TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
All degree levels and occupationsb
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
81,000
25,500
37,500
42,500
39,500
36,500
34,500
30,000
33,000
20,500
8,500
8,500
10,500
8,500
8,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
6,500
21,500
20,000
75,000
12,500
2,000
10,000
8,500
21,500
6,000
2,500
10,000
10,000
33,000
5,500
3,000
11,000
11,000
36,500
6,500
3,500
11,500
9,000
36,000
5,500
2,500
10,500
8,000
32,000
4,500
2,500
10,000
7,500
31,500
3,500
1,500
7,000
6,000
29,500
4,000
1,500
7,000
5,500
32,000
3,000
S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
45,000
8,500
12,500
4,000
14,500
3,000
16,500
5,000
15,000
3,500
15,500
2,500
13,500
2,500
11,000
1,500
10,000
1,500
3,000
13,000
7,500
38,000
5,500
500
6,000
3,500
10,000
3,000
1,000
6,000
4,000
12,500
2,500
1,500
6,000
2,500
14,000
2,500
1,500
6,000
3,500
12,500
2,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
14,500
2,000
500
3,000
3,000
11,500
2,000
500
3,000
2,000
10,000
1,000
*
2,500
1,500
9,500
1,500
36,000
7,000
12,000
4,000
12,500
2,500
14,000
3,500
13,500
3,500
13,000
2,000
10,500
2,000
9,000
1,000
7,500
1,000
3,000
11,500
6,500
31,000
4,500
500
5,500
3,000
10,000
2,500
500
5,500
3,500
11,000
2,500
1,500
5,500
2,500
12,000
2,000
1,500
5,000
3,500
11,000
1,500
S
4,000
2,500
12,000
1,500
*
2,500
2,500
9,000
1,500
D
2,000
1,500
8,500
500
D
2,500
1,500
7,500
1,000
12,500
3,000
5,500
2,500
5,000
1,000
5,000
1,000
4,500
1,500
4,500
1,000
4,500
1,000
4,000
*
3,000
1,000
2,000
4,500
2,500
11,500
1,500
D
2,500
1,000
4,500
1,000
*
2,500
1,500
4,500
1,500
*
2,000
1,000
4,500
500
D
1,500
1,000
4,000
*
D
2,000
S
4,500
*
D
1,000
S
4,000
*
D
1,000
500
3,500
*
D
1,000
S
3,000
D
Agricultural/food scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
5,500
2,000
2,000
S
2,000
S
2,000
D
2,000
S
2,500
D
2,500
D
2,500
D
2,000
D
D
1,000
500
5,000
S
D
500
*
1,500
D
D
500
*
2,000
D
D
*
*
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
S
D
2,500
D
D
S
D
2,500
D
D
*
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
Biological/medical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
10,000
2,500
5,000
2,000
4,500
1,000
4,500
1,000
3,500
500
3,500
S
3,000
1,000
3,000
*
2,000
1,000
S
4,000
2,000
8,500
1,500
D
2,000
1,000
4,000
500
*
2,000
1,000
3,500
1,500
D
2,000
S
4,000
500
D
1,500
1,000
3,500
*
D
2,000
*
3,000
D
D
1,000
S
3,000
D
D
1,000
*
2,500
D
D
1,000
D
1,500
D
4,000
S
1,500
D
1,500
*
1,000
D
1,500
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
Science occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Environmental life scientists
Hispanic or Latino
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
D
500
S
4,000
*
D
500
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
4,500
1,000
2,000
500
2,000
500
1,500
500
2,000
S
2,000
*
1,500
D
500
*
1,000
D
D
1,500
1,000
4,000
500
D
1,000
*
2,000
*
D
S
*
1,500
D
D
500
S
1,500
D
D
500
*
2,000
D
D
500
*
1,500
D
D
*
D
1,500
*
D
*
*
500
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
26,000
5,000
8,000
3,000
10,000
2,000
12,000
3,000
11,500
3,000
10,000
1,500
8,000
1,500
7,500
1,000
5,500
1,000
2,000
10,000
6,000
23,500
4,000
S
5,000
2,500
7,000
2,000
500
4,500
3,000
9,000
1,500
S
4,500
2,000
9,500
1,500
S
5,000
3,000
9,500
1,500
D
4,000
2,000
9,500
1,500
D
2,000
2,000
7,000
1,000
D
1,500
1,500
6,500
500
D
1,500
1,000
5,500
S
Computer/information scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
24,500
5,000
7,500
2,500
9,500
2,000
11,500
3,000
11,000
3,000
9,500
1,500
8,000
1,000
7,000
1,000
5,000
1,000
1,500
10,000
5,500
21,500
4,000
S
4,500
2,500
6,500
2,000
S
4,500
3,000
8,500
1,500
S
4,500
2,000
9,500
1,500
D
5,000
3,000
9,000
1,500
D
3,500
2,000
9,000
1,500
D
2,000
2,000
7,000
1,000
D
1,500
1,500
6,500
500
D
1,500
1,000
5,000
S
Mathematical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
7,000
1,500
2,500
1,000
3,000
500
3,000
*
3,500
D
3,000
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
D
2,500
2,000
6,000
500
D
1,500
1,000
2,000
S
D
1,500
S
2,500
D
D
500
S
3,000
D
D
500
S
2,500
D
D
500
D
2,500
D
D
500
D
1,500
D
D
S
D
1,500
D
D
500
D
2,000
D
5,000
2,500
1,500
2,000
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
500
500
*
*
*
S
D
S
*
1,500
1,000
4,500
500
D
1,000
500
2,500
*
D
1,000
*
1,500
D
D
1,000
*
2,000
D
D
500
*
1,000
D
D
500
S
1,500
D
D
500
S
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,500
D
D
*
*
1,500
D
9,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
4,500
1,500
2,500
500
3,500
1,000
2,500
S
3,000
*
3,500
*
500
3,000
*
1,000
*
1,500
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
500
D
1,000
D
500
D
2,000
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Computer/mathematical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Postsecondary teachers-computer/
mathematical sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Physical/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
1,500
8,000
1,500
500
2,500
1,000
500
2,500
500
500
4,000
*
500
2,000
500
500
3,500
D
*
2,500
S
500
3,000
*
S
2,500
*
Chemists, except biochemists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
6,000
1,500
2,000
500
2,000
500
3,500
S
2,000
*
2,000
1,000
2,000
S
2,000
D
2,000
D
*
3,000
1,000
5,000
1,000
D
1,000
500
1,500
500
D
1,500
500
1,500
500
D
1,500
*
3,000
D
D
1,000
S
1,500
D
D
500
S
2,000
D
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
500
S
2,000
D
D
1,500
D
1,500
D
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
4,500
1,000
1,500
500
1,500
500
2,000
*
1,500
500
2,000
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
1,500
D
*
1,000
500
4,000
1,000
*
500
*
1,000
S
D
500
D
1,500
*
D
*
D
2,000
D
D
*
D
1,500
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
D
*
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
500
D
1,500
D
Physicists/astronomers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,500
500
1,000
*
1,000
*
500
*
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
500
1,500
*
D
500
*
1,000
*
D
500
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
500
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
S
D
500
D
3,000
1,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
1,500
500
500
1,500
500
500
*
*
*
*
*
D
D
D
1,000
500
2,500
500
D
500
*
1,000
500
D
500
*
1,500
*
D
S
*
1,000
D
D
500
*
1,000
*
D
*
D
1,500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
*
500
D
D
*
D
1,500
D
4,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,500
*
1,500
D
1,500
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
1,500
D
D
1,000
1,000
3,500
*
D
500
*
1,000
D
D
D
*
1,500
D
D
*
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
13,000
2,500
5,500
1,500
4,500
1,000
5,000
1,000
5,500
1,000
4,500
1,000
3,500
500
4,500
500
3,000
500
1,500
3,000
3,000
11,500
2,000
500
1,500
1,000
5,000
1,500
500
1,500
1,000
4,500
1,000
S
1,500
1,000
4,500
1,000
S
1,500
2,000
5,000
*
*
1,000
1,000
4,000
*
D
S
1,000
3,500
S
D
*
500
4,500
*
D
S
*
3,000
*
Postsecondary teachers-physical/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Other physical/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Social/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
Economists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,500
500
1,500
500
1,000
*
1,500
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
500
D
500
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
1,000
2,500
S
D
500
S
1,000
S
D
500
*
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,500
D
D
*
D
1,500
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
Political/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
3,000
S
1,500
*
1,500
D
S
D
S
D
D
D
*
D
S
D
S
D
D
S
*
3,000
*
D
D
*
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
5,000
2,500
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
2,000
1,500
1,500
1,000
500
500
*
500
S
D
*
D
S
1,000
1,000
4,500
2,000
D
1,000
500
2,500
500
*
500
500
2,000
S
*
500
500
1,500
*
D
1,000
500
1,000
D
D
*
*
1,000
*
D
*
*
1,500
D
D
*
S
1,000
*
D
D
