TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
a
All degree levels and occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Science occupations
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
19,244,000
18,423,000
16,177,000
2,245,000
822,000
596,000
225,000
13,434,000
12,818,000
11,124,000
1,695,000
615,000
458,000
157,000
1,443,000
1,307,000
1,136,000
171,000
136,000
75,000
61,000
2,016,000
1,982,000
1,844,000
138,000
34,000
31,000
3,000
2,352,000
2,315,000
2,073,000
242,000
37,000
33,000
4,000
4,874,000
3,455,000
647,000
150,000
621,000
4,451,000
3,731,000
720,000
423,000
263,000
160,000
3,149,000
2,599,000
550,000
307,000
200,000
107,000
548,000
471,000
77,000
100,000
51,000
48,000
148,000
135,000
13,000
3,000
2,000
S
607,000
527,000
80,000
14,000
10,000
3,000
3,292,000
2,158,000
574,000
146,000
415,000
2,987,000
2,504,000
483,000
305,000
198,000
108,000
1,947,000
1,585,000
362,000
210,000
143,000
67,000
491,000
425,000
66,000
83,000
45,000
38,000
143,000
131,000
12,000
3,000
2,000
S
405,000
362,000
43,000
10,000
8,000
2,000
498,000
185,000
187,000
14,000
111,000
444,000
375,000
69,000
54,000
38,000
16,000
165,000
131,000
34,000
20,000
15,000
5,000
156,000
132,000
24,000
32,000
21,000
10,000
14,000
13,000
1,000
*
*
D
109,000
99,000
10,000
3,000
2,000
*
Agricultural/food scientists
62,000
33,000
14,000
D
15,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
58,000
54,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
32,000
29,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
11,000
11,000
*
2,000
S
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
15,000
15,000
*
D
D
D
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Biological/medical scientists
331,000
143,000
116,000
*
71,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
288,000
233,000
55,000
43,000
30,000
13,000
126,000
96,000
30,000
17,000
13,000
4,000
93,000
77,000
16,000
23,000
15,000
8,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
69,000
60,000
9,000
2,000
2,000
*
Environmental life scientists
35,000
8,000
2,000
D
24,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
33,000
31,000
S
S
S
D
7,000
7,000
D
S
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
24,000
23,000
S
D
D
D
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Computer/mathematical scientists
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
70,000
*
55,000
13,000
S
65,000
56,000
9,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
50,000
43,000
8,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
13,000
12,000
1,000
*
*
D
S
S
D
D
D
D
1,970,000
1,587,000
159,000
55,000
170,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,773,000
1,436,000
337,000
196,000
127,000
69,000
1,418,000
1,133,000
286,000
168,000
112,000
56,000
137,000
117,000
20,000
22,000
10,000
12,000
54,000
47,000
7,000
1,000
1,000
D
164,000
140,000
25,000
6,000
4,000
1,000
Computer/information scientists
1,778,000
1,520,000
90,000
28,000
141,000
1,604,000
1,293,000
311,000
175,000
117,000
58,000
1,360,000
1,085,000
275,000
160,000
108,000
52,000
81,000
71,000
10,000
9,000
4,000
5,000
27,000
24,000
4,000
D
D
D
136,000
113,000
23,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Mathematical scientists
107,000
66,000
12,000
1,000
28,000
96,000
82,000
15,000
11,000
5,000
6,000
58,000
48,000
11,000
8,000
4,000
4,000
10,000
8,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
S
D
D
D
D
D
27,000
25,000
2,000
1,000
D
D
84,000
1,000
57,000
26,000
S
73,000
62,000
11,000
11,000
6,000
5,000
1,000
S
D
D
D
D
47,000
38,000
9,000
10,000
5,000
5,000
25,000
22,000
3,000
1,000
*
D
S
S
D
D
D
D
Physical/related scientists
322,000
173,000
80,000
8,000
61,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
293,000
252,000
40,000
29,000
19,000
10,000
159,000
133,000
26,000
14,000
11,000
3,000
66,000
57,000
9,000
14,000
7,000
7,000
8,000
7,000
S
*
D
D
60,000
55,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
*
Chemists, except biochemists
129,000
100,000
13,000
D
16,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
116,000
90,000
25,000
13,000
10,000
3,000
90,000
69,000
21,000
10,000
8,000
1,000
10,000
8,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
16,000
14,000
2,000
*
D
D
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Postsecondary teachers-computer/mathematical sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Physicists/astronomers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Postsecondary teachers-physical/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Economists
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
78,000
44,000
10,000
D
24,000
74,000
70,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
43,000
40,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
8,000
7,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
23,000
22,000
1,000
*
*
D
27,000
11,000
11,000
D
5,000
22,000
19,000
3,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
10,000
8,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
*
7,000
6,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
5,000
4,000
1,000
*
*
*
54,000
S
45,000
8,000
D
48,000
42,000
6,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
S
D
D
D
D
D
39,000
34,000
6,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
8,000
7,000
S
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
35,000
17,000
2,000
D
16,000
33,000
32,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
16,000
15,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
1,000
1,000
D
1,000
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
16,000
15,000
S
D
D
D
502,000
213,000
148,000
69,000
73,000
477,000
441,000
36,000
26,000
13,000
12,000
204,000
188,000
16,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
133,000
120,000
13,000
15,000
6,000
9,000
68,000
64,000
4,000
1,000
S
D
72,000
69,000
3,000
1,000
S
*
Government
29,000
14,000
5,000
D
10,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
26,000
23,000
2,000
4,000
1,000
3,000
12,000
10,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
10,000
10,000
*
*
*
D
Political/related scientists
17,000
8,000
4,000
D
5,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
16,000
15,000
S
1,000
*
1,000
8,000
7,000
D
S
D
D
3,000
3,000
D
1,000
*
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
5,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Postsecondary teachers-social/related sciences
116,000
1,000
95,000
20,000
*
106,000
98,000
8,000
10,000
4,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
86,000
78,000
7,000
9,000
4,000
5,000
19,000
19,000
*
*
*
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Psychologists
185,000
90,000
27,000
48,000
21,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
