TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
All degree levels and occupationsb
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
19,244,000
1,074,000
3,272,000 2,724,000 2,921,000 2,523,000 2,380,000 2,091,000 1,694,000 1,640,000
261,000
178,000
185,000
138,000
119,000
95,000
61,000
37,000
77,000
2,038,000
1,107,000
14,555,000
393,000
11,000
13,000
11,000
17,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
474,000
345,000
313,000
275,000
209,000
173,000
114,000
137,000
239,000
199,000
171,000
135,000
125,000
109,000
81,000
48,000
2,168,000 1,922,000 2,174,000 1,917,000 1,888,000 1,683,000 1,407,000 1,396,000
120,000
67,000
68,000
41,000
31,000
23,000
24,000
19,000
4,874,000
239,000
936,000
66,000
738,000
39,000
800,000
49,000
694,000
32,000
604,000
19,000
451,000
17,000
344,000
8,000
307,000
9,000
17,000
824,000
191,000
3,502,000
101,000
2,000
232,000
44,000
559,000
32,000
3,000
161,000
35,000
481,000
19,000
3,000
147,000
25,000
557,000
18,000
3,000
115,000
30,000
504,000
10,000
4,000
73,000
22,000
478,000
9,000
1,000
41,000
19,000
368,000
6,000
1,000
27,000
11,000
294,000
4,000
*
28,000
6,000
261,000
4,000
3,292,000
151,000
652,000
45,000
507,000
25,000
546,000
27,000
494,000
23,000
409,000
13,000
284,000
9,000
224,000
4,000
177,000
5,000
13,000
578,000
142,000
2,341,000
67,000
2,000
159,000
32,000
393,000
22,000
2,000
118,000
26,000
322,000
14,000
3,000
110,000
18,000
377,000
10,000
3,000
86,000
24,000
352,000
6,000
S
52,000
16,000
319,000
6,000
*
24,000
13,000
233,000
5,000
D
13,000
9,000
195,000
2,000
D
16,000
4,000
150,000
2,000
498,000
28,000
125,000
11,000
90,000
5,000
68,000
3,000
55,000
4,000
51,000
1,000
47,000
2,000
32,000
*
31,000
1,000
4,000
80,000
14,000
364,000
9,000
D
22,000
3,000
85,000
3,000
*
17,000
3,000
62,000
4,000
*
13,000
2,000
48,000
1,000
D
8,000
2,000
40,000
*
D
9,000
S
37,000
*
D
4,000
S
38,000
*
D
4,000
1,000
28,000
*
D
3,000
S
26,000
D
Agricultural/food scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
62,000
4,000
12,000
S
8,000
S
6,000
D
6,000
S
9,000
D
9,000
D
7,000
D
5,000
D
D
5,000
1,000
51,000
S
D
1,000
*
8,000
D
D
1,000
*
7,000
D
D
*
*
5,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
S
D
9,000
D
D
S
D
8,000
D
D
*
D
7,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
Biological/medical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
331,000
19,000
95,000
8,000
63,000
4,000
49,000
2,000
36,000
1,000
29,000
S
27,000
2,000
18,000
*
15,000
1,000
S
67,000
9,000
227,000
6,000
D
18,000
2,000
63,000
2,000
*
14,000
2,000
40,000
3,000
D
12,000
S
32,000
1,000
D
7,000
2,000
26,000
*
D
7,000
*
20,000
D
D
3,000
S
21,000
D
D
3,000
*
15,000
D
D
3,000
D
11,000
D
Environmental life scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
35,000
S
5,000
D
6,000
*
3,000
D
3,000
D
4,000
D
5,000
D
3,000
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Science occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
1,000
S
31,000
*
1,000
D
4,000
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
5,000
D
70,000
4,000
13,000
1,000
12,000
1,000
10,000
1,000
10,000
S
8,000
*
6,000
D
4,000
*
6,000
D
D
7,000
3,000
55,000
1,000
D
2,000
*
10,000
*
D
S
*
10,000
D
D
1,000
S
7,000
D
D
1,000
*
8,000
D
D
1,000
*
5,000
D
D
*
D
5,000
*
D
*
*
3,000
D
D
*
D
5,000
D
1,970,000
82,000
333,000
19,000
290,000
13,000
358,000
19,000
337,000
15,000
272,000
7,000
169,000
5,000
124,000
3,000
86,000
2,000
5,000
423,000
97,000
1,323,000
39,000
S
113,000
20,000
169,000
11,000
1,000
86,000
17,000
166,000
7,000
S
85,000
12,000
233,000
7,000
S
70,000
17,000
228,000
5,000
D
39,000
12,000
209,000
5,000
D
16,000
10,000
137,000
2,000
D
8,000
6,000
107,000
1,000
D
6,000
2,000
75,000
S
Computer/information scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,778,000
74,000
286,000
16,000
262,000
11,000
329,000
18,000
312,000
15,000
253,000
6,000
155,000
3,000
111,000
3,000
70,000
1,000
4,000
390,000
85,000
1,186,000
37,000
S
98,000
17,000
143,000
10,000
S
81,000
16,000
147,000
7,000
S
81,000
11,000
210,000
7,000
D
68,000
15,000
209,000
4,000
D
37,000
11,000
194,000
5,000
D
14,000
9,000
126,000
2,000
D
6,000
6,000
96,000
1,000
D
5,000
2,000
61,000
S
Mathematical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
107,000
4,000
26,000
2,000
17,000
1,000
17,000
*
16,000
D
12,000
D
6,000
D
6,000
D
7,000
D
D
22,000
7,000
73,000
1,000
D
11,000
2,000
11,000
S
D
4,000
S
10,000
D
D
2,000
S
14,000
D
D
1,000
S
13,000
D
D
1,000
D
10,000
D
D
1,000
D
5,000
D
D
S
D
5,000
D
D
1,000
D
5,000
D
84,000
21,000
11,000
11,000
8,000
7,000
9,000
6,000
10,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
S
D
S
*
11,000
5,000
64,000
1,000
D
3,000
2,000
15,000
*
D
2,000
*
8,000
D
D
2,000
*
9,000
D
D
1,000
*
6,000
D
D
1,000
S
6,000
D
D
1,000
S
6,000
D
D
*
D
6,000
D
D
*
*
8,000
D
322,000
14,000
63,000
4,000
50,000
3,000
51,000
3,000
34,000
2,000
39,000
1,000
29,000
S
26,000
*
30,000
*
1,000
43,000
9,000
*
11,000
2,000
*
8,000
1,000
D
8,000
1,000
D
4,000
1,000
D
3,000
1,000
D
3,000
*
D
1,000
1,000
D
6,000
S
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Computer/mathematical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Postsecondary teachers-computer/
mathematical sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Physical/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
247,000
7,000
43,000
3,000
36,000
1,000
40,000
*
27,000
1,000
33,000
D
24,000
S
23,000
*
22,000
*
Chemists, except biochemists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
129,000
7,000
22,000
1,000
19,000
1,000
27,000
S
14,000
*
14,000
1,000
12,000
S
10,000
D
11,000
D
*
26,000
5,000
87,000
3,000
D
5,000
1,000
14,000
1,000
D
5,000
1,000
11,000
1,000
D
6,000
*
19,000
D
D
2,000
S
10,000
D
D
2,000
S
10,000
D
D
1,000
D
9,000
D
D
1,000
S
8,000
D
D
4,000
D
7,000
D
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
78,000
3,000
13,000
1,000
12,000
1,000
10,000
*
8,000
1,000
13,000
D
9,000
D
6,000
D
6,000
D
*
5,000
1,000
67,000
2,000
*
1,000
*
10,000
S
D
1,000
D
9,000
*
D
*
D
10,000
D
D
*
D
7,000
D
D
*
D
12,000
D
D
*
D
8,000
D
D
D
D
6,000
D
D
1,000
D
5,000
D
Physicists/astronomers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
27,000
1,000
9,000
*
5,000
*
2,000
*
2,000
D
2,000
D
3,000
D
2,000
D
3,000
D
D
5,000
1,000
20,000
*
D
2,000
*
6,000
*
D
1,000
D
4,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
S
D
2,000
D
54,000
14,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
*
D
D
D
5,000
1,000
44,000
1,000
D
2,000
*
10,000
1,000
D
1,000
*
7,000
*
D
S
*
6,000
D
D
1,000
*
5,000
*
D
*
D
6,000
D
D
*
D
3,000
D
D
*
*
3,000
D
D
*
D
5,000
D
35,000
2,000
5,000
1,000
6,000
*
5,000
D
4,000
D
3,000
D
2,000
D
5,000
D
4,000
D
D
2,000
1,000
29,000
*
D
1,000
*
3,000
D
D
D
*
5,000
D
D
*
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
502,000
26,000
132,000
11,000
77,000
4,000
69,000
3,000
68,000
3,000
47,000
3,000
39,000
1,000
41,000
1,000
29,000
1,000
3,000
32,000
23,000
407,000
12,000
1,000
13,000
7,000
95,000
5,000
1,000
6,000
4,000
59,000
2,000
S
4,000
3,000
56,000
2,000
S
4,000
3,000
57,000
*
*
2,000
2,000
40,000
*
D
S
2,000
35,000
S
D
*
1,000
38,000
*
D
S
*
27,000
*
29,000
8,000
5,000
4,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
Postsecondary teachers-physical/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Other physical/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Social/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Economists
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
2,000
22,000
S
D
1,000
S
4,000
S
D
1,000
*
3,000
D
D
*
D
3,000
D
D
*
D
4,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
17,000
S
7,000
*
3,000
D
S
D
S
D
D
D
*
D
S
D
S
D
D
S
*
15,000
*
D
D
*
6,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
116,000
32,000
19,000
15,000
13,000
9,000
11,000
9,000
9,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
*
1,000
S
D
*
D
S
8,000
6,000
91,000
4,000
D
4,000
1,000
24,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
14,000
S
*
1,000
1,000
12,000
*
D
1,000
1,000
9,000
D
D
*
*
7,000
*
D
*
*
9,000
D
D
*
S
7,000
*
D
D
D
9,000
D
Psychologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
185,000
12,000
46,000
5,000
27,000
2,000
23,000
1,000
26,000
2,000
19,000
1,000
20,000
*
14,000
*
10,000
D
1,000
7,000
8,000
154,000
4,000
D
4,000
2,000
32,000
2,000
*
2,000
1,000
22,000
*
D
S
2,000
19,000
1,000
*
*
*
24,000
D
D
*
S
16,000
D
D
D
1,000
19,000
*
D
D
*
13,000
D
D
D
D
9,000
D
Sociologists/anthropologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
21,000
2,000
10,000
1,000
3,000
*
2,000
D
3,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
