TABLE 6. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
23,279,000
12,561,000
10,718,000
1,263,000
626,000
637,000
93,000
47,000
46,000
2,389,000
1,333,000
1,056,000
1,305,000
530,000
775,000
17,757,000
9,785,000
7,972,000
472,000
240,000
232,000
12,588,000
7,593,000
4,996,000
722,000
388,000
334,000
46,000
24,000
22,000
1,545,000
944,000
602,000
638,000
300,000
338,000
9,348,000
5,774,000
3,574,000
289,000
163,000
126,000
9,668,000
5,063,000
4,605,000
558,000
252,000
306,000
39,000
19,000
20,000
1,021,000
517,000
505,000
554,000
235,000
319,000
7,264,000
3,926,000
3,339,000
231,000
115,000
116,000
1,958,000
1,019,000
939,000
106,000
51,000
56,000
8,000
6,000
2,000
214,000
93,000
121,000
79,000
26,000
53,000
1,509,000
822,000
686,000
43,000
22,000
21,000
312,000
198,000
115,000
12,000
7,000
5,000
S
S
D
17,000
12,000
6,000
7,000
4,000
2,000
267,000
168,000
98,000
8,000
5,000
S
1,439,000
684,000
755,000
89,000
40,000
49,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
189,000
78,000
111,000
69,000
20,000
49,000
1,057,000
530,000
527,000
31,000
13,000
17,000
207,000
137,000
70,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
8,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
185,000
124,000
61,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
1,921,000
1,282,000
639,000
84,000
57,000
27,000
9,000
7,000
2,000
381,000
239,000
143,000
108,000
62,000
47,000
1,304,000
893,000
411,000
34,000
24,000
9,000
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
1,279,000
900,000
379,000
68,000
47,000
21,000
9,000
7,000
S
301,000
197,000
104,000
77,000
44,000
34,000
800,000
588,000
211,000
24,000
17,000
7,000
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
642,000
382,000
261,000
17,000
10,000
6,000
*
D
D
80,000
41,000
39,000
31,000
18,000
13,000
505,000
305,000
200,000
10,000
7,000
2,000
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
846,000
604,000
242,000
37,000
21,000
15,000
3,000
2,000
S
114,000
71,000
43,000
22,000
14,000
8,000
655,000
487,000
168,000
15,000
9,000
6,000
400,000
259,000
141,000
20,000
11,000
8,000
S
*
S
69,000
40,000
29,000
13,000
7,000
6,000
289,000
196,000
94,000
7,000
5,000
3,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
All degree levels and fieldsb
Male
Female
S&E fields
Male
Female
Sciences
Male
Female
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
Biological sciences
Male
Female
Environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
TABLE 6. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
Female
204,000
156,000
48,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
*
*
*
8,000
5,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
186,000
144,000
42,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
188,000
160,000
29,000
6,000
5,000
1,000
S
S
D
36,000
25,000
10,000
4,000
3,000
S
139,000
123,000
16,000
2,000
2,000
*
53,000
29,000
24,000
4,000
1,000
3,000
D
D
D
2,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
S
41,000
24,000
17,000
3,000
D
S
4,943,000
2,158,000
2,785,000
331,000
122,000
208,000
19,000
5,000
14,000
312,000
114,000
198,000
345,000
134,000
211,000
3,796,000
1,723,000
2,073,000
140,000
60,000
80,000
Economics
Male
Female
706,000
505,000
201,000
35,000
24,000
11,000
1,000
S
D
108,000
50,000
58,000
24,000
18,000
6,000
524,000
403,000
121,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
892,000
520,000
372,000
52,000
26,000
26,000
2,000
S
1,000
52,000
21,000
31,000
63,000
33,000
30,000
696,000
424,000
272,000
27,000
15,000
12,000
1,827,000
538,000
1,289,000
137,000
35,000
102,000
7,000
S
6,000
72,000
21,000
51,000
132,000
37,000
95,000
1,428,000
430,000
997,000
51,000
13,000
38,000
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
978,000
356,000
622,000
68,000
25,000
43,000
6,000
1,000
5,000
42,000
13,000
30,000
84,000
32,000
52,000
743,000
269,000
474,000
33,000
14,000
19,000
Other social sciences
Male
Female
540,000
239,000
301,000
38,000
12,000
26,000
S
S
S
38,000
10,000
28,000
42,000
13,000
28,000
405,000
196,000
209,000
14,000
7,000
7,000
2,921,000
2,530,000
391,000
164,000
136,000
28,000
7,000
6,000
1,000
524,000
427,000
97,000
84,000
65,000
19,000
2,084,000
1,849,000
235,000
58,000
48,000
10,000
96,000
87,000
9,000
5,000
5,000
*
1,000
S
D
8,000
7,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
*
76,000
69,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
*
207,000
159,000
48,000
10,000
6,000
3,000
2,000
S
*
39,000
29,000
10,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
148,000
118,000
30,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
Psychology
Male
