TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
500
1,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,500
2,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,500
2,500
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
5,500
4,000
6,000
1,500
2,000
1,000
6,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
500
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
4,000
500
500
1,500
1,500
1,500
2,500
6,000
500
2,000
2,000
2,500
1,500
3,000
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,000
4,500
8,000
13,500
13,000
1,500
1,000
2,000
1,500
4,000
4,500
13,000
500
500
500
1,000
500
1,000
5,000
1,500
1,000
1,000
500
2,000
2,500
500
500
1,500
4,000
2,500
4,000
6,000
500
1,500
1,500
2,000
5,000
7,000
13,500
13,000
500
500
500
2,500
3,500
7,000
3,500
5,000
3,500
1,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
2,500
2,000
4,500
4,500
6,500
4,000
4,500
2,500
1,500
2,000
4,000
3,000
3,500
1,500
4,000
4,000
4,000
16,500
3,500
3,500
D
2,000
2,000
1,500
6,500
6,000
7,500
1,500
4,000
4,000
5,000
5,500
13,500
16,000
6,500
7,000
6,500
5,500
4,500
9,500
19,000
1,000
2,500
1,500
2,000
8,000
S
S
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
6,000
6,000
6,000
20,500
D
D
D
Biological/medical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,500
2,500
5,000
3,000
6,000
2,500
2,500
6,500
2,500
5,000
3,000
3,000
8,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
5,500
3,000
1,000
1,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,500
1,500
4,000
13,000
6,000
6,500
1,500
Environmental life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,500
5,000
D
D
D
D
8,000
8,500
12,000
D
D
D
D
S
16,500
16,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,500
3,500
3,500
D
D
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
a
All degree levels and occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Science occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Agricultural/food scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
4,500
3,000
2,500
5,500
4,500
6,000
19,000
D
8,500
8,000
D
D
D
D
4,500
4,500
3,500
6,000
5,000
6,000
19,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
18,000
3,500
3,500
D
3,500
3,500
3,000
D
D
D
D
Computer/mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
500
1,500
500
1,000
2,500
3,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,500
1,500
500
2,500
2,500
1,500
1,500
1,000
2,000
8,500
5,500
7,000
1,500
1,500
3,000
6,500
16,500
9,000
D
2,000
2,000
2,500
2,500
6,000
6,500
20,000
Computer/information scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,500
1,500
500
3,500
1,500
2,500
2,500
1,000
1,000
1,500
1,500
500
2,500
2,500
3,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
7,000
19,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
1,500
5,500
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
3,500
2,500
6,500
7,000
8,500
Mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
6,500
6,500
4,500
7,500
6,000
1,000
5,500
4,000
4,500
4,500
6,500
3,000
3,500
2,500
11,000
17,000
5,500
13,500
8,000
8,500
1,500
13,000
9,000
D
D
D
D
D
8,000
8,000
8,000
15,000
4,000
D
D
Postsecondary teachers-computer/mathematical sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,500
3,500
4,000
5,500
7,500
7,000
S
S
S
D
D
D
D
2,500
5,000
4,500
5,000
4,000
8,000
4,000
5,500
5,500
9,000
2,000
14,000
6,500
D
3,500
2,500
2,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
1,500
1,500
3,500
5,500
2,000
2,000
4,500
2,500
2,500
4,500
4,000
6,000
6,000
5,500
1,500
1,500
7,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
5,500
5,500
7,500
S
7,000
D
D
2,500
3,000
3,000
6,500
6,000
16,500
2,500
2,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
13,000
8,500
3,500
3,000
2,500
3,000
4,500
5,500
6,500
2,500
4,000
1,500
1,000
1,000
3,500
14,500
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
4,000
4,000
5,500
5,000
13,000
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Chemists, except biochemists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,500
3,500
15,000
5,500
12,000
12,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
3,500
11,000
13,500
24,000
4,500
2,500
5,500
15,000
8,500
11,500
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
500
500
17,000
1,500
D
D
Physicists/astronomers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
2,000
3,500
14,000
8,500
6,500
3,000
4,000
5,500
8,500
17,500
9,000
4,500
D
4,000
3,000
13,500
16,500
S
26,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
2,500
2,500
11,500
17,000
D
D
3,500
3,000
3,000
5,000
5,500
6,500
1,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
5,500
4,000
2,500
6,000
5,500
6,500
1,000
5,500
6,000
8,000
1,000
7,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
2,500
2,500
6,500
7,000
D
27,000
7,000
6,000
7,000
D
8,500
D
5,000
5,500
7,000
6,500
D
24,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
3,000
4,000
6,000
D
D
D
500
500
500
7,500
9,500
4,500
6,500
4,500
8,500
3,500
8,000
9,500
8,500
7,000
4,000
1,500
1,500
3,500
5,500
7,500
1,500
2,000
2,000
1,500
5,500
22,000
11,500
D
4,000
4,000
4,000
20,000
20,000
26,000
D
Economists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
9,000
11,500
11,500
23,000
14,000
13,500
27,000
22,000
20,500
27,500
23,000
19,500
17,000
38,000
S
S
S
S
S
50,000
3,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
13,500
15,000
16,000
9,000
D
D
D
Political/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
17,500
13,000
29,000
6,000
S
D
D
5,500
7,000
13,500
D
D
D
D
9,000
S
S
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
14,500
14,500
15,000
D
D
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Postsecondary teachers-physical/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Postsecondary teachers-social/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,500
3,000
2,500
3,000
21,500
3,000
2,500
8,000
9,000
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
2,500
3,500
2,500
21,500
3,500
2,500
13,000
13,000
14,500
12,500
S
D
D
9,000
9,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
Psychologists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
1,500
1,500
5,500
22,500
14,000
S
1,000
1,000
500
3,500
5,000
17,500
D
3,000
3,500
1,000
1,000
S
D
D
2,500
2,500
3,000
11,500
D
D
D
4,500
4,500
5,000
5,500
D
D
D