*
D
D
1,000
1,000
16,000
1,000
D
*
1,000
7,000
*
D
D
*
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
*
D
Other social/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
134,000
5,000
29,000
2,000
21,000
1,000
23,000
S
21,000
D
14,000
S
5,000
D
14,000
D
7,000
D
D
12,000
5,000
109,000
2,000
D
4,000
1,000
22,000
1,000
D
3,000
S
16,000
D
D
1,000
D
20,000
D
D
2,000
S
16,000
D
D
D
D
13,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
*
D
13,000
D
D
D
D
6,000
D
1,582,000
88,000
283,000
21,000
231,000
14,000
254,000
21,000
200,000
9,000
195,000
6,000
167,000
9,000
120,000
3,000
131,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
*
S
1,000
D
D
D
D
Political/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Postsecondary teachers-social/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Engineering occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
<5 years 5–9 years
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
247,000
49,000
1,161,000
35,000
74,000
12,000
166,000
11,000
100,000
7,000
Years since highest degree
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
44,000
9,000
159,000
5,000
37,000
7,000
181,000
7,000
30,000
6,000
152,000
3,000
21,000
6,000
159,000
3,000
17,000
5,000
134,000
1,000
14,000
2,000
99,000
2,000
12,000
S
111,000
2,000
17,000
2,000
13,000
1,000
13,000
S
11,000
D
16,000
1,000
10,000
1,000
6,000
D
14,000
D
1,000
10,000
3,000
77,000
4,000
D
3,000
*
11,000
1,000
D
1,000
*
11,000
*
D
1,000
D
9,000
D
D
2,000
D
8,000
D
D
1,000
D
13,000
S
D
*
D
8,000
D
D
1,000
D
5,000
D
D
1,000
D
12,000
D
Chemical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
77,000
4,000
12,000
1,000
10,000
*
12,000
D
13,000
S
10,000
D
7,000
D
8,000
D
5,000
D
*
13,000
2,000
56,000
2,000
D
3,000
1,000
7,000
*
D
2,000
S
7,000
D
D
2,000
D
9,000
D
D
1,000
D
10,000
D
D
1,000
D
8,000
D
D
1,000
D
5,000
D
D
2,000
D
6,000
D
D
S
D
5,000
D
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
258,000
19,000
42,000
4,000
39,000
3,000
51,000
7,000
25,000
1,000
32,000
1,000
21,000
1,000
24,000
1,000
25,000
2,000
1,000
28,000
8,000
194,000
7,000
*
7,000
2,000
27,000
2,000
D
4,000
2,000
30,000
1,000
D
3,000
1,000
37,000
3,000
D
2,000
1,000
20,000
D
D
2,000
1,000
27,000
D
D
3,000
D
16,000
D
D
3,000
D
19,000
1,000
D
4,000
D
18,000
D
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
399,000
21,000
71,000
5,000
55,000
3,000
65,000
6,000
57,000
3,000
52,000
2,000
47,000
2,000
28,000
S
23,000
D
1,000
101,000
13,000
253,000
9,000
D
28,000
3,000
32,000
3,000
D
19,000
2,000
29,000
2,000
D
16,000
3,000
39,000
2,000
D
14,000
1,000
38,000
D
D
10,000
3,000
38,000
S
D
6,000
S
38,000
D
D
5,000
1,000
21,000
D
D
3,000
D
19,000
D
Industrial engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
93,000
9,000
17,000
3,000
15,000
2,000
16,000
2,000
13,000
2,000
12,000
D
8,000
D
9,000
D
4,000
D
D
14,000
3,000
64,000
3,000
D
3,000
1,000
10,000
*
D
2,000
*
10,000
D
D
3,000
1,000
9,000
D
D
S
D
9,000
D
D
2,000
D
9,000
D
D
D
D
6,000
D
D
D
D
7,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
Mechanical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
300,000
12,000
62,000
3,000
47,000
3,000
42,000
2,000
40,000
1,000
34,000
1,000
29,000
1,000
18,000
D
27,000
D
1,000
36,000
8,000
*
12,000
3,000
D
7,000
1,000
D
5,000
D
D
4,000
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
3,000
S
D
1,000
D
D
2,000
D
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
239,000
5,000
42,000
2,000
36,000
1,000
34,000
1,000
34,000
D
30,000
D
23,000
D
16,000
D
24,000
D
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
35,000
2,000
8,000
*
6,000
*
4,000
*
4,000
*
5,000
*
2,000
*
3,000
D
4,000
D
D
7,000
2,000
23,000
*
D
3,000
S
3,000
*
D
1,000
1,000
4,000
D
D
1,000
*
3,000
D
D
1,000
*
2,000
D
D
*
D
4,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
D
1,000
*
2,000
D
D
*
D
3,000
D
Other engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
320,000
15,000
54,000
3,000
46,000
2,000
51,000
3,000
39,000
2,000
35,000
1,000
43,000
3,000
24,000
D
29,000
1,000
*
38,000
9,000
254,000
4,000
D
14,000
2,000
34,000
2,000
D
8,000
3,000
33,000
1,000
D
5,000
2,000
41,000
D
D
4,000
1,000
31,000
1,000
D
2,000
S
30,000
*
D
4,000
D
36,000
*
D
1,000
D
23,000
D
D
1,000
D
27,000
D
5,542,000
289,000
887,000
57,000
788,000
40,000
870,000
46,000
723,000
41,000
732,000
41,000
660,000
28,000
454,000
23,000
428,000
13,000
22,000
560,000
312,000
4,246,000
113,000
3,000
98,000
64,000
634,000
31,000
5,000
88,000
53,000
585,000
17,000
S
79,000
50,000
671,000
23,000
5,000
70,000
40,000
556,000
11,000
2,000
68,000
40,000
574,000
7,000
3,000
67,000
34,000
520,000
7,000
S
41,000
18,000
361,000
9,000
D
48,000
13,000
346,000
7,000
Health occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
3,780,000
198,000
639,000
38,000
553,000
26,000
585,000
28,000
462,000
29,000
479,000
26,000
463,000
21,000
300,000
18,000
299,000
11,000
16,000
407,000
227,000
2,850,000
81,000
2,000
70,000
50,000
455,000
23,000
3,000
61,000
36,000
413,000
13,000
D
50,000
37,000
453,000
16,000
5,000
51,000
28,000
341,000
8,000
S
49,000
32,000
367,000
4,000
2,000
52,000
25,000
359,000
5,000
D
34,000
10,000
229,000
7,000
D
40,000
8,000
233,000
4,000
S&E managers, including health
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
501,000
25,000
38,000
6,000
45,000
2,000
85,000
4,000
91,000
5,000
86,000
4,000
69,000
2,000
53,000
S
35,000
D
2,000
45,000
26,000
395,000
9,000
D
4,000
2,000
24,000
1,000
D
5,000
6,000
32,000
D
D
11,000
4,000
63,000
S
D
11,000
3,000
70,000
S
D
6,000
2,000
72,000
S
D
5,000
4,000
58,000
D
D
1,000
3,000
46,000
D
D
2,000
D
29,000
S
S&E precollege teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
599,000
31,000
127,000
8,000
112,000
5,000
85,000
6,000
78,000
4,000
61,000
5,000
54,000
2,000
48,000
2,000
34,000
D
1,000
19,000
40,000
499,000
9,000
*
7,000
8,000
100,000
3,000
1,000
5,000
10,000
91,000
S
D
2,000
7,000
70,000
D
D
S
4,000
68,000
D
D
D
2,000
53,000
D
D
S
3,000
46,000
D
D
D
3,000
42,000
D
D
D
3,000
30,000
D
S&E-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
S&E technicians/technologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
446,000
22,000
74,000
4,000
62,000
5,000
69,000
5,000
58,000
2,000
72,000
3,000
47,000
2,000
33,000
D
31,000
D
S
67,000
13,000
330,000
12,000
D
14,000
3,000
49,000
3,000
D
14,000
1,000
39,000
3,000
D
12,000
1,000
49,000
1,000
D
5,000
2,000
48,000
1,000
D
9,000
2,000
55,000
D
D
5,000
1,000
37,000
D
D
4,000
1,000
26,000
D
D
4,000
D
26,000
D
Other S&E-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
216,000
13,000
9,000
S
16,000
2,000
45,000
3,000
35,000
D
34,000
3,000
27,000
S
20,000
D
29,000
D
D
22,000
6,000
172,000
3,000
D
3,000
*
5,000
D
D
4,000
D
10,000
D
D
5,000
D
36,000
D
D
2,000
3,000
29,000
D
D
3,000
2,000
27,000
D
D
4,000
D
22,000
D
D
1,000
D
17,000
D
D
D
D
27,000
D
1,450,000 1,198,000 1,251,000 1,105,000 1,043,000
138,000
99,000
90,000
65,000
59,000
979,000
50,000
896,000
30,000
905,000
16,000
Non-S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
8,828,000
546,000
38,000
654,000
604,000
6,807,000
179,000
6,000
143,000
131,000
975,000
57,000
6,000
95,000
111,000
855,000
31,000
7,000
86,000
96,000
946,000
26,000
9,000
89,000
65,000
857,000
21,000
2,000
68,000
63,000
837,000
14,000
S
65,000
57,000
796,000
10,000
4,000
45,000
52,000
752,000
12,000
S
62,000
29,000
789,000
8,000
Arts/humanities/related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
295,000
16,000
48,000
2,000
36,000
2,000
47,000
3,000
46,000
D
34,000
S
25,000
D
29,000
D
30,000
D
S
19,000
12,000
240,000
5,000
D
8,000
2,000
32,000
2,000
D
4,000
4,000
26,000
D
D
S
2,000
39,000
S
D
3,000
D
36,000
D
D
D
D
31,000
D
D
D
D
23,000
D
D
S
D
27,000
D
D
D
D
27,000
D
Management-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,309,000
81,000
232,000
17,000
190,000
21,000
216,000
10,000
164,000
10,000
137,000
11,000
138,000
4,000
117,000
5,000
115,000
2,000
6,000
151,000
106,000
939,000
28,000
D
45,000
21,000
140,000
9,000
D
26,000
13,000
126,000
3,000
D
24,000
23,000
152,000
5,000
D
17,000
10,000
123,000
2,000
D
10,000
10,000
102,000
3,000
D
14,000
9,000
108,000
S
1,000
6,000
13,000
89,000
S
D
8,000
6,000
98,000
D
Non-S&E managers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,261,000
63,000
95,000
9,000
131,000
9,000
181,000
14,000
185,000
10,000
181,000
7,000
174,000
6,000
178,000
5,000
135,000
2,000
4,000
74,000
60,000
1,042,000
16,000
D
6,000
6,000
72,000
1,000
D
6,000
12,000
100,000
S
D
14,000
14,000
137,000
3,000
D
16,000
6,000
148,000
4,000
D
9,000
8,000
153,000
2,000
D
7,000
6,000
