TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
5,439,000
847,000
1,569,000
1,433,000
1,149,000
441,000
3,473,000
445,000
858,000
909,000
920,000
341,000
11,908,000
1,207,000
2,956,000
3,431,000
3,103,000
1,211,000
2,163,000
262,000
655,000
666,000
453,000
129,000
7,666,000
924,000
1,831,000
2,027,000
2,048,000
835,000
4,874,000
686,000
1,365,000
1,401,000
1,035,000
388,000
2,858,000
485,000
845,000
772,000
560,000
195,000
463,000
68,000
99,000
107,000
112,000
78,000
2,360,000
242,000
638,000
752,000
540,000
187,000
1,475,000
197,000
468,000
461,000
279,000
70,000
938,000
121,000
239,000
254,000
228,000
95,000
3,292,000
461,000
953,000
942,000
689,000
247,000
1,808,000
314,000
555,000
486,000
340,000
113,000
409,000
62,000
86,000
95,000
97,000
69,000
1,431,000
148,000
399,000
457,000
326,000
102,000
1,292,000
165,000
414,000
410,000
242,000
61,000
617,000
80,000
162,000
161,000
154,000
60,000
498,000
91,000
131,000
122,000
115,000
38,000
368,000
75,000
102,000
88,000
77,000
25,000
79,000
16,000
15,000
17,000
19,000
12,000
213,000
23,000
51,000
61,000
61,000
17,000
23,000
4,000
7,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
99,000
18,000
25,000
22,000
27,000
7,000
62,000
10,000
13,000
16,000
21,000
3,000
42,000
8,000
8,000
11,000
13,000
2,000
2,000
D
D
*
1,000
D
36,000
3,000
7,000
11,000
13,000
2,000
1,000
D
D
*
D
D
20,000
3,000
5,000
4,000
7,000
1,000
Biological/medical scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
331,000
66,000
96,000
83,000
64,000
21,000
275,000
59,000
82,000
65,000
50,000
17,000
13,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
S
1,000
133,000
13,000
36,000
41,000
32,000
10,000
18,000
3,000
6,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
60,000
14,000
16,000
15,000
13,000
4,000
Environmental life scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
35,000
4,000
7,000
8,000
14,000
2,000
13,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
D
S
D
D
D
26,000
3,000
5,000
6,000
11,000
1,000
S
D
D
D
D
D
13,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
6,000
1,000
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
70,000
11,000
15,000
16,000
17,000
12,000
38,000
6,000
9,000
9,000
10,000
4,000
62,000
10,000
13,000
14,000
14,000
11,000
18,000
4,000
3,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
S
6,000
D
3,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,970,000
238,000
615,000
965,000
143,000
318,000
135,000
16,000
33,000
866,000
82,000
264,000
1,231,000
152,000
397,000
240,000
28,000
73,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
a
All degree levels and occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
S&E occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Science occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Agricultural/food scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Computer/mathematical scientists
<30
30–39
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
19,244,000
2,330,000
4,862,000
5,286,000
4,846,000
1,921,000
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
301,000
162,000
41,000
33,000
33,000
20,000
297,000
175,000
48,000
397,000
230,000
55,000
80,000
49,000
10,000
1,778,000
215,000
558,000
588,000
338,000
78,000
847,000
126,000
277,000
273,000
140,000
30,000
53,000
7,000
13,000
18,000
12,000
3,000
807,000
77,000
248,000
278,000
163,000
40,000
1,185,000
148,000
382,000
383,000
221,000
52,000
222,000
26,000
68,000
77,000
45,000
6,000
107,000
13,000
38,000
31,000
18,000
7,000
80,000
11,000
29,000
21,000
14,000
5,000
3,000
*
S
*
*
D
42,000
3,000
14,000
15,000
8,000
3,000
38,000
4,000
14,000
13,000
6,000
2,000
12,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
84,000
38,000
79,000
17,000
7,000
6,000
10,000
19,000
16,000
20,000
19,000
6,000
12,000
7,000
8,000
5,000
10,000
17,000
15,000
20,000
17,000
2,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
1,000
S
1,000
2,000
1,000
D
1,000
1,000
2,000
S
322,000
47,000
84,000
80,000
77,000
34,000
226,000
36,000
62,000
51,000
54,000
23,000
56,000
9,000
12,000
14,000
12,000
9,000
130,000
11,000
30,000
41,000
35,000
12,000
24,000
6,000
6,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
78,000
12,000
22,000
20,000
19,000
6,000
129,000
19,000
38,000
34,000
26,000
12,000
95,000
16,000
30,000
23,000
18,000
8,000
3,000
1,000
*
D
*
*
49,000
5,000
11,000
18,000
10,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
42,000
7,000
13,000
10,000
9,000
3,000
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
78,000
9,000
18,000
19,000
25,000
7,000
58,000
7,000
13,000
12,000
20,000
5,000
1,000
D
D
D
*
D
42,000
3,000
9,000
12,000
14,000
3,000
9,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
19,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
1,000
Physicists/astronomers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
27,000
6,000
7,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
24,000
5,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
*
D
D
*
D
7,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
7,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
54,000
29,000
51,000
11,000
1,000
3,000
9,000
12,000
13,000
5,000
7,000
7,000
8,000
11,000
13,000
1,000
3,000
4,000
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
40–49
50–59
60–75
Computer/information scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Mathematical scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Postsecondary teachers-computer/
mathematical sciences
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Physical/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Chemists, except biochemists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Postsecondary teachers-physical/
related sciences
<30
30–39
40–49
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
636,000
377,000
104,000
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
7,000
4,000
11,000
9,000
2,000
2,000
*
D
*
1,000
35,000
3,000
9,000
9,000
11,000
2,000
20,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
6,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
20,000
1,000
5,000
5,000
7,000
1,000
1,000
D
*
D
*
D
11,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
*
502,000
85,000
123,000
104,000
120,000
71,000
248,000
59,000
72,000
45,000
47,000
25,000
138,000
21,000
26,000
30,000
34,000
28,000
223,000
32,000
54,000
57,000
54,000
26,000
16,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
S
200,000
22,000
42,000
39,000
60,000
37,000
Economists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
29,000
5,000
8,000
8,000
4,000
4,000
19,000
5,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
14,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
S
*
*
9,000
1,000
2,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
Political/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
17,000
6,000
6,000
2,000
S
S
12,000
5,000
5,000
S
1,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
8,000
2,000
3,000
S
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
7,000
S
2,000
D
D
D
Postsecondary teachers-social/related sciences
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
116,000
17,000
23,000
26,000
27,000
23,000
67,000
10,000
16,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
109,000
14,000
22,000
24,000
26,000
22,000
21,000
3,000
3,000
5,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
13,000
D
1,000
3,000
4,000
4,000
Psychologists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
185,000
28,000
37,000
33,000
55,000
32,000
60,000
18,000
17,000
8,000
10,000
6,000
25,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
7,000
5,000
74,000
7,000
13,000
16,000
25,000
12,000
3,000
1,000
S
D
*
D
144,000