D
1,500
D
Psychologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
7,000
1,500
3,500
1,000
2,500
1,000
2,500
500
3,000
1,000
2,500
1,000
3,000
*
2,500
*
1,500
D
500
1,500
1,500
6,500
1,000
D
1,000
500
3,500
1,000
*
1,000
500
2,500
*
D
S
500
2,500
500
*
*
*
2,500
D
D
*
S
2,500
D
D
D
500
2,500
*
D
D
*
2,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
Sociologists/anthropologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,500
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
D
1,500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
*
D
D
500
500
2,500
500
D
*
500
1,500
*
D
D
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
*
D
Other social/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
8,500
1,500
3,500
1,000
3,500
500
3,500
S
4,000
D
3,500
S
1,500
D
3,500
D
2,000
D
D
2,000
2,000
8,500
1,000
D
1,000
500
3,000
500
D
1,000
S
3,000
D
D
1,000
D
3,500
D
D
1,500
S
3,500
D
D
D
D
3,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
*
D
3,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
20,500
4,500
5,500
2,000
7,500
1,500
8,500
3,000
8,000
1,500
7,500
1,500
8,000
2,000
6,500
1,000
6,500
1,000
Postsecondary teachers-social/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Engineering occupations
Hispanic or Latino
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
1,000
7,000
3,500
19,000
3,500
500
3,500
1,500
4,500
1,500
*
3,000
2,000
6,500
1,000
S
3,500
1,500
7,500
2,000
500
3,000
1,500
7,000
1,000
D
2,500
2,000
7,000
1,500
D
2,000
2,000
7,500
500
D
2,000
1,000
6,000
500
D
1,500
S
6,000
1,000
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
5,000
1,500
1,500
1,000
1,500
500
2,500
S
2,000
D
2,000
500
2,000
500
1,000
D
2,500
D
500
1,000
1,000
4,500
1,000
D
500
*
1,000
500
D
500
*
1,500
*
D
500
D
2,000
D
D
500
D
2,000
D
D
500
D
1,500
S
D
*
D
2,000
D
D
500
D
1,000
D
D
500
D
2,500
D
Chemical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
4,500
1,000
1,000
500
1,500
*
2,000
D
2,500
S
2,000
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
*
1,500
1,000
4,000
1,000
D
500
500
1,000
*
D
500
S
1,000
D
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
500
D
2,000
D
D
1,000
D
1,500
D
D
500
D
1,500
D
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
S
D
1,000
D
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
7,500
2,500
2,000
500
3,000
1,000
4,000
2,000
2,500
500
3,500
500
2,500
1,000
3,000
500
3,000
1,000
500
2,000
1,500
7,000
1,500
*
1,000
500
1,500
500
D
1,000
500
2,500
500
D
1,000
1,000
3,500
1,000
D
1,000
500
2,500
D
D
1,000
500
3,500
D
D
1,000
D
2,500
D
D
1,000
D
3,000
500
D
1,000
D
2,500
D
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
8,500
2,500
3,000
1,000
3,500
1,000
4,000
1,500
4,000
1,000
3,500
1,000
4,000
500
3,000
S
2,500
D
500
4,500
2,000
7,500
1,500
D
2,500
500
2,500
1,000
D
2,000
500
3,000
1,000
D
2,500
1,000
3,000
1,000
D
2,000
1,000
3,500
D
D
2,000
1,500
3,000
S
D
1,000
S
3,500
D
D
1,500
500
2,500
D
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
Industrial engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
5,500
1,500
1,500
500
2,500
1,000
3,000
1,000
2,500
1,000
2,500
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
1,500
D
D
2,500
1,000
5,000
1,500
D
1,000
500
1,500
*
D
1,500
*
2,000
D
D
1,500
500
2,000
D
D
S
D
2,000
D
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
Mechanical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
8,500
1,500
3,000
500
3,000
500
3,500
1,000
4,000
500
3,500
500
3,500
500
2,500
D
3,000
D
500
2,500
2,000
*
1,500
1,000
D
1,500
500
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
S
D
500
D
D
500
D
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
8,000
1,000
2,500
1,000
3,000
500
3,000
500
3,500
D
3,500
D
2,500
D
2,500
D
3,000
D
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,000
500
1,500
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
500
*
500
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
1,000
2,000
*
D
1,000
S
1,000
*
D
500
500
1,000
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
Other engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
11,000
2,000
2,500
500
4,000
500
4,500
1,000
4,000
1,000
3,500
500
5,000
1,500
3,500
D
4,000
500
*
2,500
2,000
10,000
1,000
D
1,500
500
2,500
500
D
1,500
1,500
3,500
500
D
1,500
500
4,000
D
D
1,000
500
4,000
500
D
1,000
S
3,500
*
D
1,500
D
4,500
*
D
500
D
3,000
D
D
500
D
4,000
D
50,000
10,500
16,500
4,000
21,000
4,000
25,500
5,000
23,000
5,000
20,500
5,500
18,500
4,000
16,000
3,500
16,500
2,500
4,000
15,000
11,500
43,500
7,500
1,000
6,000
4,500
14,000
3,000
1,500
6,500
5,500
19,000
3,500
S
6,000
5,500
22,500
4,500
2,000
6,000
5,000
22,000
2,500
1,500
5,500
4,500
19,500
2,500
2,000
6,500
4,500
16,000
2,000
S
4,000
3,000
14,500
2,500
D
4,500
2,500
15,000
2,000
Health occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
40,500
9,000
13,500
3,000
17,000
3,500
20,500
4,000
18,500
4,000
17,000
4,500
16,500
3,500
13,000
3,000
13,500
2,500
3,000
13,000
10,500
35,000
6,500
1,000
5,500
4,000
12,000
2,500
1,500
6,000
4,500
15,000
3,000
D
4,500
5,000
18,500
3,500
2,000
5,500
4,000
17,000
2,500
S
5,000
4,500
15,500
1,500
1,000
6,000
4,000
13,500
1,500
D
4,000
2,500
11,500
2,500
D
4,000
2,500
12,500
1,500
S&E managers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
17,000
3,500
3,500
2,000
5,000
1,000
7,000
1,500
7,500
2,000
7,000
1,500
6,000
1,000
5,000
S
4,500
D
1,500
3,500
3,500
15,500
2,500
D
1,500
1,000
3,000
500
D
1,000
2,000
4,500
D
D
2,000
1,500
6,500
S
D
2,000
1,500
6,500
S
D
1,500
1,000
6,500
S
D
1,500
1,500
6,000
D
D
500
1,500
5,000
D
D
1,000
D
4,000
S
S&E precollege teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
20,000
4,000
8,000
2,000
9,000
1,500
7,500
2,000
7,500
1,500
6,500
2,000
6,000
1,000
6,000
1,000
4,500
D
1,000
3,000
4,000
19,000
2,500
*
1,500
1,500
7,500
1,500
500
1,500
2,000
8,500
S
D
1,000
2,000
7,000
D
D
S
2,000
7,500
D
D
D
1,000
6,500
D
D
S
1,500
5,500
D
D
D
1,500
6,000
D
D
D
1,500
4,500
D
S&E technicians/technologists
Hispanic or Latino
14,500
3,000
5,000
1,500
5,500
1,000
6,000
2,000
5,000
1,000
7,500
1,500
5,000
1,000
4,000
D
3,500
D
S&E-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
S
5,000
2,000
12,000
2,500
D
2,000
1,000
4,500
1,000
D
2,500
500
4,500
1,500
D
2,500
1,000
5,500
1,000
D
1,500
1,500
5,000
500
D
2,000
1,000
6,500
D
D
1,500
1,000
4,500
D
D
1,000
1,000
3,500
D
D
1,500
D
3,500
D
10,000
2,500
2,000
S
2,500
1,000
5,500
1,500
4,500
D
4,500
1,000
4,000
S
3,500
D
4,000
D
D
3,000
2,000
9,500
1,500
D
1,000
*
1,500
D
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
D
1,500
D
5,000
D
D
1,000
1,500
4,000
D
D
1,500
1,000
4,000
D
D
1,500
D
3,500
D
D
1,000
D
3,500
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
81,000
16,000
22,000
6,000
27,500
7,000
34,000
8,000
31,000
6,500
29,000
6,000
26,500
6,000
25,500
4,500
25,000
3,000
4,500
15,000
16,500
74,000
9,500
2,000
6,500
7,000
19,000
4,000
2,000
6,500
7,500
23,500
4,000
2,500
7,500
8,500
31,000
4,500
2,500
7,000
6,500
28,500
4,500
1,500
6,000
6,000
26,000
3,500
S
6,500
6,500
25,500
2,500
1,500
5,500
5,500
24,500
3,000
S
6,000
4,500
24,000
2,500
Arts/humanities/related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
14,500
3,500
4,000
1,000
5,000
1,000
6,500
1,500
6,500
D
5,000
S
5,000
D
5,500
D
5,000
D
S
3,000
2,500
14,000
2,000
D
2,000
1,000
3,500
1,000
D
1,500
1,500
4,000
D
D
S
1,000
6,500
S
D
1,500
D
6,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
S
D
5,500
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
Management-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
31,000
6,000
9,500
2,000
10,500
3,500
15,000
2,500
11,000
3,000
11,500
2,500
11,500
1,500
10,500
2,000
9,500
1,000
2,000
7,500
7,500
28,500
4,000
D
3,500
3,000
7,500
1,500
D
3,500
2,500
9,500
1,500
D
4,000
4,000
13,500
2,500
D
3,500
3,000
10,000
1,000
D
2,500
3,000
10,500
2,000
D
3,500
3,000
10,000
S
1,000
2,000
3,000
9,000
S
D
2,500
2,500
9,000
D
Non-S&E managers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
28,500
5,500
6,500
2,000
8,000
2,500
13,000