Female
Engineering
Male
Female
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
TABLE 6. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
457,000
392,000
65,000
34,000
29,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
*
59,000
50,000
10,000
12,000
10,000
2,000
338,000
292,000
46,000
12,000
10,000
2,000
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
936,000
826,000
110,000
50,000
42,000
8,000
1,000
1,000
D
246,000
201,000
46,000
34,000
27,000
7,000
582,000
535,000
47,000
23,000
21,000
2,000
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
183,000
147,000
35,000
18,000
14,000
4,000
D
D
D
26,000
20,000
6,000
8,000
5,000
3,000
129,000
107,000
22,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
605,000
556,000
49,000
26,000
23,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
77,000
71,000
6,000
14,000
12,000
2,000
479,000
442,000
37,000
9,000
6,000
2,000
Other engineering
Male
Female
437,000
362,000
75,000
22,000
16,000
6,000
*
D
*
68,000
49,000
19,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
332,000
286,000
46,000
6,000
4,000
1,000
5,570,000
2,157,000
3,413,000
291,000
117,000
174,000
23,000
8,000
15,000
526,000
222,000
304,000
316,000
93,000
222,000
4,310,000
1,675,000
2,634,000
105,000
42,000
63,000
4,421,000
1,413,000
3,008,000
233,000
80,000
154,000
18,000
5,000
13,000
440,000
164,000
275,000
255,000
54,000
201,000
3,385,000
1,080,000
2,305,000
90,000
31,000
60,000
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
426,000
178,000
248,000
14,000
4,000
10,000
2,000
D
2,000
13,000
4,000
9,000
23,000
9,000
14,000
369,000
158,000
211,000
5,000
3,000
S
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
352,000
300,000
52,000
19,000
18,000
1,000
S
D
D
42,000
32,000
10,000
21,000
16,000
5,000
261,000
226,000
35,000
6,000
5,000
D
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
371,000
265,000
105,000
25,000
16,000
9,000
D
D
D
31,000
21,000
10,000
17,000
14,000
3,000
294,000
211,000
83,000
4,000
3,000
D
5,120,000
2,811,000
2,309,000
250,000
121,000
129,000
24,000
15,000
10,000
318,000
168,000
150,000
351,000
137,000
214,000
4,099,000
2,335,000
1,764,000
78,000
36,000
42,000
373,000
192,000
180,000
18,000
8,000
10,000
D
D
D
23,000
8,000
14,000
9,000
3,000
5,000
318,000
170,000
148,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Health
Male
Female
Non-S&E fields
Male
Female
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
TABLE 6. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
Education, except science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
1,195,000
451,000
744,000
61,000
17,000
43,000
7,000
3,000
4,000
34,000
10,000
24,000
98,000
26,000
72,000
979,000
388,000
591,000
16,000
6,000
9,000
Management/administration
Male
Female
1,648,000
1,151,000
497,000
80,000
54,000
26,000
8,000
6,000
S
172,000
106,000
66,000
105,000
54,000
52,000
1,260,000
921,000
339,000
23,000
11,000
11,000
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
172,000
103,000
69,000
9,000
4,000
5,000
D
D
D
14,000
9,000
5,000
8,000
6,000
2,000
140,000
83,000
57,000
S
S
D
Social services/related
Male
Female
422,000
175,000
246,000
23,000
9,000
14,000
1,000
D
1,000
13,000
7,000
5,000
45,000
15,000
30,000
333,000
142,000
191,000
7,000
S
5,000
1,311,000
738,000
573,000
60,000
29,000
32,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
63,000
28,000
35,000
86,000
33,000
52,000
1,069,000
631,000
438,000
27,000
13,000
14,000
13,193,000
6,947,000
6,246,000
771,000
383,000
388,000
58,000
28,000
30,000
1,179,000
607,000
572,000
764,000
314,000
450,000
10,109,000
5,454,000
4,655,000
313,000
161,000
152,000
9,165,000
5,439,000
3,726,000
575,000
309,000
266,000
36,000
20,000
16,000
882,000
508,000
374,000
506,000
239,000
268,000
6,931,000
4,237,000
2,694,000
234,000
127,000
106,000
7,116,000
3,648,000
3,467,000
446,000
200,000
246,000
30,000
15,000
15,000
617,000
289,000
328,000
441,000
189,000
252,000
5,393,000
2,864,000
2,528,000
189,000
91,000
98,000
1,446,000
726,000
721,000
87,000
41,000
46,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
131,000
50,000
81,000
65,000
18,000
46,000
1,124,000
595,000
529,000
33,000
16,000
17,000
254,000
158,000
96,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
S
D
D
11,000
8,000
4,000
4,000
S
2,000
222,000
138,000
84,000
6,000
4,000
S
1,035,000
461,000
574,000
73,000
32,000
41,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
115,000
42,000
74,000
59,000
15,000
44,000
759,000
360,000
399,000
24,000
10,000
14,000
158,000
107,000
51,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