154,000
S
D
8,000
6,000
157,000
D
D
8,000
3,000
121,000
S
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
157,000
12,000
41,000
4,000
30,000
1,000
20,000
2,000
14,000
1,000
13,000
S
15,000
S
12,000
S
11,000
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
12,000
9,000
121,000
3,000
4,000
2,000
30,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
24,000
D
1,000
S
15,000
D
2,000
*
11,000
D
S
*
11,000
D
*
D
12,000
D
D
S
10,000
D
D
1,000
8,000
D
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
745,000
69,000
166,000
18,000
114,000
18,000
95,000
7,000
98,000
8,000
93,000
5,000
77,000
8,000
52,000
4,000
50,000
D
2,000
30,000
65,000
563,000
15,000
S
6,000
14,000
123,000
4,000
D
3,000
12,000
77,000
3,000
D
3,000
13,000
69,000
3,000
D
9,000
6,000
74,000
D
D
S
8,000
75,000
D
D
3,000
5,000
59,000
D
D
D
3,000
42,000
S
D
D
4,000
44,000
D
Sales/marketing occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,357,000
64,000
153,000
15,000
168,000
9,000
200,000
17,000
176,000
6,000
179,000
5,000
142,000
6,000
135,000
3,000
204,000
2,000
6,000
104,000
53,000
1,103,000
27,000
D
19,000
11,000
101,000
6,000
S
14,000
10,000
129,000
5,000
D
15,000
5,000
157,000
5,000
D
10,000
9,000
145,000
S
D
16,000
4,000
150,000
S
D
10,000
4,000
121,000
D
D
8,000
5,000
118,000
D
D
13,000
4,000
183,000
2,000
Social services/related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
725,000
61,000
180,000
20,000
138,000
12,000
125,000
10,000
77,000
7,000
71,000
3,000
62,000
5,000
46,000
2,000
26,000
D
4,000
22,000
95,000
526,000
17,000
S
7,000
27,000
114,000
10,000
1,000
4,000
24,000
93,000
3,000
D
2,000
14,000
96,000
S
D
3,000
10,000
57,000
D
D
D
8,000
57,000
*
D
S
6,000
49,000
D
D
D
4,000
38,000
D
D
S
S
23,000
D
Other non-S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,979,000
181,000
534,000
50,000
393,000
27,000
366,000
27,000
345,000
19,000
334,000
25,000
346,000
18,000
326,000
10,000
335,000
6,000
13,000
242,000
204,000
2,272,000
67,000
2,000
49,000
47,000
363,000
23,000
2,000
35,000
34,000
281,000
14,000
3,000
25,000
23,000
281,000
8,000
4,000
29,000
22,000
263,000
8,000
D
25,000
22,000
257,000
5,000
D
28,000
27,000
270,000
S
D
21,000
18,000
272,000
5,000
D
29,000
11,000
286,000
3,000
Bachelor's degrees, all occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
10,745,000
640,000
1,591,000 1,345,000 1,577,000 1,441,000 1,420,000 1,239,000 1,069,000 1,063,000
137,000
99,000
118,000
84,000
76,000
63,000
37,000
26,000
49,000
980,000
646,000
8,168,000
262,000
4,000
184,000
118,000
1,073,000
74,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
6,000
141,000
131,000
143,000
112,000
104,000
88,000
85,000
82,000
951,000 1,187,000 1,085,000 1,121,000
44,000
44,000
33,000
23,000
5,000
110,000
77,000
969,000
14,000
4,000
71,000
58,000
881,000
19,000
S
88,000
35,000
900,000
13,000
2,720,000
152,000
434,000
33,000
378,000
24,000
435,000
33,000
396,000
21,000
391,000
14,000
281,000
13,000
215,000
5,000
190,000
7,000
11,000
318,000
114,000
2,057,000
68,000
1,000
70,000
19,000
290,000
21,000
2,000
57,000
18,000
263,000
13,000
2,000
50,000
13,000
324,000
13,000
2,000
52,000
21,000
293,000
7,000
3,000
38,000
17,000
312,000
6,000
1,000
22,000
14,000
229,000
3,000
D
13,000
9,000
185,000
2,000
D
16,000
4,000
160,000
3,000
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
<5 years 5–9 years
1,726,000
89,000
289,000
20,000
8,000
220,000
80,000
1,288,000
41,000
Years since highest degree
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
250,000
15,000
280,000
18,000
274,000
15,000
251,000
9,000
155,000
6,000
131,000
3,000
95,000
3,000
S
48,000
13,000
194,000
13,000
1,000
43,000
12,000
169,000
9,000
S
37,000
8,000
208,000
7,000
S
38,000
17,000
198,000
4,000
S
27,000
11,000
198,000
3,000
D
11,000
9,000
126,000
2,000
D
6,000
7,000
114,000
1,000
D
9,000
2,000
80,000
1,000
198,000
11,000
50,000
4,000
40,000
2,000
21,000
D
18,000
D
21,000
D
18,000
2,000
16,000
D
15,000
D
S
19,000
7,000
154,000
4,000
D
7,000
1,000
36,000
2,000
D
4,000
S
29,000
2,000
D
D
D
18,000
D
D
D
D
14,000
D
D
3,000
D
15,000
D
D
S
D
15,000
D
D
S
D
14,000
D
D
1,000
D
12,000
D
Agricultural/food scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
36,000
S
5,000
*
5,000
D
3,000
D
3,000
D
4,000
D
6,000
D
4,000
D
4,000
D
D
S
*
32,000
D
D
D
*
4,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
6,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
Biological/medical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
125,000
8,000
36,000
3,000
28,000
2,000
15,000
D
10,000
D
12,000
D
9,000
1,000
8,000
D
6,000
D
S
16,000
6,000
90,000
3,000
D
6,000
S
25,000
1,000
D
3,000
S
19,000
2,000
D
D
D
13,000
D
D
D
D
8,000
D
D
S
D
8,000
D
D
D
D
7,000
D
D
S
D
7,000
D
D
1,000
D
4,000
D
Environmental life scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
22,000
D
2,000
D
3,000
D
2,000
D
3,000
D
3,000
D
2,000
D
3,000
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
20,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
15,000
7,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
12,000
D
D
D
D
6,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,261,000
62,000
171,000
11,000
167,000
10,000
220,000
15,000
229,000
12,000
202,000
6,000
121,000
3,000
88,000
2,000
62,000
2,000
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Science occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Postsecondary teachers-life/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Computer/mathematical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
4,000
182,000
63,000
923,000
28,000
D
36,000
9,000
106,000
8,000
D
34,000
9,000
109,000
5,000
S
35,000
6,000
157,000
5,000
D
36,000
14,000
163,000
3,000
D
23,000
9,000
159,000
3,000
D
9,000
7,000
99,000
2,000
D
4,000
5,000
76,000
D
D
3,000
1,000
55,000
S
Computer/information scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,206,000
58,000
159,000
10,000
160,000
9,000
211,000
15,000
221,000
12,000
196,000
6,000
117,000
2,000
84,000
2,000
56,000
1,000
4,000
176,000
59,000
880,000
28,000
D
34,000
9,000
98,000
8,000
D
32,000
9,000
104,000
5,000
S
35,000
6,000
148,000
5,000
D
36,000
12,000
157,000
3,000
D
23,000
9,000
155,000
3,000
D
9,000
7,000
96,000
2,000
D
3,000
5,000
73,000
D
D
3,000
1,000
50,000
S
Mathematical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
41,000
2,000
7,000
1,000
6,000
1,000
7,000
D
8,000
D
5,000
D
2,000
D
3,000
D
4,000
D
D
4,000
3,000
31,000
D
D
1,000
*
4,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
6,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
15,000
5,000
2,000
S
D
D
S
1,000
2,000
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
S
12,000
D
D
*
*
4,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
144,000
9,000
27,000
2,000
23,000
2,000
25,000
S
11,000
D
19,000
1,000
12,000
D
14,000
D
14,000
D
S
13,000
5,000
112,000
5,000
*
2,000
1,000
20,000
2,000
D
3,000
*
16,000
1,000
D
D
D
21,000
D
D
D
D
9,000
D
D
1,000
D
16,000
D
D
D
D
10,000
D
D
D
1,000
13,000
D
D
4,000
D
8,000
D
Chemists, except biochemists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
74,000
5,000
12,000
1,000
11,000
1,000
17,000
D
7,000
D
8,000
1,000
6,000
D
6,000
D
7,000
D
D
9,000
3,000
53,000
3,000
D
1,000
1,000
9,000
1,000
D
3,000
D
7,000
*
D
D
D
14,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
1,000
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
3,000
D
4,000
D
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
36,000
2,000
5,000
*
5,000
*
6,000
D
3,000
D
7,000
D
3,000
D
4,000
D
3,000
D
D
1,000
*
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Postsecondary teachers-computer/
mathematical sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Physical/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
31,000
S
4,000
S
4,000
D
6,000
D
2,000
D
7,000
D
3,000
D
3,000
D
3,000
D
5,000
*
2,000
*
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
*
4,000
D
D
*
*
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
9,000
6,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
8,000
S
D
1,000
D
5,000
S
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
21,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
4,000
D
1,000
D
S
D
3,000
D
2,000
D
4,000
D
3,000
D
D
D
S
18,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
122,000
7,000
41,000
3,000
20,000
1,000
14,000
D
16,000
D
9,000
S
4,000
D
13,000
D
5,000
D
D
7,000
5,000
98,000
4,000
D
3,000
1,000
32,000
2,000
D
S
D
15,000
D
D
D
D
12,000
D
D
D
D
12,000
D
D
D
D
7,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
12,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