Sociologists/anthropologists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
D
21,000
S
25,500
D
D
D
D
500
500
500
14,500
11,000
S
16,500
S
S
S
D
D
D
D
4,000
4,000
2,500
D
D
D
D
Other social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,500
7,000
5,500
16,500
12,500
12,000
3,000
4,000
4,500
5,000
8,500
8,000
18,000
16,000
7,000
4,500
5,000
13,500
8,000
11,500
4,000
11,000
11,000
21,000
D
D
D
D
3,500
4,000
3,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
2,000
500
2,000
2,000
3,500
500
1,000
1,500
1,000
2,500
2,000
2,500
1,000
2,500
7,000
3,500
6,500
6,000
7,000
500
6,000
6,000
6,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
1,000
1,000
2,500
4,500
5,000
7,500
2,500
2,500
2,000
5,000
9,500
9,500
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
5,000
12,500
5,000
2,000
4,500
11,500
4,500
21,000
4,500
17,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
5,500
5,500
6,500
S
D
D
D
2,500
2,500
2,500
4,000
14,500
6,000
31,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
3,500
9,000
3,000
3,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
S
1,500
S
1,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
8,000
7,000
5,500
S
D
D
D
Engineering occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Chemical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
500
500
2,500
2,500
9,500
1,500
500
500
500
4,500
2,000
8,500
2,000
S
S
8,000
13,500
10,500
D
15,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,500
2,500
3,500
5,500
D
D
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,500
1,500
1,500
500
1,000
4,000
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
5,000
1,500
15,000
15,000
12,000
5,000
14,500
2,000
500
15,500
15,500
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
3,000
4,000
2,500
D
D
D
Industrial engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
2,000
4,500
2,500
39,000
3,000
3,500
2,500
3,000
3,500
3,000
39,000
3,000
S
S
S
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
500
500
D
D
D
D
Mechanical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
1,500
1,000
2,000
5,000
1,500
1,000
1,000
1,500
1,500
1,500
5,000
7,000
20,500
16,500
16,000
S
4,500
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
3,500
4,500
2,500
D
D
D
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
5,000
4,000
1,500
5,500
4,000
3,500
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,500
6,000
5,500
4,500
3,500
4,000
S
7,000
7,000
6,500
D
D
D
D
25,500
25,500
D
D
D
D
D
Other engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,500
1,500
2,500
5,000
6,500
3,500
3,500
500
1,500
500
4,000
1,500
7,000
7,500
13,500
3,500
7,000
S
1,500
2,000
9,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,500
2,500
4,000
5,000
11,000
5,000
D
1,000
1,000
500
500
4,500
5,000
12,500
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,500
2,000
5,000
1,000
3,000
3,500
1,000
7,000
20,500
6,500
7,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,500
6,500
5,000
1,000
2,000
2,500
2,500
3,000
13,500
13,500
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Health occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
1,500
1,000
10,000
9,500
S
1,500
1,500
2,500
3,000
10,500
9,000
9,000
10,000
8,500
1,000
5,500
14,000
15,000
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
10,500
S
S
D
2,500
2,500
4,500
4,000
25,500
22,500
D
S&E managers, including health
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
11,500
11,500
9,000
3,000
3,000
3,500
2,500
11,500
14,500
8,500
4,500
4,000
5,000
13,000
2,500
2,000
D
15,500
15,500
20,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
2,000
5,000
D
D
D
S&E precollege teachers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,500
1,500
2,000
4,500
8,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
S
S
D
D
D
D
1,500
1,500
2,000
2,000
4,500
8,000
1,000
14,000
14,000
15,000
D
D
D
D
S&E technicians/technologists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,500
2,500
2,000
3,500
9,500
5,500
5,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
4,000
3,500
7,500
1,500
2,000
2,000
1,000
3,000
7,500
5,500
3,500
S
S
S
D
D
D
D
1,500
1,500
2,000
8,500
D
D
D
Other S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
1,500
5,000
9,500
11,000
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
4,500
9,500
10,500
S
7,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
6,000
6,000
11,500
6,000
D
D
D
1,500
1,000
1,500
2,000
4,000
4,000
5,500
500
500
500
1,000
5,500
5,500
11,000
1,500
1,000
2,500
2,500
1,500
4,000
2,000
1,000
1,500
1,000
2,500
S
S
500
1,500
2,500
1,500
2,500
2,000
2,000
D
7,000
4,000
3,000
7,000
11,500
S
3,000
4,000
4,000
8,000
8,500
15,000
S
3,000
2,000
2,500
2,000
D
D
D
D
S
S
S
D
D
D
D
4,000
4,000
3,500
13,000
D
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Arts/humanities/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
2,000
2,000
2,000
4,500
4,000
6,000
1,000
500
500
500
6,500
4,000
7,500
5,500
5,500
5,500
5,000
5,000
3,500
1,000
D
6,500
6,500
6,500
D
D
D
D
2,500
2,500
2,000
5,500
S
S
D
Non-S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
1,500
3,500
11,000
12,000
39,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
6,500
10,500
11,500
D
4,500
4,500
3,500
21,500
24,500
12,500
D
2,000
2,000
2,000
20,000
D
D
D
4,500
4,500
5,000
2,500
D
D
D
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,500
3,500
4,500
10,000
16,000
15,000
12,000
13,000
10,000
7,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
1,500
1,500
10,000
13,500
10,500
12,000
7,000
6,500
7,000
S
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,500
1,500
3,500
S
S
8,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
S
D
D
D
6,500
6,500
6,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
1,500
3,500
S
S
D
14,000
17,500
S
D
D
D
D
Sales/marketing occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
4,000
3,000
8,000
16,500
16,000
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
8,500
16,500
16,000
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
8,500
8,500
8,500
D
D
D
D
23,000
25,000
27,500
D
D
D
D
Social services/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
13,000
12,000
D
500
1,000
1,000
2,500
6,500
9,500
D
2,000
2,500
2,500
12,000
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
2,000
10,000
D
D
D
3,000