180,000
166,000
14,000
5,000
3,000
1,000
88,000
81,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
D
25,000
21,000
4,000
2,000
S
1,000
47,000
44,000
3,000
D
D
D
21,000
20,000
1,000
D
D
D
Sociologists/anthropologists
21,000
10,000
6,000
1,000
4,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
20,000
19,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
9,000
9,000
S
*
D
D
6,000
6,000
*
*
*
*
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
4,000
*
D
D
D
Other social/related scientists
134,000
90,000
11,000
1,000
32,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
129,000
120,000
9,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
87,000
80,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
9,000
9,000
*
1,000
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
32,000
30,000
2,000
D
D
D
Engineering occupations
1,582,000
1,298,000
74,000
5,000
206,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,465,000
1,228,000
237,000
117,000
66,000
52,000
1,201,000
1,013,000
188,000
97,000
56,000
40,000
57,000
45,000
11,000
17,000
6,000
11,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
D
D
D
202,000
165,000
37,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
100,000
80,000
2,000
D
18,000
97,000
85,000
13,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
78,000
67,000
11,000
2,000
2,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
18,000
16,000
2,000
D
D
D
77,000
70,000
4,000
D
3,000
72,000
60,000
12,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
65,000
54,000
11,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
*
1,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
2,000
S
D
D
D
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Chemical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Industrial engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Mechanical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
258,000
173,000
3,000
D
81,000
246,000
207,000
39,000
11,000
6,000
5,000
164,000
144,000
21,000
9,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
*
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
79,000
61,000
18,000
2,000
1,000
*
399,000
352,000
9,000
1,000
37,000
355,000
268,000
87,000
44,000
25,000
19,000
311,000
234,000
77,000
41,000
24,000
17,000
7,000
5,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
36,000
28,000
8,000
D
D
D
93,000
89,000
1,000
D
4,000
86,000
72,000
14,000
7,000
3,000
4,000
82,000
68,000
14,000
7,000
3,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
4,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
300,000
272,000
8,000
D
20,000
282,000
246,000
36,000
18,000
10,000
8,000
256,000
224,000
32,000
16,000
10,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
2,000
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
20,000
17,000
3,000
*
D
*
35,000
D
31,000
3,000
*
28,000
21,000
7,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
24,000
17,000
7,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
320,000
262,000
15,000
D
43,000
299,000
269,000
30,000
21,000
11,000
10,000
245,000
222,000
23,000
17,000
9,000
8,000
12,000
10,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
42,000
37,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
*
S&E-related occupations
5,542,000
3,856,000
394,000
769,000
522,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
5,389,000
4,682,000
707,000
153,000
124,000
29,000
3,741,000
3,203,000
538,000
115,000
95,000
21,000
376,000
321,000
56,000
18,000
12,000
6,000
758,000
713,000
45,000
12,000
11,000
S
514,000
446,000
68,000
8,000
7,000
D
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Health occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E managers, including health
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
3,780,000
2,914,000
343,000
164,000
359,000
3,690,000
3,176,000
514,000
90,000
76,000
14,000
2,847,000
2,440,000
407,000
67,000
58,000
9,000
329,000
281,000
48,000
14,000
9,000
5,000
161,000
154,000
7,000
S
S
D
353,000
301,000
52,000
6,000
6,000
D
501,000
393,000
21,000
5,000
83,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
484,000
425,000
59,000
18,000
16,000
2,000
377,000
328,000
49,000
16,000
15,000
2,000
19,000
17,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
D
5,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
83,000
77,000
7,000
D
D
D
S&E precollege teachers
599,000
S
1,000
594,000
S
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
590,000
555,000
36,000
9,000
8,000
S
S
S
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
585,000
549,000
36,000
9,000
8,000
S
S
S
D
D
D
D
446,000
351,000
27,000
6,000
61,000
421,000
352,000
68,000
25,000
16,000
9,000
330,000
275,000
55,000
21,000
14,000
8,000
25,000
19,000
5,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
6,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
60,000
53,000
7,000
S
S
D
216,000
197,000
3,000
D
15,000
204,000
175,000
30,000
11,000
9,000
3,000
186,000
159,000
27,000
11,000
9,000
3,000
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
15,000
12,000
2,000
D
D
D
S&E technicians/technologists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Arts/humanities/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
8,828,000
6,122,000
401,000
1,096,000
1,209,000
8,582,000
7,764,000
819,000
246,000
209,000
37,000
5,929,000
5,322,000
607,000
193,000
164,000
30,000
383,000
345,000
38,000
18,000
12,000
7,000
1,077,000
997,000
80,000
19,000
19,000
1,000
1,194,000
1,100,000
94,000
15,000
15,000
D
295,000
241,000
20,000
11,000
22,000
283,000
262,000
21,000
11,000
10,000
2,000
231,000
214,000
17,000
10,000
8,000
S
20,000
19,000
S
*
D
D
11,000
10,000
D
D
D
D
22,000
20,000
2,000
D
D
D
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Management-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
1,309,000
1,036,000
51,000
22,000
199,000
1,258,000
1,101,000
156,000
52,000
40,000
12,000
988,000
855,000
133,000
49,000
37,000
12,000
50,000
41,000
9,000
1,000
S
D
22,000
21,000
S
D
D
D
198,000
183,000
14,000
2,000
S
D
1,261,000
941,000
63,000
108,000
148,000
1,224,000
1,110,000
114,000
37,000
33,000
4,000
907,000
812,000
95,000
34,000
30,000
4,000
62,000
55,000
7,000
1,000
1,000
D
108,000
105,000
3,000
D
D
D
146,000
138,000
8,000
D
D
D
157,000
11,000
115,000
30,000
2,000
148,000
134,000
14,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
10,000
9,000
D
D
D
D
106,000
96,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
3,000
29,000
27,000
3,000
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
745,000
27,000
2,000
708,000
9,000
728,000
671,000
56,000
17,000
17,000
*
26,000
23,000
3,000
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
692,000
639,000
53,000
16,000
15,000
*
8,000
7,000
D