15,000
27,000
26,000
48,000
29,000
Sociologists/anthropologists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
21,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
18,000
7,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
11,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
S
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
S
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
Other social/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
134,000
22,000
43,000
33,000
27,000
9,000
73,000
15,000
23,000
15,000
16,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
*
S
1,000
D
95,000
14,000
29,000
29,000
17,000
7,000
7,000
S
2,000
1,000
3,000
D
25,000
3,000
9,000
6,000
4,000
3,000
1,582,000
1,050,000
55,000
929,000
182,000
321,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
50–59
60–75
Other physical/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Social/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Engineering occupations
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
11,000
9,000
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
224,000
412,000
459,000
347,000
141,000
171,000
290,000
286,000
220,000
82,000
7,000
12,000
12,000
15,000
9,000
95,000
239,000
295,000
215,000
85,000
31,000
54,000
52,000
36,000
8,000
41,000
77,000
93,000
73,000
35,000
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
100,000
13,000
21,000
30,000
21,000
15,000
68,000
11,000
16,000
20,000
13,000
9,000
2,000
*
D
D
D
D
53,000
3,000
10,000
20,000
12,000
8,000
17,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
1,000
18,000
2,000
3,000
6,000
3,000
4,000
77,000
11,000
22,000
21,000
17,000
7,000
56,000
8,000
16,000
15,000
12,000
5,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
44,000
4,000
14,000
10,000
11,000
5,000
6,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
D
20,000
3,000
5,000
6,000
3,000
2,000
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
258,000
39,000
74,000
62,000
55,000
27,000
136,000
29,000
41,000
29,000
26,000
11,000
3,000
*
1,000
S
D
D
196,000
22,000
57,000
51,000
46,000
20,000
13,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
58,000
6,000
19,000
12,000
14,000
8,000
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
399,000
52,000
105,000
127,000
87,000
28,000
305,000
40,000
83,000
93,000
68,000
21,000
3,000
D
1,000
1,000
S
D
177,000
18,000
43,000
64,000
39,000
13,000
97,000
17,000
31,000
29,000
17,000
4,000
60,000
9,000
16,000
20,000
11,000
4,000
93,000
15,000
24,000
29,000
23,000
3,000
48,000
8,000
14,000
14,000
12,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
69,000
10,000
18,000
21,000
17,000
2,000
7,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
D
29,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
9,000
1,000
300,000
49,000
78,000
89,000
60,000
25,000
235,000
43,000
65,000
68,000
44,000
16,000
4,000
*
1,000
1,000
S
S
174,000
17,000
45,000
60,000
36,000
15,000
16,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
4,000
1,000
49,000
7,000
11,000
16,000
11,000
4,000
35,000
5,000
7,000
9,000
9,000
6,000
22,000
3,000
5,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
33,000
3,000
6,000
8,000
8,000
6,000
8,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
*
*
D
D
*
2,000
S
*
*
*
*
320,000
42,000
81,000
92,000
179,000
30,000
50,000
43,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
*
208,000
19,000
51,000
66,000
25,000
4,000
7,000
7,000
84,000
9,000
17,000
25,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
Chemical engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Industrial engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Mechanical engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Other engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
75,000
30,000
41,000
16,000
S
1,000
51,000
20,000
5,000
2,000
22,000
12,000
S&E-related occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
5,542,000
547,000
1,391,000
1,601,000
1,476,000
527,000
1,136,000
142,000
335,000
306,000
254,000
98,000
1,585,000
181,000
426,000
440,000
413,000
125,000
2,769,000
196,000
676,000
860,000
770,000
268,000
387,000
31,000
117,000
126,000
89,000
24,000
3,563,000
383,000
860,000
1,011,000
957,000
352,000
Health occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
3,780,000
402,000
926,000
1,066,000
1,012,000
374,000
504,000
74,000
143,000
123,000
117,000
47,000
988,000
114,000
258,000
276,000
258,000
83,000
1,687,000
132,000
408,000
507,000
472,000
167,000
73,000
7,000
16,000
23,000
21,000
6,000
3,242,000
356,000
792,000
916,000
861,000
318,000
S&E managers, including health
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
501,000
8,000
108,000
176,000
161,000
49,000
145,000
2,000
31,000
55,000
43,000
14,000
6,000
D
D
S
S
*
489,000
8,000
105,000
172,000
157,000
47,000
66,000
D
19,000
28,000
14,000
4,000
87,000
2,000
15,000
27,000
33,000
10,000
S&E precollege teachers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
599,000
68,000
170,000
164,000
152,000
46,000
151,000
15,000
61,000
36,000
29,000
11,000
578,000
66,000
165,000
156,000
149,000
41,000
250,000
34,000
68,000
72,000
57,000
19,000
19,000
2,000
4,000
6,000
7,000
D
32,000
4,000
8,000
10,000
7,000
4,000
S&E technicians/technologists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
446,000
60,000
128,000
130,000
96,000
31,000
225,000
46,000
68,000
60,000
41,000
10,000
12,000
S
S
6,000
3,000
D
187,000
17,000
52,000
62,000
38,000
17,000
216,000
19,000
72,000
65,000
46,000
13,000
113,000
19,000
25,000
29,000
30,000
10,000
Other S&E-related occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
216,000
9,000
59,000
65,000
55,000
28,000
110,000
4,000
32,000
33,000
24,000
16,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
156,000
5,000
41,000
47,000
46,000
17,000
13,000
2,000
5,000
3,000
D
D
88,000
3,000
19,000
29,000
28,000
10,000
8,828,000
1,097,000
2,106,000
2,284,000
2,334,000
1,006,000
1,445,000
221,000
388,000
355,000
334,000
148,000
1,424,000
195,000
333,000
362,000
395,000
139,000
6,780,000
769,000
1,643,000
1,818,000
1,793,000
756,000
302,000
34,000
69,000
79,000
85,000
35,000
3,165,000
419,000
733,000
763,000
862,000
388,000
295,000
37,000
80,000
73,000
67,000
38,000
98,000
12,000
33,000
23,000
16,000
14,000
29,000
5,000
7,000
9,000
5,000
3,000
192,000
23,000
54,000
39,000
51,000
25,000
19,000
2,000
7,000
5,000
S
2,000
115,000
16,000
24,000
32,000
25,000
18,000
1,309,000
256,000
61,000
1,191,000
73,000
335,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
50–59
60–75
Non-S&E occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Arts/humanities/related occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Management-related occupations
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
46,000
69,000
62,000
57,000
21,000
5,000
15,000
16,000
18,000
6,000
155,000
300,000
334,000
283,000
119,000
10,000
18,000
19,000
18,000
8,000
46,000
75,000
83,000
86,000
46,000
1,261,000
28,000
254,000
415,000
418,000
145,000
178,000
5,000
32,000
67,000
54,000
20,000
45,000
2,000
7,000
11,000
21,000
5,000
1,227,000
27,000
250,000
405,000
405,000
140,000
34,000
1,000
9,000
10,000
10,000
4,000
249,000
5,000
45,000
80,000
83,000
36,000
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
157,000
18,000
34,000
33,000
44,000
28,000
62,000
7,000
17,000
14,000
15,000
9,000
139,000
15,000
32,000
28,000
40,000
25,000
49,000
5,000
8,000
13,000
15,000
9,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
23,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
9,000
5,000
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
745,000
98,000
164,000
204,000
213,000
66,000
129,000
21,000
34,000
30,000
31,000
14,000