4,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
*
143,000
98,000
45,000
S
S
*
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Other non-S&E fields
Male
Female
Bachelor's degrees
Male
Female
S&E fields
Male
Female
Sciences
Male
Female
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
Biological sciences
Male
Female
Environmental life sciences
Male
Female
TABLE 6. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
1,355,000
895,000
460,000
70,000
46,000
23,000
8,000
7,000
D
186,000
116,000
70,000
85,000
50,000
36,000
979,000
656,000
322,000
27,000
20,000
7,000
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
887,000
627,000
260,000
56,000
38,000
18,000
7,000
7,000
D
142,000
95,000
47,000
62,000
35,000
27,000
600,000
438,000
162,000
19,000
14,000
5,000
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
468,000
268,000
200,000
14,000
8,000
6,000
D
D
D
44,000
21,000
23,000
23,000
14,000
9,000
378,000
218,000
160,000
8,000
7,000
2,000
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
518,000
351,000
166,000
28,000
15,000
13,000
2,000
1,000
S
53,000
30,000
23,000
16,000
9,000
7,000
409,000
292,000
117,000
11,000
5,000
6,000
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
258,000
155,000
103,000
16,000
9,000
7,000
S
D
D
34,000
18,000
15,000
10,000
4,000
6,000
192,000
121,000
70,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
Female
125,000
96,000
28,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
*
D
D
2,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
116,000
90,000
26,000
2,000
1,000
*
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
91,000
76,000
15,000
3,000
2,000
S
*
D
D
16,000
10,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
S
68,000
61,000
7,000
1,000
1,000
*
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
44,000
24,000
20,000
4,000
1,000
3,000
D
D
D
2,000
*
1,000
S
S
*
33,000
20,000
13,000
S
D
D
3,797,000
1,676,000
2,121,000
262,000
98,000
163,000
14,000
3,000
11,000
247,000
93,000
154,000
275,000
112,000
163,000
2,882,000
1,321,000
1,561,000
118,000
49,000
68,000
Economics
Male
Female
597,000
428,000
170,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
1,000
D
D
90,000
41,000
50,000
20,000
15,000
5,000
443,000
343,000
100,000
14,000
9,000
5,000
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
721,000
419,000
302,000
44,000
23,000
21,000
1,000
D
1,000
40,000
17,000
24,000
52,000
28,000
24,000
560,000
338,000
222,000
24,000
13,000
11,000
1,189,000
340,000
848,000
99,000
25,000
74,000
4,000
D
3,000
53,000
18,000
35,000
94,000
28,000
65,000
902,000
261,000
641,000
37,000
8,000
30,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
Psychology
Male
Female
TABLE 6. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
873,000
305,000
568,000
59,000
21,000
38,000
6,000
D
5,000
37,000
11,000
26,000
75,000
29,000
46,000
665,000
230,000
435,000
31,000
13,000
18,000
Other social sciences
Male
Female
417,000
184,000
232,000
30,000
9,000
21,000
S
D
D
27,000
7,000
20,000
34,000
12,000
22,000
311,000
150,000
162,000
11,000
6,000
5,000
2,049,000
1,791,000
258,000
129,000
109,000
21,000
6,000
5,000
1,000
265,000
219,000
46,000
65,000
49,000
16,000
1,538,000
1,373,000
166,000
45,000
37,000
9,000
65,000
59,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
*
S
D
D
3,000
3,000
*
2,000
2,000
*
53,000
48,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
*
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
154,000
115,000
39,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
S
D
20,000
13,000
7,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
118,000
92,000
26,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
336,000
291,000
44,000
28,000
24,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
D
31,000
27,000
5,000
10,000
8,000
2,000
256,000
224,000
32,000
9,000
8,000
1,000
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
629,000
566,000
63,000
40,000
34,000
6,000
1,000
S
D
128,000
109,000
19,000
28,000
22,000
6,000
414,000
382,000
31,000
19,000
17,000
2,000
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
135,000
109,000
26,000
14,000
11,000
3,000
D
D
D
13,000
8,000
5,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
101,000
86,000
15,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
477,000
439,000
37,000
21,000
20,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
D
45,000
42,000
2,000
11,000
10,000
1,000
391,000
362,000
29,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
Other engineering
Male
Female
253,000
211,000
42,000
15,000
11,000
4,000
D
D
D
25,000
17,000
8,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