D
D
D
Sales/marketing occupations
1,357,000
1,338,000
8,000
5,000
6,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,320,000
1,194,000
125,000
38,000
34,000
4,000
1,301,000
1,177,000
123,000
38,000
34,000
4,000
8,000
8,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
6,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
725,000
392,000
37,000
119,000
177,000
715,000
663,000
52,000
10,000
9,000
1,000
384,000
359,000
25,000
7,000
7,000
D
37,000
33,000
4,000
1,000
D
D
119,000
109,000
10,000
D
D
D
175,000
162,000
13,000
S
S
D
Social services/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other non-S&E occupations
2,979,000
2,136,000
105,000
93,000
645,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,908,000
2,628,000
280,000
71,000
61,000
11,000
2,081,000
1,873,000
208,000
55,000
46,000
8,000
98,000
91,000
7,000
7,000
4,000
2,000
91,000
81,000
10,000
S
S
D
637,000
583,000
54,000
8,000
8,000
D
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Bachelor's degrees, all occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Science occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
10,745,000
10,446,000
9,314,000
1,132,000
299,000
250,000
49,000
8,095,000
7,853,000
6,969,000
884,000
242,000
204,000
37,000
508,000
483,000
429,000
54,000
25,000
15,000
10,000
795,000
777,000
714,000
63,000
18,000
16,000
D
1,347,000
1,333,000
1,201,000
131,000
15,000
14,000
*
2,720,000
2,115,000
201,000
38,000
365,000
2,613,000
2,288,000
325,000
106,000
80,000
26,000
2,027,000
1,760,000
267,000
88,000
70,000
18,000
186,000
172,000
15,000
15,000
7,000
7,000
38,000
35,000
4,000
D
D
D
362,000
322,000
40,000
3,000
3,000
*
1,726,000
1,286,000
178,000
36,000
226,000
1,652,000
1,439,000
213,000
74,000
56,000
17,000
1,227,000
1,051,000
176,000
59,000
48,000
11,000
165,000
152,000
13,000
13,000
6,000
7,000
36,000
33,000
3,000
D
D
D
224,000
204,000
21,000
2,000
1,000
D
198,000
80,000
58,000
S
57,000
189,000
172,000
17,000
9,000
6,000
2,000
76,000
67,000
9,000
3,000
3,000
D
53,000
49,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
S
S
D
D
D
D
57,000
54,000
3,000
D
D
D
Agricultural/food scientists
36,000
20,000
5,000
D
11,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
35,000
34,000
D
D
D
D
20,000
19,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
11,000
11,000
D
D
D
D
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Biological/medical scientists
125,000
54,000
41,000
D
30,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
119,000
104,000
15,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
52,000
43,000
9,000
2,000
2,000
D
37,000
34,000
3,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
30,000
27,000
3,000
D
D
D
Environmental life scientists
22,000
6,000
D
D
16,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
21,000
20,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
16,000
16,000
D
D
D
D
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
15,000
D
12,000
S
D
15,000
14,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
12,000
11,000
D
D
D
D
S
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Computer/mathematical scientists
1,261,000
1,054,000
67,000
25,000
115,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,203,000
1,030,000
174,000
58,000
46,000
12,000
1,002,000
851,000
151,000
52,000
43,000
10,000
64,000
59,000
5,000
4,000
S
2,000
25,000
22,000
3,000
D
D
D
113,000
98,000
15,000
2,000
1,000
D
Computer/information scientists
1,206,000
1,028,000
55,000
20,000
102,000
1,150,000
981,000
169,000
55,000
45,000
10,000
976,000
828,000
148,000
52,000
43,000
9,000
53,000
50,000
3,000
1,000
D
D
20,000
18,000
3,000
D
D
D
100,000
86,000
14,000
2,000
1,000
D
41,000
26,000
3,000
D
12,000
40,000
36,000
3,000
D
D
D
26,000
23,000
3,000
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
12,000
12,000
D
D
D
D
15,000
D
10,000
4,000
D
13,000
12,000
1,000
2,000
D
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
8,000
7,000
1,000
2,000
D
2,000
4,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Postsecondary teachers-computer/mathematical sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Physical/related scientists
144,000
89,000
21,000
D
34,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
141,000
127,000
14,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
86,000
75,000
11,000
2,000
2,000
D
19,000
18,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
34,000
33,000
1,000
D
D
D
Chemists, except biochemists
74,000
58,000
6,000
D
10,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
71,000
60,000
12,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
56,000
46,000
10,000
2,000
S
D
5,000
5,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
10,000
9,000
1,000
D
D
D
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Physicists/astronomers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Postsecondary teachers-physical/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Economists
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
36,000
21,000
3,000
D
12,000
35,000
34,000
1,000
*
*
D
21,000
20,000
1,000
*
*
D
3,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
12,000
12,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
1,000
3,000
D
1,000
4,000
4,000
D
1,000
D
*
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
9,000
D
9,000
D
D
9,000
9,000
*
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
9,000
8,000
*
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
21,000
9,000
D
D
11,000
21,000
20,000
D
D
D
D
9,000
9,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
11,000
11,000
D
D
D
D
122,000
63,000
32,000
8,000
20,000
119,000
111,000
9,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
63,000
58,000
4,000
D
D
D
29,000
27,000
2,000
2,000
D
1,000
8,000
7,000
D
D
D
D
20,000
19,000
1,000
D
D
D
6,000
2,000
S
D
3,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
6,000
6,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
Political/related scientists
6,000
S
2,000
D
S
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
5,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
S
D
D
D
D
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Postsecondary teachers-social/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Psychologists
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
16,000
D
12,000
3,000
D
14,000
14,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
11,000
11,000
D
1,000
D
D
3,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
19,000
5,000
9,000
4,000
D
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
19,000
16,000
3,000
D
D
D
5,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
9,000
7,000
2,000
D
D
D
4,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Sociologists/anthropologists
