HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, 1935 to date
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Year
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Agriculture
Unemployed
Nonagricultural
industries
Number
Percent
of
labor
force
Not in
labor
force
Persons 14 years of age and over
1935 ..................................................
1936 ..................................................
1937 ..................................................
1938 ..................................................
1939 ..................................................
1940 ..................................................
1941 ..................................................
1942 ..................................................
1943 ..................................................
1944 ..................................................
1945 ..................................................
1946 ..................................................
1947 ..................................................
(
(
(
(
(
1)
1)
1)
1)
1)
( 1)
( 1)
98,640
94,640
93,220
94,090
103,070
106,018
52,870
53,440
54,000
54,610
55,230
(
(
(
(
(
1)
1)
1)
1)
1)
42,260
44,410
46,300
44,220
45,750
10,110
10,000
9,820
9,690
9,610
32,150
34,410
36,480
34,530
36,140
10,610
9,030
7,700
10,390
9,480
20.1
16.9
14.3
19.0
17.2
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
55,640
55,910
56,410
55,540
54,630
53,860
57,520
60,168
( 1)
( 1)
57.2
58.7
58.6
57.2
55.8
56.8
47,520
50,350
53,750
54,470
53,960
52,820
55,250
57,812
9,540
9,100
9,250
9,080
8,950
8,580
8,320
8,256
37,980
41,250
44,500
45,390
45,010
44,240
46,930
49,557
8,120
5,560
2,660
1,070
670
1,040
2,270
2,356
14.6
9.9
4.7
1.9
1.2
1.9
3.9
3.9
( 1)
( 1)
42,230
39,100
38,590
40,230
45,550
45,850
Persons 16 years of age and over
1947 ..................................................
1948 ..................................................
1949 ..................................................
101,827
103,068
103,994
59,350
60,621
61,286
58.3
58.8
58.9
57,038
58,343
57,651
7,890
7,629
7,658
49,148
50,714
49,993
2,311
2,276
3,637
3.9
3.8
5.9
42,477
42,447
42,708
1950 ..................................................
1951 ..................................................
1952 ..................................................
19532 ................................................
1954 ..................................................
1955 ..................................................
1956 ..................................................
1957 ..................................................
1958 ..................................................
1959 ..................................................
104,995
104,621
105,231
107,056
108,321
109,683
110,954
112,265
113,727
115,329
62,208
62,017
62,138
63,015
63,643
65,023
66,552
66,929
67,639
68,369
59.2
59.2
59.0
58.9
58.8
59.3
60.0
59.6
59.5
59.3
58,918
59,961
60,250
61,179
60,109
62,170
63,799
64,071
63,036
64,630
7,160
6,726
6,500
6,260
6,205
6,450
6,283
5,947
5,586
5,565
51,758
53,235
53,749
54,919
53,904
55,722
57,514
58,123
57,450
59,065
3,288
2,055
1,883
1,834
3,532
2,852
2,750
2,859
4,602
3,740
5.3
3.3
3.0
2.9
5.5
4.4
4.1
4.3
6.8
5.5
42,787
42,604
43,093
44,041
44,678
44,660
44,402
45,336
46,088
46,960
19602 ................................................
1961 ..................................................
19622 ................................................
1963 ..................................................
1964 ..................................................
1965 ..................................................
1966 ..................................................
1967 ..................................................
1968 ..................................................
1969 ..................................................
117,245
118,771
120,153
122,416
124,485
126,513
128,058
129,874
132,028
134,335
69,628
70,459
70,614
71,833
73,091
74,455
75,770
77,347
78,737
80,734
59.4
59.3
58.8
58.7
58.7
58.9
59.2
59.6
59.6
60.1
65,778
65,746
66,702
67,762
69,305
71,088
72,895
74,372
75,920
77,902
5,458
5,200
4,944
4,687
4,523
4,361
3,979
3,844
3,817
3,606
60,318
60,546
61,759
63,076
64,782
66,726
68,915
70,527
72,103
74,296
3,852
4,714
3,911
4,070
3,786
3,366
2,875
2,975
2,817
2,832
5.5
6.7
5.5
5.7
5.2
4.5
3.8
3.8
3.6
3.5
47,617
48,312
49,539
50,583
51,394
52,058
52,288
52,527
53,291
53,602
1970 ..................................................