3,000
11,000
3,000
12,500
2,000
11,500
2,000
11,000
2,000
9,500
1,000
1,500
6,000
6,500
26,500
3,000
D
1,500
1,500
6,500
500
D
2,000
2,500
7,000
S
D
3,000
3,500
11,000
1,500
D
3,000
2,000
10,000
2,000
D
2,000
2,500
12,000
1,500
D
1,500
2,000
11,000
S
D
2,500
2,000
10,500
D
D
2,000
1,500
9,000
S
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
8,500
2,000
4,500
1,500
4,500
500
3,000
1,000
2,500
500
2,500
S
2,500
S
2,500
S
2,500
D
*
2,000
2,000
D
1,000
1,000
D
1,000
1,000
D
500
S
D
1,000
*
D
S
*
D
*
D
D
D
S
D
D
500
Other S&E-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Non-S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
7,500
1,000
4,500
1,000
4,000
D
2,500
D
2,000
D
2,500
D
2,500
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
24,500
6,000
10,000
2,500
8,500
3,500
10,000
2,500
8,500
2,500
9,000
2,500
9,500
2,500
5,500
2,000
6,500
D
1,000
4,500
6,500
22,000
3,000
S
2,000
2,500
9,000
1,500
D
1,000
3,000
7,500
1,500
D
1,500
3,500
9,500
1,500
D
3,000
2,000
8,000
D
D
S
2,500
8,500
D
D
2,000
2,000
8,500
D
D
D
1,500
5,500
S
D
D
2,000
6,500
D
Sales/marketing occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
33,000
5,500
7,500
2,500
10,500
2,000
13,000
3,500
13,000
2,500
13,500
2,000
11,000
1,500
11,000
1,500
12,500
1,000
2,000
7,500
5,500
31,000
4,500
D
3,000
2,000
7,000
2,000
S
2,500
2,500
9,500
2,000
D
3,500
2,500
12,000
2,000
D
2,500
3,000
12,500
S
D
3,500
1,500
12,500
S
D
2,500
2,000
10,500
D
D
3,000
2,000
10,500
D
D
2,500
1,500
12,500
1,000
Social services/related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
19,500
4,500
8,500
2,500
9,000
2,500
8,500
3,000
7,500
2,000
7,500
1,500
6,500
1,500
6,000
1,000
4,000
D
1,500
3,500
6,500
17,500
2,500
S
2,500
3,500
7,000
1,500
500
1,500
3,500
7,500
1,000
D
1,500
3,500
8,000
S
D
1,500
2,500
6,500
D
D
D
2,500
7,000
*
D
S
1,500
6,000
D
D
D
1,500
5,500
D
D
S
S
4,000
D
Other non-S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
46,000
9,000
14,000
3,500
15,000
3,500
17,500
4,500
16,500
3,500
16,500
4,000
16,500
3,500
16,000
2,500
16,000
2,000
3,500
11,500
10,500
41,000
6,000
1,000
4,500
3,500
12,000
3,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
13,500
3,000
2,000
4,500
4,000
16,000
2,500
2,000
5,000
4,000
16,000
2,500
D
4,000
4,000
14,500
2,000
D
4,500
5,000
15,000
S
D
3,500
4,000
15,000
2,500
D
4,500
3,000
15,000
1,500
66,500
17,000
15,500
5,500
24,000
6,000
33,000
8,500
28,000
7,000
26,500
7,000
29,000
7,000
25,500
5,000
28,000
3,500
5,500
17,000
17,000
61,500
11,000
1,000
6,500
5,500
13,500
4,500
2,000
6,500
7,000
21,500
5,000
2,500
8,500
8,000
27,500
5,500
3,000
9,000
7,000
26,000
5,000
2,000
8,500
7,000
23,000
4,000
2,500
9,000
6,500
26,000
3,000
1,500
6,500
5,500
24,000
3,500
S
6,000
4,500
27,000
2,500
33,000
7,000
8,500
2,500
10,500
2,500
12,500
4,500
13,500
3,500
13,000
2,000
11,000
2,500
9,500
1,500
8,500
1,500
2,500
9,500
6,000
29,500
5,000
500
4,000
2,000
7,500
2,500
500
4,500
2,500
9,500
2,500
1,500
4,000
2,000
10,000
2,500
1,000
5,000
3,500
11,500
1,500
2,000
3,500
2,500
12,000
1,500
500
2,500
2,500
9,500
1,000
D
2,500
1,500
8,500
1,000
D
2,500
1,500
8,500
1,000
26,000
5,500
8,000
2,500
9,500
2,000
11,500
3,500
11,500
3,000
11,000
2,000
8,500
1,500
8,000
1,000
6,500
1,000
Bachelor's degrees, all occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Science occupations
Hispanic or Latino
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,500
8,500
5,500
24,000
4,000
S
4,000
2,000
7,000
2,500
500
4,000
2,000
8,500
2,000
S
4,000
2,000
9,000
1,500
S
4,000
3,500
9,500
1,500
S
3,500
2,000
10,500
1,500
D
1,500
2,000
7,500
1,000
D
1,500
1,500
7,000
500
D
2,000
1,000
6,500
1,000
10,000
2,000
4,000
1,000
4,500
1,000
3,500
D
3,500
D
4,000
D
3,500
500
3,500
D
3,000
D
S
3,000
2,000
9,000
1,500
D
1,500
1,000
3,500
1,000
D
2,000
S
4,000
1,000
D
D
D
3,500
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
2,000
D
3,500
D
D
S
D
3,500
D
D
S
D
3,000
D
D
1,000
D
3,000
D
Agricultural/food scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
5,000
S
1,500
*
2,000
D
2,000
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
2,500
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
D
S
*
4,500
D
D
D
*
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
Biological/medical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
8,000
1,500
3,500
1,000
4,000
1,000
3,500
D
2,500
D
3,000
D
2,500
500
2,500
D
1,500
D
S
3,000
2,000
7,000
1,000
D
1,500
S
3,000
500
D
1,500
S
3,500
1,000
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
S
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
S
D
2,500
D
D
1,000
D
1,500
D
Environmental life scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
3,500
D
500
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,500
D
1,500
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
3,000
1,500
1,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
21,500
5,000
6,000
2,000
7,500
2,000
10,000
3,000
10,500
3,000
9,500
1,500
7,000
1,500
6,500
1,000
5,000
1,000
1,500
8,000
D
3,500
D
3,500
S
4,000
D
4,000
D
3,000
D
1,500
D
1,500
D
1,000
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Postsecondary teachers-life/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Computer/mathematical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
5,000
19,500
3,500
1,500
5,500
2,000
2,000
7,000
1,500
1,500
8,500
1,500
3,000
9,000
1,500
2,000
9,000
1,500
2,000
6,500
1,000
1,500
6,000
D
1,000
5,000
S
Computer/information scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
21,000
4,500
6,000
2,000
7,500
2,000
10,000
3,000
10,000
3,000
9,000
1,500
7,000
1,000
6,500
1,000
5,000
1,000
1,500
8,000
4,500
19,500
3,500
D
3,500
1,500
5,500
2,000
D
3,500
1,500
7,000
1,500
S
4,000
1,500
8,500
1,500
D
4,000
2,500
8,500
1,500
D
3,000
2,000
8,500
1,500
D
1,500
2,000
6,500
1,000
D
1,000
1,500
6,000
D
D
1,000
1,000
4,500
S
Mathematical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
5,000
1,000
1,500
500
1,500
500
2,500
D
2,500
D
2,500
D
1,000
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
D
1,500
1,500
4,500
D
D
1,000
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
2,500
1,500
1,000
S
D
D
S
500
1,000
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
S
2,500
D
D
*
*
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
7,500
2,000
2,500
1,000
2,500
1,000
3,500
S
2,000
D
3,000
1,000
2,000
D
3,000
D
2,500
D
S
2,500
1,000
7,000
1,000
*
500
500
2,000
1,000
D
1,500
*
2,000
500
D
D
D
3,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
500
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
500
3,000
D
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
Chemists, except biochemists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
5,500
1,500
1,500
500
2,000
500
3,000
D
1,500
D
2,000
1,000
1,500
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
D
2,000
1,000
4,500
1,000
D
500
500
1,500
500
D
1,500
D
1,500
*
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
500
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
3,500
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
*
2,000
D
1,000
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
1,500
D
1,500
D
D
500
*
3,500
S
D
*
*
1,000
S
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
Postsecondary teachers-computer/
mathematical sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Physical/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Physicists/astronomers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
1,000
*
500
*
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
*
1,000
D
D
*
*
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,500
1,000
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
D
1,500
S
D
500
D
1,000
S
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,500
1,000
1,000
500
1,500
D
1,000
D
S
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
1,500
D
D
D
S
3,000
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
7,500
1,500
4,000
1,000
3,500
1,000
2,500
D
3,500
D
2,500
S
1,500
D
3,500
D
2,000
D
D
2,000
2,000
7,000
1,500