7,000
4,000
2,000
D
D
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
7,000
6,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Other social/related scientists
69,000
49,000
5,000
D
14,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
68,000
64,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
D
49,000
46,000
3,000
D
D
D
5,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
14,000
13,000
D
D
D
D
Engineering occupations
994,000
829,000
23,000
3,000
139,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
961,000
849,000
112,000
33,000
24,000
9,000
800,000
710,000
90,000
29,000
21,000
8,000
21,000
19,000
2,000
2,000
S
1,000
3,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
137,000
118,000
19,000
2,000
1,000
D
57,000
47,000
1,000
D
9,000
56,000
51,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
D
46,000
42,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
D
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
9,000
8,000
*
D
D
D
45,000
40,000
S
D
2,000
44,000
40,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
*
39,000
35,000
4,000
1,000
S
D
S
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Chemical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Industrial engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Mechanical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
176,000
114,000
1,000
D
61,000
173,000
152,000
21,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
113,000
102,000
11,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
60,000
50,000
10,000
1,000
D
D
240,000
212,000
3,000
D
25,000
227,000
186,000
41,000
13,000
11,000
3,000
199,000
164,000
35,000
13,000
10,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
25,000
19,000
5,000
D
D
D
68,000
65,000
D
D
3,000
64,000
54,000
11,000
4,000
2,000
S
61,000
51,000
11,000
4,000
2,000
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
198,000
180,000
5,000
D
13,000
192,000
176,000
17,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
175,000
160,000
15,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
13,000
12,000
1,000
D
D
D
6,000
D
4,000
1,000
D
6,000
5,000
S
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
4,000
3,000
D
*
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
204,000
170,000
7,000
D
26,000
199,000
186,000
12,000
5,000
4,000
S
166,000
156,000
10,000
4,000
3,000
S
6,000
6,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
26,000
24,000
2,000
D
D
D
S&E-related occupations
2,910,000
2,125,000
156,000
319,000
311,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,843,000
2,509,000
334,000
68,000
59,000
9,000
2,071,000
1,818,000
254,000
53,000
47,000
7,000
152,000
127,000
25,000
4,000
3,000
S
311,000
292,000
19,000
8,000
6,000
D
309,000
272,000
36,000
S
S
D
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Health occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E managers, including health
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
1,899,000
1,488,000
127,000
70,000
213,000
1,860,000
1,628,000
232,000
38,000
36,000
3,000
1,458,000
1,275,000
182,000
31,000
29,000
S
124,000
103,000
20,000
3,000
S
D
67,000
64,000
D
D
D
D
212,000
185,000
26,000
D
D
D
265,000
221,000
6,000
S
36,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
259,000
236,000
24,000
6,000
6,000
D
215,000
196,000
19,000
6,000
6,000
D
6,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
S
S
D
D
D
D
35,000
33,000
3,000
D
D
D
S&E precollege teachers
244,000
D
D
241,000
D
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
239,000
225,000
14,000
5,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
236,000
222,000
14,000
5,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
355,000
280,000
20,000
5,000
51,000
343,000
298,000
45,000
12,000
9,000
3,000
269,000
233,000
35,000
11,000
8,000
3,000
19,000
16,000
4,000
S
D
D
5,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
50,000
45,000
5,000
D
D
D
148,000
135,000
3,000
D
9,000
142,000
123,000
19,000
6,000
4,000
D
130,000
113,000
17,000
6,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
9,000
7,000
D
D
D
D
S&E technicians/technologists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Arts/humanities/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
5,115,000
3,855,000
151,000
438,000
671,000
4,990,000
4,517,000
473,000
125,000
112,000
13,000
3,755,000
3,391,000
364,000
100,000
88,000
12,000
145,000
131,000
13,000
6,000
5,000
S
428,000
387,000
41,000
10,000
10,000
D
662,000
607,000
55,000
9,000
9,000
D
180,000
152,000
9,000
6,000
14,000
176,000
165,000
11,000
3,000
3,000
D
149,000
140,000
9,000
S
D
D
9,000
9,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
13,000
12,000
D
D
D
D
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Management-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Sales/marketing occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Social services/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
766,000
616,000
31,000
9,000
111,000
746,000
657,000
89,000
21,000
16,000
5,000
596,000
519,000
77,000
20,000
15,000
5,000
30,000
27,000
4,000
D
D
D
9,000
8,000
D
D
D
D
111,000
103,000
8,000
D
D
D
596,000
505,000
13,000
15,000
63,000
581,000
539,000
42,000
15,000
14,000
D
490,000
455,000
35,000
15,000
14,000
D
13,000
10,000
3,000
D
D
D
15,000
14,000
D
D
D
D
63,000
61,000
3,000
D
D
D
27,000
3,000
18,000
5,000
D
26,000
25,000
D
S
D
D
3,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
18,000
17,000
D
S
D
D
5,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
353,000
18,000
1,000
328,000
6,000
344,000
314,000
30,000
9,000
9,000
D
18,000
16,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
320,000
292,000
29,000
8,000
8,000
D
5,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
1,019,000
1,007,000
3,000
5,000
4,000
998,000
917,000
80,000
21,000
19,000
S
987,000
907,000
80,000
21,000
19,000
S
3,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
4,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
256,000
140,000
11,000
16,000
89,000
252,000
227,000
25,000
4,000
4,000
D
138,000
125,000
13,000
2,000
2,000
D
11,000
9,000
D
D
D
D
16,000
13,000
D
D
D
D
87,000
80,000
7,000
D
D
D
Other non-S&E occupations
1,918,000
1,415,000
65,000
54,000
384,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,866,000
1,672,000
194,000
52,000
47,000
5,000
1,375,000
1,227,000
148,000
40,000
36,000
4,000
61,000
57,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
S
53,000
46,000
7,000
D
D
D
378,000
342,000
36,000
6,000
6,000
D
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Master's degrees, all occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E occupations
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
5,690,000
5,344,000