1971 ..................................................
19722 ................................................
19732 ................................................
1974 ..................................................
1975 ..................................................
1976 ..................................................
1977 ..................................................
19782 ................................................
1979 ..................................................
137,085
140,216
144,126
147,096
150,120
153,153
156,150
159,033
161,910
164,863
82,771
84,382
87,034
89,429
91,949
93,775
96,158
99,009
102,251
104,962
60.4
60.2
60.4
60.8
61.3
61.2
61.6
62.3
63.2
63.7
78,678
79,367
82,153
85,064
86,794
85,846
88,752
92,017
96,048
98,824
3,463
3,394
3,484
3,470
3,515
3,408
3,331
3,283
3,387
3,347
75,215
75,972
78,669
81,594
83,279
82,438
85,421
88,734
92,661
95,477
4,093
5,016
4,882
4,365
5,156
7,929
7,406
6,991
6,202
6,137
4.9
5.9
5.6
4.9
5.6
8.5
7.7
7.1
6.1
5.8
54,315
55,834
57,091
57,667
58,171
59,377
59,991
60,025
59,659
59,900
1980 ..................................................
1981 ..................................................
1982 ..................................................
1983 ..................................................
1984 ..................................................
1985 ..................................................
19862 ................................................
1987 ..................................................
1988 ..................................................
1989 ..................................................
167,745
170,130
172,271
174,215
176,383
178,206
180,587
182,753
184,613
186,393
106,940
108,670
110,204
111,550
113,544
115,461
117,834
119,865
121,669
123,869
63.8
63.9
64.0
64.0
64.4
64.8
65.3
65.6
65.9
66.5
99,303
100,397
99,526
100,834
105,005
107,150
109,597
112,440
114,968
117,342
3,364
3,368
3,401
3,383
3,321
3,179
3,163
3,208
3,169
3,199
95,938
97,030
96,125
97,450
101,685
103,971
106,434
109,232
111,800
114,142
7,637
8,273
10,678
10,717
8,539
8,312
8,237
7,425
6,701
6,528
7.1
7.6
9.7
9.6
7.5
7.2
7.0
6.2
5.5
5.3
60,806
61,460
62,067
62,665
62,839
62,744
62,752
62,888
62,944
62,523
19902 ................................................
1991 ..................................................
1992 ..................................................
1993 ..................................................
19942 ................................................
1995 ..................................................
1996 ..................................................
19972 ................................................
19983 ................................................
189,164
190,925
192,805
194,838
196,814
198,584
200,591
203,133
205,220
125,840
126,346
128,105
129,200
131,056
132,304
133,943
136,297
137,673
66.5
66.2
66.4
66.3
66.6
66.6
66.8
67.1
67.1
118,793
117,718
118,492
120,259
123,060
124,900
126,708
129,558
131,463
3,223
3,269
3,247
3,115
3,409
3,440
3,443
3,399
3,378
115,570
114,449
115,245
117,144
119,651
121,460
123,264
126,159
128,085
7,047
8,628
9,613
8,940
7,996
7,404
7,236
6,739
6,210
5.6
6.8
7.5
6.9
6.1
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.5
63,324
64,578
64,700
65,638
65,758
66,280
66,647
66,837
67,547
1 Not available.
2 Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical
Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates
of Error.
3 Beginning in January 1998, data are not strictly comparable with data for 1997 and
earlier years because of the introduction of new composite estimation procedures and
revised population controls used in the household survey. For additional information, see
"Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1998" in the February 1998
issue of this publication.
166
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 1966 to date
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Year
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Agriculture
Unemployed
Nonagricultural
industries
Number
Percent
of
labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
Men
1966 ............................................................
1967 ............................................................
1968 ............................................................
1969 ............................................................
60,262
60,905
61,847
62,898
48,471
48,987
49,533
50,221
80.4
80.4
80.1
79.8
46,919
47,479
48,114
48,818
77.9
78.0
77.8
77.6
3,243
3,164
3,157
2,963
43,675
44,315
44,957
45,855
1,551
1,508
1,419
1,403
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.8
11,792
11,919
12,315
12,677
1970 ............................................................