D
1,000
500
3,500
1,000
D
S
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
3,500
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
3,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
Economists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,500
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Political/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
2,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Postsecondary teachers-physical/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Other physical/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Social/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Postsecondary teachers-social/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
D
D
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Psychologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
3,000
1,000
2,500
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
500
3,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Sociologists/anthropologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,000
S
1,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Other social/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
6,000
1,000
2,500
S
2,500
D
2,500
D
3,500
D
2,500
D
1,500
D
3,000
D
1,500
D
D
1,500
S
6,000
S
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
3,500
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
17,500
4,000
4,000
1,500
5,000
1,500
7,500
2,500
7,000
1,500
6,500
1,500
7,000
2,000
6,000
1,000
6,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
3,500
16,500
3,000
*
2,000
1,000
3,500
1,500
*
2,000
1,500
4,500
1,000
D
2,000
1,000
6,000
2,000
D
2,500
1,000
6,000
1,000
D
2,000
2,000
6,000
1,500
D
2,000
2,000
6,500
500
D
2,000
1,000
5,500
500
D
1,000
S
5,500
1,000
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
4,000
1,500
1,000
500
1,000
*
2,000
S
1,500
D
2,000
S
2,000
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
1,000
1,000
3,500
1,000
D
500
*
1,000
500
D
500
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
500
D
1,500
S
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
S
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
Chemical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
4,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,500
D
2,500
D
1,500
D
1,500
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
500
D
500
*
D
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Engineering occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
3,500
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
6,500
2,000
1,500
500
2,000
1,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
500
3,000
500
2,000
S
2,500
500
2,500
1,000
500
1,500
1,500
6,000
1,500
*
500
500
1,500
500
D
500
500
2,000
*
D
500
D
3,500
1,000
D
*
500
2,000
D
D
500
500
2,500
D
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
1,000
D
2,500
D
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
7,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
3,500
1,000
2,500
1,000
3,000
1,000
3,500
500
3,000
D
2,000
D
D
3,500
2,000
6,000
1,500
D
1,500
500
2,000
1,000
D
1,500
500
2,500
1,000
D
2,000
1,000
2,500
1,000
D
2,000
1,000
2,500
D
D
1,500
1,500
2,500
D
D
1,000
S
3,000
D
D
1,500
500
2,500
D
D
500
D
2,000
D
Industrial engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
5,000
1,500
1,000
500
1,500
500
3,000
D
2,000
S
2,500
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
1,500
D
D
2,500
1,000
4,500
1,500
D
500
500
1,000
*
D
S
*
1,000
D
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
S
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
Mechanical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
7,000
1,500
2,000
500
2,000
500
3,000
1,000
3,500
500
3,000
500
3,000
500
2,000
D
2,500
D
500
1,500
2,000
7,000
1,000
*
1,000
500
1,500
1,000
D
500
500
2,000
D
D
500
D
2,500
D
D
500
D
3,500
D
D
500
D
3,000
D
D
1,000
D
2,500
D
D
500
D
2,000
D
D
500
D
2,500
D
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,500
*
500
*
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
500
1,500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
Other engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
9,500
2,000
2,000
500
3,000
500
4,000
500
3,500
500
3,500
500
5,000
1,500
3,000
D
3,500
500
D
2,000
1,500
9,000
1,000
D
1,000
500
2,000
500
D
1,000
S
2,500
D
D
S
500
4,000
D
D
1,000
D
3,500
D
D
D
D
3,500
D
D
1,500
D
4,500
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
*
D
3,500
D
36,000
8,000
9,500
2,500
14,500
3,000
18,500
4,000
16,500
4,000
16,000
4,500
15,000
3,500
13,500
3,000
13,500
2,000
S&E-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
3,500
11,000
9,500
32,500
6,500
1,000
4,000
3,500
8,500
2,000
1,000
3,500
3,500
13,500
3,000
D
4,000
4,500
15,500
4,000
S
5,000
4,000
15,500
2,500
D
4,000
4,000
14,500
2,500
D
6,000
3,500
13,500
1,500
D
4,000
2,500
12,000
2,500
D
4,000
2,500
12,500
2,000
Health occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
31,000
6,500
9,000
2,500
12,000
2,000
17,000
3,000
13,500
3,000
13,000
3,000
13,000
3,000
11,000
2,500
10,000
2,000
2,500
9,500
9,000
27,000
6,000
1,000
3,500
3,500
8,000
2,000
D
3,000
3,000
11,000
3,000
D
3,500
4,500
14,500
3,000
D
5,000
4,000
12,500
2,500
D
3,500
3,500
12,000
S
D
5,000
3,000
11,000
1,500
D
3,500
2,500
9,500
2,000
D
3,500
2,000
9,000
S
S&E managers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
12,000
3,000
1,500
1,000
3,500
500
5,000
1,000
5,500
1,500
5,000
1,500
5,000
500
4,500
D
4,000
D
1,500
3,000
3,000
11,000
2,000
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
2,000
3,000
D
D
2,000
1,000
4,000
D
D
1,500
S
5,000
D
D
1,000
1,000
5,000
D
D
S
1,500
4,500
D
D
*
1,000
4,500
D
D
1,000
D
4,000
S
S&E precollege teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
12,500
3,500
3,500
1,000
5,000
1,000
5,500
2,000
6,000
1,500
5,000
2,000
4,000
D
5,000
D
4,000
D
500
2,000
2,500
11,500
1,500
D
1,000
1,000
3,000
*
D
1,500
1,500
5,000
D
D
D
S
4,500
D
D
D
D
5,500
D
D
D
D
4,500
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
1,000
4,000
D
S&E technicians/technologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
13,500
2,500
4,000
1,000
5,000
1,000
5,500
1,500
5,000
1,000
7,000
1,500
5,000
S
4,000
D
3,500
D
S
4,000
2,000
11,000
2,500
D
1,500
500
3,500
1,000
D
2,000
500
4,000
1,500
D
2,000
500
5,000
D
D
1,500
1,000
4,500
D
D
2,000
1,000
6,500
D
D
1,500
1,000
4,000
D
D
1,000
1,000
3,500
D
D
1,500
D
3,500
D
Other S&E-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
8,500
2,500
1,000
D
1,500
1,000
4,500
D
4,000
D
4,000
1,000
3,500
D
3,000
D
3,500
D
D
2,500
1,500
8,000
S
D
500
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
1,500
D
4,500
D
D
D
D
3,500
D
D
1,000
1,000
4,000
D
D
1,500
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
65,000
13,500
13,500
3,500
17,500
4,500
25,500
7,000
23,500
5,500
22,500
5,500
24,000
4,500
23,000
4,000
22,500
2,500
4,000
12,500
13,500
500
4,000
4,000
1,500
4,500
5,500
2,500
6,500
5,500
2,500
6,000
5,000
D
5,500
5,500
D
6,000
6,000
1,000
4,500
5,000
D
5,000
4,000
Non-S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
59,500
8,000
11,500
3,000
14,500
3,500
23,500
3,500
22,000
4,000
20,500
3,000
22,000
2,500
22,000
3,000
21,500
2,000
Arts/humanities/related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
12,000
3,000
3,500
S
3,500
D
5,500
1,500
6,000
D
4,500
D
4,000
D
4,000
D
4,000
D
D
2,000
2,000
11,500
2,000
D
1,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
D
S
1,000
3,500
D
D
D
D
5,500
D
D
D
D
5,500
D
D
D
D
4,500
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
4,500
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
Management-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
26,000
4,500
5,500
2,000
8,000
3,000
11,000
2,500
9,000
2,500
9,500
2,000
9,000
1,500
9,000
2,000
9,000
1,000
1,500
7,000
6,000
22,500
3,500
D
2,500
1,500
4,500
1,500
D
2,500
2,000
6,500
1,500
D
3,500
3,000
9,500
S
D
2,500
2,500
9,000
D
D
2,000
3,000
8,500
S
D
2,500
3,000
8,000
D
1,000
1,500
3,000
8,000
D
D
2,000
2,000
8,500
D