Economists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
6,000
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Political/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
6,000
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Physicists/astronomers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Postsecondary teachers-physical/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Other physical/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Social/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Postsecondary teachers-social/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
16,000
8,000
6,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
13,000
D
D
D
D
7,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Psychologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
19,000
2,000
10,000
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
14,000
D
D
D
D
8,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Sociologists/anthropologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
7,000
S
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Other social/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
69,000
2,000
13,000
S
7,000
D
11,000
D
13,000
D
8,000
D
2,000
D
10,000
D
3,000
D
D
4,000
S
58,000
S
D
1,000
D
10,000
D
D
D
D
6,000
D
D
D
D
11,000
D
D
D
D
10,000
D
D
D
D
7,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
10,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
994,000
63,000
145,000
13,000
128,000
9,000
155,000
15,000
122,000
6,000
140,000
6,000
126,000
7,000
84,000
2,000
94,000
4,000
3,000
98,000
34,000
769,000
27,000
*
22,000
6,000
96,000
7,000
*
15,000
6,000
94,000
3,000
D
12,000
5,000
116,000
7,000
D
13,000
4,000
95,000
3,000
D
11,000
5,000
115,000
3,000
D
11,000
5,000
102,000
1,000
D
7,000
2,000
71,000
1,000
D
7,000
S
80,000
2,000
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
57,000
4,000
8,000
1,000
5,000
*
8,000
S
6,000
D
12,000
S
7,000
D
4,000
D
8,000
D
D
5,000
2,000
42,000
3,000
D
1,000
*
5,000
1,000
D
1,000
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
1,000
D
9,000
S
D
D
D
6,000
D
D
S
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
7,000
D
Chemical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
45,000
3,000
7,000
*
6,000
*
7,000
D
8,000
D
5,000
D
5,000
D
4,000
D
3,000
D
Engineering occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
D
4,000
1,000
35,000
2,000
D
1,000
*
4,000
*
D
1,000
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
6,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
176,000
15,000
26,000
2,000
25,000
2,000
34,000
5,000
15,000
1,000
25,000
1,000
15,000
S
17,000
1,000
20,000
2,000
1,000
13,000
6,000
136,000
6,000
*
3,000
1,000
19,000
1,000
D
1,000
1,000
20,000
*
D
1,000
D
24,000
3,000
D
*
1,000
13,000
D
D
1,000
1,000
21,000
D
D
2,000
D
12,000
D
D
2,000
D
13,000
D
D
3,000
D
14,000
D
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
240,000
15,000
31,000
3,000
31,000
3,000
36,000
3,000
32,000
2,000
38,000
1,000
35,000
1,000
21,000
D
16,000
D
D
41,000
10,000
167,000
7,000
D
8,000
2,000
17,000
2,000
D
6,000
1,000
19,000
2,000
D
5,000
2,000
24,000
1,000
D
7,000
1,000
22,000
D
D
5,000
3,000
28,000
D
D
4,000
S
28,000
D
D
3,000
1,000
16,000
D
D
2,000
D
13,000
D
Industrial engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
68,000
7,000
10,000
2,000
9,000
1,000
12,000
D
10,000
S
10,000
D
7,000
D
8,000
D
3,000
D
D
10,000
3,000
46,000
2,000
D
1,000
1,000
6,000
*
D
S
*
5,000
D
D
3,000
D
7,000
D
D
D
D
6,000
D
D
S
D
7,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
6,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
Mechanical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
198,000
9,000
35,000
2,000
25,000
1,000
28,000
2,000
27,000
1,000
25,000
1,000
24,000
1,000
13,000
D
21,000
D
1,000
13,000
5,000
167,000
4,000
*
4,000
1,000
26,000
2,000
D
2,000
1,000
21,000
D
D
1,000
D
24,000
D
D
1,000
D
24,000
D
D
1,000
D
22,000
D
D
2,000
D
19,000
D
D
1,000
D
12,000
D
D
1,000
D
18,000
D
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
6,000
*
2,000
*
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
1,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
Other engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
204,000
10,000
27,000
2,000
25,000
1,000
30,000
1,000
24,000
1,000
26,000
1,000
33,000
3,000
17,000
D
22,000
1,000
D
12,000
6,000
172,000
D
3,000
1,000
20,000
D
2,000
S
19,000
D
S
1,000
26,000
D
2,000
D
20,000
D
D
D
22,000
D
2,000
D
28,000
D
D
D
17,000
D
*
D
21,000
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
3,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,910,000
158,000
411,000
28,000
350,000
21,000
463,000
26,000
408,000
22,000
400,000
25,000
365,000
16,000
276,000
13,000
237,000
7,000
14,000
265,000
181,000
2,218,000
73,000
2,000
36,000
35,000
293,000
17,000
2,000
32,000
25,000
258,000
12,000
D
36,000
28,000
356,000
16,000
S
37,000
25,000
311,000
9,000
D
28,000
23,000
316,000
6,000
D
43,000
21,000
279,000
3,000
D
27,000
13,000
216,000
7,000
D
27,000
9,000
190,000
4,000
Health occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,899,000
99,000
312,000
20,000
240,000
12,000
302,000
14,000
254,000
14,000
236,000
13,000
243,000
11,000
169,000
9,000
141,000
5,000
9,000
184,000
137,000
1,418,000
52,000
2,000
25,000
30,000
222,000
13,000
D
18,000
18,000
182,000
9,000
D
20,000
23,000
233,000
10,000
D
28,000
19,000
184,000
7,000
D
18,000
17,000
183,000
S
D
32,000
15,000
182,000
3,000
D
23,000
8,000
123,000
5,000
D
20,000
5,000
107,000
S
S&E managers, including health
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
265,000
15,000
8,000
1,000
18,000
1,000
40,000
2,000
47,000
4,000
48,000
3,000
40,000
1,000
37,000
D
27,000
D
2,000
18,000
16,000
208,000
6,000
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
4,000
12,000
D
D
6,000
2,000
27,000
D
D
4,000
S
37,000
D
D
2,000
2,000
39,000
D
D
S
3,000
32,000
D
D
*
2,000
32,000
D
D
2,000
D
22,000
S
S&E precollege teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
244,000
17,000
33,000
3,000
39,000
3,000
36,000
4,000
34,000
2,000
28,000
3,000
25,000
D
27,000
D
21,000
D
1,000
8,000
14,000
200,000
3,000
D
2,000
3,000
25,000
*
D
3,000
2,000
30,000
D
D
D
S
27,000
D
D
D
D
30,000
D
D
D
D
24,000
D
D
D
D
21,000
D
D
D
D
24,000
D
D
D
2,000
19,000
D
S&E technicians/technologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
355,000
18,000
52,000
3,000
46,000
4,000
53,000
4,000
50,000
2,000
61,000
3,000
38,000
S
29,000
D
27,000
D
S
41,000
10,000
274,000
11,000
D
7,000
2,000
38,000
3,000
D
8,000
1,000
30,000
3,000
D
6,000
1,000
41,000
D
D
4,000
2,000
42,000
D
D
6,000
2,000
48,000
D
D
4,000
1,000
29,000
D
D
3,000
1,000
23,000
D
D
4,000
D
23,000
D
Other S&E-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
148,000
9,000
4,000
D
7,000
2,000
33,000
D
22,000
D
27,000
2,000
19,000
D
15,000
D
21,000
D
D
14,000
4,000
119,000
S
D
1,000
D
3,000
D
D
2,000
D
3,000
D
D
3,000
D
27,000
D
D
D
D
18,000
D
D
2,000
1,000
21,000
D
D
3,000
D
14,000
D
D
D
D
12,000
D
D
D
D
19,000
D
S&E-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
<5 years 5–9 years
5,115,000
330,000
746,000
76,000
23,000
397,000
351,000
3,893,000
121,000
Arts/humanities/related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Years since highest degree
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
618,000
53,000
680,000
59,000
637,000
40,000
628,000
37,000
593,000
34,000
577,000
19,000
636,000
12,000
1,000
79,000
64,000
489,000
36,000
4,000
52,000
60,000
430,000
19,000
6,000
45,000
46,000
508,000
15,000
6,000
54,000
38,000
481,000
18,000
D
45,000
42,000
492,000
11,000
D
45,000
42,000
462,000
7,000
2,000
30,000
36,000
480,000
10,000
D
46,000
22,000
550,000
6,000
180,000
11,000
28,000
S
21,000
D
29,000
3,000
33,000
D
19,000
D
15,000
D
17,000
D
17,000
D
D
10,000
8,000
145,000
4,000
D
4,000
1,000
20,000
1,000
D
S
2,000
16,000
D
D
D
D
22,000
D
D
D
D
25,000
D
D
D
D
17,000
D
D
D
D
14,000
D
D
D
D
16,000
D
D
D
D
16,000
D
Management-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
766,000
51,000
118,000
12,000
110,000
13,000
116,000
6,000
97,000
7,000
87,000
5,000
86,000
3,000
77,000
4,000
76,000
2,000
4,000
84,000
62,000
545,000
20,000
D
24,000
7,000
68,000
6,000
D
15,000
8,000
71,000
3,000
D
13,000
13,000
81,000
S
D
8,000
6,000
74,000
D
D
5,000
8,000
66,000
S
D
10,000
7,000
64,000
D
1,000
4,000
8,000
58,000
D
D
5,000
5,000
64,000
D
Non-S&E managers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
596,000
29,000
21,000
3,000
35,000
2,000
83,000
10,000
82,000
5,000
96,000
4,000
98,000
3,000
100,000
3,000
81,000
D
D
31,000