4,650,000
694,000
346,000
217,000
129,000
3,435,000
3,165,000
2,647,000
518,000
270,000
177,000
94,000
414,000
365,000
328,000
37,000
49,000
17,000
32,000
1,140,000
1,126,000
1,061,000
65,000
14,000
13,000
1,000
701,000
688,000
614,000
74,000
13,000
11,000
2,000
1,519,000
1,067,000
167,000
91,000
194,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,309,000
1,038,000
271,000
210,000
111,000
99,000
901,000
679,000
222,000
166,000
94,000
72,000
131,000
116,000
15,000
36,000
11,000
25,000
89,000
82,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
S
188,000
160,000
28,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
Science occupations
1,038,000
667,000
147,000
89,000
136,000
887,000
710,000
177,000
152,000
84,000
68,000
551,000
407,000
144,000
116,000
69,000
47,000
118,000
104,000
14,000
29,000
10,000
19,000
87,000
81,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
S
131,000
118,000
13,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
128,000
49,000
39,000
6,000
33,000
114,000
98,000
16,000
14,000
9,000
5,000
45,000
34,000
10,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
30,000
27,000
3,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
6,000
6,000
D
D
D
D
33,000
31,000
2,000
D
D
D
Agricultural/food scientists
15,000
8,000
6,000
D
2,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
14,000
12,000
S
1,000
D
1,000
7,000
5,000
D
*
D
D
5,000
5,000
D
S
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
Biological/medical scientists
86,000
39,000
23,000
D
23,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
74,000
62,000
12,000
12,000
8,000
4,000
35,000
27,000
8,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
16,000
14,000
2,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
23,000
21,000
2,000
D
D
D
Environmental life scientists
11,000
2,000
1,000
D
7,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
10,000
10,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
7,000
7,000
D
D
D
D
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
16,000
D
9,000
6,000
D
15,000
14,000
1,000
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
9,000
8,000
1,000
*
D
*
6,000
6,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Computer/mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Computer/information scientists
608,000
479,000
55,000
26,000
49,000
493,000
353,000
140,000
116,000
66,000
50,000
377,000
257,000
120,000
102,000
60,000
42,000
46,000
38,000
8,000
9,000
3,000
7,000
25,000
22,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
D
45,000
37,000
8,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
523,000
451,000
29,000
7,000
36,000
416,000
287,000
129,000
107,000
62,000
44,000
354,000
239,000
115,000
97,000
58,000
39,000
23,000
18,000
5,000
6,000
2,000
4,000
7,000
6,000
1,000
D
D
D
32,000
25,000
8,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
46,000
27,000
6,000
D
13,000
40,000
34,000
7,000
6,000
2,000
4,000
23,000
18,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
12,000
12,000
1,000
D
D
D
39,000
D
20,000
18,000
D
36,000
32,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
17,000
16,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
18,000
16,000
2,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Physical/related scientists
84,000
48,000
16,000
5,000
15,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
74,000
65,000
9,000
10,000
5,000
5,000
44,000
37,000
7,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
11,000
10,000
1,000
5,000
1,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
15,000
13,000
1,000
*
D
D
Chemists, except biochemists
26,000
21,000
2,000
D
3,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
21,000
14,000
7,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
17,000
12,000
6,000
4,000
3,000
*
1,000
1,000
D
1,000
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
1,000
D
D
D
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Postsecondary teachers-computer/mathematical sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Physicists/astronomers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Postsecondary teachers-physical/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Economists
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
30,000
19,000
3,000
D
8,000
29,000
27,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
18,000
17,000
1,000
1,000
D
S
2,000
2,000
D
1,000
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
8,000
8,000
*
D
D
D
6,000
2,000
3,000
D
1,000
4,000
4,000
D
2,000
*
2,000
2,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
2,000
*
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
12,000
D
7,000
5,000
D
11,000
10,000
S
1,000
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
6,000
5,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
5,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
10,000
5,000
1,000
D
4,000
9,000
9,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
4,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
218,000
91,000
37,000
52,000
39,000
206,000
194,000
12,000
12,000
4,000
8,000
86,000
79,000
7,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
31,000
29,000
2,000
6,000
S
5,000
51,000
49,000
2,000
D
D
D
38,000
37,000
1,000
S
D
D
15,000
8,000
2,000
D
5,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
13,000
12,000
1,000
2,000
*
1,000
6,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
*
S
S
S
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
5,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
Political/related scientists
10,000
5,000
1,000
D
3,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
9,000
8,000
D
1,000
D
S
5,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
S
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Postsecondary teachers-social/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Psychologists
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
33,000
D
21,000
11,000
D
30,000
29,000
1,000
3,000
D
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
18,000
17,000
1,000
3,000
D
3,000
11,000
11,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
95,000
37,000
8,000
40,000
11,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
93,000
88,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
36,000
34,000
2,000
S
D
D
7,000
6,000
S
1,000
D
D
39,000
37,000
2,000
D
D
D
11,000
11,000
D
D
D
D
Sociologists/anthropologists
9,000
4,000
3,000
D
2,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
9,000
9,000
D
*
D
*
4,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
Other social/related scientists
56,000
36,000
2,000
D
17,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
53,000
48,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
