TABLE A-6. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
86,000
64,500
56,500
22,500
15,000
14,000
7,000
5,000
5,500
23,500
18,000
17,500
22,000
13,500
17,000
80,000
60,500
54,500
14,500
10,500
10,000
71,500
55,000
44,000
17,500
12,000
11,000
4,500
3,500
3,500
19,000
14,000
14,000
16,000
11,000
11,500
65,500
50,500
40,500
11,000
8,000
7,500
66,500
48,000
43,500
15,500
10,500
11,000
4,500
3,500
3,500
17,500
11,500
13,000
16,000
11,000
11,500
61,500
44,000
41,000
10,000
7,000
7,500
29,000
21,500
20,500
6,500
4,500
5,000
2,000
1,500
1,000
8,500
5,000
6,500
5,500
3,500
5,000
25,500
20,000
19,000
4,500
3,500
3,000
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
14,000
11,000
9,000
3,000
2,500
1,500
S
S
D
3,000
2,500
2,000
2,000
1,500
1,000
13,000
10,000
8,500
2,500
2,000
S
Biological sciences
Male
Female
25,000
17,000
18,000
6,000
4,000
4,500
1,500
1,500
1,000
7,500
4,500
6,000
5,500
3,000
5,000
22,500
16,000
17,000
3,500
2,500
3,000
Environmental life sciences
Male
Female
11,000
9,500
6,500
2,000
1,500
500
500
S
S
1,500
1,000
1,500
1,000
1,000
500
10,500
9,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
500
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
25,500
19,500
17,000
6,000
5,000
3,500
2,500
2,500
1,500
11,000
8,500
7,000
6,500
5,000
4,500
24,000
19,500
14,500
4,500
4,000
2,000
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
18,500
15,500
11,500
6,000
4,500
3,000
2,500
2,500
S
9,500
8,000
5,000
5,500
4,000
3,500
18,000
16,000
10,000
3,500
3,500
1,500
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
19,000
14,000
13,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
*
D
D
5,500
3,500
4,500
4,000
3,000
2,500
17,000
12,500
11,000
2,500
2,500
1,000
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
16,000
13,500
10,000
3,500
2,500
2,500
1,500
1,000
S
5,500
4,000
3,500
2,500
2,000
1,500
14,000
12,500
8,500
2,000
1,500
1,500
12,000
10,000
7,500
2,500
2,500
1,500
S
*
S
4,500
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,500
1,500
11,000
9,000
6,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
Female
9,500
8,500
4,500
1,500
1,500
1,000
*
*
*
1,500
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
9,500
8,500
4,500
1,000
1,000
500
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
7,500
7,000
3,000
1,500
1,500
1,000
S
S
D
3,500
2,500
2,500
1,500
1,000
S
6,000
6,000
2,000
500
500
*
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
6,000
4,000
4,500
1,500
500
1,500
D
D
D
1,000
500
1,000
2,000
1,500
S
5,500
4,000
4,000
1,500
D
S
54,000
35,000
38,500
12,500
7,500
9,500
3,500
1,500
3,000
11,000
7,000
9,000
13,000
9,000
9,500
51,500
33,500
36,500
8,500
5,500
6,500
Level and field of highest degree and sex
All degree levels and fieldsb
Male
Female
S&E fields
Male
Female
Sciences
Male
Female
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
TABLE A-6. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
Economics
Male
Female
22,500
19,000
12,500
4,500
3,500
2,500
500
S
D
7,500
5,000
6,000
3,500
3,500
2,000
21,000
18,000
10,500
3,000
2,500
1,500
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
25,500
20,500
16,000
5,000
4,000
3,500
1,000
S
500
5,000
3,000
4,000
6,000
4,500
4,000
23,500
19,500
14,000
4,000
3,500
2,500
Psychology
Male
Female
30,500
18,000
25,000
7,500
4,000
6,500
2,500
S
2,000
5,000
3,000
4,500
7,500
4,500
6,500
29,000
16,000
24,500
5,000
3,000
4,500
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
24,000
15,000
20,000
5,500
3,500
4,500
2,000
1,000
2,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
7,000
5,000
5,500
23,000
13,000
19,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
Other social sciences
Male
Female
19,000
12,000
14,500
4,500
2,500
4,000
S
S
S
4,000
1,500
3,500
5,000
3,000
4,000
17,000
11,500
12,500
3,000
2,000
2,000
31,000
29,500
10,000
7,500
6,500
3,000
1,500
1,500
500
11,000
10,000
4,500
5,000
4,000
3,000
27,500
26,000
9,000
4,000
3,500
2,000
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
7,000
6,500
2,000
1,500
1,500
*
500
S
D
1,500
1,500
500
1,000
1,000
*
6,000
6,000
2,000
1,500
1,500
*
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
8,500