24,000
504,000
7,000
D
1,000
2,000
14,000
1,000
D
2,000
4,000
27,000
D
D
5,000
D
64,000
D
D
7,000
2,000
64,000
4,000
D
3,000
5,000
84,000
D
D
4,000
4,000
87,000
D
D
4,000
3,000
89,000
D
D
5,000
D
74,000
D
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
27,000
4,000
11,000
D
1,000
D
S
D
S
D
1,000
D
4,000
D
3,000
D
4,000
D
D
D
2,000
19,000
S
D
D
1,000
9,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
353,000
39,000
56,000
7,000
43,000
8,000
46,000
5,000
44,000
6,000
63,000
5,000
44,000
5,000
26,000
3,000
31,000
D
1,000
16,000
32,000
258,000
8,000
D
S
6,000
40,000
2,000
D
D
4,000
28,000
D
D
D
7,000
31,000
D
D
5,000
D
30,000
D
D
D
4,000
50,000
D
D
D
D
34,000
D
D
D
D
19,000
D
D
D
4,000
26,000
D
Sales/marketing occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
1,019,000
42,000
109,000
9,000
120,000
7,000
139,000
11,000
139,000
5,000
134,000
3,000
102,000
3,000
110,000
2,000
166,000
2,000
5,000
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Non-S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
74,000
38,000
835,000
24,000
12,000
7,000
74,000
6,000
10,000
6,000
92,000
4,000
9,000
S
110,000
5,000
7,000
7,000
114,000
D
12,000
4,000
113,000
S
7,000
4,000
88,000
D
6,000
5,000
96,000
D
10,000
4,000
148,000
D
Social services/related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
256,000
29,000
71,000
10,000
50,000
5,000
40,000
6,000
19,000
S
23,000
2,000
21,000
S
23,000
D
8,000
D
1,000
7,000
37,000
176,000
6,000
D
2,000
10,000
44,000
4,000
D
D
11,000
32,000
S
D
D
5,000
28,000
D
D
D
2,000
14,000
D
D
D
2,000
18,000
D
D
D
4,000
14,000
D
D
D
3,000
18,000
D
D
D
D
7,000
D
Other non-S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,918,000
124,000
333,000
34,000
237,000
18,000
226,000
19,000
221,000
13,000
204,000
17,000
223,000
16,000
221,000
4,000
252,000
5,000
10,000
175,000
147,000
1,411,000
50,000
1,000
33,000
30,000
220,000
15,000
1,000
21,000
25,000
163,000
9,000
3,000
16,000
14,000
169,000
5,000
S
23,000
16,000
160,000
6,000
D
20,000
18,000
145,000
4,000
D
22,000
22,000
159,000
S
D
16,000
14,000
183,000
4,000
D
24,000
8,000
212,000
3,000
5,690,000
292,000
1,280,000
101,000
993,000
58,000
923,000
45,000
740,000
32,000
598,000
24,000
487,000
19,000
370,000
11,000
300,000
3,000
21,000
687,000
350,000
4,251,000
90,000
6,000
210,000
99,000
827,000
36,000
3,000
138,000
74,000
705,000
15,000
S
116,000
63,000
683,000
16,000
6,000
84,000
38,000
575,000
5,000
S
55,000
29,000
482,000
6,000
D
36,000
22,000
404,000
5,000
D
24,000
16,000
313,000
4,000
D
23,000
8,000
262,000
3,000
1,519,000
65,000
373,000
27,000
266,000
10,000
262,000
12,000
210,000
7,000
145,000
3,000
109,000
4,000
84,000
1,000
69,000
1,000
5,000
374,000
58,000
992,000
24,000
1,000
125,000
20,000
190,000
10,000
*
82,000
13,000
155,000
5,000
S
71,000
9,000
166,000
3,000
D
46,000
6,000
148,000
2,000
D
23,000
4,000
114,000
S
D
12,000
4,000
89,000
1,000
D
9,000
1,000
72,000
1,000
D
7,000
1,000
59,000
D
1,038,000
42,000
260,000
20,000
177,000
6,000
181,000
6,000
146,000
5,000
100,000
3,000
76,000
2,000
56,000
D
42,000
1,000
4,000
264,000
46,000
665,000
17,000
1,000
87,000
15,000
131,000
7,000
*
59,000
11,000
98,000
4,000
D
54,000
7,000
112,000
2,000
D
34,000
4,000
100,000
2,000
D
15,000
4,000
76,000
S
D
7,000
4,000
62,000
1,000
D
4,000
1,000
49,000
1,000
D
4,000
1,000
36,000
D
128,000
9,000
40,000
5,000
24,000
1,000
18,000
D
12,000
D
11,000
D
12,000
D
6,000
D
4,000
D
D
22,000
2,000
92,000
2,000
D
8,000
1,000
25,000
1,000
D
6,000
*
16,000
S
D
4,000
D
13,000
D
D
1,000
D
10,000
D
D
1,000
D
9,000
D
D
S
D
10,000
D
D
S
D
5,000
D
D
S
D
3,000
D
Master's degrees, all occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Science occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
Agricultural/food scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
15,000
S
4,000
S
2,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
3,000
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
*
11,000
D
D
S
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Biological/medical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
86,000
6,000
30,000
4,000
16,000
*
14,000
D
10,000
D
5,000
D
7,000
D
4,000
D
1,000
D
D
18,000
2,000
58,000
1,000
D
6,000
1,000
19,000
D
D
5,000
*
9,000
D
D
4,000
D
9,000
D
D
1,000
D
8,000
D
D
1,000
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
6,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
Environmental life scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
11,000
D
3,000
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
10,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
16,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
D
D
D
1,000
*
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
*
14,000
D
D
S
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
608,000
19,000
142,000
8,000
107,000
3,000
119,000
4,000
94,000
3,000
59,000
1,000
40,000
1,000
29,000
D
19,000
D
S
214,000
31,000
333,000
10,000
D
69,000
9,000
52,000
3,000
D
47,000
8,000
48,000
2,000
D
44,000
5,000
64,000
2,000
D
30,000
3,000
56,000
S
D
13,000
3,000
41,000
D
D
6,000
2,000
30,000
D
D
3,000
D
26,000
D
D
2,000
D
16,000
D
523,000
15,000
117,000
6,000
94,000
2,000
107,000
3,000
85,000
3,000
51,000
1,000
33,000
1,000
24,000
D
12,000
D
*
198,000
26,000
274,000
9,000
D
60,000
8,000
41,000
3,000
D
45,000
7,000
38,000
2,000
D
42,000
4,000
56,000
2,000
D
30,000
3,000
48,000
S
D
13,000
2,000
35,000
D
D
5,000
1,000
25,000
D
D
3,000
D
21,000
D
D
2,000
D
10,000
D
46,000
S
15,000
S
9,000
D
7,000
D
5,000
D
5,000
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
Postsecondary teachers-life/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Computer/mathematical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Computer/information scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Mathematical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
D
12,000
3,000
29,000
*
D
8,000
S
5,000
*
D
1,000
D
6,000
D
D
1,000
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
S
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
39,000
9,000
5,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
3,000
5,000
2,000
S
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
4,000
3,000
30,000
*
D
1,000
1,000
7,000
*
D
1,000
*
3,000
D
D
S
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
S
3,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
84,000
3,000
19,000
1,000
14,000
1,000
13,000
D
11,000
1,000
9,000
D
7,000
D
5,000
D
6,000
D
*
13,000
2,000
64,000
1,000
D
4,000
1,000
13,000
*
D
2,000
*
11,000
*
D
4,000
D
8,000
D
D
1,000
D
9,000
D
D
D
D
8,000
D
D
D
D
6,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
1,000
D
5,000
D
Chemists, except biochemists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
26,000
1,000
5,000
*
4,000
*
5,000
D
4,000
D
3,000
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
D
8,000
1,000
15,000
D
D
1,000
*
2,000
D
D
1,000
*
2,000
D
D
4,000
D
1,000
D
D
S
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
30,000
1,000
5,000
*
5,000
*
3,000
D
4,000
D
5,000
D
4,000
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
*
1,000
*
26,000
1,000
D
1,000
*
4,000
D
D
*
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
Physicists/astronomers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
6,000
*
3,000
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
*
4,000
*
D
1,000
*
2,000
*
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
12,000
4,000
3,000
D
1,000
1,000
D
1,000
S
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Postsecondary teachers-computer/
mathematical sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Physical/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Postsecondary teachers-physical/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
*
10,000
D
*
2,000
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
S
D
10,000
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
S
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
9,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
218,000
12,000
60,000
6,000
32,000
2,000
32,000
D
29,000
1,000
21,000
1,000
17,000
D
16,000
D
12,000
D
2,000
14,000
10,000
175,000
4,000
D
6,000
4,000
41,000
2,000
D
4,000
2,000
24,000
D
D
1,000
2,000
26,000
D
D
1,000
D
25,000
D
D
D
D
17,000
D
D
D
D
16,000
D
D
D
D
14,000
D
D
D
D
12,000
D
Economists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
15,000
*
4,000
*
2,000
D
3,000
D
3,000
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
S
11,000
D
D
1,000
S
2,000
D
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