34,000
31,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
17,000
16,000
D
D
D
D
Engineering occupations
480,000
400,000
20,000
2,000
58,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
422,000
328,000
94,000
58,000
27,000
32,000
350,000
273,000
78,000
50,000
25,000
25,000
13,000
12,000
1,000
7,000
1,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
57,000
42,000
15,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
37,000
28,000
1,000
D
8,000
35,000
30,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
27,000
23,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
8,000
7,000
S
D
D
D
23,000
22,000
1,000
D
*
21,000
16,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
20,000
15,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
*
1,000
1,000
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Chemical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Industrial engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Mechanical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
76,000
55,000
1,000
D
19,000
69,000
52,000
17,000
7,000
3,000
4,000
49,000
40,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
19,000
11,000
7,000
1,000
*
D
133,000
119,000
3,000
D
10,000
110,000
72,000
38,000
23,000
10,000
13,000
98,000
62,000
35,000
21,000
10,000
11,000
2,000
2,000
D
2,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
10,000
8,000
3,000
D
D
D
23,000
22,000
*
D
1,000
20,000
18,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
19,000
17,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
*
*
D
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
91,000
83,000
2,000
D
6,000
82,000
66,000
16,000
9,000
5,000
5,000
74,000
60,000
14,000
8,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
D
1,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
6,000
4,000
1,000
D
D
D
8,000
D
6,000
1,000
D
6,000
6,000
*
2,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
4,000
4,000
D
2,000
D
1,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
90,000
72,000
5,000
D
14,000
80,000
69,000
11,000
10,000
4,000
6,000
63,000
55,000
8,000
8,000
4,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
*
2,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
13,000
11,000
3,000
*
D
D
S&E-related occupations
1,404,000
749,000
90,000
427,000
139,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,365,000
1,215,000
151,000
39,000
28,000
11,000
720,000
619,000
102,000
28,000
20,000
8,000
85,000
76,000
9,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
423,000
401,000
22,000
4,000
4,000
D
137,000
119,000
18,000
1,000
1,000
D
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Health occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E managers, including health
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
724,000
477,000
72,000
92,000
83,000
714,000
640,000
74,000
10,000
7,000
3,000
470,000
419,000
51,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
70,000
64,000
6,000
3,000
S
S
92,000
89,000
3,000
D
D
D
82,000
69,000
13,000
*
*
D
194,000
143,000
10,000
2,000
39,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
186,000
159,000
27,000
8,000
7,000
1,000
135,000
113,000
22,000
8,000
6,000
1,000
9,000
8,000
1,000
D
D
D
2,000
S
D
D
D
D
39,000
37,000
3,000
D
D
D
S&E precollege teachers
334,000
D
1,000
332,000
D
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
330,000
311,000
19,000
4,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
328,000
309,000
19,000
4,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
85,000
67,000
7,000
S
10,000
74,000
53,000
21,000
11,000
5,000
6,000
59,000
41,000
18,000
8,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
D
2,000
S
S
D
D
D
D
10,000
8,000
2,000
D
D
D
67,000
61,000
D
D
6,000
61,000
51,000
10,000
5,000
5,000
S
55,000
46,000
10,000
5,000
5,000
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
6,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
S&E technicians/technologists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Arts/humanities/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,768,000
1,619,000
158,000
622,000
368,000
2,670,000
2,397,000
273,000
98,000
79,000
19,000
1,543,000
1,349,000
195,000
76,000
62,000
14,000
150,000
136,000
14,000
8,000
3,000
5,000
614,000
578,000
36,000
8,000
8,000
D
363,000
335,000
28,000
5,000
5,000
D
95,000
73,000
9,000
5,000
8,000
89,000
80,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
S
67,000
60,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
S
9,000
9,000
D
D
D
D
5,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
7,000
6,000
D
D
D
D
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Management-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
479,000
369,000
18,000
12,000
80,000
451,000
389,000
62,000
28,000
21,000
6,000
344,000
293,000
51,000
26,000
20,000
6,000
17,000
12,000
5,000
D
D
D
12,000
12,000
D
D
D
D
78,000
72,000
6,000
S
S
D
531,000
359,000
23,000
81,000
68,000
514,000
458,000
56,000
17,000
14,000
3,000
345,000
296,000
49,000
15,000
12,000
2,000
22,000
21,000
S
D
D
D
81,000
79,000
2,000
D
D
D
67,000
63,000
4,000
D
D
D
73,000
6,000
44,000
21,000
S
68,000
63,000
5,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
6,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
40,000
38,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
21,000
19,000
2,000
D
D
D
S
S
D
D
D
D
378,000
7,000
D
368,000
3,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
370,000
345,000
25,000
8,000
8,000
D
6,000
5,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
360,000
337,000
23,000
7,000
7,000
D
3,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
Sales/marketing occupations
296,000
290,000
S
D
2,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
282,000
242,000
40,000
14,000
13,000
S
276,000
237,000
39,000
14,000
13,000
S
S
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
S
D
D
D
D
Social services/related occupations
435,000
224,000
26,000
101,000
84,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
430,000
407,000
24,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
221,000
211,000
10,000
4,000
3,000
D
25,000
23,000
2,000
S
D
D
101,000
93,000
7,000
D
D
D
84,000
79,000
5,000
D
D
D
Other non-S&E occupations
481,000
290,000
34,000
35,000
122,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
466,000
413,000
53,000
16,000
12,000
3,000
279,000
242,000
37,000
11,000
9,000
2,000
32,000
29,000
3,000
2,000
S
1,000
34,000
32,000
2,000
D
D
D
121,000
110,000
11,000
S
S
D
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Doctoral degrees, all occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E occupations
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
934,000
804,000
629,000
175,000
130,000