706,000
96,000
157,000
193,000
201,000
61,000
274,000
36,000
66,000
75,000
74,000
24,000
22,000
S
3,000
6,000
11,000
D
106,000
11,000
20,000
32,000
38,000
5,000
1,357,000
151,000
348,000
362,000
315,000
181,000
195,000
21,000
65,000
51,000
38,000
20,000
47,000
6,000
9,000
18,000
13,000
S
1,295,000
144,000
332,000
351,000
300,000
169,000
47,000
5,000
12,000
15,000
7,000
8,000
237,000
24,000
64,000
51,000
59,000
39,000
725,000
122,000
184,000
149,000
198,000
71,000
79,000
18,000
18,000
17,000
16,000
9,000
172,000
28,000
48,000
34,000
46,000
16,000
385,000
60,000
89,000
85,000
114,000
37,000
16,000
3,000
S
1,000
8,000
D
577,000
100,000
146,000
115,000
160,000
55,000
2,979,000
464,000
717,000
686,000
768,000
345,000
447,000
91,000
120,000
91,000
107,000
39,000
226,000
40,000
59,000
54,000
52,000
21,000
2,166,000
320,000
544,000
518,000
551,000
233,000
89,000
11,000
17,000
23,000
29,000
10,000
1,522,000
214,000
354,000
367,000
402,000
185,000
10,745,000
1,689,000
2,714,000
2,993,000
2,496,000
853,000
2,911,000
604,000
806,000
759,000
565,000
176,000
1,560,000
283,000
381,000
443,000
354,000
98,000
6,989,000
942,000
1,765,000
2,011,000
1,671,000
600,000
1,406,000
188,000
426,000
436,000
287,000
69,000
3,899,000
624,000
922,000
1,050,000
978,000
325,000
2,720,000
490,000
751,000
797,000
1,520,000
344,000
425,000
407,000
123,000
45,000
21,000
27,000
1,411,000
186,000
380,000
453,000
934,000
137,000
292,000
295,000
519,000
88,000
142,000
151,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Non-S&E managers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Sales/marketing occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Social services/related occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Other non-S&E occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Bachelor's degrees, all occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
S&E occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
178,000
325,000
362,000
311,000
133,000
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
274,000
70,000
23,000
7,000
306,000
86,000
174,000
36,000
109,000
30,000
1,726,000
327,000
503,000
506,000
323,000
67,000
891,000
223,000
261,000
233,000
144,000
30,000
104,000
41,000
18,000
24,000
17,000
5,000
799,000
110,000
224,000
260,000
169,000
36,000
826,000
120,000
261,000
261,000
152,000
32,000
295,000
55,000
89,000
83,000
59,000
9,000
198,000
66,000
47,000
40,000
40,000
5,000
129,000
53,000
31,000
22,000
20,000
3,000
23,000
13,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
D
92,000
17,000
21,000
26,000
26,000
3,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
D
S
D
55,000
15,000
14,000
11,000
13,000
2,000
36,000
7,000
7,000
9,000
12,000
D
20,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
6,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
21,000
2,000
4,000
7,000
9,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
15,000
3,000
S
3,000
6,000
D
Biological/medical scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
125,000
47,000
33,000
24,000
19,000
3,000
95,000
42,000
25,000
14,000
12,000
2,000
7,000
4,000
D
1,000
D
D
48,000
9,000
14,000
14,000
9,000
1,000
5,000
2,000
D
D
S
D
29,000
11,000
8,000
6,000
3,000
1,000
Environmental life scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
22,000
3,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
1,000
7,000
S
2,000
S
S
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
18,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
7,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
9,000
D
1,000
3,000
4,000
1,000
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
15,000
9,000
S
D
1,000
D
7,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
13,000
8,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
Computer/mathematical scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
1,261,000
180,000
390,000
413,000
230,000
48,000
597,000
109,000
191,000
188,000
91,000
19,000
55,000
11,000
10,000
18,000
11,000
4,000
574,000
65,000
171,000
199,000
113,000
25,000
807,000
113,000
258,000
257,000
148,000
30,000
167,000
24,000
54,000
55,000
31,000
4,000
Computer/information scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
1,206,000
167,000
373,000
401,000
560,000
99,000
180,000
180,000
41,000
6,000
8,000
16,000
552,000
62,000
164,000
193,000
792,000
111,000
251,000
254,000
161,000
22,000
52,000
54,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
50–59
60–75
Science occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Agricultural/food scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
538,000
144,000
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
84,000
17,000
9,000
S
110,000
24,000
147,000
29,000
30,000
4,000
30,000
7,000
9,000
8,000
5,000
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
19,000
2,000
7,000
5,000
3,000
1,000
13,000
2,000
6,000
4,000
S
D
5,000
2,000
2,000
D
D
D
15,000
8,000
14,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
4,000
S
D
D
D
5,000
S
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
144,000
33,000
40,000
30,000
34,000
8,000
95,000
24,000
28,000
16,000
22,000
6,000
9,000
6,000
1,000
D
D
D
63,000
9,000
16,000
18,000
17,000
3,000
9,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
S
D
50,000
10,000
15,000
12,000
10,000
2,000
Chemists, except biochemists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
74,000
15,000
24,000
16,000
14,000
5,000
51,000
11,000
18,000
9,000
8,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
27,000
4,000
8,000
9,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
S
1,000
D
D
D
31,000
6,000
11,000
7,000
6,000
2,000
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
36,000
6,000
8,000
8,000
11,000
2,000
25,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
10,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
21,000
3,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
S
D
S
D
9,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
D
5,000
3,000
1,000
D
D
D
4,000
3,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
9,000
4,000
8,000
2,000
D
1,000
7,000
1,000
D
D
D
4,000
1,000
D
D
D
6,000
1,000
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
21,000
2,000
6,000
4,000
11,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
11,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
8,000
*
3,000
2,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
50–59
60–75
Mathematical scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Postsecondary teachers-computer/
mathematical sciences
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Physical/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Physicists/astronomers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Postsecondary teachers-physical/
related sciences
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Other physical/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
220,000
45,000
41,000
7,000
14,000
10,000
7,000
1,000
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
4,000
D
D
D
6,000
D
D
D
2,000
D
122,000
48,000
27,000
22,000
20,000
5,000
70,000
37,000
11,000
8,000
11,000
S
17,000
10,000
3,000
D
D
D
70,000
20,000
16,000
17,000
13,000
4,000
5,000
2,000
D
1,000
D
D
22,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
D
Economists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
6,000
3,000
D
1,000
D
D
5,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
S
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
Political/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
6,000
3,000
S
D
D
D
5,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
16,000
8,000
13,000
3,000
D
D
10,000
2,000
D
D
D
6,000
D
D
D
D
7,000