Non-S&E managers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
21,000
4,000
2,500
1,000
4,500
1,000
9,000
3,000
8,500
2,000
9,500
1,500
9,000
1,500
9,000
1,500
7,500
D
D
4,000
4,000
19,500
2,500
D
500
1,000
2,000
500
D
1,000
2,000
4,000
D
D
2,000
D
7,500
D
D
2,000
1,500
7,500
2,000
D
1,500
2,000
9,000
D
D
1,500
2,000
8,500
D
D
1,500
1,500
8,500
D
D
2,000
D
7,000
D
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
3,500
1,500
2,000
D
1,000
D
S
D
S
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
D
D
1,000
3,000
S
D
D
500
2,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
18,000
5,000
5,000
1,500
5,500
2,500
7,000
2,000
6,500
2,000
7,500
2,500
7,500
2,000
4,500
1,500
6,000
D
1,000
4,000
4,500
16,000
2,000
D
S
1,500
5,000
1,000
D
D
1,500
4,500
D
D
D
2,500
6,500
D
D
2,500
D
6,000
D
D
D
2,000
7,000
D
D
D
D
7,000
D
D
D
D
4,500
D
D
D
2,000
5,500
D
Sales/marketing occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
28,000
4,500
5,500
1,500
8,500
1,500
11,500
3,000
11,500
2,500
12,500
1,500
10,500
1,500
10,000
1,000
11,500
1,000
2,000
6,500
5,000
26,500
4,500
D
2,000
1,500
5,000
1,500
S
2,500
2,000
7,500
2,000
D
3,000
S
10,500
2,000
D
2,500
3,000
11,000
D
D
3,000
1,500
12,000
S
D
2,500
2,000
10,000
D
D
2,500
2,000
10,000
D
D
2,500
1,500
11,500
D
Social services/related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
12,500
3,500
5,000
1,500
5,000
1,500
6,000
2,500
4,000
S
4,500
1,500
4,000
S
5,000
D
2,500
D
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,000
2,000
4,500
11,000
1,500
D
1,000
2,000
4,000
1,000
D
D
2,500
4,000
S
D
D
2,500
5,000
D
D
D
1,500
3,500
D
D
D
1,500
4,000
D
D
D
1,500
4,000
D
D
D
1,500
4,500
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
37,000
8,000
10,000
3,000
10,500
2,500
14,000
4,000
14,000
3,000
13,500
3,500
14,500
3,500
14,000
1,500
14,500
2,000
3,000
10,000
9,500
33,000
5,500
500
3,500
2,500
8,500
2,000
1,000
3,000
3,500
9,000
2,500
2,000
3,500
3,500
12,500
2,000
S
4,500
3,500
12,500
2,500
D
4,000
4,000
11,000
2,000
D
4,500
4,500
12,500
S
D
3,000
4,000
13,000
2,500
D
4,000
2,500
13,500
1,500
50,000
9,500
21,500
6,500
21,500
5,000
20,500
4,500
19,500
4,000
18,000
3,500
16,500
3,000
14,000
2,000
12,500
1,000
3,000
12,500
12,000
44,000
6,000
1,500
6,500
6,500
18,000
3,500
1,000
6,500
6,500
19,000
3,000
S
5,500
6,500
19,500
3,000
2,000
5,500
4,500
18,000
1,500
S
4,500
4,500
16,000
2,000
D
4,000
3,500
15,500
1,500
D
3,000
3,000
13,000
1,500
D
3,500
2,500
12,500
1,000
23,000
4,000
9,000
3,000
9,500
1,500
9,500
2,000
8,500
1,500
7,500
1,000
6,000
1,000
5,000
1,000
4,500
500
1,500
8,000
5,000
19,000
2,500
500
4,500
2,500
6,500
1,500
*
4,000
3,000
8,500
1,500
S
4,000
1,500
8,000
1,000
D
3,000
1,500
7,000
1,000
D
2,500
1,500
7,000
S
D
2,000
1,500
5,500
500
D
1,500
500
5,000
500
D
1,500
500
4,500
D
19,000
3,500
8,000
3,000
8,000
1,000
8,000
1,500
7,500
1,000
6,500
1,000
5,500
1,000
4,500
D
3,500
500
1,500
7,000
4,500
16,000
2,500
500
4,000
2,500
6,000
1,500
*
3,500
3,000
6,500
1,500
D
3,500
1,500
6,500
1,000
D
3,000
1,500
6,000
1,000
D
2,000
1,500
5,500
S
D
1,500
1,500
5,000
500
D
1,000
500
4,500
500
D
1,000
500
3,500
D
6,000
2,500
3,500
2,000
2,500
500
2,500
D
2,000
D
2,500
D
2,500
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
D
2,500
1,000
5,500
1,000
D
1,500
500
3,000
500
D
1,500
*
2,000
S
D
1,500
D
2,500
D
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
500
D
2,500
D
D
S
D
2,500
D
D
S
D
1,500
D
D
S
D
1,000
D
2,500
S
1,500
S
500
D
500
D
500
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
*
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Other non-S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Master's degrees, all occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Science occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Agricultural/food scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
2,000
D
1,000
D
500
D
500
D
D
D
1,500
D
500
D
D
D
D
D
Biological/medical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
4,500
2,000
2,500
2,000
2,000
*
2,000
D
2,000
D
1,500
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
500
D
D
2,500
1,000
4,000
1,000
D
1,500
500
2,500
D
D
1,500
*
1,500
D
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
500
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
500
D
Environmental life scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,500
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
500
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,500
1,000
1,000
1,500
500
D
D
D
500
*
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
*
2,500
D
D
S
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
D
14,500
2,500
6,000
2,000
6,500
1,000
6,500
1,000
6,000
1,000
4,500
500
3,500
500
3,500
D
2,500
D
S
6,500
4,000
12,000
2,000
D
3,500
2,000
4,000
1,000
D
3,500
2,500
5,000
1,000
D
3,000
1,000
5,000
1,000
D
3,000
1,500
4,500
S
D
2,000
1,500
4,000
D
D
1,000
1,000
3,500
D
D
1,000
D
3,000
D
D
1,000
D
2,500
D
Computer/information scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
13,500
2,500
5,000
1,500
6,000
1,000
6,000
1,000
5,500
1,000
4,000
500
3,500
500
3,000
D
2,000
D
*
6,000
4,000
11,000
2,000
D
3,500
2,000
3,000
1,000
D
3,500
2,500
4,500
1,000
D
3,000
1,000
5,000
1,000
D
3,000
1,500
4,500
S
D
2,000
1,000
3,500
D
D
1,000
1,000
3,000
D
D
1,000
D
3,000
D
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
Mathematical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
4,500
S
2,500
S
2,500
D
2,000
D
1,500
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
1,500
1,500
4,000
*
D
1,500
S
1,500
*
D
500
D
2,000
D
D
500
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
S
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
Postsecondary teachers-life/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Computer/mathematical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Postsecondary teachers-computer/
mathematical sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
3,500
2,000
1,000
1,500
1,000
1,500
1,000
1,500
1,500
1,000
S
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
3,500
*
D
500
500
2,000
*
D
500
*
1,000
D
D
S
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
S
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
4,000
1,000
1,500
500
2,000
500
2,500
D
1,500
500
2,000
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
1,500
D
*
2,000
500
4,000
500
D
1,000
500
1,500
*
D
500
*
2,000
*
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
D
500
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
500
D
1,500
D
Chemists, except biochemists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,500
500
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,500
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
2,000
500
2,000
D
D
500
*
1,000
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
D
S
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
500
D
1,000
D
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,500
500
1,000
*
1,500
*
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,500
D
1,500
D
500
D
500
D
*
500
*
2,500
500
D
500
*
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
Physicists/astronomers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,000
*
500
*
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
*
1,000
*
D
500
*
500
*
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
1,000
1,000
D
1,000
500
D
500
S
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
*
2,000
D
D
500
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
S
D
2,000
D
500
D
500
D
S
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Physical/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Postsecondary teachers-physical/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Other physical/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
D
D
*
2,000
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
9,500
2,000
4,000
1,000
3,500
500
4,000
D
3,500
1,000
3,500
1,000
3,000
D
2,500
D
2,500
D
1,500
2,000
2,000
8,500
1,000
D
1,000
1,000
3,500
1,000
D
1,500