92,000
38,000
416,000
348,000
255,000
93,000
68,000
49,000
19,000
381,000
326,000
265,000
60,000
55,000
38,000
17,000
56,000
55,000
49,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
*
81,000
76,000
60,000
16,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
592,000
249,000
268,000
19,000
56,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
490,000
374,000
116,000
102,000
68,000
34,000
198,000
140,000
58,000
51,000
34,000
17,000
221,000
177,000
44,000
46,000
31,000
15,000
18,000
16,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
52,000
41,000
12,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
Science occupations
485,000
181,000
237,000
19,000
48,000
409,000
325,000
85,000
75,000
53,000
22,000
147,000
109,000
38,000
34,000
24,000
10,000
199,000
163,000
36,000
38,000
26,000
12,000
18,000
16,000
2,000
1,000
*
*
45,000
36,000
9,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
156,000
50,000
83,000
4,000
19,000
128,000
97,000
31,000
28,000
20,000
8,000
39,000
27,000
13,000
11,000
8,000
2,000
68,000
54,000
13,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
*
D
D
D
17,000
13,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
*
Agricultural/food scientists
11,000
5,000
3,000
D
2,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
9,000
7,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
*
4,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
3,000
2,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
*
D
D
D
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Biological/medical scientists
108,000
44,000
47,000
*
17,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
85,000
62,000
23,000
23,000
16,000
7,000
34,000
23,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
2,000
36,000
28,000
8,000
11,000
7,000
4,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
15,000
11,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
*
Environmental life scientists
2,000
*
*
D
1,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
D
*
*
D
*
D
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
35,000
*
32,000
3,000
D
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
32,000
27,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
29,000
24,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Computer/mathematical scientists
92,000
47,000
35,000
4,000
6,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
70,000
46,000
23,000
22,000
15,000
7,000
34,000
20,000
14,000
13,000
9,000
4,000
27,000
19,000
7,000
8,000
6,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
*
*
D
5,000
4,000
1,000
*
*
D
Computer/information scientists
46,000
37,000
5,000
*
3,000
33,000
21,000
13,000
12,000
9,000
4,000
26,000
16,000
11,000
10,000
7,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
2,000
1,000
D
D
D
17,000
10,000
4,000
S
2,000
13,000
8,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
7,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
S
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
29,000
*
26,000
3,000
D
24,000
17,000
6,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
21,000
15,000
6,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Physical/related scientists
93,000
36,000
43,000
3,000
11,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
78,000
61,000
17,000
16,000
11,000
4,000
29,000
21,000
8,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
35,000
28,000
7,000
8,000
6,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
*
*
D
D
11,000
8,000
2,000
1,000
*
*
Chemists, except biochemists
29,000
21,000
4,000
D
3,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
23,000
16,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
17,000
12,000
5,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
2,000
1,000
*
D
D
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Postsecondary teachers-computer/mathematical sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Physicists/astronomers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Postsecondary teachers-physical/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Economists
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
12,000
4,000
4,000
D
3,000
10,000
9,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
*
1,000
*
*
3,000
3,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
3,000
1,000
*
D
D
16,000
8,000
5,000
D
3,000
13,000
10,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
4,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
2,000
1,000
*
*
*
32,000
D
29,000
3,000
D
28,000
23,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
25,000
20,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
*
3,000
2,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
4,000
3,000
1,000
D
1,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
D
*
*
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
144,000
48,000
76,000
8,000
12,000
134,000
120,000
14,000
10,000
7,000
3,000
45,000
41,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
69,000
61,000
8,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
8,000
7,000
1,000
*
*
D
12,000
11,000
1,000
*
*
D
8,000
4,000
2,000
D
2,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
6,000
5,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
*
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
*
*
*
D
Political/related scientists
1,000
*
1,000
D
*
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
D
*
*
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Postsecondary teachers-social/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Psychologists
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
65,000
*
59,000
5,000
*
59,000
53,000
7,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
54,000
48,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
5,000
4,000
*
*
*
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
56,000
37,000
9,000
3,000
7,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
55,000
50,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
*
36,000
33,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
D
9,000
8,000
S
*
*
*
3,000
3,000
*
D
D
D
7,000
7,000
1,000
D
D
D
Sociologists/anthropologists
4,000
2,000
2,000
D
1,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
3,000
*
1,000
*
*
1,000
1,000
D
*
D
D
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
Other social/related scientists
9,000
4,000
3,000
*
1,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
8,000
7,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
*
3,000
3,000
*
*
*
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
Engineering occupations
107,000
68,000
30,000
*
8,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
81,000
50,000
31,000
26,000
15,000
11,000
51,000
31,000
20,000