2,000
D
D
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
19,000
12,000
2,000
2,000
D
D
14,000
11,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
6,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
8,000
5,000
1,000
S
D
D
Sociologists/anthropologists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
7,000
5,000
1,000
D
D
D
6,000
4,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Other social/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
69,000
16,000
17,000
17,000
13,000
5,000
31,000
10,000
5,000
6,000
8,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
54,000
11,000
13,000
16,000
10,000
4,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
10,000
S
S
2,000
S
D
994,000
163,000
248,000
292,000
215,000
76,000
629,000
121,000
164,000
173,000
130,000
40,000
19,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
2,000
612,000
76,000
156,000
193,000
137,000
51,000
108,000
17,000
31,000
34,000
22,000
4,000
224,000
32,000
53,000
68,000
50,000
21,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
50–59
60–75
Social/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Postsecondary teachers-social/
related sciences
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Psychologists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Engineering occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
8,000
D
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
57,000
9,000
10,000
18,000
12,000
7,000
39,000
8,000
7,000
12,000
8,000
4,000
S
*
D
D
D
D
29,000
3,000
4,000
11,000
6,000
5,000
10,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
D
11,000
2,000
1,000
4,000
2,000
S
Chemical engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
45,000
8,000
15,000
12,000
8,000
2,000
31,000
6,000
11,000
8,000
5,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
27,000
4,000
10,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
D
1,000
1,000
D
14,000
3,000
3,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
176,000
30,000
50,000
43,000
35,000
18,000
85,000
21,000
26,000
19,000
13,000
6,000
3,000
D
D
S
D
D
137,000
18,000
39,000
35,000
30,000
15,000
8,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
D
41,000
5,000
14,000
9,000
8,000
5,000
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
240,000
33,000
59,000
78,000
56,000
15,000
181,000
25,000
44,000
58,000
44,000
11,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
113,000
14,000
27,000
38,000
26,000
7,000
58,000
8,000
18,000
19,000
11,000
2,000
41,000
6,000
12,000
14,000
7,000
2,000
68,000
12,000
16,000
20,000
19,000
2,000
35,000
6,000
9,000
9,000
10,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
52,000
8,000
12,000
16,000
15,000
1,000
5,000
1,000
S
1,000
D
D
22,000
3,000
4,000
6,000
7,000
D
198,000
38,000
48,000
60,000
39,000
14,000
151,000
32,000
40,000
42,000
28,000
8,000
3,000
*
D
D
D
D
117,000
14,000
29,000
42,000
22,000
9,000
9,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
37,000
6,000
7,000
13,000
8,000
3,000
6,000
2,000
D
1,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
S
D
D
D
D
5,000
1,000
D
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
204,000
31,000
50,000
61,000
45,000
18,000
105,000
21,000
26,000
26,000
23,000
8,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
D
1,000
D
137,000
16,000
34,000
44,000
32,000
12,000
14,000
2,000
3,000
5,000
3,000
D
59,000
7,000
11,000
17,000
15,000
8,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
Industrial engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Mechanical engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Other engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
S&E-related occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
2,910,000
369,000
728,000
865,000
729,000
219,000
612,000
100,000
180,000
165,000
129,000
38,000
771,000
111,000
202,000
222,000
186,000
49,000
1,468,000
139,000
363,000
469,000
373,000
124,000
272,000
24,000
83,000
92,000
59,000
14,000
1,817,000
255,000
428,000
522,000
477,000
135,000
Health occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
1,899,000
266,000
451,000
555,000
487,000
139,000
227,000
46,000
59,000
55,000
53,000
13,000
521,000
73,000
131,000
154,000
127,000
36,000
847,000
95,000
198,000
267,000
220,000
67,000
50,000
5,000
11,000
17,000
15,000
S
1,604,000
233,000
383,000
459,000
415,000
115,000
S&E managers, including health
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
265,000
6,000
66,000
92,000
77,000
25,000
70,000
1,000
20,000
24,000
17,000
7,000
S
D
D
D
D
D
259,000
6,000
64,000
90,000
75,000
25,000
42,000
D
13,000
19,000
7,000
3,000
46,000
1,000
9,000
14,000
17,000
4,000
S&E precollege teachers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
244,000
38,000
72,000
63,000
56,000
14,000
65,000
9,000
29,000
13,000
11,000
1,000
234,000
38,000
68,000
61,000
54,000
13,000
100,000
19,000
29,000
27,000
19,000
6,000
6,000
D
D
D
2,000
D
11,000
2,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
D
S&E technicians/technologists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
355,000
52,000
99,000
107,000
76,000
22,000
176,000
39,000
50,000
48,000
32,000
7,000
11,000
S
D
6,000
3,000
D
153,000
14,000
44,000
52,000
30,000
13,000
165,000
16,000
54,000
51,000
35,000
9,000
96,000
17,000
23,000
26,000
23,000
7,000
Other S&E-related occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
148,000
7,000
41,000
47,000
34,000
19,000
74,000
4,000
22,000
24,000
16,000
9,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
108,000
4,000
29,000
34,000
29,000
13,000
9,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
D
D
59,000
2,000
12,000
20,000
17,000
8,000
5,115,000
830,000
1,235,000
1,331,000
1,229,000
490,000
779,000
160,000
201,000
187,000
162,000
69,000
666,000
127,000
158,000
194,000
146,000
42,000
4,110,000
617,000
1,022,000
1,089,000
992,000
390,000
199,000
27,000
50,000
50,000
54,000
19,000
1,563,000
281,000
353,000
377,000
393,000
160,000
Arts/humanities/related occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
180,000
31,000
54,000
44,000
35,000
15,000
56,000
9,000
21,000
12,000
9,000
5,000
14,000
4,000
5,000
S
D
D
120,000
20,000
38,000
25,000
26,000
12,000
13,000
2,000
6,000
4,000
D
D
72,000
13,000
17,000
23,000
11,000
7,000
Management-related occupations
<30
30–39
766,000
143,000
203,000
143,000
37,000
36,000
41,000
3,000
12,000
701,000
126,000
187,000
47,000
7,000
13,000
192,000
38,000
49,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
Non-S&E occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
34,000
25,000
11,000
12,000
11,000
S
186,000
147,000
55,000
11,000
12,000
4,000
41,000
43,000
20,000
596,000
18,000
134,000
197,000
195,000
52,000
76,000
2,000
17,000
30,000
20,000
8,000
13,000
D
S
2,000
9,000
D
584,000
17,000
133,000
194,000
189,000
51,000
19,000
D
6,000
5,000
6,000
D
102,000
3,000
15,000
31,000
41,000
11,000
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
27,000
10,000
3,000
4,000
6,000
4,000
8,000
4,000
D
1,000
D
S
21,000
7,000
3,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
11,000
3,000
D
S
3,000
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
4,000
S
D
D
D
D
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
353,000
59,000
71,000
124,000
75,000
25,000
57,000
11,000
15,000
16,000
10,000
5,000
338,000
57,000
69,000
118,000
71,000
23,000
123,000
24,000
24,000
45,000
23,000
8,000
11,000
D
D
S
5,000
D
46,000
5,000
9,000
20,000
10,000
D
1,019,000
138,000
261,000
272,000
231,000
116,000
138,000
19,000
43,000
38,000
26,000
13,000
39,000
5,000
8,000
14,000
10,000
D
977,000
131,000
250,000
264,000
221,000
111,000
32,000
4,000
10,000
9,000
5,000
5,000
164,000
22,000
46,000
35,000
41,000