Political/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
10,000
*
3,000
*
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
9,000
D
D
D
*
3,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
33,000
11,000
3,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
2,000
25,000
1,000
D
2,000
*
8,000
*
D
D
S
2,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
95,000
6,000
23,000
3,000
12,000
1,000
12,000
D
14,000
1,000
9,000
D
11,000
D
8,000
D
5,000
D
D
3,000
4,000
D
2,000
1,000
D
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Other physical/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Social/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Postsecondary teachers-social/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Psychologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
79,000
2,000
16,000
1,000
10,000
D
10,000
D
13,000
D
8,000
D
11,000
D
7,000
D
5,000
D
Sociologists/anthropologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
9,000
1,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
*
7,000
D
D
D
*
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Other social/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
56,000
3,000
14,000
1,000
11,000
*
10,000
D
6,000
D
6,000
D
2,000
D
3,000
D
3,000
D
D
6,000
2,000
44,000
1,000
D
2,000
1,000
9,000
D
D
2,000
D
8,000
D
D
D
D
8,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
480,000
22,000
113,000
8,000
88,000
4,000
80,000
6,000
64,000
2,000
46,000
*
33,000
1,000
29,000
S
27,000
D
1,000
111,000
13,000
328,000
7,000
*
39,000
5,000
58,000
3,000
D
23,000
2,000
57,000
1,000
D
17,000
2,000
54,000
1,000
D
12,000
2,000
48,000
D
D
7,000
D
37,000
D
D
5,000
*
26,000
D
D
5,000
D
23,000
D
D
3,000
D
24,000
D
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
37,000
2,000
9,000
S
7,000
*
4,000
D
5,000
D
3,000
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
4,000
D
D
4,000
S
29,000
1,000
D
2,000
*
5,000
*
D
*
D
6,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
1,000
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
Chemical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
23,000
S
3,000
*
3,000
D
3,000
D
3,000
D
3,000
D
2,000
D
3,000
D
2,000
D
D
6,000
1,000
16,000
*
D
1,000
*
2,000
D
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
S
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
76,000
3,000
15,000
1,000
13,000
1,000
15,000
1,000
9,000
D
7,000
D
5,000
D
7,000
D
4,000
D
D
13,000
2,000
56,000
1,000
D
4,000
1,000
8,000
*
D
3,000
*
9,000
D
D
2,000
D
12,000
D
D
2,000
D
7,000
D
D
*
D
6,000
D
D
1,000
D
4,000
D
D
1,000
D
6,000
D
D
1,000
D
3,000
D
Engineering occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
133,000
6,000
33,000
2,000
20,000
*
24,000
2,000
20,000
D
13,000
D
10,000
D
6,000
D
5,000
D
D
49,000
3,000
73,000
2,000
D
16,000
1,000
13,000
1,000
D
10,000
*
9,000
D
D
9,000
1,000
13,000
D
D
6,000
D
14,000
D
D
4,000
D
8,000
D
D
1,000
D
8,000
D
D
2,000
D
4,000
D
D
1,000
D
5,000
D
Industrial engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
23,000
2,000
7,000
1,000
6,000
1,000
3,000
D
3,000
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
S
17,000
D
D
2,000
*
4,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
Mechanical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
91,000
3,000
24,000
1,000
20,000
1,000
13,000
D
12,000
D
8,000
D
5,000
D
4,000
D
5,000
D
D
18,000
3,000
66,000
1,000
D
6,000
1,000
15,000
*
D
5,000
*
14,000
*
D
3,000
D
9,000
D
D
2,000
D
9,000
D
D
1,000
D
7,000
D
D
*
D
4,000
D
D
*
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
8,000
1,000
3,000
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
*
6,000
D
D
1,000
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Other engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
90,000
4,000
19,000
1,000
17,000
1,000
16,000
1,000
11,000
D
7,000
D
8,000
D
6,000
D
5,000
D
D
17,000
3,000
66,000
1,000
D
7,000
*
11,000
*
D
4,000
1,000
11,000
*
D
2,000
D
12,000
D
D
1,000
D
9,000
D
D
1,000
D
6,000
D
D
D
D
7,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
1,404,000
61,000
341,000
23,000
272,000
10,000
226,000
10,000
177,000
6,000
155,000
5,000
119,000
4,000
67,000
2,000
48,000
D
4,000
113,000
83,000
1,123,000
21,000
1,000
33,000
21,000
253,000
10,000
1,000
23,000
19,000
217,000
2,000
D
14,000
13,000
185,000
3,000
D
11,000
10,000
147,000
D
D
16,000
9,000
124,000
1,000
D
8,000
6,000
97,000
2,000
D
5,000
3,000
56,000
D
D
2,000
2,000
43,000
D
724,000
31,000
198,000
12,000
154,000
7,000
116,000
4,000
81,000
3,000
76,000
3,000
53,000
D
27,000
D
18,000
D
3,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S&E-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Health occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
53,000
44,000
582,000
11,000
18,000
13,000
148,000
6,000
10,000
10,000
126,000
D
4,000
6,000
100,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
69,000
D
8,000
7,000
58,000
1,000
5,000
4,000
41,000
D
2,000
D
24,000
D
2,000
D
16,000
D
S&E managers, including health
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
194,000
9,000
26,000
4,000
22,000
S
38,000
1,000
37,000
1,000
30,000
D
24,000
D
12,000
D
6,000
D
D
19,000
9,000
155,000
2,000
D
3,000
2,000
17,000
D
D
3,000
1,000
17,000
D
D
3,000
2,000
30,000
D
D
5,000
2,000
29,000
D
D
3,000
D
26,000
D
D
1,000
D
21,000
D
D
S
D
10,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
S&E precollege teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
334,000
12,000
92,000
5,000
70,000
1,000
44,000
1,000
39,000
2,000
32,000
D
26,000
D
19,000
D
12,000
D
D
10,000
25,000
281,000
5,000
D
5,000
5,000
74,000
3,000
D
2,000
8,000
58,000
D
D
1,000
4,000
38,000
D
D
D
2,000
34,000
D
D
D
D
28,000
D
D
D
D
22,000
D
D
D
D
16,000
D
D
D
S
11,000
D
S&E technicians/technologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
85,000
4,000
21,000
S
16,000
S
15,000
D
7,000
D
10,000
D
8,000
D
4,000
D
4,000
D
D
24,000
3,000
53,000
1,000
D
7,000
1,000
11,000
D
D
6,000
D
9,000
D
D
4,000
D
9,000
D
D
2,000
D
5,000
D
D
3,000
D
7,000
D
D
1,000
D
7,000
D
D
1,000
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
Other S&E-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
67,000
4,000
5,000
S
9,000
D
12,000
D
13,000
D
7,000
D
8,000
D
5,000
D
8,000
D
D
7,000
2,000
52,000
D
D
2,000
*
2,000
D
D
2,000
D
7,000
D
D
D
D
9,000
D
D
D
D
10,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
7,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
D
D
D
7,000
D
2,768,000
167,000
565,000
50,000
455,000
38,000
436,000
23,000
353,000
19,000
298,000
16,000
259,000
11,000
218,000
7,000
184,000
2,000
12,000
199,000
209,000
2,135,000
45,000
4,000
52,000
58,000
385,000
16,000
2,000
33,000
42,000
333,000
8,000
D
31,000
40,000
331,000
9,000
3,000
27,000
22,000
279,000
2,000
D
16,000
16,000
244,000
4,000
D
16,000
12,000
218,000
2,000
D
10,000
12,000
185,000
D
D
14,000
5,000
160,000
2,000
95,000
3,000
17,000
*
13,000
S
15,000
D
11,000
D
14,000
D
8,000
D
9,000
D
8,000
D
D
8,000
3,000
78,000
1,000
D
3,000
S
11,000
1,000
D
S
D
8,000
D
D
D
D
14,000
D
D
D
D
10,000
D
D
D
D
13,000
D
D
D
D
8,000
D
D
D
D
8,000
D
D
D
D
7,000
D
Non-S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Arts/humanities/related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
Management-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
479,000
28,000
104,000
5,000
71,000
7,000
89,000
4,000
58,000
4,000
43,000
6,000
46,000
D
34,000
1,000
34,000
D
S
60,000
37,000
345,000
7,000
D
19,000
12,000
66,000
2,000
D
10,000
5,000
48,000
D
D
9,000
8,000
64,000
3,000
D
8,000
4,000
40,000
D
D
4,000
D
31,000
D
D
4,000
D
38,000
D
D
2,000
4,000
27,000
D
D
3,000
D
30,000
D
Non-S&E managers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
531,000
28,000
63,000
7,000
84,000
7,000
81,000
4,000
83,000
4,000
68,000
3,000
51,000
S
62,000
2,000
39,000
D
3,000
33,000
29,000
430,000
8,000
D
5,000
3,000
47,000
*
D
4,000
7,000
64,000
D
D
6,000
8,000
61,000
S
D
6,000
3,000
69,000
D
D
4,000
3,000
55,000
S
D
2,000
S
45,000
D
D
3,000
S
54,000
D
D
2,000
D
35,000
D
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
73,000
4,000
19,000
3,000
18,000
D
9,000
D
7,000
D
6,000
D
4,000
D
5,000
D
4,000
D
D
5,000
4,000
59,000
1,000
D
2,000
S
13,000
D
D
1,000
D
16,000
D
D
D
D
7,000
D
D
D
D
6,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
378,000
29,000
108,000
11,000
70,000
9,000
47,000
3,000
52,000
D
26,000
D
33,000
3,000
26,000
D
16,000
D
S
14,000
32,000
293,000
7,000
D
4,000
8,000
81,000
2,000
D
3,000
8,000
48,000
D
D
S
6,000
35,000
D
D
4,000
3,000
43,000
D
D
D
3,000
23,000
D
D
D
3,000
25,000
D
D
D
D
22,000
D
D
D
D
15,000
D