205,000
179,000
27,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,911,000
892,000
2,019,000
156,000
50,000
106,000
15,000
5,000
10,000
237,000
73,000
164,000
183,000
49,000
134,000
2,259,000
694,000
1,565,000
62,000
22,000
40,000
2,160,000
364,000
1,796,000
111,000
19,000
92,000
11,000
2,000
9,000
183,000
37,000
145,000
145,000
20,000
126,000
1,657,000
271,000
1,386,000
54,000
15,000
39,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Engineering
Male
Female
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Health
Male
Female
TABLE 6. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
199,000
88,000
111,000
9,000
3,000
6,000
D
D
D
6,000
2,000
4,000
8,000
4,000
3,000
175,000
78,000
96,000
D
D
D
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
291,000
251,000
40,000
17,000
16,000
D
S
D
D
25,000
19,000
6,000
17,000
14,000
3,000
224,000
195,000
29,000
5,000
5,000
D
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
261,000
190,000
71,000
19,000
12,000
7,000
D
D
D
23,000
15,000
8,000
12,000
11,000
2,000
204,000
149,000
54,000
2,000
2,000
D
1,117,000
615,000
502,000
40,000
24,000
15,000
7,000
3,000
S
60,000
27,000
33,000
75,000
27,000
48,000
918,000
523,000
395,000
18,000
11,000
6,000
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
228,000
129,000
99,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
D
D
D
9,000
3,000
6,000
6,000
3,000
S
204,000
117,000
87,000
2,000
1,000
S
Education, except science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
197,000
66,000
131,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
D
D
D
5,000
S
4,000
14,000
3,000
11,000
167,000
56,000
110,000
3,000
D
D
Management/administration
Male
Female
433,000
287,000
146,000
17,000
12,000
5,000
S
D
D
36,000
17,000
19,000
34,000
14,000
19,000
336,000
236,000
100,000
8,000
6,000
2,000
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
51,000
29,000
22,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
45,000
26,000
19,000
D
D
D
Social services/related
Male
Female
36,000
22,000
14,000
S
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
S
D
5,000
D
3,000
28,000
18,000
10,000
D
D
D
Other non-S&E fields
Male
Female
172,000
81,000
90,000
7,000
2,000
5,000
S
D
D
6,000
3,000
4,000
14,000
4,000
11,000
139,000
70,000
69,000
3,000
S
D
Master's degrees
Male
Female
6,893,000
3,518,000
3,375,000
334,000
150,000
184,000
26,000
13,000
13,000
799,000
467,000
332,000
414,000
155,000
259,000
5,210,000
2,679,000
2,532,000
109,000
55,000
54,000
S&E fields
Male
Female
2,544,000
1,533,000
1,011,000
120,000
63,000
56,000
8,000
3,000
5,000
497,000
312,000
185,000
108,000
48,000
60,000
1,766,000
1,077,000
689,000
45,000
29,000
16,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Non-S&E fields
Male
Female
TABLE 6. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
1,831,000
934,000
896,000
89,000
39,000
50,000
7,000
3,000
5,000
295,000
152,000
142,000
92,000
35,000
57,000
1,314,000
686,000
628,000
34,000
19,000
15,000
278,000
140,000
138,000
11,000
5,000
6,000
1,000
D
*
37,000
13,000
24,000
9,000
4,000
4,000
213,000
113,000
100,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
37,000
22,000
14,000
2,000
*
1,000
D
D
D
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
S
*
28,000
17,000
11,000
S
D
D
200,000
94,000
107,000
9,000
4,000
5,000
*
D
D
32,000
10,000
22,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
150,000
75,000
75,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
Environmental life sciences
Male
Female
41,000
24,000
17,000
1,000
*
*
D
D
D
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
D
1,000
35,000
20,000
15,000
S
D
*
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
499,000
331,000
168,000
13,000
10,000
3,000
S
D
D
178,000
109,000
69,000
21,000
11,000
11,000
279,000
198,000
81,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
367,000
252,000
115,000
11,000
8,000
3,000
D
D
D
151,000
95,000
56,000
15,000
8,000
7,000
184,000
137,000
47,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
132,000
79,000
53,000
2,000
2,000
*
D
D
D
27,000
14,000
13,000
6,000
3,000
4,000
95,000
60,000
35,000
1,000
1,000
*
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
159,000
113,000
47,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
S
D
D
28,000
16,000
12,000
4,000
3,000
S
118,000
87,000
32,000
2,000
2,000
*
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
54,000
33,000
21,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
17,000
8,000
9,000
2,000
1,000
*
34,000
22,000
12,000
1,000
1,000
D
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