3,000
3,000
6,000
7,000
7,000
D
1,500
5,500
1,500
3,000
6,000
9,000
8,000
1,500
2,000
2,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
D
2,000
2,000
1,500
6,500
5,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
4,000
7,000
S
S
D
1,500
2,500
2,000
4,000
1,500
1,500
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Management-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
500
500
1,000
1,500
5,000
6,000
3,500
1,000
1,500
1,000
3,000
5,000
3,500
6,500
1,000
1,500
2,000
4,000
2,000
8,500
1,000
500
500
500
1,500
8,000
14,000
D
500
500
500
2,000
4,000
3,500
D
500
500
500
1,500
2,000
1,500
4,500
500
500
500
3,000
1,500
4,000
2,500
1,500
2,500
3,500
8,000
1,500
5,000
2,000
2,500
2,500
4,500
14,500
D
D
D
500
500
500
3,000
7,000
8,000
D
500
1,500
500
3,500
2,500
3,000
8,500
500
2,000
3,000
4,500
4,500
5,000
6,500
2,000
1,000
2,000
9,500
1,500
4,000
2,000
4,500
4,500
6,500
15,500
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
2,000
6,000
4,500
5,000
D
2,500
1,000
2,000
8,500
4,000
6,500
1,000
3,500
4,500
3,500
2,000
19,000
S
D
500
500
500
12,000
3,000
5,500
D
S
S
S
D
D
D
D
3,500
3,500
3,000
10,000
D
D
D
Agricultural/food scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,500
3,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
3,500
3,500
3,500
D
D
D
D
2,500
6,500
6,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
14,000
14,000
14,000
D
D
D
D
Biological/medical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,500
2,000
2,000
2,500
2,500
7,500
1,000
1,500
1,500
2,500
2,000
S
15,500
D
1,000
1,000
1,500
7,000
2,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,500
2,500
4,500
4,500
D
D
D
Environmental life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
6,000
5,500
4,500
D
D
D
D
7,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
4,500
4,500
3,000
D
D
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Bachelor's degrees, all occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Science occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,500
3,000
8,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,500
1,500
1,500
D
D
D
D
S
S
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Computer/mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,500
1,000
4,000
4,500
5,500
3,000
1,500
1,500
500
2,000
3,000
4,500
5,500
2,000
1,000
1,500
16,500
6,500
26,000
3,500
2,500
2,500
2,000
15,000
D
D
D
2,500
2,500
3,000
2,500
4,000
4,500
D
Computer/information scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
500
500
2,500
2,500
4,000
5,500
6,000
1,000
1,500
1,000
2,500
3,000
4,500
6,000
1,000
1,000
500
3,500
S
D
D
6,500
6,500
3,500
D
D
D
D
2,500
2,500
3,500
3,000
4,000
4,500
D
7,500
10,000
8,000
8,000
D
D
D
5,000
5,500
8,000
10,000
D
D
D
1,500
4,500
5,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
4,000
4,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
2,500
5,500
1,500
3,000
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,500
4,500
2,500
1,500
3,000
D
3,000
9,000
9,000
9,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
2,000
6,500
11,000
13,000
1,000
2,500
2,500
3,500
3,500
14,500
17,000
D
1,000
500
1,000
11,000
2,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
4,500
4,000
4,500
3,000
D
D
D
1,500
2,500
1,500
6,500
8,000
6,500
1,500
2,500
2,500
3,500
4,000
12,500
9,500
D
2,500
500
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
8,500
8,500
8,500
5,500
D
D
D
Mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Postsecondary teachers-computer/mathematical sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Chemists, except biochemists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
6,000
6,500
6,500
19,000
D
D
D
7,000
7,500
20,500
19,000
D
D
D
6,000
6,000
6,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
4,000
4,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
Physicists/astronomers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S
11,500
6,000
D
D
D
D
D
9,000
17,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
4,000
7,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
13,000
13,000
13,000
D
D
D
D
Postsecondary teachers-physical/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,500
2,000
1,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,500
3,500
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Other physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
5,500
5,500
5,500
D
D
D
D
13,000
13,000
13,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
9,000
9,000
8,500
D
D
D
D
4,000
4,500
4,000
5,500
1,500
S
D
4,500
4,000
7,000
11,000
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
6,000
1,500
D
D
8,000
7,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
5,500
5,500
8,000
13,500
D
D
D
Economists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
8,500
8,500
11,500
D
D
D
D
5,000
5,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
16,500
16,500
21,500
D
D
D
D
Political/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,500
3,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
4,500
4,500
D
D
D
D
D
1,500
2,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,500
3,500
3,500
D
D
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Postsecondary teachers-social/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
2,500
2,000
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
1,000
500
D
2,000
D
D
4,000
4,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Psychologists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
4,500
2,500
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
1,500
D
D
D
D
5,500
6,000
2,500
5,500
D
D
D
S
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Sociologists/anthropologists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,500
D
D
D
D
10,000
10,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Other social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
3,500
3,500
19,500
7,500
7,500
D
11,500
13,500
11,000
20,000
D
D
D
9,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
10,000
10,000
11,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
1,500
1,500
1,000
7,000
6,500
5,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
5,500
6,000
7,500
2,000
4,000
3,000
1,500
5,500
D
7,000
8,000
8,000
8,500
D
D
D
D
2,500
4,500
3,000
4,000
13,500
9,500
D