Sales/marketing occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
296,000
20,000
42,000
6,000
45,000
2,000
56,000
6,000
29,000
D
39,000
D
35,000
3,000
21,000
D
30,000
D
D
26,000
14,000
232,000
2,000
D
6,000
4,000
25,000
S
D
3,000
4,000
35,000
D
D
6,000
S
42,000
D
D
3,000
D
24,000
D
D
3,000
D
33,000
D
D
3,000
D
28,000
D
D
D
D
19,000
D
D
3,000
D
27,000
D
Social services/related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
435,000
30,000
104,000
10,000
86,000
7,000
80,000
3,000
53,000
5,000
44,000
D
33,000
1,000
21,000
D
15,000
D
3,000
14,000
56,000
322,000
10,000
S
5,000
17,000
65,000
5,000
D
S
13,000
60,000
2,000
D
2,000
9,000
63,000
D
D
2,000
7,000
39,000
D
D
D
6,000
36,000
D
D
D
2,000
28,000
D
D
D
S
18,000
D
D
D
D
12,000
D
Other non-S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
481,000
25,000
109,000
9,000
69,000
3,000
60,000
3,000
59,000
3,000
58,000
4,000
50,000
D
39,000
3,000
37,000
D
2,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
38,000
33,000
375,000
8,000
8,000
13,000
75,000
4,000
7,000
4,000
53,000
S
5,000
5,000
45,000
D
3,000
4,000
48,000
D
3,000
S
49,000
D
4,000
S
43,000
D
3,000
D
32,000
D
5,000
D
30,000
D
934,000
35,000
182,000
10,000
135,000
7,000
155,000
6,000
127,000
4,000
102,000
3,000
94,000
2,000
68,000
2,000
71,000
1,000
2,000
171,000
34,000
682,000
11,000
*
43,000
11,000
115,000
4,000
1,000
28,000
6,000
92,000
2,000
*
37,000
5,000
105,000
2,000
*
25,000
5,000
91,000
1,000
*
15,000
3,000
80,000
1,000
D
9,000
2,000
80,000
1,000
D
7,000
2,000
57,000
1,000
D
6,000
1,000
63,000
*
592,000
19,000
124,000
5,000
90,000
4,000
97,000
4,000
79,000
3,000
62,000
1,000
54,000
1,000
41,000
1,000
45,000
1,000
1,000
126,000
17,000
422,000
7,000
*
37,000
5,000
75,000
2,000
*
22,000
3,000
59,000
1,000
*
26,000
3,000
63,000
1,000
*
17,000
3,000
55,000
1,000
*
10,000
1,000
49,000
1,000
D
6,000
1,000
46,000
1,000
D
4,000
1,000
35,000
*
D
4,000
*
39,000
*
485,000
16,000
98,000
4,000
75,000
3,000
78,000
3,000
65,000
2,000
52,000
1,000
47,000
*
34,000
1,000
36,000
1,000
1,000
88,000
15,000
358,000
6,000
*
24,000
4,000
64,000
2,000
*
16,000
3,000
52,000
1,000
*
19,000
3,000
52,000
1,000
*
13,000
3,000
46,000
1,000
*
7,000
1,000
42,000
*
D
5,000
1,000
41,000
*
D
2,000
1,000
30,000
*
D
3,000
*
32,000
*
156,000
6,000
33,000
1,000
25,000
1,000
26,000
2,000
22,000
1,000
17,000
*
14,000
*
9,000
*
10,000
*
*
34,000
5,000
109,000
2,000
D
8,000
1,000
23,000
1,000
D
7,000
1,000
16,000
*
D
7,000
1,000
16,000
*
D
5,000
1,000
14,000
*
D
4,000
*
12,000
*
D
2,000
*
11,000
*
D
1,000
*
8,000
D
D
1,000
D
9,000
D
Agricultural/food scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
11,000
*
2,000
*
1,000
*
2,000
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
2,000
S
8,000
*
D
*
*
1,000
D
D
*
*
1,000
D
D
*
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
*
D
Biological/medical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
108,000
4,000
28,000
1,000
19,000
1,000
18,000
1,000
14,000
1,000
10,000
*
9,000
D
5,000
*
5,000
*
*
29,000
2,000
D
7,000
1,000
D
6,000
*
D
7,000
*
D
5,000
S
D
3,000
*
D
2,000
D
D
1,000
*
D
*
D
Doctoral degrees, all occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Science occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
72,000
1,000
19,000
1,000
11,000
*
10,000
*
8,000
*
7,000
D
7,000
D
4,000
D
5,000
D
2,000
*
*
D
*
*
*
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
35,000
3,000
5,000
6,000
5,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
4,000
2,000
*
*
1,000
*
*
D
*
D
D
3,000
2,000
28,000
1,000
D
*
*
2,000
D
D
1,000
*
4,000
D
D
*
*
4,000
D
D
1,000
*
4,000
D
D
S
*
4,000
D
D
*
D
3,000
D
D
*
*
3,000
D
D
*
D
3,000
D
92,000
2,000
20,000
*
15,000
*
17,000
*
11,000
*
9,000
*
8,000
*
6,000
*
6,000
*
D
26,000
2,000
61,000
1,000
D
8,000
1,000
11,000
*
D
5,000
*
9,000
*
D
6,000
*
10,000
*
D
3,000
*
7,000
D
D
2,000
*
7,000
*
D
1,000
*
7,000
D
D
1,000
*
5,000
D
D
1,000
*
5,000
D
Computer/information scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
46,000
1,000
9,000
*
7,000
*
10,000
*
5,000
*
5,000
D
4,000
D
3,000
D
2,000
D
D
15,000
*
29,000
*
D
4,000
*
5,000
*
D
3,000
*
4,000
*
D
4,000
D
5,000
D
D
2,000
D
3,000
D
D
1,000
D
3,000
D
D
*
D
4,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
Mathematical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
17,000
*
4,000
*
3,000
*
3,000
*
2,000
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
6,000
*
10,000
*
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
D
1,000
*
1,000
D
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
29,000
7,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
*
D
D
*
D
6,000
1,000
21,000
*
D
2,000
1,000
4,000
*
D
1,000
*
3,000
D
D
1,000
*
3,000
D
D
1,000
*
2,000
D
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
D
*
*
2,000
D
Environmental life scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Postsecondary teachers-life/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Computer/mathematical scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Postsecondary teachers-computer/
mathematical sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Physical/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
93,000
3,000
17,000
1,000
13,000
*
14,000
*
12,000
*
10,000
*
10,000
*
7,000
*
10,000
*
*
17,000
2,000
70,000
1,000
D
5,000
1,000
10,000
*
D
3,000
*
9,000
*
D
3,000
*
11,000
*
D
2,000
*
9,000
*
D
1,000
*
9,000
D
D
1,000
*
8,000
*
D
1,000
*
6,000
D
D
1,000
D
8,000
D
Chemists, except biochemists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
29,000
1,000
5,000
*
4,000
*
5,000
*
4,000
*
3,000
D
4,000
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
D
8,000
1,000
19,000
*
D
2,000
*
3,000
*
D
1,000
*
2,000
*
D
2,000
D
3,000
D
D
1,000
*
3,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
D
1,000
D
3,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
12,000
*
3,000
*
2,000
*
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
2,000
*
9,000
*
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
*
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
Physicists/astronomers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
16,000
*
4,000
*
2,000
D
2,000
*
2,000
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
3,000
*
12,000
*
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
32,000
4,000
5,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
4,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
*
*
D
D
D
3,000
1,000
26,000
*
D
*
*
3,000
*
D
1,000
*
4,000
*
D
1,000
*
4,000
D
D
1,000
*
3,000
D
D
*
D
4,000
D
D
*
D
3,000
D
D
*
*
2,000
D
D
*
D
3,000
D
4,000
*
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
D
1,000
*
3,000
D
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
144,000
6,000
28,000
2,000
22,000
1,000
20,000
1,000
20,000
1,000
16,000
*
15,000
*
12,000
*
10,000
D
Postsecondary teachers-physical/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Other physical/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Social/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
1,000
10,000
7,000
119,000
2,000
D
4,000
2,000
20,000
1,000
*
2,000
1,000
17,000
*
*
2,000
1,000
16,000
1,000
*
2,000
1,000
16,000
*
D
*
*
14,000
*
D
*
1,000
14,000
*
D
*
*
11,000
*
D
*
*
10,000
*
Economists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
8,000
*
2,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
2,000
*
6,000
*
D
1,000
*
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
Political/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,000
*
*
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
*
D
D
*
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
65,000
12,000
10,000
9,000
9,000
6,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
D
D
D
*
5,000
4,000
52,000
1,000
D
1,000
1,000
9,000
*
*
1,000
1,000
8,000
*
*
1,000
1,000
7,000
*
D
1,000
1,000
7,000
D
D
*
*
6,000
*
D
*
*
7,000
D
D
*
*
5,000
*
D
D
D
4,000
D
Psychologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
56,000
2,000
10,000
1,000
8,000
*
7,000
*
8,000
*
8,000
*
7,000
*
5,000
*
4,000
D
*
2,000
2,000
49,000
1,000
D
S
1,000
7,000
*
*
*
*
7,000
*
D
*
*
6,000
*
*
*
*
8,000
D
D
*
*
7,000
D
D
D
*
6,000
*
D
D
*
4,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
Sociologists/anthropologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
4,000
*
1,000
D
1,000
*
1,000
D
1,000
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
D
*
*
3,000
*
D
*
*
1,000
*
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
Other social/related scientists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
9,000
*