8,000
3,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
1,500
S
*
3,000
2,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
500
7,500
7,000
3,000
1,500
500
1,000
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
12,500
12,000
4,500
3,500
3,000
1,000
500
500
*
4,500
4,000
1,500
2,000
2,000
1,000
11,000
10,500
4,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
16,000
14,500
6,000
4,000
3,500
2,000
500
500
D
7,500
6,500
3,500
3,500
3,000
2,000
13,500
12,500
4,000
2,500
2,500
1,000
9,500
9,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
1,500
D
D
D
3,000
2,500
1,500
2,000
1,500
1,500
8,500
8,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
500
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
14,500
14,500
4,000
2,500
2,500
1,000
500
500
*
4,500
4,500
1,000
2,500
2,500
500
13,500
13,500
3,500
1,500
1,500
1,000
Other engineering
Male
Female
12,000
11,500
4,500
3,000
3,000
1,500
*
D
*
4,000
3,500
2,500
1,500
1,500
1,000
10,500
10,500
4,000
1,000
1,000
500
47,500
30,500
35,500
11,500
7,000
8,000
3,500
2,000
3,000
14,000
9,500
11,500
11,000
6,500
10,000
44,500
26,500
33,500
7,500
5,000
6,000
Health
Male
Female
40,500
21,500
33,500
9,000
5,500
7,000
3,000
1,500
3,000
12,000
7,000
10,500
10,000
5,000
9,000
37,500
19,000
31,000
7,000
4,500
6,000
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
18,500
11,500
14,500
3,000
2,000
2,500
1,000
D
1,000
3,000
1,500
2,500
3,500
2,500
2,500
17,000
11,000
13,000
2,000
1,500
S
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Engineering
Male
Female
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
TABLE A-6. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
14,500
14,000
5,500
3,500
3,500
1,000
S
D
D
4,500
4,000
2,500
4,000
3,500
2,000
12,500
11,500
4,500
2,500
2,000
D
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
15,500
13,000
8,000
4,000
3,500
2,500
D
D
D
3,500
3,000
2,500
3,000
3,000
1,500
14,500
12,500
7,500
1,500
1,500
D
55,000
39,000
37,500
10,500
7,000
7,500
4,000
3,000
3,000
12,500
9,000
8,500
14,500
8,000
11,500
51,500
35,500
35,000
5,500
4,500
4,500
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
15,500
11,500
11,500
3,000
2,000
2,500
D
D
D
4,000
2,500
3,500
2,500
1,500
2,500
14,500
10,500
11,000
1,500
1,000
1,000
Education, except science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
28,500
20,000
23,000
5,500
2,500
5,000
2,500
1,500
2,000
4,000
2,500
3,500
8,000
4,000
7,000
28,000
18,500
21,500
3,000
2,000
2,000
Management/administration
Male
Female
33,500
25,000
17,500
7,000
5,000
4,000
2,500
2,000
S
9,500
7,000
6,500
7,000
5,500
5,000
30,000
23,500
15,500
3,500
3,000
3,000
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
11,000
8,500
7,000
2,500
2,000
2,000
D
D
D
3,000
2,000
1,500
2,000
2,000
1,500
10,500
8,000
7,000
S
S
D
Social services/related
Male
Female
17,500
11,000
12,500
3,500
2,500
2,500
1,000
D
500
3,000
2,000
2,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
16,500
10,000
11,500
2,000
S
1,500
Other non-S&E fields
Male
Female
29,500
21,500
20,000
5,500
3,500
4,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
6,000
3,500
4,000
7,000
4,000
6,000
27,000
20,000
18,500
4,000
3,000
2,500
71,000
54,000
48,000
19,000
12,500
12,000
5,500
4,000
4,500
19,500
13,500
15,000
18,500
11,500
14,500
65,000
49,000
45,000
13,000
9,000
8,500
66,500
50,500
41,000
16,500
11,500
10,000
4,500
3,500
3,000
17,500
12,000
12,000
15,500
10,500
10,500
61,500
46,000
38,500
10,000
7,500
7,500
63,500
46,000
40,500
14,500
9,500
10,000
4,500
3,000
3,000
16,500
10,500
12,000
15,500
10,500
10,500
58,000
42,000
38,000
9,500
6,500
7,000
28,500
21,000
20,500
6,500
4,500
4,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
7,500
4,500
6,000
5,500
3,000
4,500
25,500
20,000
19,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
13,500
10,500
9,000
2,500
2,500
1,500
S
D
D
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
S
1,000
12,500
10,000
8,500
2,500
1,500
S
Biological sciences
Male
Female
24,500
16,500
18,000
6,000
3,500
4,500
1,500
1,500
1,000
7,000
4,000
6,000
5,500
2,500
4,500
22,500
15,500
16,500
3,500
2,000
2,500
Environmental life sciences
Male
Female