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,500
4,500
3,500
7,500
21,000
21,500
D
5,000
4,500
5,500
8,500
21,000
21,500
D
3,000
3,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
6,000
6,000
6,500
D
D
D
D
Chemical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,500
3,500
3,000
11,500
24,000
24,500
8,000
3,500
3,500
5,000
13,500
27,000
D
D
3,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
13,500
13,500
8,000
D
D
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Engineering occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
4,500
12,000
11,000
12,500
1,500
1,500
2,500
6,000
15,000
8,500
5,500
500
500
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
4,000
3,500
3,500
3,500
D
D
D
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,500
1,500
1,500
3,500
10,500
9,000
3,000
2,000
3,500
4,000
3,500
12,500
7,000
3,000
18,000
22,500
23,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,500
3,500
4,500
7,500
D
D
D
Industrial engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
3,000
2,500
2,000
15,500
D
2,000
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,000
15,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
1,500
D
D
D
D
Mechanical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,500
2,000
4,500
10,000
13,500
S
2,500
2,500
2,500
5,500
10,000
17,500
14,000
S
S
20,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,500
3,500
4,500
5,500
D
D
D
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S
21,000
5,000
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
6,500
S
D
D
D
D
5,500
5,500
5,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,500
1,500
2,000
7,500
8,500
S
4,500
2,500
3,000
3,500
17,500
16,500
S
2,000
1,000
1,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,500
4,000
5,500
12,500
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
3,500
5,500
5,500
500
500
500
1,000
3,500
5,000
S
1,000
1,000
2,500
7,000
10,500
8,000
D
1,500
1,500
2,000
3,000
13,500
17,000
D
500
500
1,000
1,500
17,000
17,000
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Other engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Health occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,500
1,000
500
2,500
9,500
12,500
D
1,500
1,500
1,500
2,000
9,500
12,500
3,500
1,000
1,000
2,000
10,000
S
D
D
1,500
1,500
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
2,500
1,500
1,500
D
D
D
S&E managers, including health
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
18,000
19,500
D
4,000
4,000
4,500
6,500
20,500
22,000
D
11,000
11,000
12,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
3,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
4,500
5,000
4,500
24,500
D
D
D
S&E precollege teachers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,500
1,500
1,500
2,000
6,000
11,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,500
1,500
2,000
2,000
6,000
11,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S&E technicians/technologists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,500
2,500
2,500
5,000
13,500
23,000
4,500
3,500
2,500
2,500
4,500
11,500
23,000
4,500
2,500
2,000
3,000
2,500
12,000
D
D
31,000
31,000
24,500
D
D
D
D
3,000
3,000
4,500
9,000
D
D
D
Other S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
4,500
3,500
28,000
22,000
D
2,500
2,500
4,000
4,500
28,000
23,000
D
8,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
10,500
10,500
21,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
500
500
2,500
2,500
3,000
7,000
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,000
9,000
9,500
11,500
2,500
2,500
2,000
6,000
3,500
2,000
D
2,000
2,000
2,000
3,500
S
S
D
1,500
2,000
2,000
3,000
1,500
1,500
D
2,500
2,500
2,500
13,500
S
S
D
5,000
5,000
5,000
15,000
D
D
D
11,000
10,500
10,500
D
D
D
D
4,000
5,500
2,500
D
D
D
D
17,000
17,500
14,500
D
D
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Arts/humanities/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Management-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
4,500
2,000
2,000
15,000
20,500
3,500
1,500
1,500
2,500
1,500
17,500
18,500
3,500
3,000
3,000
2,500
9,500
D
D
D
14,000
14,000
12,500
D
D
D
D
3,500
3,500
3,500
4,000
D
D
D
Non-S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,500
3,500
3,500
4,000
14,500
14,000
D
3,500
4,000
3,500
6,000
16,000
16,000
D
24,000
24,500
20,500
4,500
D
D
D
2,500
3,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
4,500
4,500
6,000
7,500
D
D
D
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
3,500
4,500
D
D
D
D
S
S
S
D
D
D
D
2,500
3,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
8,500
8,500
6,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
3,000
5,000
S
S
D
4,500
4,500
4,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
3,000
2,000
5,000
S
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
2,500
1,500
1,000
15,500
14,500
D
1,500
2,500
1,000
2,000
15,500
14,500
D
12,500
12,500
11,500
D
D
D
D
8,500
8,500
8,500
D
D
D
D
22,000
22,000
21,000
D
D
D
D
Social services/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
500
3,500
S
S
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
8,000
9,000
9,000
D
5,000
5,000
7,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
4,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
2,000
2,500
6,500
D
D
D
Other non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
500
500
1,000
500
5,000
8,500
D
1,500
1,500
1,000
2,000
4,500
4,500
D
4,500
3,000
2,500
S
6,500
9,000
D
5,000
4,500
5,000
S
D
D
D
1,500
1,000
1,000
3,000
1,500
1,500
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Sales/marketing occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
500
500
1,000
1,000
500
3,000
1,000
1,500
1,500
500
2,000
2,000
6,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
3,500
500
5,000
1,500
1,000
1,000
1,500
3,500
14,000
9,000
8,000
1,500
1,500
1,500
2,500
6,500
7,500
2,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,500
5,000
3,000
500
1,500
1,500
1,500
2,000
500
3,000
1,500
3,500
1,500
3,000
6,000
500
7,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
9,000
4,000
15,500
11,500
2,500
3,000
2,500
4,000
5,500
11,000
2,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
500
1,000
2,000
2,500
3,500
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,500
3,000
6,000
1,500
5,000
2,000