1971 ............................................................
19721 ..........................................................
19731 ..........................................................
1974 ............................................................
1975 ............................................................
1976 ............................................................
1977 ............................................................
19781 ..........................................................
1979 ............................................................
64,304
65,942
67,835
69,292
70,808
72,291
73,759
75,193
76,576
78,020
51,228
52,180
53,555
54,624
55,739
56,299
57,174
58,396
59,620
60,726
79.7
79.1
78.9
78.8
78.7
77.9
77.5
77.7
77.9
77.8
48,990
49,390
50,896
52,349
53,024
51,857
53,138
54,728
56,479
57,607
76.2
74.9
75.0
75.5
74.9
71.7
72.0
72.8
73.8
73.8
2,862
2,795
2,849
2,847
2,919
2,824
2,744
2,671
2,718
2,686
46,128
46,595
48,047
49,502
50,105
49,032
50,394
52,057
53,761
54,921
2,238
2,789
2,659
2,275
2,714
4,442
4,036
3,667
3,142
3,120
4.4
5.3
5.0
4.2
4.9
7.9
7.1
6.3
5.3
5.1
13,076
13,762
14,280
14,667
15,069
15,993
16,585
16,797
16,956
17,293
1980 ............................................................
1981 ............................................................
1982 ............................................................
1983 ............................................................
1984 ............................................................
1985 ............................................................
19861 ..........................................................
1987 ............................................................
1988 ............................................................
1989 ............................................................
79,398
80,511
81,523
82,531
83,605
84,469
85,798
86,899
87,857
88,762
61,453
61,974
62,450
63,047
63,835
64,411
65,422
66,207
66,927
67,840
77.4
77.0
76.6
76.4
76.4
76.3
76.3
76.2
76.2
76.4
57,186
57,397
56,271
56,787
59,091
59,891
60,892
62,107
63,273
64,315
72.0
71.3
69.0
68.8
70.7
70.9
71.0
71.5
72.0
72.5
2,709
2,700
2,736
2,704
2,668
2,535
2,511
2,543
2,493
2,513
54,477
54,697
53,534
54,083
56,423
57,356
58,381
59,564
60,780
61,802
4,267
4,577
6,179
6,260
4,744
4,521
4,530
4,101
3,655
3,525
6.9
7.4
9.9
9.9
7.4
7.0
6.9
6.2
5.5
5.2
17,945
18,537
19,073
19,484
19,771
20,058
20,376
20,692
20,930
20,923
19901 ..........................................................
1991 ............................................................
1992 ............................................................
1993 ............................................................
19941 ..........................................................
1995 ............................................................
1996 ............................................................
19971 ..........................................................
19982 ..........................................................
90,377
91,278
92,270
93,332
94,355
95,178
96,206
97,715
98,758
69,011
69,168
69,964
70,404
70,817
71,360
72,087
73,261
73,959
76.4
75.8
75.8
75.4
75.1
75.0
74.9
75.0
74.9
65,104
64,223
64,440
65,349
66,450
67,377
68,207
69,685
70,693
72.0
70.4
69.8
70.0
70.4
70.8
70.9
71.3
71.6
2,546
2,589
2,575
2,478
2,554
2,559
2,573
2,552
2,553
62,559
61,634
61,866
62,871
63,896
64,818
65,634
67,133
68,140
3,906
4,946
5,523
5,055
4,367
3,983
3,880
3,577
3,266
5.7
7.2
7.9
7.2
6.2
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.4
21,367
22,110
22,306
22,927
23,538
23,818
24,119
24,454
24,799
Women
1966 ............................................................
1967 ............................................................
1968 ............................................................
1969 ............................................................
67,795
68,968
70,179
71,436
27,299
28,360
29,204
30,513
40.3
41.1
41.6
42.7
25,976
26,893
27,807
29,084
38.3
39.0
39.6
40.7
736
680
660
643
25,240
26,212
27,147
28,441
1,324
1,468
1,397
1,429
4.8
5.2
4.8
4.7
40,496
40,608
40,976
40,924
1970 ............................................................