22,000
256,000
71,000
66,000
54,000
53,000
12,000
25,000
9,000
7,000
6,000
D
D
55,000
16,000
19,000
8,000
9,000
3,000
146,000
37,000
30,000
38,000
35,000
7,000
10,000
3,000
D
D
5,000
D
188,000
55,000
49,000
36,000
41,000
7,000
Other non-S&E occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
1,918,000
362,000
443,000
433,000
475,000
205,000
275,000
70,000
62,000
51,000
70,000
23,000
147,000
33,000
40,000
34,000
30,000
10,000
1,447,000
261,000
359,000
335,000
347,000
146,000
66,000
10,000
13,000
16,000
20,000
7,000
796,000
143,000
168,000
189,000
205,000
91,000
Master's degrees, all occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
5,690,000
488,000
1,490,000
1,535,000
1,549,000
628,000
1,705,000
199,000
534,000
444,000
382,000
145,000
1,367,000
137,000
351,000
328,000
410,000
142,000
3,481,000
210,000
876,000
1,009,000
985,000
401,000
663,000
69,000
205,000
200,000
144,000
44,000
1,896,000
178,000
464,000
477,000
538,000
239,000
1,519,000
173,000
462,000
421,000
335,000
127,000
883,000
121,000
296,000
232,000
179,000
55,000
143,000
20,000
37,000
27,000
33,000
26,000
742,000
52,000
215,000
234,000
177,000
64,000
470,000
56,000
157,000
145,000
90,000
23,000
297,000
32,000
75,000
73,000
81,000
36,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
40–49
50–59
60–75
Non-S&E managers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Sales/marketing occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Social services/related occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
S&E occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
202,000
158,000
60,000
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
553,000
76,000
197,000
144,000
107,000
28,000
128,000
17,000
33,000
24,000
29,000
25,000
458,000
34,000
139,000
143,000
107,000
35,000
408,000
43,000
138,000
130,000
77,000
20,000
213,000
23,000
53,000
51,000
60,000
25,000
128,000
18,000
40,000
29,000
32,000
9,000
93,000
15,000
32,000
21,000
21,000
4,000
17,000
2,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
57,000
5,000
15,000
15,000
16,000
5,000
11,000
1,000
4,000
S
S
D
24,000
3,000
6,000
4,000
8,000
2,000
Agricultural/food scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
15,000
2,000
5,000
3,000
5,000
S
12,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
9,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
Biological/medical scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
86,000
13,000
28,000
23,000
18,000
4,000
69,000
11,000
24,000
18,000
13,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
D
D
35,000
3,000
9,000
11,000
10,000
2,000
9,000
1,000
4,000
S
1,000
D
16,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
1,000
Environmental life scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
11,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
5,000
D
5,000
1,000
2,000
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
7,000
1,000
2,000
S
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
16,000
2,000
5,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
7,000
S
3,000
D
D
D
13,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
Computer/mathematical scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
608,000
55,000
201,000
188,000
124,000
39,000
304,000
32,000
110,000
92,000
57,000
13,000
50,000
4,000
15,000
8,000
13,000
10,000
265,000
16,000
87,000
88,000
56,000
18,000
383,000
38,000
129,000
124,000
72,000
19,000
63,000
5,000
17,000
22,000
15,000
4,000
Computer/information scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
523,000
48,000
174,000
169,000
107,000
26,000
257,000
27,000
90,000
82,000
49,000
9,000
11,000
D
5,000
2,000
4,000
D
237,000
15,000
80,000
79,000
50,000
13,000
361,000
36,000
124,000
116,000
67,000
18,000
56,000
4,000
15,000
21,000
14,000
2,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
Science occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
1,038,000
117,000
328,000
284,000
227,000
83,000
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
34,000
4,000
16,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
S
*
D
D
D
D
18,000
1,000
6,000
7,000
3,000
D
19,000
2,000
5,000
7,000
4,000
D
4,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
39,000
13,000
37,000
10,000
3,000
3,000
4,000
9,000
6,000
9,000
11,000
2,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
3,000
9,000
6,000
9,000
10,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
*
D
S
1,000
D
D
S
D
1,000
D
84,000
10,000
22,000
25,000
20,000
8,000
57,000
9,000
16,000
16,000
13,000
3,000
14,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
38,000
2,000
8,000
14,000
10,000
3,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
D
19,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
6,000
2,000
Chemists, except biochemists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
26,000
3,000
7,000
9,000
4,000
3,000
19,000
3,000
6,000
6,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
10,000
*
2,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
7,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
30,000
3,000
7,000
8,000
10,000
2,000
22,000
3,000
6,000
6,000
7,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
17,000
1,000
3,000
5,000
7,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
S
D
D
8,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
D
6,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
D
5,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
2,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
12,000
5,000
12,000
2,000
S
*
2,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
D
2,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
10,000
1,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
D
5,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
7,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
1,000
1,000
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
Mathematical scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Postsecondary teachers-computer/
mathematical sciences
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Physical/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Physicists/astronomers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Postsecondary teachers-physical/
related sciences
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Other physical/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
46,000
4,000
18,000
13,000
7,000
3,000
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
218,000
33,000
65,000
42,000
51,000
27,000
99,000
20,000
39,000
16,000
16,000
8,000
47,000
9,000
10,000
9,000
10,000
9,000
99,000
10,000
29,000
26,000
24,000
10,000
7,000
2,000
3,000
D
D
D
107,000
14,000
25,000
19,000
31,000
17,000
Economists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
15,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
7,000
2,000
4,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
8,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
2,000
S
*
D
D
D
6,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
D
1,000
Political/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
10,000
3,000
3,000
D
D
D
5,000
2,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
5,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
6,000
S
S
D
D
D
33,000
16,000
30,000
6,000
S
5,000
6,000
7,000
7,000
6,000
7,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
6,000
7,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
1,000
D
2,000
95,000
14,000
23,000
15,000
29,000
15,000
28,000
7,000
11,000
3,000
5,000
3,000
14,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
37,000
4,000
7,000
9,000
14,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
78,000
10,000