Female
58,000
43,000
15,000
2,000
1,000
*
*
D
D
4,000
2,000
1,000
*
*
*
51,000
38,000
13,000
1,000
1,000
*
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
41,000
34,000
7,000
2,000
2,000
*
D
D
D
8,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
D
28,000
24,000
5,000
*
*
D
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Sciences
Male
Female
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
Biological sciences
Male
Female
TABLE 6. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
6,000
3,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
S
5,000
2,000
3,000
D
D
D
895,000
351,000
544,000
59,000
20,000
39,000
4,000
S
3,000
51,000
15,000
36,000
58,000
17,000
41,000
704,000
289,000
415,000
19,000
9,000
10,000
81,000
56,000
25,000
4,000
3,000
S
D
D
D
13,000
6,000
7,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
59,000
43,000
16,000
S
S
D
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
146,000
83,000
63,000
8,000
3,000
5,000
D
D
D
11,000
4,000
7,000
9,000
4,000
5,000
115,000
70,000
45,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
Psychology
Male
Female
493,000
134,000
359,000
32,000
9,000
23,000
3,000
D
2,000
14,000
2,000
12,000
33,000
7,000
25,000
400,000
111,000
289,000
12,000
5,000
7,000
73,000
34,000
38,000
8,000
3,000
5,000
S
D
*
5,000
1,000
3,000
7,000
2,000
5,000
51,000
26,000
25,000
1,000
S
1,000
103,000
43,000
59,000
7,000
2,000
5,000
*
D
*
9,000
2,000
7,000
6,000
1,000
5,000
78,000
38,000
40,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
713,000
599,000
115,000
31,000
24,000
7,000
1,000
*
*
203,000
160,000
43,000
16,000
13,000
3,000
452,000
391,000
61,000
11,000
10,000
1,000
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
23,000
21,000
2,000
1,000
S
*
D
D
D
3,000
3,000
*
*
*
*
17,000
16,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
33,000
26,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
S
D
D
D
12,000
10,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
18,000
15,000
3,000
*
D
D
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
107,000
89,000
18,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
D
D
D
24,000
19,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
*
74,000
61,000
12,000
2,000
2,000
*
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
261,000
218,000
42,000
9,000
7,000
2,000
D
D
D
100,000
75,000
24,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
143,000
129,000
14,000
4,000
3,000
D
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
Economics
Male
Female
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
Other social sciences
Male
Female
Engineering
Male
Female
TABLE 6. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
43,000
35,000
8,000
3,000
3,000
*
D
D
D
12,000
11,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
*
26,000
19,000
6,000
*
*
*
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
108,000
98,000
11,000
4,000
3,000
*
D
D
D
24,000
22,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
*
77,000
69,000
8,000
2,000
2,000
*
Other engineering
Male
Female
139,000
112,000
27,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
*
D
D
29,000
21,000
8,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
98,000
82,000
16,000
2,000
2,000
*
1,306,000
368,000
938,000
53,000
15,000
38,000
4,000
1,000
3,000
92,000
37,000
55,000
79,000
19,000
60,000
1,058,000
289,000
769,000
21,000
8,000
13,000
Health
Male
Female
929,000
168,000
761,000
40,000
8,000
32,000
3,000
1,000
S
62,000
17,000
45,000
56,000
9,000
47,000
753,000
129,000
624,000
15,000
5,000
10,000
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
216,000
84,000
133,000
5,000
S
4,000
D
D
D
7,000
2,000
5,000
14,000
5,000
10,000
185,000
73,000
111,000
4,000
S
S
56,000
44,000
11,000
2,000
S
D
D
D
D
15,000
12,000
3,000
4,000
2,000
S
34,000
28,000
6,000
D
D
D
106,000
73,000
33,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
D
D
D
8,000
6,000
2,000
5,000
3,000
S
87,000
59,000
28,000
1,000
S
D
3,043,000
1,617,000
1,425,000
162,000
72,000
90,000
14,000
9,000
5,000
211,000
118,000
93,000
227,000
88,000
139,000
2,386,000
1,313,000
1,074,000
43,000
18,000
25,000
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
123,000
52,000
72,000
8,000
2,000
6,000
D
D
D
13,000
5,000
8,000
S
D
S
98,000
44,000
54,000
2,000
D
1,000
Education, except science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
919,000
347,000
572,000
50,000
12,000
38,000
5,000
3,000
S
26,000
7,000
18,000
76,000
21,000
55,000
750,000
299,000
451,000
12,000
5,000
7,000
1,197,000
850,000
347,000
62,000
41,000
21,000
5,000
4,000
S
129,000
84,000