1971 ............................................................
19721 ..........................................................
19731 ..........................................................
1974 ............................................................
1975 ............................................................
1976 ............................................................
1977 ............................................................
19781 ..........................................................
1979 ............................................................
72,782
74,274
76,290
77,804
79,312
80,860
82,390
83,840
85,334
86,843
31,543
32,202
33,479
34,804
36,211
37,475
38,983
40,613
42,631
44,235
43.3
43.4
43.9
44.7
45.7
46.3
47.3
48.4
50.0
50.9
29,688
29,976
31,257
32,715
33,769
33,989
35,615
37,289
39,569
41,217
40.8
40.4
41.0
42.0
42.6
42.0
43.2
44.5
46.4
47.5
601
599
635
622
596
584
588
612
669
661
29,087
29,377
30,622
32,093
33,173
33,404
35,027
36,677
38,900
40,556
1,855
2,227
2,222
2,089
2,441
3,486
3,369
3,324
3,061
3,018
5.9
6.9
6.6
6.0
6.7
9.3
8.6
8.2
7.2
6.8
41,239
42,072
42,811
43,000
43,101
43,386
43,406
43,227
42,703
42,608
1980 ............................................................
1981 ............................................................
1982 ............................................................
1983 ............................................................
1984 ............................................................
1985 ............................................................
19861 ..........................................................
1987 ............................................................
1988 ............................................................
1989 ............................................................
88,348
89,618
90,748
91,684
92,778
93,736
94,789
95,853
96,756
97,630
45,487
46,696
47,755
48,503
49,709
51,050
52,413
53,658
54,742
56,030
51.5
52.1
52.6
52.9
53.6
54.5
55.3
56.0
56.6
57.4
42,117
43,000
43,256
44,047
45,915
47,259
48,706
50,334
51,696
53,027
47.7
48.0
47.7
48.0
49.5
50.4
51.4
52.5
53.4
54.3
656
667
665
680
653
644
652
666
676
687
41,461
42,333
42,591
43,367
45,262
46,615
48,054
49,668
51,020
52,341
3,370
3,696
4,499
4,457
3,794
3,791
3,707
3,324
3,046
3,003
7.4
7.9
9.4
9.2
7.6
7.4
7.1
6.2
5.6
5.4
42,861
42,922
42,993
43,181
43,068
42,686
42,376
42,195
42,014
41,601
19901 ..........................................................
1991 ............................................................
1992 ............................................................
1993 ............................................................
19941 ..........................................................
1995 ............................................................
1996 ............................................................
19971 ..........................................................
19982 ..........................................................
98,787
99,646
100,535
101,506
102,460
103,406
104,385
105,418
106,462
56,829
57,178
58,141
58,795
60,239
60,944
61,857
63,036
63,714
57.5
57.4
57.8
57.9
58.8
58.9
59.3
59.8
59.8
53,689
53,496
54,052
54,910
56,610
57,523
58,501
59,873
60,771
54.3
53.7
53.8
54.1
55.3
55.6
56.0
56.8
57.1
678
680
672
637
855
881
871
847
825
53,011
52,815
53,380
54,273
55,755
56,642
57,630
59,026
59,945
3,140
3,683
4,090
3,885
3,629
3,421
3,356
3,162
2,944
5.5
6.4
7.0
6.6
6.0
5.6
5.4
5.0
4.6
41,957
42,468
42,394
42,711
42,221
42,462
42,528
42,382
42,748
1 Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical
Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates
of Error.
2 Beginning in January 1998, data are not strictly comparable with data for 1997 and
earlier years because of the introduction of new composite estimation procedures and
revised population controls used in the household survey. For additional information, see
"Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1998" in the February 1998
issue of this publication.
167
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Civilian labor force
Age, sex, and race
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural
industries
Number
Percent
of
labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
TOTAL
16 years and over .............................................
16 to 19 years .................................................
16 to 17 years ...............................................
18 to 19 years ...............................................
20 to 24 years .................................................
25 to 54 years .................................................