10,000
8,000
6,000
2,000
1,500
500
1,000
D
D
1,500
500
1,500
1,000
1,000
*
9,000
8,000
5,500
S
S
*
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Non-S&E fields
Male
Female
Bachelor's degrees
Male
Female
S&E fields
Male
Female
Sciences
Male
Female
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
TABLE A-6. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
23,500
18,000
16,000
6,000
4,500
3,500
2,500
2,500
D
9,500
7,500
5,500
6,000
4,500
4,000
22,000
17,500
13,500
4,000
4,000
1,500
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
16,000
14,000
11,000
5,500
4,500
3,000
2,500
2,500
D
8,500
7,000
4,500
5,500
4,000
3,500
15,500
14,000
9,500
3,500
3,000
1,500
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
18,000
13,500
12,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
D
D
D
4,500
3,000
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,000
16,000
12,500
10,000
2,500
2,500
1,000
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
15,000
12,500
9,000
3,500
2,500
2,500
1,000
500
S
4,500
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
13,000
11,500
8,000
2,000
1,000
1,500
11,000
9,000
7,000
2,500
2,500
1,500
S
D
D
3,500
2,500
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,500
10,000
8,000
6,000
1,500
1,000
1,000
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
Female
8,000
7,000
4,000
1,500
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
1,000
500
*
500
500
*
8,000
7,000
4,000
500
500
*
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
7,000
6,500
2,500
1,000
1,000
S
*
D
D
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
6,000
5,500
1,500
500
500
*
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
6,000
4,000
4,000
1,500
500
1,500
D
D
D
1,000
*
500
S
S
*
5,000
4,000
3,500
S
D
D
49,500
32,500
35,000
11,000
7,000
8,500
3,000
1,500
3,000
10,500
6,500
8,000
12,500
8,500
9,000
46,500
30,500
33,000
8,000
5,000
6,000
Economics
Male
Female
21,500
18,500
11,500
4,500
3,500
2,500
500
D
D
7,500
4,500
6,000
3,500
3,000
2,000
19,500
17,500
9,500
3,000
2,500
1,500
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
23,500
19,000
14,500
5,000
4,000
3,000
500
D
500
4,500
3,000
3,500
5,500
4,000
3,500
21,500
17,500
13,500
4,000
3,000
2,500
Psychology
Male
Female
26,500
16,000
22,000
6,500
3,500
6,000
2,000
D
2,000
4,500
3,000
4,000
7,000
4,000
5,500
25,000
14,500
21,000
4,500
2,000
4,000
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
23,500
14,500
19,500
5,000
3,500
4,000
2,000
D
2,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
7,000
4,500
5,000
23,000
13,000
19,000
4,000
3,500
3,000
Other social sciences
Male
Female
17,500
11,000
13,500
4,000
2,000
3,500
S
D
D
3,500
1,500
3,500
4,500
3,000
4,000
16,000
10,500
12,000
2,500
2,000
2,000
28,500
26,500
9,000
6,500
6,000
2,500
1,500
1,500
500
9,500
8,500
4,000
4,500
4,000
2,500
24,500
23,000
8,000
3,500
3,500
2,000
6,000
6,000
2,000
1,500
1,500
*
S
D
D
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
5,500
5,500
2,000
1,500
1,500
*
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
Engineering
Male
Female
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
TABLE A-6. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
8,000
7,500
3,500
1,500
1,500
500
1,500
S
D
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
1,000
500
7,000
6,500
3,000
1,500
500
1,000
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
11,000
10,500
4,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
500
500
D
3,500
3,500
1,500
2,000
2,000
1,000
10,000
10,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
13,500
12,500
4,500
3,500
3,500
1,500
500
S
D
6,000
5,500
2,500
3,000
3,000
2,000
11,500
10,500
3,500
2,500
2,500
1,000
9,000
8,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
1,500
D
D
D
2,500
2,000
1,500
2,000
1,500
1,500
8,000
7,500
3,000
1,000
1,000
500
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
13,500
13,500
4,000
2,500
2,500
1,000
500
500
D
4,000
4,000
1,000
2,500
2,500
500
12,500
12,500
3,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
Other engineering
Male
Female
10,500
10,500
4,000
3,000
2,500
1,500
D
D
D