17,000
10,000
7,000
22,000
14,000
8,000
8,000
4,000
4,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
7,000
5,000
3,000
1,000
*
*
7,000
5,000
*
D
1,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
*
*
5,000
3,000
2,000
*
*
D
*
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
9,000
8,000
1,000
D
*
7,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Chemical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
6,000
4,000
1,000
D
1,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
*
*
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
*
1,000
*
*
D
25,000
21,000
2,000
D
2,000
17,000
10,000
8,000
8,000
4,000
3,000
14,000
8,000
7,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
S
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
*
D
*
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
1,000
1,000
S
*
D
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
11,000
9,000
1,000
D
1,000
8,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
*
*
D
D
D
21,000
D
21,000
*
*
16,000
10,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
16,000
10,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
27,000
20,000
4,000
D
3,000
20,000
14,000
6,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
15,000
11,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
3,000
2,000
1,000
*
*
D
S&E-related occupations
117,000
53,000
37,000
15,000
13,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
105,000
80,000
25,000
12,000
11,000
2,000
46,000
32,000
14,000
7,000
5,000
1,000
32,000
26,000
7,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
15,000
13,000
2,000
*
*
D
12,000
10,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
D
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Industrial engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Mechanical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other engineers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Health occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E managers, including health
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
65,000
25,000
32,000
1,000
7,000
58,000
46,000
13,000
7,000
6,000
1,000
23,000
17,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
S
29,000
23,000
6,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
6,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
S
D
32,000
23,000
4,000
D
5,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
29,000
21,000
8,000
3,000
3,000
*
20,000
14,000
7,000
3,000
2,000
*
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
5,000
5,000
1,000
D
D
D
S&E precollege teachers
15,000
D
D
14,000
D
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
14,000
12,000
2,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
14,000
12,000
2,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
4,000
4,000
1,000
D
*
3,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
*
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
*
*
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
S&E technicians/technologists
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Arts/humanities/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
*
D
D
D
1,000
*
*
*
D
D
*
*
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
225,000
114,000
76,000
22,000
12,000
209,000
175,000
35,000
16,000
13,000
3,000
104,000
83,000
21,000
11,000
9,000
2,000
72,000
62,000
10,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
21,000
20,000
2,000
1,000
*
D
12,000
10,000
2,000
*
*
D
9,000
7,000
1,000
D
*
8,000
7,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
D
6,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
D
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
*
D
D
D
D
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Management-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
34,000
27,000
3,000
S
4,000
31,000
26,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
24,000
20,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
*
*
*
D
S
S
D
D
D
D
4,000
3,000
S
*
D
D
75,000
37,000
23,000
11,000
4,000
71,000
60,000
11,000
4,000
4,000
*
33,000
25,000
8,000
4,000
3,000
*
23,000
20,000
2,000
*
*
D
11,000
11,000
*
D
D
D
4,000
3,000
1,000
D
D
D
50,000
S
46,000
2,000
D
46,000
39,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
D
D
D
D
42,000
35,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
6,000
S
D
5,000
*
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
6,000
5,000
S
*
D
D
S
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
5,000
4,000
S
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Sales/marketing occupations
14,000
14,000
D
D
D
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
11,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
*
11,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
*
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Social services/related occupations
16,000
12,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
15,000
14,000
2,000
*
D
D
12,000
11,000
1,000
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
2,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
Other non-S&E occupations
21,000
15,000
2,000
S
3,000
20,000
17,000
3,000
14,000
12,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
*
S
S
D
3,000
2,000
1,000
U.S. citizen
Native-born
Naturalized
TABLE 9. Employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector: 2008
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Non-U.S. citizen
1,000
1,000
D
D
Permanent resident
*
*
D
D
Temporary resident
D
D
D
D
* = value < 500. D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards.
Government
D
D
D
S&E = science and engineering.
a
Total includes professional degrees not broken out separately.
NOTES: Scientists and engineers include any person who has ever received bachelor's or higher degree in S&E or S&E-related field through 30 June 2007, plus any person holding
non-S&E bachelor's or higher degree who was employed in S&E or S&E-related occupation on 1 October 2003. See http://sestat.nsf.gov/docs/occ03maj.html for detailed description
of occupational classification. Business/industry includes self-employed individuals, nonprofit organizations, and other unspecified types of employers. Four-year college/university
includes medical schools and university-affiliated research institutes. Other educational institution includes 2-year colleges, precollege institutions, and other educational institutions.
Government includes federal (civilian), military, state, and local employers. Numbers are rounded to nearest thousand. Detail may not add to total because of rounding.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation/National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2008.