1,500
2,000
1,500
8,500
4,000
15,500
11,500
3,500
4,000
2,500
2,000
13,000
13,000
2,000
4,500
4,500
3,000
10,500
1,000
3,500
7,500
4,000
4,000
3,500
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,500
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,500
14,500
6,500
1,000
4,000
4,000
4,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
1,500
2,000
3,500
D
D
D
9,000
13,000
9,000
D
11,500
D
4,500
11,000
10,000
17,500
D
2,000
D
D
4,500
5,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
10,500
10,500
10,500
D
D
D
D
Biological/medical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,500
2,000
3,500
6,500
1,500
3,000
3,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
3,000
6,000
9,500
11,000
5,000
6,000
5,500
4,500
8,000
6,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
4,000
4,000
3,500
D
D
D
Environmental life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,500
6,000
7,500
D
D
D
D
6,500
6,500
6,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
5,500
5,500
6,000
D
D
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Master's degrees, all occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Science occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Agricultural/food scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
3,000
3,500
S
2,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
7,500
5,500
4,000
5,500
D
D
D
4,000
4,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Computer/mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,500
1,500
1,500
2,500
2,500
3,000
4,500
2,000
2,000
2,500
1,000
1,000
3,000
6,500
2,500
2,500
3,500
16,000
4,500
9,500
3,500
2,500
2,000
2,500
13,000
15,500
9,500
D
4,000
4,500
8,000
2,500
29,000
20,500
2,000
Computer/information scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
2,500
2,000
500
1,000
3,000
5,000
3,000
2,500
4,000
5,000
4,500
8,000
10,000
3,500
3,500
1,500
17,500
D
D
D
3,500
3,500
8,000
2,000
10,000
13,000
9,000
Mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,500
3,000
3,000
11,500
6,000
2,000
8,500
3,000
5,500
12,500
12,000
4,000
1,500
5,500
1,500
7,000
3,000
22,500
3,000
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,500
2,500
3,000
8,000
D
D
D
Postsecondary teachers-computer/mathematical sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,500
4,000
5,000
6,000
11,000
14,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
3,000
4,500
9,000
S
14,000
2,000
6,500
7,000
9,000
2,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
3,500
4,000
4,000
2,500
7,500
500
2,500
4,000
5,000
6,000
16,500
19,000
4,000
1,000
1,500
2,000
S
500
13,500
2,500
12,500
12,500
5,000
D
D
D
D
6,500
5,500
5,000
10,000
12,000
D
D
4,500
5,000
10,000
4,500
2,000
9,500
4,500
5,000
2,500
6,500
4,500
15,500
D
1,000
1,500
500
500
D
5,000
10,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
14,000
14,500
19,500
8,500
D
D
D
Physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Chemists, except biochemists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
5,000
4,000
4,500
12,500
10,500
6,500
15,000
6,500
6,500
7,000
20,000
S
D
D
6,500
12,000
12,000
D
13,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
13,500
9,000
9,000
5,500
D
D
D
Physicists/astronomers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
21,500
5,500
6,000
D
500
33,500
3,000
11,500
16,500
16,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
3,500
4,500
D
2,500
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
21,500
21,000
14,000
D
D
D
D
Postsecondary teachers-physical/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
7,500
S
S
S
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
7,000
4,000
D
1,000
D
D
12,500
12,500
5,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Other physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
7,000
7,500
7,000
D
D
D
D
6,000
7,000
6,000
D
D
D
D
13,500
8,000
8,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
5,500
5,500
5,500
D
D
D
D
2,500
1,500
2,500
6,500
13,500
9,000
1,500
4,500
5,500
6,500
9,500
5,000
12,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
5,000
3,000
1,000
D
1,500
2,000
2,000
2,500
7,500
D
D
D
7,000
7,000
9,000
D
17,000
D
D
Economists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
15,500
18,000
18,000
12,000
24,500
D
S
25,000
18,500
17,500
12,000
36,500
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
23,000
23,500
23,500
D
D
D
D
Political/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
11,500
11,500
13,000
D
S
D
D
9,500
15,500
16,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Postsecondary teachers-social/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
7,000
S
S
14,500
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,500
6,500
6,000
10,500
1,500
D
1,000
15,500
18,500
16,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Psychologists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,500
5,500
10,000
S
6,000
2,000
2,000
2,500
12,500
16,500
D
D
3,500
6,500
S
7,000
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
2,500
6,500
D
D
D
10,500
11,000
10,000
D
D
D
D
Sociologists/anthropologists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
9,000
9,500
8,000
D
D
D
D
4,500
5,000
4,500
D
D
D
D
500
500
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
Other social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
6,500
9,000
8,000
8,500
13,500
13,000
3,000
4,000
3,500
3,500
15,500
11,500
24,500
D
4,500
20,500
18,500
D
3,000
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
8,500
8,000
11,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
500
1,500
2,000
6,500
5,000
2,500
500
1,500
2,000
1,000
500
4,500
2,000
4,500
8,500
9,000
S
1,000
2,000
2,500
8,000
8,000
7,000
D
D
D
D
2,500
2,500
2,500
4,500
3,500
6,000
7,500
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,500
3,500
3,500
10,000
15,500
18,000
1,500
5,000
4,500
4,500
6,000
15,000
13,000
5,500
3,500
D
D
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
8,500
9,000
13,500
S
D
D
D
Chemical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
5,000
6,500
7,000
5,000
22,000
13,500
18,000
4,500
5,500
7,000
4,500
16,000
12,000
12,000
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
12,000
10,500
D
D
D
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Engineering occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