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
1,000
9,500
9,500
3,000
1,000
1,000
500
39,500
22,000
31,500
8,500
5,000
7,000
3,000
2,000
2,500
11,000
6,500
10,000
8,500
5,500
8,000
36,000
18,500
29,000
6,500
4,000
5,000
Health
Male
Female
33,000
12,500
29,000
6,500
3,000
6,000
2,500
1,000
2,500
9,500
4,500
9,000
8,000
3,500
8,000
30,000
11,500
26,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
14,000
8,000
10,500
2,500
1,500
2,000
D
D
D
2,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
13,500
8,000
10,000
D
D
D
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
13,000
12,500
5,500
3,500
3,000
D
S
D
D
3,500
3,500
2,000
3,500
3,500
1,500
11,500
11,000
4,500
2,000
2,000
D
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
13,000
11,500
7,000
4,000
3,000
2,500
D
D
D
3,500
3,000
2,500
3,000
2,500
1,000
12,500
10,500
7,000
1,000
1,000
D
29,000
20,000
21,500
4,500
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
S
5,500
4,000
4,500
7,000
4,000
5,500
25,500
18,500
19,000
3,000
2,500
2,000
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
13,000
10,000
8,500
2,000
2,000
1,500
D
D
D
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,500
S
12,500
9,500
8,500
1,000
500
S
Education, except science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
12,000
7,000
10,500
2,000
1,500
1,500
D
D
D
2,000
S
1,500
3,000
1,500
3,000
11,500
6,500
10,500
1,500
D
D
Management/administration
Male
Female
18,500
13,000
11,500
3,000
2,500
1,500
S
D
D
5,000
3,000
4,000
4,500
3,000
3,500
15,500
12,000
9,500
2,500
2,000
1,000
6,000
4,500
4,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
5,500
4,500
4,000
D
D
D
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Non-S&E fields
Male
Female
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
TABLE A-6. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
Social services/related
Male
Female
5,500
4,000
3,500
S
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
S
D
2,000
D
1,500
5,000
4,000
3,000
D
D
D
Other non-S&E fields
Male
Female
11,000
8,000
8,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
S
D
D
2,000
1,000
1,500
3,000
1,500
3,000
11,000
8,000
7,500
1,500
S
D
Master's degrees
Male
Female
54,500
40,000
35,500
9,500
6,500
7,500
3,500
2,500
2,500
14,000
10,500
9,500
13,500
8,000
11,000
50,500
36,500
34,000
6,500
5,000
4,500
S&E fields
Male
Female
31,000
22,000
19,000
6,000
4,500
4,000
2,000
1,500
1,500
9,500
7,500
6,000
5,500
3,500
4,500
28,000
21,000
16,500
4,000
3,000
2,500
27,500
18,000
18,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
1,500
1,500
7,500
5,500
5,500
5,500
3,500
4,500
25,000
17,000
15,500
3,500
3,000
2,500
10,000
7,000
6,500
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
D
*
3,000
2,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
8,500
6,500
6,000
2,000
1,500
1,000
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
4,000
3,000
2,500
1,000
*
1,000
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
500
1,500
S
*
3,500
2,500
2,000
S
D
D
Biological sciences
Male
Female
8,500
6,000
6,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
*
D
D
3,000
1,500
2,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
7,500
5,500
5,500
1,000
1,000
500
Environmental life sciences
Male
Female
4,500
3,500
3,000
500
*
*
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
500
500
D
500
4,000
3,000
3,000
S
D
*
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
11,500
9,500
6,500
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
D
D
6,000
4,500
4,000
2,500
1,500
2,000
10,000
8,500
5,000
1,500
1,500
1,000
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
10,000
8,500
5,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
D
D
D
5,500
4,500
3,500
2,000
1,500
1,500
8,500
7,500
4,000
1,500
1,500
1,000
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
6,500
5,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
2,500
2,000
2,000
1,500
1,000
1,500
6,000
4,500
3,500
500
500
*
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
7,000
6,000
3,500
1,500
1,000
500
S
D
D
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
6,000
5,500
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