16,000
11,000
26,000
13,000
Sociologists/anthropologists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
9,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
1,000
8,000
3,000
2,000
S
S
1,000
S
D
D
D
D
D
6,000
2,000
2,000
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
Other social/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
56,000
6,000
23,000
13,000
11,000
3,000
34,000
5,000
16,000
6,000
6,000
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
37,000
3,000
15,000
11,000
6,000
2,000
4,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
13,000
S
5,000
3,000
2,000
D
480,000
56,000
134,000
137,000
109,000
45,000
330,000
46,000
98,000
87,000
71,000
27,000
14,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
4,000
1,000
284,000
18,000
76,000
91,000
70,000
29,000
62,000
13,000
19,000
14,000
13,000
3,000
84,000
9,000
22,000
22,000
21,000
11,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
Social/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Postsecondary teachers-social/
related sciences
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Psychologists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Engineering occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
37,000
3,000
10,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
23,000
3,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
22,000
1,000
5,000
7,000
5,000
4,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
D
7,000
*
2,000
2,000
1,000
3,000
Chemical engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
23,000
2,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
3,000
17,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
14,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
*
1,000
D
D
D
5,000
*
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
76,000
9,000
22,000
18,000
19,000
8,000
47,000
7,000
13,000
10,000
13,000
4,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
56,000
4,000
17,000
15,000
15,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
S
1,000
D
16,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
5,000
3,000
133,000
17,000
39,000
42,000
26,000
9,000
102,000
14,000
32,000
28,000
21,000
6,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
57,000
4,000
14,000
23,000
12,000
4,000
33,000
8,000
11,000
8,000
5,000
1,000
16,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
3,000
1,000
Industrial engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
23,000
3,000
7,000
8,000
4,000
1,000
12,000
2,000
4,000
5,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
17,000
2,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
*
*
D
1,000
D
7,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
D
Mechanical engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
91,000
11,000
27,000
26,000
19,000
9,000
73,000
10,000
22,000
22,000
14,000
6,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
54,000
3,000
15,000
17,000
13,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
D
12,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
8,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
S
D
D
7,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
*
*
D
D
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
90,000
9,000
23,000
24,000
25,000
9,000
52,000
7,000
15,000
11,000
13,000
5,000
S
*
*
D
D
D
60,000
3,000
15,000
19,000
17,000
6,000
9,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
D
20,000
2,000
4,000
7,000
6,000
2,000
1,404,000
113,000
365,000
336,000
28,000
104,000
574,000
51,000
152,000
710,000
42,000
174,000
101,000
6,000
31,000
653,000
65,000
162,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Other engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
S&E-related occupations
<30
30–39
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
40–49
50–59
60–75
392,000
402,000
132,000
91,000
79,000
34,000
159,000
169,000
44,000
208,000
219,000
68,000
30,000
26,000
8,000
182,000
179,000
65,000
Health occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
724,000
71,000
189,000
190,000
205,000
69,000
120,000
16,000
36,000
29,000
28,000
12,000
247,000
21,000
59,000
68,000
79,000
19,000
299,000
21,000
79,000
73,000
95,000
31,000
15,000
1,000
S
3,000
4,000
3,000
560,000
61,000
144,000
154,000
148,000
53,000
S&E managers, including health
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
194,000
3,000
36,000
70,000
68,000
18,000
54,000
S
9,000
22,000
17,000
4,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
189,000
2,000
36,000
68,000
66,000
17,000
22,000
D
6,000
9,000
7,000
1,000
32,000
D
4,000
11,000
13,000
4,000
S&E precollege teachers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
334,000
29,000
94,000
93,000
90,000
28,000
81,000
5,000
32,000
20,000
17,000
7,000
323,000
29,000
92,000
89,000
89,000
24,000
143,000
14,000
39,000
43,000
35,000
12,000
12,000
1,000
S
4,000
4,000
D
16,000
S
4,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
S&E technicians/technologists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
85,000
8,000
28,000
21,000
19,000
8,000
45,000
6,000
17,000
10,000
8,000
3,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
31,000
2,000
8,000
9,000
7,000
4,000
48,000
3,000
18,000
13,000
10,000
3,000
16,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
6,000
3,000
Other S&E-related occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
67,000
2,000
18,000
18,000
20,000
9,000
36,000
*
11,000
9,000
8,000
8,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
47,000
1,000
13,000
13,000
16,000
4,000
3,000
S
D
D
D
D
29,000
1,000
7,000
9,000
10,000
2,000
2,768,000
201,000
663,000
722,000
812,000
369,000
486,000
49,000
134,000
122,000
125,000
56,000
651,000
66,000
162,000
142,000
208,000
72,000
2,030,000
117,000
487,000
567,000
589,000
270,000
92,000
7,000
17,000
26,000
29,000
13,000
946,000
81,000
228,000
222,000
277,000
138,000
95,000
6,000
22,000
25,000
27,000
16,000
32,000
2,000
9,000
10,000
6,000
6,000
12,000
D
D
6,000
D
D
61,000
4,000
14,000
12,000
22,000
10,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
D
32,000
2,000
6,000
7,000
11,000
6,000
479,000
33,000
105,000
145,000
132,000
64,000
94,000
9,000
26,000
25,000
26,000
8,000
19,000
1,000
3,000
4,000
6,000
4,000
436,000
28,000
98,000
133,000
121,000
56,000
25,000
3,000
5,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
118,000
7,000
21,000
36,000
33,000
21,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
Non-S&E occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Arts/humanities/related occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Management-related occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
531,000
9,000
106,000
183,000
167,000
66,000
69,000
2,000
14,000
26,000
21,000
6,000
26,000
1,000
5,000
6,000
10,000
4,000
519,000
9,000
104,000
181,000
162,000
63,000
13,000
*
3,000
5,000
4,000
S
107,000
1,000
21,000
38,000
28,000
19,000
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
73,000
8,000
21,000
15,000
18,000
11,000
24,000
3,000
8,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
64,000
7,000
19,000
11,000
16,000
10,000
24,000
S
6,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
S
S
D
D
D
D
9,000
D
3,000
D
4,000
1,000
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
378,000
39,000
91,000
77,000
134,000
37,000
70,000
10,000
18,000
13,000
20,000
8,000
355,000
38,000
86,000
72,000
125,000
34,000
145,000
12,000
42,000
30,000
48,000
13,000
11,000
D
S
D
6,000
D
59,000
5,000
12,000
12,000
27,000
3,000
Sales/marketing occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
296,000
13,000
81,000
77,000
72,000
53,000
49,000
3,000
21,000
12,000
9,000
6,000
7,000
D
1,000
3,000
S
D
279,000