2,500
1,500
2,500
3,000
2,500
12,500
2,000
2,000
2,000
3,500
1,500
2,500
10,000
2,000
S
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,500
2,500
3,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
D
1,000
4,500
500
2,000
2,500
7,000
1,500
500
3,500
1,000
2,500
1,500
7,500
3,500
4,500
S
S
D
500
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
8,500
11,500
9,500
5,000
D
D
D
Industrial engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,500
3,000
7,000
9,000
28,000
6,000
3,000
3,500
3,000
7,000
14,500
28,000
11,500
1,500
D
D
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Mechanical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,500
2,000
3,500
2,500
3,000
11,500
7,000
2,500
2,000
3,500
1,500
3,000
11,500
2,000
1,000
4,000
5,000
D
4,000
D
3,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
4,000
4,000
9,000
4,500
D
D
D
3,500
3,000
3,000
D
2,000
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
23,000
3,000
3,000
D
2,000
D
3,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,500
4,500
4,500
5,500
5,000
7,500
10,000
4,000
3,500
4,500
2,000
6,000
19,500
4,500
3,000
10,500
9,000
S
1,500
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,500
3,500
5,000
5,000
D
D
D
2,000
3,000
500
2,500
2,500
8,500
4,000
2,500
2,500
1,000
3,000
4,000
7,000
5,500
2,500
2,500
6,000
3,500
4,500
12,500
7,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
3,500
D
3,000
3,500
4,000
5,000
D
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
2,000
1,500
2,000
2,000
8,000
9,000
7,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
5,000
8,500
11,000
S
3,000
3,500
1,000
10,500
S
19,000
3,500
2,000
2,000
2,000
6,000
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
1,500
3,000
D
D
D
4,000
3,500
3,500
3,500
20,500
20,500
D
1,500
2,000
2,000
3,000
21,000
19,500
D
4,500
4,000
7,000
4,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
4,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
D
D
D
3,000
1,500
1,500
2,000
3,000
3,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
1,500
2,000
3,000
3,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S&E technicians/technologists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,500
4,500
5,500
5,000
9,500
5,500
15,000
3,000
3,500
3,500
6,000
3,500
7,500
4,500
3,000
3,500
500
9,000
3,000
D
7,000
6,500
6,500
6,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
1,500
2,500
D
D
D
Other S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,500
4,500
5,500
6,000
6,000
9,000
9,500
4,500
4,000
4,500
5,500
6,000
9,000
9,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
8,500
8,500
9,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
1,000
1,000
3,500
5,000
5,000
6,500
1,500
1,500
3,500
5,000
13,500
9,500
4,500
3,000
2,500
3,500
3,000
1,500
7,500
2,500
1,500
2,000
2,000
3,500
S
S
D
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,500
S
S
D
2,000
2,500
2,500
12,000
10,000
S
3,000
2,000
1,500
3,000
13,000
10,500
S
3,000
7,000
7,500
12,500
D
D
D
D
S
S
S
D
D
D
D
6,000
6,500
4,000
D
D
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Health occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E managers, including health
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E precollege teachers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Arts/humanities/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Management-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,500
2,000
2,500
5,000
9,500
25,000
7,500
2,500
2,500
4,000
5,500
10,500
22,000
6,000
1,500
1,500
1,000
15,500
D
D
D
8,500
8,500
8,500
D
D
D
D
3,500
3,500
4,500
8,000
D
D
D
Non-S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
2,500
6,000
20,000
17,000
D
5,000
4,500
5,000
7,000
20,500
21,000
D
3,000
2,500
3,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
2,000
21,000
D
D
D
5,000
4,000
4,000
6,500
D
D
D
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
6,500
5,500
3,500
S
2,000
S
4,000
S
S
D
D
D
D
D
8,000
7,000
7,500
S
3,500
S
4,000
10,000
10,000
9,500
S
D
D
D
2,500
2,500
1,500
D
D
D
D
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,500
S
S
D
S
S
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,500
1,000
1,000
2,500
S
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
5,000
5,000
5,000
9,500
14,000
19,000
D
4,500
4,500
5,000
9,500
14,500
19,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,500
1,000
1,000
5,000
3,000
9,000
D
2,000
2,500
2,500
3,500
2,500
7,000
D
3,000
3,000
3,000
5,500
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
2,000
6,500
D
D
D
2,500
2,500
2,000
9,000
D
D
D
2,000
2,500
2,500
2,000
S
11,000
16,000
1,500
1,500
2,500
2,500
S
S
11,500
5,000
4,500
4,500
12,500
3,000
4,500
2,000
4,000
4,500
6,000
4,500
D
D
D
3,000
3,500
4,000
10,500
D
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Sales/marketing occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Social services/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
1,500
500
1,000
500
1,500
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,500
500
3,500
500
3,500
1,000
1,000
2,000
500
3,000
1,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
11,000
3,000
6,500
8,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
3,500
7,500
11,000
10,000
1,000
1,500
3,000
500
500
1,500
1,500
500
2,000
500
1,500
1,000
500
2,500
1,500
500
1,500
2,500
2,500
3,000
4,500
2,000
2,000
2,000
6,500
3,000
10,500
6,500
3,000
2,000
2,500
3,000
7,500
7,500
8,500
2,000
500
500
2,500
3,500
2,500
6,000
500
500
2,000
5,000
3,500
1,000
5,000
500
500
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
500
1,500
2,500
2,000
7,500
5,000
14,000
6,500
1,500
3,000
3,000
5,000
5,500
6,500
10,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,500
3,000
3,500
1,000
3,000
7,000
3,000
7,000
6,500
3,000
2,500
500
6,000
1,000
6,000
2,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
4,500
D
D
D
2,000
4,500
4,500
7,000
4,500
5,000
1,500
2,000
2,000
3,500
500
11,500
17,500
6,000
5,000
500
4,000
5,000
10,500
1,000
17,500
2,000
5,500
5,500
8,000
3,500
3,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
5,000
6,500
5,500
7,000
D
D
D
Biological/medical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
4,000
3,000
4,500
1,000
9,500
1,000
1,000
3,000
500
6,500
4,000
7,500