4,000
3,000
2,500
500
500
*
D
D
D
2,000
1,500
1,500
500
500
*
3,500
3,000
2,000
500
500
D
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
Female
4,500
4,000
2,000
500
500
*
*
D
D
1,500
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
4,500
3,500
2,000
500
500
*
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
3,500
3,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
2,000
1,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
D
3,000
3,000
1,000
*
*
D
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Sciences
Male
Female
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
TABLE A-6. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
2,000
1,000
1,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
S
1,500
1,000
1,500
D
D
D
20,500
13,000
15,000
4,500
3,000
3,500
1,500
S
1,500
4,000
2,000
3,500
4,500
2,500
4,000
18,500
12,500
13,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
Economics
Male
Female
6,500
5,500
4,000
1,500
1,500
S
D
D
D
2,000
1,500
1,500
1,500
1,500
500
6,500
5,500
4,000
S
S
D
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
9,500
8,000
5,500
2,000
1,000
1,500
D
D
D
2,000
1,000
1,500
2,000
1,500
1,500
9,000
7,500
4,500
1,000
1,000
500
15,500
8,000
12,500
3,000
2,000
2,500
1,500
D
1,500
2,500
1,000
2,000
4,000
1,500
3,500
14,000
7,000
11,500
2,500
2,000
1,500
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
5,500
4,500
3,500
2,000
1,500
1,500
S
D
*
1,000
500
1,000
1,500
1,000
1,500
5,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
S
500
Other social sciences
Male
Female
6,500
4,500
5,500
2,000
1,000
1,500
*
D
*
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,500
500
1,500
6,000
4,000
4,500
1,000
500
1,000
12,500
12,000
5,000
3,000
2,500
1,500
500
*
*
6,000
5,500
2,500
1,500
1,500
500
11,000
10,500
4,000
2,000
2,000
500
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
*
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
*
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
3,000
3,000
1,500
1,000
500
S
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
*
2,500
2,500
1,000
*
D
D
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
5,500
5,500
2,500
1,000
1,000
500
D
D
D
2,500
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
*
4,500
4,500
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
7,500
7,000
3,000
2,000
1,500
1,500
D
D
D
4,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
6,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
D
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
3,500
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
1,500
1,500
500
1,000
1,000
*
3,000
3,000
1,500
*
*
*
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
5,000
4,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
500
1,000
1,000
*
4,500
4,000
1,500
1,000
1,000
*
Other engineering
Male
Female
6,000
6,000
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
*
D
D
2,500
2,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
500
5,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
500
*
22,000
14,000
18,500
4,500
2,500
4,000
1,500
500
1,500
5,000
3,500
4,500
6,000
3,000
5,000
20,500
12,000
17,000
3,000
2,000
2,500
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
Psychology
Male
Female
Engineering
Male
Female
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
TABLE A-6. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
Health
Male
Female
17,500
8,500
16,000
3,500
1,500
3,500
1,500
500
S
4,500
2,500
4,000
5,000
2,000
4,000
16,500
8,000
15,000
2,500
2,000
2,000
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
10,500
7,000
8,500
2,000
S
1,500
D
D
D
2,000
1,000
1,500
3,000
1,500
2,500
9,500
6,000
8,000
2,000
S
S
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
5,000
4,500
2,500
1,000
S
D
D
D
D
2,500
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,500
S
4,000
3,500
2,000
D
D
D
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
7,500
6,500
4,000
1,500
1,500
1,000
D
D
D
2,000
1,500
1,000
1,500
1,500
S
7,000
6,000
3,500
1,000
S
D
42,000
31,000
29,500
8,000
5,000
6,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
9,500
7,500
7,000