1,000
3,000
D
D
1,000
1,000
4,000
D
D
500
D
3,500
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
Economists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,500
*
1,000
*
1,000
D
1,500
D
1,500
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
500
D
D
500
S
2,000
D
D
500
S
500
D
D
500
D
500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
D
Political/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,500
*
1,000
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
2,500
D
D
D
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,500
2,000
1,000
1,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
3,000
500
D
500
*
2,000
*
D
D
S
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
Psychologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
6,000
1,000
2,500
1,000
2,000
500
2,500
D
2,500
1,000
2,500
D
2,500
D
1,500
D
1,500
D
D
1,000
1,500
5,500
500
D
1,000
500
2,500
500
D
D
500
2,000
D
D
D
500
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
Sociologists/anthropologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
2,000
500
1,000
500
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Social/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Postsecondary teachers-social/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
*
2,000
D
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
5,500
1,000
2,500
500
2,500
*
2,500
D
1,500
D
2,500
D
1,000
D
1,500
D
1,500
D
D
1,500
1,000
5,000
500
D
1,000
500
2,000
D
D
1,000
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
10,000
2,000
4,000
1,000
5,500
1,000
4,500
1,500
4,000
1,000
4,000
*
3,500
500
3,000
S
3,000
D
500
4,500
1,500
9,500
1,000
*
2,500
1,000
3,000
1,000
D
2,500
1,000
5,000
500
D
2,000
1,000
4,000
500
D
1,500
1,000
4,000
D
D
1,500
D
3,500
D
D
1,000
*
3,000
D
D
1,000
D
2,500
D
D
1,000
D
3,000
D
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
3,000
1,000
1,500
S
1,500
*
1,500
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
500
D
1,500
D
D
1,000
S
3,000
500
D
500
*
1,000
*
D
*
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
500
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
Chemical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,500
S
500
*
1,000
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
1,500
500
2,000
*
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
D
1,000
D
D
S
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
4,500
1,000
1,500
500
2,000
500
2,500
1,000
2,000
D
2,000
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
1,500
D
D
1,500
1,000
4,000
500
D
1,000
500
1,000
*
D
1,000
*
2,000
D
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
500
D
1,500
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
D
500
D
1,500
D
D
500
D
1,500
D
D
500
D
1,000
D
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
5,500
1,500
2,500
500
2,500
*
2,500
1,000
3,000
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
1,500
D
1,500
D
D
3,000
1,000
4,000
1,000
D
2,000
500
1,500
1,000
D
1,500
*
1,500
D
D
1,500
500
2,000
D
D
1,500
D
2,500
D
D
1,000
D
1,500
D
D
500
D
1,500
D
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
500
D
1,500
D
Other social/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Engineering occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
Industrial engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
3,000
1,000
1,500
500
2,000
500
1,000
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
500
D
500
D
D
D
D
1,000
S
2,500
D
D
500
*
1,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
Mechanical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
4,500
1,000
2,500
500
2,500
500
2,000
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
1,500
D
D
2,000
1,000
4,000
500
D
1,500
500
2,000
*
D
1,000
*
2,000
*
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
500
D
1,500
D
D
500
D
2,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,500
500
1,000
*
500
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
*
1,500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Other engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
5,500
1,000
1,500
500
3,000
500
2,500
1,000
2,000
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
1,500
D
1,500
D
D
2,000
1,000
5,000
500
D
1,000
*
1,500
*
D
1,000
500
2,500
*
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
500
D
2,000
D
D
500
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
27,500
5,000
12,000
3,000
13,000
2,000
12,000
2,000
10,500
2,000
8,500
2,000
8,500
1,500
6,500
1,000
5,000
D
1,500
6,000
5,500
25,000
3,000
500
3,000
2,500
11,000
2,000
500
3,000
3,000
12,000
1,000
D
2,500
2,500
11,000
1,000
D
2,000
2,500
10,000
D
D
2,500
2,500
8,000
500
D
2,000
2,000
7,500
1,500
D
1,500
1,500
6,000
D
D
1,000
1,000
5,000
D
Health occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
18,000
3,500
8,000
2,000
9,000
2,000
8,500
1,500
8,000
1,500
6,500
1,500
5,500
D
4,000
D
3,500
D
1,500
4,500
4,500
16,000
2,000
500
2,500
2,000
7,000
1,500
D
2,500
2,000
8,000
D
D
1,500
2,000
8,000
1,000
D
1,500
2,000
7,500
D
D
2,500
2,500
5,500
500
D
1,500
1,500
5,000
D
D
1,000
D
4,000
D
D
1,000
D
3,500
D
S&E managers
Hispanic or Latino
11,500
2,000
3,000
1,500
3,500
S
5,000
1,000
4,500
500
4,500
D
4,000
D
2,500
D
2,000
D
S&E-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
D
2,500
2,000
10,500
1,000
D
1,000
500
2,500
D
D
1,000
1,000
3,000
D
D
1,000
1,500
4,500
D
D
1,500
1,000
4,500
D
D
1,000
D
4,000
D
D
500
D
4,000
D
D
S
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
S&E precollege teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
15,000
2,500
7,500
1,500
8,000
1,000
5,000
1,000
5,000
1,000
4,500
D
4,000
D
3,500
D
2,500
D
D
2,000
3,500
14,500
2,000
D
1,500
1,500
7,000
1,500
D
1,000
2,000
7,500
D
D
1,000
1,500
5,000
D
D
D
1,500
5,000
D
D
D
D
4,500
D
D
D
D
3,500
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
S
2,500
D
S&E technicians/technologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
6,000
1,500
3,000
S
2,500
S
2,500
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
2,500
1,000
5,000
500
D
1,000
500
3,000
D
D
1,500
D
2,500
D
D
1,500
D
2,000
D
D
1,000
D
1,500
D
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
500
D
2,000
D
D
500
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
Other S&E-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
5,500
1,500
1,500
S
2,000
D
3,000
D
2,500
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
2,500
D
D
1,500
1,500
5,000
D
D
1,000
*
1,000
D
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
43,500
8,000
18,000
5,000
17,000
4,500
17,500
3,000
16,500
3,500
13,000
3,000
13,000
2,500
11,500
1,500
10,500
1,000
2,500
9,500
10,500
38,000
4,500
1,500
5,000
5,500
15,500
2,500
1,000
4,500
5,000
15,000
2,500
D
4,000
5,500
16,000
2,500
1,500
4,000
4,000
15,000
1,000
D
3,000
3,500
12,000
1,500
D
3,000
2,500
12,500
1,000
D
2,500
2,500
11,000
D
D
3,000
2,000
10,500
1,000
Arts/humanities/related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
8,000
1,500
2,500
*
2,500
S
3,000
D
3,000
D
3,500
D
2,500
D
3,000
D
3,000
D
D
2,000
1,500
7,500
500
D
1,500
S
2,000
500
D
S
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
3,500
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
Management-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
17,000
4,000
7,000
1,500
6,500
2,500
8,500
1,500
6,000
1,500
5,500
2,000
6,000
D
5,000
1,000
5,000
D
S
5,000
4,500
D
2,500
2,500
D
2,500
2,000
D
2,500
2,500
D
2,000
2,000
D
1,500
D
D
2,000
D
D
1,000
1,500
D
1,500
D
Non-S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
15,000
2,000
6,000
1,000
6,000
D
7,500
1,500
5,500
D
4,500
D
5,500
D
5,000
D
4,500
D
Non-S&E managers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
18,500
4,000
6,000
2,000
7,000
2,500
8,000
1,500
7,000
2,000
6,500
1,500
6,000
S
6,500
1,000
5,500
D
1,000
3,500
4,500
16,500
2,500
D
1,500
1,500
5,500
*
D
1,500
2,000
6,000
D
D
2,000
2,500
7,000
S
D
2,000
1,500
7,000
D
D
1,500
1,500
6,000
S
D
1,000
S
6,000
D
D
1,500
S
6,000
D
D
1,000
D
5,500
D