45,000
72,000
39,000
32,000
914,000
676,000
238,000
15,000
5,000
9,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Non-S&E fields
Male
Female
Management/administration
Male
Female
TABLE 6. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
119,000
73,000
46,000
7,000
S
4,000
D
D
D
12,000
8,000
4,000
6,000
5,000
S
94,000
57,000
37,000
D
D
D
Social services/related
Male
Female
347,000
123,000
224,000
21,000
8,000
13,000
1,000
D
1,000
9,000
4,000
5,000
38,000
11,000
27,000
272,000
98,000
175,000
5,000
D
4,000
Other non-S&E fields
Male
Female
337,000
172,000
165,000
14,000
6,000
8,000
S
D
D
21,000
9,000
13,000
33,000
12,000
21,000
258,000
139,000
119,000
8,000
5,000
3,000
1,091,000
741,000
351,000
40,000
22,000
18,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
186,000
136,000
51,000
38,000
20,000
19,000
812,000
555,000
257,000
13,000
7,000
6,000
854,000
612,000
243,000
26,000
16,000
10,000
1,000
1,000
*
165,000
123,000
42,000
23,000
13,000
9,000
630,000
452,000
178,000
10,000
6,000
3,000
696,000
471,000
225,000
22,000
13,000
9,000
1,000
1,000
*
109,000
75,000
34,000
20,000
11,000
9,000
536,000
367,000
169,000
8,000
5,000
3,000
234,000
154,000
80,000
8,000
5,000
3,000
*
*
*
46,000
30,000
16,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
172,000
115,000
57,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
22,000
17,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
4,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
17,000
14,000
3,000
*
*
D
203,000
130,000
74,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
*
*
*
41,000
27,000
15,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
148,000
96,000
53,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
Environmental life sciences
Male
Female
8,000
6,000
2,000
*
*
*
D
D
D
1,000
*
*
*
*
D
7,000
6,000
1,000
D
D
D
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
67,000
56,000
11,000
2,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
17,000
14,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
*
47,000
39,000
7,000
1,000
*
*
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
25,000
21,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
8,000
7,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
15,000
13,000
2,000
*
*
*
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Doctoral degrees
Male
Female
S&E fields
Male
Female
Sciences
Male
Female
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
Biological sciences
Male
Female
TABLE 6. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
43,000
35,000
8,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
9,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
31,000
26,000
5,000
*
*
*
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
169,000
140,000
29,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
*
*
D
33,000
25,000
8,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
128,000
109,000
20,000
2,000
2,000
*
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
88,000
70,000
18,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
D
19,000
14,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
*
64,000
52,000
11,000
1,000
1,000
*
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
Female
22,000
18,000
4,000
1,000
*
*
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
1,000
*
*
D
19,000
15,000
3,000
*
*
*
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
56,000
50,000
7,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
11,000
9,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
43,000
39,000
4,000
*
*
D
3,000
3,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
*
*
*
*
D
D
3,000
2,000
1,000
D
D
D
226,000
122,000
104,000
8,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
*
*
14,000
7,000
7,000
11,000
5,000
6,000
189,000
105,000
85,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
Economics
Male
Female
28,000
22,000
6,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
5,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
21,000
17,000
4,000
*
*
D
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
25,000
18,000
7,000
1,000
*
*
*
D
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
21,000
16,000
5,000
*
*
*
120,000
54,000
66,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
*
*
*
5,000
1,000
4,000
5,000
2,000
4,000
104,000
49,000
54,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
32,000
16,000
16,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
27,000
14,000
13,000
1,000
*
*
Other social sciences
Male
Female
21,000
11,000
10,000
1,000
*
*
*
D
D
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