12,000
7,000
9,500
39,000
28,000
27,500
4,500
3,500
3,500
9,500
6,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
D
D
D
3,500
2,000
2,500
S
D
S
8,500
5,500
6,500
1,000
D
500
Education, except science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
26,000
17,000
20,500
5,000
2,500
4,500
2,000
1,500
S
3,500
2,000
3,000
7,000
3,500
6,000
25,500
16,000
19,000
2,500
2,000
2,000
Management/administration
Male
Female
26,500
22,000
14,500
6,500
4,500
3,500
1,500
1,500
S
7,500
6,000
4,500
6,000
5,000
4,000
25,000
20,000
13,500
3,000
2,000
2,500
9,500
7,000
6,000
2,500
S
2,000
D
D
D
2,500
2,000
1,500
2,000
2,000
S
8,500
6,500
6,000
D
D
D
Social services/related
Male
Female
15,000
9,500
11,500
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
D
500
2,500
2,000
2,000
4,500
3,000
4,000
14,500
8,500
11,000
1,500
D
1,500
Other non-S&E fields
Male
Female
15,000
11,000
10,500
2,500
1,500
2,500
S
D
D
3,500
2,000
3,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
13,500
11,000
10,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
Doctoral degrees
Male
Female
10,500
8,500
6,500
2,500
1,500
2,000
500
500
500
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,500
1,500
2,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
1,500
1,000
1,000
S&E fields
Male
Female
5,500
4,500
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
4,500
3,500
2,500
500
500
500
5,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
2,500
2,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
500
4,000
3,500
2,500
500
500
500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,000
500
500
*
*
*
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
500
2,500
2,000
2,000
500
500
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
D
D
D
500
500
500
500
500
*
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
D
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Non-S&E fields
Male
Female
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
Sciences
Male
Female
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
TABLE A-6. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,000
500
500
*
*
*
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
500
500
2,500
2,000
2,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
*
*
D
D
D
500
*
*
*
*
D
500
500
500
D
D
D
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
2,000
2,000
500
500
500
*
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
2,000
2,000
500
500
*
*
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
1,500
1,500
500
500
500
*
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
*
1,500
1,500
500
*
*
*
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
1,500
1,000
500
500
500
*
D
D
D
500
500
500
500
500
*
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
*
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
2,500
2,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
*
D
1,500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
*
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
1,500
1,500
1,000
500
500
500
*
*
D
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
1,500
1,500
500
500
500
*
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
*
D
D
D
500
500
500
*
*
D
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
*
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
1,500
1,500
1,000
500
500
*
D
D
D
1,000
500
500
500
500
*
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
D
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
*
*
*
D
D
1,000
1,000
500
D
D
D
2,500
1,500
2,000
500
500
500
500
*
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
2,000
1,500
1,500
500
500
500
Economics
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
D
D
D
1,000
500
500
500
500
*
500
500
500
*
*
D
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
*
*
D
*
500
500
500
500
500
500
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
*
Psychology
Male
Female
2,000
1,000
1,500
500
500
500
*
*
*
1,000
500
1,000
500
500
500
1,500
1,000
1,500
500
500
500
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
*
D
*
500
500
500
500
500
500
1,000
500
500
500
*
*
Other social sciences