8,000
500
4,000
6,500
5,000
3,000
3,000
500
25,000
25,000
26,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
5,000
5,500
8,000
5,000
6,500
1,500
Environmental life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,500
5,000
4,500
18,000
16,000
18,000
D
15,500
13,000
18,000
D
D
D
D
8,500
10,500
10,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
6,500
6,500
6,500
D
D
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Doctoral degrees, all occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Science occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Agricultural/food scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
500
500
500
13,500
3,500
6,500
7,500
D
8,500
8,000
D
D
D
D
2,500
2,500
1,500
16,500
3,000
6,000
7,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
4,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Computer/mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,500
1,500
3,500
1,000
6,500
500
1,500
4,500
2,000
5,500
2,000
5,500
4,500
2,500
1,500
1,500
4,500
4,500
3,000
500
8,000
8,500
11,500
14,500
17,000
12,500
D
7,500
8,500
12,000
10,000
S
10,500
D
Computer/information scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,500
5,500
5,500
4,500
1,500
8,000
7,000
1,000
4,500
4,000
6,000
4,500
5,500
7,500
3,000
8,000
4,000
5,000
1,500
10,000
1,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
16,500
D
D
13,000
D
D
D
1,500
4,500
3,500
15,500
2,500
3,000
6,500
10,000
3,500
7,000
4,500
3,500
2,000
11,000
5,500
5,000
5,500
7,500
14,000
25,000
7,500
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
6,000
7,000
6,500
5,500
D
D
D
2,500
3,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
4,500
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
3,000
1,500
5,000
5,500
4,500
4,000
10,500
8,000
S
12,000
19,500
13,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
500
2,000
5,500
4,500
4,000
5,000
1,500
1,500
3,000
2,000
5,500
3,500
2,500
3,000
2,000
2,000
4,500
4,500
6,500
4,000
3,500
3,500
3,000
D
13,000
D
D
3,000
2,500
3,000
12,000
2,500
10,500
8,000
500
1,000
4,000
1,500
4,000
3,000
16,500
2,500
2,000
2,000
3,000
1,500
4,500
4,000
5,000
5,500
8,500
8,000
4,000
14,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
10,000
10,000
17,000
12,000
D
D
D
Mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Postsecondary teachers-computer/mathematical sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Chemists, except biochemists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
6,500
5,500
12,500
5,000
6,500
2,000
3,500
5,500
7,500
7,000
5,000
5,500
6,500
4,000
3,500
4,000
9,000
8,500
9,500
4,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
8,500
9,500
7,000
32,000
3,000
D
D
Physicists/astronomers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,500
3,500
1,500
13,000
4,500
9,000
1,500
3,500
8,500
3,000
26,500
10,000
7,500
16,000
8,500
5,500
10,500
10,000
1,500
20,000
2,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
8,000
8,000
10,000
14,500
18,500
D
D
3,000
1,500
1,500
5,500
6,000
8,500
2,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
2,000
5,000
6,500
7,500
4,000
4,000
3,500
3,500
D
13,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
6,000
6,500
D
11,500
D
13,000
1,500
1,500
4,500
D
9,000
D
5,000
16,000
13,000
10,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
500
500
D
D
D
D
2,000
1,500
1,500
6,500
5,000
5,000
13,500
500
1,000
4,000
8,500
3,500
17,500
22,500
500
500
500
3,500
2,500
5,500
1,000
3,500
3,500
4,000
S
4,000
8,000
D
3,000
3,000
3,000
8,000
14,500
D
D
Economists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
5,000
5,500
7,500
5,500
25,000
30,000
32,000
7,500
8,000
10,500
25,000
17,500
37,500
17,000
6,500
5,000
5,000
16,000
22,000
50,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
7,500
6,500
8,000
2,000
D
D
D
Political/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
8,500
8,500
9,000
D
42,500
D
D
27,000
29,500
29,500
D
D
D
D
11,000
11,000
15,000
D
29,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
12,000
12,000
14,000
D
D
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Postsecondary teachers-physical/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
500
1,500
2,000
3,000
2,500
4,000
7,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
D
D
D
D
500
500
500
3,000
3,000
4,500
4,000
8,000
9,000
10,500
14,500
4,500
8,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Psychologists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
500
18,500
18,000
14,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,500
20,000
S
S
D
3,500
3,500
3,000
S
11,500
6,500
D
3,500
3,500
3,500
25,000
D
D
D
2,500
2,500
2,000
5,500
D
D
D
Sociologists/anthropologists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
7,500
4,500
4,500
12,500
D
S
D
7,500
6,500
7,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
5,500
5,000
19,500
3,500
S
9,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
7,000
7,000
9,000
17,000
D
D
D
Other social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
4,000
3,500
14,000
11,500
10,500
D
7,000
5,500
5,500
39,000
8,000
9,500
D
8,500
10,500
11,000
6,000
12,500
14,000
D
D
D
11,000
D
D
D
D
3,500
4,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
500
4,000
3,500
2,500
3,000
4,000
3,500
1,500
2,500
4,000
500
1,000
2,500
2,000
500
1,500
3,000
3,000
3,500
15,000
5,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
4,000
1,500
6,000
2,000
11,000
6,500
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
6,500
3,000
3,500
11,000
17,000
17,500
9,500
8,500
6,500
7,000
10,500
9,500
4,500
D
19,500
13,000
D
D
9,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,500
3,500
7,000
10,000
D
D
D
Chemical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
2,000
5,000
6,500
8,000
10,000
3,500
4,500
3,000
4,000
6,000
10,500
11,500
20,500
15,500
34,000
S
D
29,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
7,500
6,000
6,000
D
D
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Postsecondary teachers-social/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Engineering occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
6,000
1,500
14,500
4,500
2,500
10,500
4,500
6,500
3,500
17,500
10,000
4,500
10,500
5,000
14,500
7,500
35,000
10,500
18,500
D
21,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