12,000
77,000
74,000
69,000
48,000
12,000
D
3,000
5,000
2,000
D
58,000
3,000
17,000
12,000
12,000
14,000
Social services/related occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
435,000
52,000
117,000
89,000
129,000
49,000
52,000
9,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
7,000
103,000
11,000
28,000
25,000
30,000
10,000
221,000
23,000
58,000
44,000
69,000
27,000
6,000
D
S
D
3,000
D
365,000
45,000
97,000
73,000
110,000
39,000
Other non-S&E occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
481,000
42,000
120,000
111,000
134,000
75,000
96,000
11,000
27,000
20,000
26,000
11,000
65,000
6,000
19,000
15,000
16,000
8,000
344,000
28,000
88,000
86,000
93,000
49,000
19,000
1,000
S
6,000
7,000
3,000
198,000
16,000
51,000
43,000
52,000
36,000
Doctoral degrees, all occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
934,000
26,000
197,000
254,000
267,000
190,000
575,000
22,000
149,000
163,000
148,000
93,000
300,000
4,000
60,000
75,000
90,000
71,000
397,000
4,000
63,000
119,000
129,000
82,000
76,000
4,000
20,000
24,000
16,000
12,000
211,000
5,000
39,000
47,000
67,000
54,000
592,000
21,000
147,000
165,000
149,000
109,000
433,000
19,000
121,000
124,000
102,000
67,000
190,000
3,000
40,000
50,000
53,000
43,000
191,000
3,000
40,000
61,000
53,000
34,000
66,000
3,000
19,000
20,000
14,000
10,000
103,000
2,000
21,000
23,000
31,000
25,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
Non-S&E managers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
S&E occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
342,000
14,000
94,000
98,000
83,000
53,000
168,000
3,000
35,000
44,000
48,000
38,000
159,000
3,000
33,000
50,000
46,000
28,000
53,000
2,000
14,000
17,000
12,000
8,000
91,000
1,000
19,000
21,000
29,000
22,000
156,000
6,000
42,000
47,000
40,000
21,000
132,000
6,000
38,000
40,000
32,000
16,000
36,000
D
7,000
10,000
12,000
8,000
60,000
1,000
13,000
20,000
17,000
8,000
5,000
*
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
18,000
*
4,000
5,000
5,000
3,000
11,000
*
2,000
3,000
4,000
2,000
9,000
*
1,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
5,000
D
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
*
*
1,000
*
Biological/medical scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
108,000
6,000
33,000
33,000
24,000
12,000
100,000
6,000
32,000
30,000
21,000
11,000
3,000
D
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
45,000
1,000
12,000
15,000
12,000
6,000
4,000
*
2,000
1,000
*
1,000
13,000
*
3,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
Environmental life scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
2,000
D
*
*
1,000
*
1,000
D
*
*
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
*
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
*
D
D
35,000
D
6,000
10,000
11,000
7,000
22,000
D
4,000
7,000
7,000
4,000
33,000
D
6,000
10,000
11,000
7,000
9,000
D
1,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
Computer/mathematical scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
92,000
3,000
23,000
29,000
21,000
16,000
61,000
2,000
17,000
19,000
14,000
9,000
30,000
1,000
7,000
7,000
8,000
7,000
25,000
1,000
5,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
38,000
1,000
9,000
13,000
9,000
5,000
8,000
D
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
Computer/information scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
46,000
1,000
11,000
17,000
10,000
7,000
29,000
1,000
7,000
11,000
6,000
4,000
1,000
D
D
*
D
S
15,000
1,000
4,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
30,000
1,000
6,000
12,000
7,000
4,000
4,000
D
S
1,000
1,000
*
Mathematical scientists
<30
30–39
17,000
1,000
5,000
14,000
1,000
4,000
*
D
D
5,000
D
1,000
6,000
*
2,000
2,000
D
*
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
Science occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Agricultural/food scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
485,000
16,000
117,000
135,000
126,000
89,000
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
4,000
3,000
2,000
D
*
D
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
S
29,000
18,000
29,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
7,000
7,000
8,000
6,000
1,000
5,000
4,000
5,000
3,000
1,000
7,000
7,000
8,000
6,000
D
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
D
S
*
1,000
*
D
*
*
1,000
*
93,000
4,000
22,000
26,000
23,000
18,000
74,000
4,000
19,000
20,000
18,000
13,000
33,000
*
8,000
9,000
9,000
7,000
29,000
*
6,000
10,000
8,000
5,000
8,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
9,000
*
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
Chemists, except biochemists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
29,000
2,000
7,000
9,000
8,000
4,000
25,000
2,000
6,000
8,000
6,000
3,000
1,000
D
*
D
*
*
12,000
*
2,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
D
*
D
*
*
4,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
12,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
11,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
*
D
D
D
*
D
4,000
D
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
D
*
*
1,000
*
Physicists/astronomers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
16,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
15,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
4,000
*
D
D
D
*
D
4,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
D
*
*
*
*
32,000
19,000
32,000
7,000
*
2,000
*
8,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
*
5,000
5,000
5,000
3,000
*
8,000
9,000
8,000
6,000
D
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
*
*
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
*
*
*
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
*
*
*
*
144,000
3,000
30,000
34,000
75,000
2,000
21,000
19,000
68,000
1,000
13,000
17,000
46,000
1,000
9,000
12,000
3,000
D
1,000
1,000
57,000
S
10,000
12,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
40–49
50–59
60–75
Postsecondary teachers-computer/
mathematical sciences
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Physical/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Postsecondary teachers-physical/
related sciences
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Other physical/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Social/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
5,000
4,000
3,000
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
42,000
34,000
19,000
15,000
19,000
17,000
15,000
10,000
1,000
*
19,000
15,000
Economists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
8,000
*
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
7,000
*
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
D
*
*
*
*
2,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
Political/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
1,000
D
*
*
*
*
1,000
D
*
*
*
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
*
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
65,000
41,000
62,000
12,000
*
6,000
1,000
13,000
17,000
18,000
16,000
1,000
10,000
10,000
11,000
9,000
1,000
13,000
16,000
17,000
15,000
D
1,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
56,000
1,000
11,000
12,000
17,000
15,000
15,000
*
5,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
5,000
D
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
25,000
*
5,000
6,000
8,000
6,000
1,000
D
S
D
*
D
45,000
S
8,000
9,000
15,000
13,000
Sociologists/anthropologists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
4,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
*
*
*
*
Other social/related scientists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
9,000
D
2,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