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
6,500
1,500
4,000
1,500
4,000
D
2,500
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
1,500
D
1,500
D
D
1,500
2,000
6,000
1,000
D
500
S
3,500
D
D
1,000
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
16,500
4,000
9,000
2,500
7,000
2,500
6,000
1,500
6,000
D
4,500
D
5,000
1,500
4,500
D
3,500
D
S
3,000
5,000
15,500
2,500
D
1,500
2,500
8,000
1,000
D
1,000
3,000
6,500
D
D
S
2,500
5,500
D
D
2,000
1,500
6,000
D
D
D
2,000
4,000
D
D
D
1,500
4,500
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
3,500
D
Sales/marketing occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
15,500
3,500
5,000
2,000
6,000
1,500
6,000
2,000
4,500
D
5,000
D
5,000
1,500
4,500
D
5,000
D
D
3,500
3,500
14,500
1,000
D
2,000
1,500
4,500
S
D
1,000
2,000
6,000
D
D
2,000
S
5,500
D
D
1,500
D
4,500
D
D
1,000
D
5,000
D
D
1,500
D
4,500
D
D
D
D
4,500
D
D
1,500
D
5,000
D
Social services/related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
14,500
3,000
7,500
2,000
7,500
2,000
6,500
1,500
6,000
1,500
6,000
D
4,500
1,000
3,500
D
3,500
D
1,500
3,000
5,000
13,000
2,000
S
2,000
3,000
6,000
1,500
D
S
2,500
6,500
1,000
D
1,500
2,000
6,000
D
D
1,000
2,000
5,500
D
D
D
2,000
5,500
D
D
D
1,000
4,500
D
D
D
S
3,500
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
Other non-S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
17,500
3,000
8,000
2,000
7,000
1,500
7,000
1,500
7,000
1,500
7,000
2,000
6,500
D
4,500
1,500
5,000
D
1,000
4,500
4,500
17,000
2,000
500
2,000
2,500
7,000
1,500
D
2,500
1,500
7,000
S
D
2,000
2,000
6,000
D
D
1,500
2,000
6,500
D
D
1,000
S
7,000
D
D
1,500
S
6,000
D
D
1,500
D
4,000
D
D
2,000
D
4,500
D
10,000
2,000
5,500
1,500
3,500
1,000
4,000
1,000
3,500
1,000
3,500
1,000
3,500
1,000
2,500
500
2,500
500
Doctoral degrees, all occupations
Hispanic or Latino
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
500
3,500
2,500
9,500
1,000
*
2,000
2,000
5,000
1,000
500
1,500
1,000
3,500
500
*
2,000
1,000
3,500
500
*
1,500
1,000
3,500
500
*
1,500
500
3,000
500
D
1,000
500
3,500
500
D
1,000
500
2,000
500
D
1,000
500
2,000
*
6,000
1,000
3,500
500
2,000
500
2,500
500
2,000
500
2,000
500
2,000
500
1,500
500
1,500
500
500
3,000
1,000
5,500
1,000
*
2,000
500
3,000
500
*
1,000
500
2,000
500
*
1,500
500
2,000
500
*
1,500
1,000
2,000
500
*
1,000
500
1,500
500
D
1,000
500
2,000
500
D
500
500
1,500
*
D
500
*
1,500
*
6,000
1,000
3,500
500
2,000
500
2,000
500
2,000
500
2,000
500
2,000
*
1,500
500
1,500
500
500
2,500
1,000
5,000
1,000
*
1,500
500
3,000
500
*
1,000
500
2,000
500
*
1,500
500
2,000
500
*
1,000
1,000
1,500
500
*
1,000
500
1,500
*
D
1,000
500
2,000
*
D
500
500
1,500
*
D
500
*
1,000
*
3,500
1,000
2,000
500
1,500
500
1,500
500
1,500
500
1,500
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
*
2,000
1,000
3,000
500
D
500
500
2,000
500
D
1,000
500
1,000
*
D
1,000
500
1,000
*
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
1,000
*
1,000
*
D
500
*
1,000
*
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
D
1,000
D
Agricultural/food scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,000
*
500
*
500
*
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
D
500
S
500
*
D
*
*
500
D
D
*
*
500
D
D
*
*
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
*
D
Biological/medical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
3,000
500
2,000
500
1,000
500
1,500
500
1,500
500
1,000
*
1,000
D
500
*
500
*
*
1,500
500
2,500
500
D
500
500
2,000
500
D
1,000
*
1,000
*
D
1,000
*
1,000
*
D
1,000
S
1,000
*
D
1,000
*
1,000
D
D
500
D
1,000
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
Environmental life scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
500
*
*
D
*
*
*
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Science occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
500
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,500
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
*
*
500
*
*
D
*
D
D
1,000
500
1,500
500
D
*
*
500
D
D
500
*
1,000
D
D
*
*
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
S
*
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
*
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
3,000
500
2,000
*
1,500
*
1,500
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
500
*
D
1,500
500
3,000
500
D
1,000
500
1,500
*
D
500
*
1,500
*
D
1,000
*
1,500
*
D
500
*
1,000
D
D
500
*
1,000
*
D
500
*
1,000
D
D
500
*
1,000
D
D
500
*
500
D
Computer/information scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,500
500
1,500
*
1,500
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
500
D
D
1,000
*
2,500
*
D
1,000
*
1,500
*
D
500
*
1,500
*
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
500
D
500
D
D
500
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
500
D
Mathematical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,500
*
500
*
500
*
1,000
*
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
D
500
*
1,500
*
D
500
D
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
1,500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
*
*
*
*
D
D
*
D
500
500
1,500
*
D
500
500
1,000
*
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
*
500
D
2,000
500
1,000
500
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
500
*
1,000
*
*
1,000
500
2,000
500
D
500
500
1,000
*
D
500
*
500
*
D
500
*
1,000
*
D
500
*
1,000
*
D
500
*
1,000
D
D
500
*
1,000
*
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
D
500
D
Postsecondary teachers-life/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Computer/mathematical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Postsecondary teachers-computer/
mathematical sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Physical/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
Chemists, except biochemists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,500
500
500
*
500
*
1,000
*
500
*
500
D
1,000
D
500
D
500
D
D
1,000
500
1,000
*
D
500
*
500
*
D
500
*
500
*
D
500
D
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
500
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,000
*
500
*
500
*
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
D
500
*
1,000
*
D
500
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
*
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
Physicists/astronomers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,000
*
500
*
500
D
500
*
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
D
500
*
1,000
*
D
500
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
1,500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
*
*
*
*
*
D
D
D
500
500
1,500
*
D
*
*
500
*
D
500
*
500
*
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
*
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
1,000
*
500
D
500
D
500
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
D
500
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
3,000
500
2,000
500
1,000
500
1,000
500
1,500
500
1,000
*
1,500
*
1,000
*
1,000
D
500
1,000
500
2,500
500
D
1,000
500
1,500
500
*
500
500
1,000
*
*
500
500
1,000
500
*
1,000
500
1,000
*
D
*
*
1,000
*
D
*
500
1,500
*
D
*
*
1,000
*
D
*
*
1,000
*
500
*
500
*
500
*
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
Postsecondary teachers-physical/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Other physical/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Social/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Economists
Hispanic or Latino
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
D
500
*
500
*
D
500
*
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
500
*
*
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
*
D
D
*
*
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
*
*
*
D
D
D
*
1,000
500
2,000
500
D
500
500
1,000
*
*
500
500
1,000
*
*
500
500
1,000
*
D
1,000
500
1,000
D
D
*
*
1,000
*
D
*
*
1,000
D
D
*
*
500
*
D
D
D
500
D
Psychologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,000
500
1,500
500
1,000
*
500
*
1,000
*
500
*
500
*
500
*
500
D
*
1,000
500
1,500
500
D
S
500
1,000
*
*
*
*
1,000
*
D
*
*
500
*
*
*
*
1,000
D
D
*
*