16,000
9,000
8,000
*
*
*
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
Psychology
Male
Female
TABLE 6. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
158,000
140,000
18,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
*
D
D
56,000
48,000
8,000
3,000
2,000
*
94,000
85,000
9,000
1,000
1,000
*
8,000
7,000
*
*
*
D
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
*
*
*
D
5,000
5,000
*
D
D
D
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
21,000
18,000
2,000
1,000
*
*
D
D
D
7,000
7,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
12,000
11,000
1,000
*
*
D
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
13,000
12,000
2,000
*
*
*
D
D
D
4,000
4,000
1,000
*
*
*
8,000
7,000
1,000
*
D
D
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
46,000
42,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
19,000
16,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
25,000
24,000
2,000
1,000
*
D
4,000
4,000
1,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
2,000
2,000
*
*
*
*
2,000
2,000
1,000
D
D
D
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
20,000
19,000
1,000
*
*
D
D
D
D
8,000
7,000
1,000
*
*
D
11,000
11,000
*
*
*
D
Other engineering
Male
Female
45,000
38,000
7,000
1,000
1,000
*
D
D
D
14,000
11,000
3,000
1,000
*
*
29,000
25,000
3,000
*
*
*
75,000
38,000
37,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
*
D
*
11,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
53,000
27,000
26,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
Health
Male
Female
54,000
24,000
30,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
*
D
*
8,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
37,000
16,000
22,000
1,000
*
1,000
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
11,000
7,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
1,000
10,000
6,000
4,000
D
D
D
5,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
2,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
3,000
3,000
D
D
D
D
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Engineering
Male
Female
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
TABLE 6. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, ethnicity, and race: 2008
Not Hispanic or Latino
All scientists
and engineers
Hispanic or
Latino
American Indian or
Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African
American
White
Othera
4,000
3,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
4,000
D
1,000
D
D
D
163,000
91,000
71,000
10,000
4,000
6,000
D
D
D
10,000
6,000
4,000
11,000
5,000
7,000
129,000
76,000
53,000
2,000
D
2,000
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
20,000
11,000
9,000
2,000
D
D
D
D
D
*
D
D
D
D
D
17,000
10,000
7,000
D
D
D
Education, except science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
75,000
37,000
39,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
D
D
D
2,000
1,000
1,000
8,000
2,000
6,000
61,000
31,000
29,000
1,000
D
1,000
Management/administration
Male
Female
17,000
13,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
6,000
4,000
2,000
D
D
D
10,000
8,000
S
D
D
D
2,000
1,000
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
D
D
D
24,000
18,000
6,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
1,000
D
D
2,000
2,000
D
19,000
15,000
4,000
D
D
D
D
D
D
22,000
11,000
11,000
D
D
D
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Non-S&E fields
Male
Female
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
Social services/related
Male
Female
Other non-S&E fields
24,000
S
D
*
Male
12,000
D
D
D
Female
13,000
D
D
D
* = value < 500. D = suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information. S = suppressed for reliability; coefficient of variation exceeds publication standards.
S&E = science and engineering.
a
b
"Other" includes Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander and Not Hispanic or Latino respondents reporting two or more races.
Total includes professional degrees not broken out separately.
NOTES: Scientists and engineers include any person who has ever received bachelor's or higher degree in S&E or S&E-related field through 30 June 2007, plus any person holding non-S&E bachelor's or
higher degree who was employed in S&E or S&E-related occupation on 1 October 2003. See http://sestat.nsf.gov/docs/ed03maj.html for detailed description of educational field classification. Numbers are
rounded to nearest thousand. Detail may not add to total because of rounding.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation/National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2008.