8,000
D
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
*
D
4,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
D
*
*
D
D
2,000
D
*
*
1,000
*
107,000
5,000
30,000
30,000
23,000
19,000
91,000
5,000
27,000
25,000
19,000
15,000
22,000
*
5,000
5,000
6,000
5,000
32,000
1,000
7,000
11,000
8,000
6,000
13,000
1,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
12,000
*
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
7,000
*
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
6,000
*
1,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
*
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
D
*
*
*
*
*
D
*
D
D
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
50–59
60–75
Postsecondary teachers-social/
related sciences
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Psychologists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Engineering occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
Chemical engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
9,000
*
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
8,000
*
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
D
D
*
*
D
1,000
D
*
*
*
D
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
6,000
*
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
*
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
D
*
D
D
D
1,000
D
*
*
1,000
*
25,000
2,000
8,000
7,000
4,000
4,000
23,000
2,000
7,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
7,000
D
2,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
6,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
D
*
*
1,000
1,000
2,000
D
*
1,000
1,000
*
2,000
D
*
*
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
Mechanical engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
11,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
11,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
2,000
D
1,000
*
*
D
1,000
D
D
*
D
*
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
21,000
*
5,000
5,000
6,000
5,000
15,000
*
4,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
21,000
*
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
4,000
D
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
*
1,000
D
D
*
*
*
Other engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
27,000
1,000
9,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
22,000
1,000
8,000
5,000
5,000
3,000
1,000
D
D
D
*
*
11,000
*
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
D
1,000
*
*
*
5,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
117,000
3,000
21,000
33,000
38,000
22,000
56,000
2,000
9,000
18,000
17,000
10,000
44,000
*
8,000
11,000
15,000
10,000
59,000
*
8,000
20,000
20,000
10,000
5,000
D
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
44,000
S
11,000
10,000
13,000
8,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Industrial engineers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
S&E-related occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
Health occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
65,000
2,000
12,000
17,000
21,000
12,000
29,000
S
6,000
8,000
9,000
5,000
29,000
*
5,000
7,000
11,000
6,000
22,000
*
3,000
7,000
8,000
4,000
1,000
D
D
D
*
*
35,000
S
8,000
8,000
11,000
7,000
S&E managers, including health
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
32,000
*
4,000
12,000
11,000
5,000
19,000
*
3,000
8,000
6,000
3,000
*
D
D
D
D
*
31,000
*
4,000
11,000
11,000
5,000
1,000
D
*
*
*
*
5,000
D
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
S&E precollege teachers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
15,000
D
3,000
3,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
D
D
S
1,000
D
14,000
D
3,000
3,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
D
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
*
*
D
S&E technicians/technologists
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
4,000
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
D
*
*
1,000
*
2,000
D
*
1,000
*
D
1,000
D
*
D
*
D
Other S&E-related occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
1,000
D
D
*
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
225,000
2,000
29,000
55,000
80,000
58,000
85,000
1,000
18,000
21,000
29,000
15,000
66,000
1,000
11,000
15,000
22,000
17,000
147,000
1,000
14,000
38,000
55,000
38,000
4,000
D
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
64,000
1,000
7,000
13,000
23,000
20,000
9,000
D
2,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
D
S
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
D
*
D
*
S
5,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
Management-related occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
34,000
*
7,000
7,000
14,000
7,000
15,000
*
5,000
2,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
D
*
*
*
*
26,000
*
5,000
6,000
9,000
5,000
1,000
D
*
1,000
*
D
13,000
*
2,000
2,000
6,000
3,000
Non-S&E managers
<30
30–39
75,000
D
4,000
23,000
D
2,000
3,000
D
D
72,000
D
4,000
1,000
D
*
12,000
D
1,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
Non-S&E occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
Arts/humanities/related occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
TABLE 10. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, age, and primary/secondary work activity: 2008
Primary/secondary work activity
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Research and
development
Teaching
Management,
sales,
administration
Computer
applications
Other
21,000
29,000
20,000
7,000
9,000
5,000
S
1,000
S
20,000
29,000
19,000
1,000
*
*
4,000
5,000
3,000
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
50,000
*
10,000
13,000
15,000
12,000
29,000
*
8,000
8,000
9,000
3,000
47,000
*
9,000
12,000
15,000
11,000
12,000
D
1,000
3,000
5,000
3,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
6,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
6,000
D
*
1,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
D
D
D
S
S
6,000
D
*
1,000
2,000
S
3,000
D
*
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
*
D
Sales/marketing occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
14,000
*
2,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
4,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
12,000
D
1,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
D
*
D
D
D
3,000
D
*
*
S
1,000
Social services/related occupations
<30
30–39
40–49
50–59
60–75
16,000
D
S
2,000
7,000
6,000
1,000
D
D
*
1,000
*
5,000
D
S
*
3,000
S
8,000
D
S
1,000
4,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
11,000
D
*
2,000
4,000
5,000
Other non-S&E occupations
21,000
6,000
3,000
10,000
*
<30
S
D
D
D
D
30–39
3,000
1,000
*
1,000
D
40–49
6,000
2,000
S
4,000
D
50–59
6,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
D
60–75
6,000
2,000
1,000
3,000
D
* = value < 500. D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards.
14,000
*
2,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and age (years)
40–49
50–59
60–75
S&E = science and engineering.
a
Total includes professional degrees not broken out separately.
NOTES: Scientists and engineers include any person who has ever received bachelor's or higher degree in S&E or S&E-related field through 30 June 2007, plus
any person holding non-S&E bachelor's or higher degree who was employed in S&E or S&E-related occupation on 1 October 2003. See
http://sestat.nsf.gov/docs/occ03maj.html for detailed description of occupational classification. Numbers are rounded to nearest thousand. Detail may not add to
total because of rounding.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation/National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2008.