2,000
*
2,000
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
*
D
D
1,000
*
D
*
*
D
*
*
D
S
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Postsecondary teachers-social/
related sciences
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
7,000
*
2,000
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
*
D
*
D
107,000
3,000
25,000
1,000
15,000
1,000
19,000
*
14,000
*
10,000
*
7,000
*
7,000
*
9,000
D
*
38,000
2,000
63,000
1,000
*
13,000
1,000
11,000
*
D
6,000
1,000
8,000
*
D
8,000
*
11,000
*
D
5,000
*
9,000
*
D
2,000
*
7,000
*
D
2,000
*
5,000
D
D
2,000
*
5,000
D
D
1,000
D
7,000
D
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
7,000
*
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
*
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
*
5,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
Chemical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
9,000
*
2,000
*
1,000
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
3,000
*
5,000
D
D
1,000
*
1,000
D
D
*
*
1,000
D
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
6,000
*
2,000
*
1,000
D
1,000
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
2,000
*
3,000
D
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
*
D
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
25,000
*
6,000
*
4,000
*
5,000
D
4,000
*
2,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
11,000
*
13,000
*
D
3,000
*
3,000
D
D
2,000
*
2,000
D
D
3,000
D
2,000
D
D
1,000
D
3,000
D
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
Industrial engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
2,000
*
*
D
S
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
1,000
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
11,000
*
3,000
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
Engineering occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Mechanical engineers
Hispanic or Latino
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
D
5,000
*
6,000
D
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
21,000
1,000
4,000
*
3,000
*
4,000
*
3,000
*
3,000
*
2,000
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
D
6,000
1,000
13,000
*
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
*
2,000
D
D
1,000
*
2,000
D
D
1,000
*
2,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
*
1,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
Other engineers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
27,000
1,000
7,000
*
3,000
*
5,000
*
4,000
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
9,000
*
16,000
*
D
4,000
*
3,000
*
D
1,000
*
2,000
D
D
2,000
D
3,000
D
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
117,000
5,000
23,000
1,000
15,000
1,000
22,000
1,000
17,000
1,000
12,000
*
14,000
S
7,000
*
7,000
D
*
19,000
5,000
86,000
1,000
D
3,000
2,000
16,000
1,000
D
3,000
1,000
10,000
*
D
6,000
1,000
15,000
*
D
3,000
*
13,000
*
D
2,000
*
10,000
*
D
1,000
*
12,000
*
D
1,000
*
6,000
D
D
1,000
*
6,000
D
Health occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
65,000
4,000
18,000
1,000
9,000
1,000
9,000
*
8,000
*
5,000
*
7,000
S
4,000
*
4,000
D
*
10,000
3,000
47,000
1,000
D
2,000
2,000
13,000
*
D
2,000
1,000
6,000
*
D
2,000
*
6,000
*
D
1,000
*
6,000
*
D
1,000
*
4,000
D
D
1,000
*
5,000
D
D
*
*
3,000
D
D
1,000
*
3,000
D
S&E managers, including health
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
32,000
1,000
2,000
*
4,000
*
6,000
*
6,000
*
5,000
*
4,000
D
3,000
D
2,000
D
D
6,000
1,000
24,000
1,000
D
*
*
2,000
*
D
1,000
*
3,000
D
D
2,000
*
4,000
*
D
2,000
*
4,000
D
D
1,000
*
4,000
D
D
1,000
*
3,000
D
D
*
D
3,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
S&E precollege teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
15,000
*
2,000
D
2,000
*
4,000
D
3,000
D
1,000
D
S
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
1,000
D
D
*
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S&E-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
White
Other
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
13,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
4,000
D
2,000
D
S
D
S
D
*
D
1,000
D
S&E technicians/technologists
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
4,000
*
1,000
D
*
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
*
D
*
D
*
D
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
D
1,000
D
*
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
Other S&E-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
225,000
11,000
36,000
4,000
31,000
2,000
36,000
2,000
31,000
1,000
27,000
1,000
26,000
1,000
19,000
*
19,000
*
*
25,000
12,000
174,000
3,000
D
3,000
4,000
24,000
S
*
4,000
2,000
23,000
1,000
D
5,000
2,000
27,000
*
D
5,000
1,000
24,000
*
D
4,000
1,000
21,000
*
D
2,000
1,000
22,000
*
D
2,000
1,000
16,000
*
D
1,000
*
17,000
*
Arts/humanities/related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
9,000
*
2,000
*
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
2,000
D
D
1,000
*
8,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
Management-related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
34,000
2,000
5,000
*
5,000
*
6,000
*
5,000
*
5,000
D
3,000
D
3,000
D
3,000
D
D
5,000
S
25,000
*
D
1,000
S
2,000
*
D
1,000
*
4,000
D
D
2,000
*
4,000
*
D
1,000
D
4,000
D
D
*
*
4,000
D
D
*
D
2,000
D
D
*
*
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
Non-S&E managers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
75,000
3,000
8,000
*
8,000
1,000
12,000
S
12,000
*
10,000
*
11,000
*
7,000
*
8,000
*
*
8,000
3,000
60,000
1,000
D
*
*
7,000
D
D
*
*
6,000
*
D
1,000
S
8,000
D
D
2,000
*
9,000
*
D
1,000
*
8,000
D
D
1,000
1,000
10,000
*
D
1,000
*
5,000
D
D
1,000
*
7,000
D
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
Hispanic or Latino
50,000
3,000
11,000
1,000
10,000
*
9,000
1,000
5,000
*
4,000
D
6,000
*
3,000
D
2,000
D
Non-S&E occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
TABLE 11. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, race, and years since highest degree: 2008
Highest degree, occupation, ethnicity, and racea
Employed
scientists
and
engineers
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
D
6,000
2,000
38,000
1,000
D
2,000
*
8,000
*
D
2,000
1,000
7,000
D
D
1,000
1,000
7,000
D
D
1,000
*
3,000
D
D
*
*
3,000
D
D
*
D
5,000
D
D
D
*
2,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
6,000
S
S
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
S
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
1,000
4,000
*
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Sales/marketing occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
14,000
S
1,000
D
2,000
D
2,000
D
1,000
*
3,000
D
1,000
D
3,000
D
1,000
D
D
4,000
*
9,000
*
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
S
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
1,000
D
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
Social services/related occupations
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
White
Other
16,000
*
4,000
*
1,000
*
2,000
D
3,000
D
2,000
D
S
D
S
D
S
D
D
1,000
2,000
13,000
S
D
D
*
3,000
D
D
*
*
1,000
D
D
D
*
2,000
D
D
D
S
3,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
Other non-S&E occupations
21,000
4,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
Hispanic or Latino
2,000
S
*
*
D
D
D
D
Not Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Asian
2,000
*
*
*
*
D
*
D
Black or African American
1,000
*
*
*
*
D
D
D
White
16,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
Other
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
* = value < 500. D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards.
2,000
D
Years since highest degree
<5 years 5–9 years
10–14
years
15–19
years
20–24
years
25–29
years
30–34
years
35+
years
S&E = science and engineering.
a
b
"Other" includes Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander and Not Hispanic or Latino respondents reporting two or more races.
Total includes professional degrees not broken out separately.
NOTES: Scientists and engineers include any person who has ever received bachelor's or higher degree in S&E or S&E-related field through 30 June 2007, plus any
person holding non-S&E bachelor's or higher degree who was employed in S&E or S&E-related occupation on 1 October 2003. See
http://sestat.nsf.gov/docs/occ03maj.html for detailed description of occupational classification. Numbers are rounded to nearest thousand. Detail may not add to total
because of rounding.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation/National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2008.
D
D
D
2,000
D