11,500
6,000
8,000
8,000
3,500
4,500
D
3,500
3,000
5,000
4,500
500
5,500
4,000
3,000
1,500
4,000
6,000
1,000
5,500
1,000
8,000
10,000
8,500
20,000
2,500
17,000
7,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
8,500
11,500
10,000
9,500
D
D
D
Industrial engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
14,500
18,500
12,000
21,500
13,000
D
D
15,000
21,000
8,000
16,500
19,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Mechanical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
500
5,000
6,000
5,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
1,000
4,000
5,500
7,000
6,000
4,500
4,000
9,000
3,000
15,000
16,000
19,500
D
19,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
9,500
9,500
D
D
D
D
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
1,500
3,000
500
2,000
5,500
7,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
500
3,000
1,000
2,000
5,500
7,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
19,500
19,500
12,500
D
D
D
D
Other engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
500
5,000
5,000
1,500
1,500
3,500
3,000
6,000
1,500
7,500
1,000
5,500
5,000
2,000
21,500
8,500
4,500
19,000
2,000
7,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
6,000
6,000
3,500
7,500
500
31,000
D
2,500
3,000
5,500
9,500
7,000
12,500
12,000
6,500
8,500
4,500
5,500
3,500
4,000
16,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
7,000
7,000
8,000
13,500
9,000
9,000
11,000
13,000
8,500
8,500
D
7,500
7,000
7,500
7,000
S
S
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Health occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,500
3,500
4,500
11,500
7,000
8,000
27,500
12,500
16,500
19,000
42,000
D
D
D
2,500
2,500
3,500
7,500
11,500
11,000
15,000
20,500
21,500
20,500
D
D
D
D
8,500
6,000
6,000
47,000
S
S
D
S&E managers, including health
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
500
4,500
8,500
14,000
11,500
13,000
5,500
1,000
1,500
4,500
9,500
6,500
19,500
7,500
1,500
6,500
11,500
7,000
9,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
5,000
5,500
8,000
7,500
D
D
D
S&E precollege teachers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
8,500
9,000
11,000
13,500
8,000
7,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
9,000
9,500
11,500
13,000
8,000
7,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S&E technicians/technologists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
7,500
9,000
19,500
11,000
9,000
15,500
6,000
2,500
7,500
15,500
11,000
15,000
14,000
9,500
8,500
2,500
9,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
S
D
D
D
D
D
Other S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
12,000
15,500
12,000
20,000
29,000
D
D
9,000
15,500
13,000
D
29,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,500
3,500
3,000
6,000
10,500
13,000
3,500
6,000
6,500
6,500
10,000
5,500
6,500
1,500
2,000
2,000
2,500
6,000
11,500
14,500
34,500
5,000
5,500
6,500
9,000
35,000
11,000
D
7,000
7,000
10,500
11,000
D
D
D
8,000
9,500
9,000
32,000
19,000
18,500
D
10,500
8,500
8,000
13,500
22,000
21,000
D
14,000
1,500
1,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
9,000
D
D
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Arts/humanities/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
4,500
5,000
6,000
9,000
7,500
5,500
1,000
9,000
15,000
17,000
20,000
9,500
4,500
1,000
6,000
5,500
6,500
15,000
17,000
17,000
D
4,000
4,000
7,500
D
D
D
D
14,500
14,000
31,500
1,000
21,500
D
D
Non-S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
6,500
6,500
9,000
7,000
22,000
25,000
18,000
6,500
7,500
7,500
19,000
26,000
28,000
17,500
8,000
8,500
6,000
14,500
4,000
13,000
D
12,500
12,500
12,500
21,000
D
D
D
12,500
12,500
15,000
10,000
D
D
D
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
4,500
10,500
13,000
16,000
38,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,500
2,000
4,000
8,000
17,000
14,000
38,000
12,000
S
21,500
5,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
9,500
10,500
12,500
2,000
3,000
D
D
8,500
8,500
8,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
13,500
15,500
7,000
10,000
3,000
D
D
27,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
Sales/marketing occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
10,000
21,000
20,000
25,000
16,500
20,000
10,000
9,500
21,000
21,000
26,000
16,500
20,000
10,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Social services/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
11,000
11,000
11,000
15,500
D
D
D
16,000
15,500
10,000
14,000
D
D
D
12,000
13,000
14,000
D
D
D
D
3,500
3,500
2,500
D
D
D
D
2,500
500
2,500
D
D
D
D
Other non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
5,500
8,000
9,000
11,000
7,500
8,500
13,500
23,000
5,500
5,500
6,000
D
2,000
2,000
2,000
D
500
1,000
2,000
10,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Management-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-14. Standard errors of median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and
employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Non-U.S. citizen
11,000
11,000
D
Permanent resident
8,000
8,500
D
Temporary resident
D
D
D
D = standard error is not computed when value is suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. S = suppressed; data cell not published.
Other
educational
institution
Government
D
D
D
D
D
D
S&E = science and engineering.
a
Total includes professional degrees not broken out separately.
NOTES: Scientists and engineers include any person who has ever received bachelor's or higher degree in S&E or S&E-related field through 30 June 2007, plus any person holding
non-S&E bachelor's or higher degree who was employed in S&E or S&E-related occupation on 1 October 2003. Business/industry includes self-employed individuals, nonprofit
organizations, and other unspecified types of employers. Four-year college/university includes medical schools and university-affiliated research institutes. Other educational institution
includes 2-year colleges, precollege institutions, and other educational institutions. Government includes federal (civilian), military, state, and local employers. Standard errors are
rounded up to nearest 500.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation/National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2008.