
14,236
14,452
13,888
14,245
15,070
16,436
16,579
15,985
15,697
3,833
4,330
5,083
6,049
6,267
6,315
6,754
6,545
5,854
5,629
5,743
6,480
6,391
5,781
5,464
1,004
1,072
1,149
1,134
1,083
1,084
1,076
1,107
1,145
1,183
1,198
1,148
1,140
1,176
1,212
3,730
4,048
4,739
5,125
5,829
6,561
6,407
6,800
6,888
7,433
8,129
8,808
9,048
9,028
9,022
NA = not available; included in data for federal funding to industry and federal funding to other nonprofit institutions.
FFRDC = federally funded R&D center; U&C = universities and colleges.
Federal funding for industry in 1953–54 did not separate out industry-administered FFRDCs, and the data for federal funding to industry for these years include the funding to these FFRDCs.
The data for U&C R&D before 2003 cover only science and engineering (S&E) fields; in 2003 and later years, the R&D in non-S&E fields is also included. Non-S&E R&D was $1.4 billion in 2003 and $3.5 billion in
2012. Adjustments have also been made to U&C R&D for 1998 and later years to eliminate double counting of (since 1998) S&E R&D and (since 2010) non-S&E funds passed through from one academic institution
to another. For FY 1998, $479 million in total pass-through funds and $421 million in federal pass-through funds were reported. For FY 2012, total pass-through funds were an estimated $3.069 billion and federal
pass-through funds were an estimated $2.747 billion.
c Federal funding for other nonprofit institutions in 1953–54 did not separate out nonprofit-administered FFRDCs, and the data for federal funding to other nonprofit institutions these years include the funding to these
FFRDCs.
d Industry sources of funding for industry R&D include all nonfederal sources of funding.
e Due to survey limitations, data on R&D funded by other (nonfederal) government are separately available only for U&C; nonetheless, other government funded R&D is included in the own performance of these
other sectors (e.g., other government funding to other nonprofits is included in other nonprofit funding for their own R&D).
f The 1998–2012 data for other nonprofit R&D are not based on a dedicated nonprofit survey and may later be revised.
a
b
NOTES: The R&D data for 2012 are preliminary and may later be revised. Some back-year data may have been revised, accordingly, for trend comparisons, use only the historical data reported here; do not use data
published earlier. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Constant-dollar estimates are derived from unrounded data. Data are based on annual reports by performers, except for the nonprofit sector. The R&D
expenditures of FFRDCs are chiefly from federal funding, but any nonfederal funds are included in the totals. Expenditures for industry and, before 2001, for industry-administered FFRDCs are collected by calendar
year. Expenditures for other performers are calendar-year approximations based on fiscal year data. In most cases, the approximation equals 75% of the amount reported in the same fiscal year plus 25% of the
amount reported in the subsequent fiscal year. However, the fiscal year for academic performers generally begins 1 July, not 1 October; also, prior to 1977, the federal fiscal year began on 1 July, not 1 October.
Therefore, calendar-year approximations for academic performers and federal performers before 1977 equal 50% of the amount reported in the same fiscal year plus 50% of amount reported in the subsequent fiscal
year. Los Alamos National Laboratory (some $2 billion in annual R&D expenditures in recent years) became industry administered in June 2006—previously, it was U&C administered. Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory (more than $1 billion in annual R&D expenditures in recent years) became industry administered in October 2007—previously, it was U&C administered. The distribution of R&D expenditures from 2006 to
2008 for both industry- and U&C-administered FFRDCs reflect these shifts.
SOURCES: National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF/NCSES), National Patterns of R&D Resources (annual series), Business R&D and Innovation Survey (annual
series), Higher Education R&D Survey (annual series), Survey of Federal Funds for R&D (annual series), FFRDC R&D Survey (annual series), R&D Funding and Performance by Nonprofit Organizations (FYs 1996–
97). All NSF/NCSES reports available at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/.
FFRDCsc
Total
985
1,167
1,720
2,416
2,515
2,649
2,732
2,828
2,851
3,335
4,327
4,662
4,916
4,866
4,735