500
D
D
D
*
500
*
D
D
*
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
Sociologists/anthropologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
500
*
500
D
500
*
500
D
500
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
D
*
*
500
*
D
*
*
500
*
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
Other social/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,000
*
500
*
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
*
D
D
500
*
1,000
*
D
*
*
500
D
D
*
*
500
D
D
S
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
2,500
500
1,500
500
1,000
500
1,500
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
D
*
1,500
*
1,500
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
Political/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Postsecondary teachers-social/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Engineering occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
500
2,000
500
500
1,000
*
500
500
*
*
1,000
*
*
1,000
*
*
500
*
*
500
D
*
500
D
D
1,000
D
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,000
*
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
*
D
500
D
500
D
D
500
*
1,000
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
Chemical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,000
*
500
*
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
*
*
500
D
D
500
D
500
D
D
500
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,000
*
500
*
500
D
500
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
*
D
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,500
*
1,000
*
500
*
500
D
1,000
*
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
D
1,000
*
1,000
*
D
500
*
1,000
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
D
500
D
D
500
D
500
D
D
500
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
Industrial engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
500
*
*
D
S
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Mechanical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,000
*
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
D
500
D
D
500
D
500
D
D
500
D
500
D
D
500
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
500
D
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,500
500
1,000
*
500
*
500
*
500
*
500
*
500
D
500
D
500
D
D
1,000
500
1,000
*
D
1,000
D
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
Other engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,500
500
1,000
*
500
*
1,000
*
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
D
1,000
*
1,000
*
D
1,000
*
500
*
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
D
1,000
D
D
500
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
500
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
4,500
1,000
2,500
500
1,000
500
2,000
500
1,500
500
1,000
*
2,000
S
1,000
*
1,000
D
*
1,500
1,000
4,000
500
D
1,000
1,000
2,500
500
D
500
500
1,000
*
D
1,000
500
2,000
*
D
500
*
1,500
*
D
500
*
1,000
*
D
500
*
2,000
*
D
500
*
1,000
D
D
500
*
1,000
D
Health occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
3,500
1,000
2,500
500
1,000
500
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,500
S
1,000
*
1,000
D
*
1,500
1,000
3,000
500
D
1,000
1,000
2,500
*
D
500
500
500
*
D
500
*
1,000
*
D
500
*
1,000
*
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
*
1,500
D
D
*
*
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
S&E managers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,500
500
1,000
*
500
*
500
*
500
*
500
*
500
D
500
D
500
D
D
500
500
1,500
500
D
*
*
1,000
*
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
*
500
*
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
*
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
S&E precollege teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
3,000
*
1,000
D
1,000
*
1,500
D
1,000
D
500
D
S
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
500
3,000
D
D
D
*
1,000
D
D
D
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
500
D
S&E technicians/technologists
Hispanic or Latino
1,000
*
500
D
*
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
S&E-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
D
500
D
1,000
D
D
500
D
*
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
7,000
2,000
4,000
1,500
3,000
500
3,000
1,000
3,000
500
3,000
1,000
2,500
500
2,000
*
2,000
*
*
2,000
2,000
7,000
1,000
D
1,000
2,000
3,000
S
*
1,000
500
3,000
500
D
1,000
500
3,000
*
D
1,000
500
3,000
*
D
1,500
500
2,500
*
D
500
500
2,500
*
D
500
500
2,000
*
D
500
*
2,000
*
Arts/humanities/related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,000
*
1,000
*
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
D
D
500
*
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
Management-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
3,500
1,000
2,000
*
1,500
*
1,500
*
1,500
*
1,500
D
1,000
D
500
D
500
D
D
1,000
S
2,500
*
D
500
S
500
*
D
500
*
1,500
D
D
1,000
*
1,500
*
D
500
D
1,500
D
D
*
*
1,500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
*
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
Non-S&E managers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
4,000
1,000
2,000
*
2,000
500
2,000
S
1,500
*
1,500
*
2,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
*
*
1,000
1,000
3,500
500
D
*
*
2,000
D
D
*
*
1,500
*
D
500
S
2,000
D
D
500
*
1,500
*
D
500
*
1,500
D
D
500
500
2,000
*
D
500
*
500
D
D
500
*
1,000
D
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
3,500
1,000
2,000
500
2,000
*
1,500
500
1,000
*
1,000
D
2,000
*
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
1,000
*
D
1,000
500
D
500
500
D
500
*
D
*
*
D
*
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
Other S&E-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Non-S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
3,500
500
2,000
*
1,500
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
500
D
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,000
S
S
D
500
D
500
D
S
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
500
1,500
*
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Sales/marketing occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,000
S
500
D
500
D
500
D
500
*
1,000
D
500
D
1,500
D
500
D
D
1,000
*
1,500
*
D
*
D
500
D
D
S
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
*
D
500
D
D
1,000
D
500
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
*
D
1,500
D
D
D
D
500
D
Social services/related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,500
*
1,500
*
500
*
500
D
1,500
D
1,000
D
S
D
S
D
S
D
D
500
500
2,500
S
D
D
*
1,500
D
D
*
*
500
D
D
D
*
500
D
D
D
S
1,500
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
Other non-S&E occupations
2,000
1,500
1,000
1,500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
Hispanic or Latino
1,500
S
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Asian
500
*
*
*
*
D
*
D
D
Black or African American
500
*
*
*
*
D
D
D
D
White
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,500
500
500
500
500
500
Other
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
* = standard error is not computed when value < 500. D = standard error is not computed when value is suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. S = suppressed;
data cell not published.
S&E = science and engineering.
a
b
"Other" includes Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander and Not Hispanic or Latino respondents reporting two or more races.
Total includes professional degrees not broken out separately.
NOTES: Scientists and engineers include any person who has ever received bachelor's or higher degree in S&E or S&E-related field through 2007, plus any person holding non-S&E
bachelor's or higher degree who was employed in S&E or S&E-related occupation in 2003. See http://sestat.nsf.gov/docs/occ03maj.html for detailed description of occupational
classification. Standard errors are rounded up to nearest 500.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation/National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2008.