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
*
D
D
500
500
500
500
500
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Biological sciences
Male
Female
Environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
TABLE A-6. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
2,500
2,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
D
D
1,500
1,500
1,000
500
500
*
1,500
1,500
500
500
500
*
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
D
D
D
D
500
500
*
*
*
D
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
*
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
*
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
D
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
*
D
D
D
500
500
500
*
*
*
1,000
1,000
500
*
D
D
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
1,500
1,500
1,000
500
500
*
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
D
500
500
500
*
*
D
D
D
D
500
500
*
*
*
*
500
500
500
D
D
D
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
D
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
D
Other engineering
Male
Female
1,500
1,500
500
500
500
*
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
*
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
*
4,000
3,500
2,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
*
1,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,500
3,000
2,000
500
500
500
Health
Male
Female
3,000
2,500
2,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,500
2,000
2,000
500
*
500
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
2,000
2,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
D
500
2,000
1,500
1,000
D
D
D
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
2,000
1,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,500
1,500
D
D
D
D
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
1,500
1,500
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,500
D
500
D
D
D
8,500
7,000
5,500
2,000
1,500
2,000
D
D
D
2,000
1,500
1,500
2,500
1,500
2,000
8,000
6,500
4,500
1,000
D
1,000
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
2,500
2,000
D
D
D
Education, except science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
6,500
4,500
4,500
1,500
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
1,000
500
500
2,000
1,000
2,000
6,000
4,500
4,000
500
D
500
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Engineering
Male
Female
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Non-S&E fields
Male
Female
TABLE A-6. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
Management/administration
Male
Female
3,000
2,500
1,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
1,500
1,000
D
D
D
2,500
2,000
S
D
D
D
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
1,000
500
500
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
D
D
D
Social services/related
Male
Female
3,500
3,500
1,500
D
D
D
D
D
D
500
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
3,500
3,000
1,500
D
D
D
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Other non-S&E fields
4,000
S
D
*
D
3,500
D
Male
3,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
Female
3,000
D
D
D
D
2,500
D
* = standard error is not computed when value < 500. D = standard error is not computed when value is suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. S = suppressed;
data cell not published.
S&E = science and engineering.
a
b
"Other" includes Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander and Not Hispanic or Latino respondents reporting two or more races.
Total includes professional degrees not broken out separately.
NOTES: Scientists and engineers include any person who has ever received bachelor's or higher degree in S&E or S&E-related field through 30 June 2007, plus any person holding
non-S&E bachelor's or higher degree who was employed in S&E or S&E-related occupation on 1 October 2003. See http://sestat.nsf.gov/docs/ed03maj.html for detailed description of
educational field classification. Standard errors are rounded up to nearest 500.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation/National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2008.