25 to 34 years ...............................................
25 to 29 years .............................................
30 to 34 years .............................................
35 to 44 years ...............................................
35 to 39 years .............................................
40 to 44 years .............................................
45 to 54 years ...............................................
45 to 49 years .............................................
50 to 54 years .............................................
55 to 64 years .................................................
55 to 59 years ...............................................
60 to 64 years ...............................................
65 years and over ...........................................
65 to 69 years ...............................................
70 to 74 years ...............................................
75 years and over .........................................
205,220
15,644
7,895
7,749
17,593
117,450
38,778
18,622
20,156
44,299
22,449
21,850
34,373
18,804
15,569
22,296
12,219
10,077
32,237
9,387
8,560
14,290
137,673
8,256
3,335
4,921
13,638
98,718
32,813
15,808
17,006
37,536
18,899
18,637
28,368
15,923
12,445
13,215
8,494
4,721
3,847
2,111
1,068
668
67.1
52.8
42.2
63.5
77.5
84.1
84.6
84.9
84.4
84.7
84.2
85.3
82.5
84.7
79.9
59.3
69.5
46.8
11.9
22.5
12.5
4.7
131,463
7,051
2,762
4,289
12,557
95,258
31,394
15,061
16,333
36,278
18,232
18,045
27,587
15,477
12,109
12,872
8,279
4,594
3,725
2,042
1,036
647
64.1
45.1
35.0
55.3
71.4
81.1
81.0
80.9
81.0
81.9
81.2
82.6
80.3
82.3
77.8
57.7
67.8
45.6
11.6
21.8
12.1
4.5
3,378
261
131
130
339
2,105
718
350
368
791
433
358
596
345
251
396
217
179
277
121
84
73
128,085
6,790
2,631
4,159
12,218
93,153
30,676
14,711
15,965
35,486
17,800
17,687
26,991
15,132
11,858
12,477
8,062
4,415
3,448
1,921
953
574
6,210
1,205
573
632
1,081
3,459
1,419
747
672
1,258
666
592
782
446
336
343
216
127
122
69
31
21
4.5
14.6
17.2
12.8
7.9
3.5
4.3
4.7
4.0
3.4
3.5
3.2
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.7
3.2
3.3
2.9
3.2
67,547
7,388
4,560
2,828
3,955
18,732
5,964
2,815
3,150
6,763
3,550
3,213
6,005
2,881
3,124
9,081
3,725
5,356
28,391
7,276
7,492
13,622
98,758
7,968
4,059
3,909
8,804
57,724
19,094
9,139
9,955
21,857
11,083
10,774
16,773
9,212
7,561
10,649
5,879
4,771
13,613
4,304
3,770
5,539
73,959
4,244
1,728
2,516
7,221
53,002
17,796
8,477
9,319
20,242
10,310
9,933
14,963
8,364
6,599
7,253
4,609
2,644
2,240
1,204
623
413
74.9
53.3
42.6
64.4
82.0
91.8
93.2
92.8
93.6
92.6
93.0
92.2
89.2
90.8
87.3
68.1
78.4
55.4
16.5
28.0
16.5
7.5
70,693
3,558
1,398
2,161
6,638
51,274
17,097
8,102
8,995
19,634
9,995
9,638
14,544
8,132
6,412
7,052
4,484
2,568
2,171
1,165
606
400
71.6
44.7
34.4
55.3
75.4
88.8
89.5
88.6
90.4
89.8
90.2
89.5
86.7
88.3
84.8
66.2
76.3
53.8
15.9
27.1
16.1
7.2
2,553
204
103
100
276
1,569
549
267
282
600
335
265
420
247
173
283
152
131
222
98
66
59
68,140
3,355
1,294
2,060
6,362
49,705
16,548
7,835
8,713
19,034
9,660
9,374
14,124
7,885
6,239
6,769
4,332
2,437
1,949
1,068
540
341
3,266
686
330
355
583
1,728
699
375
324
609
314
294
420
232
187
201
125
76
69
39
17
13
4.4
16.2
19.1
14.1
8.1
3.3
3.9
4.4
3.5
3.0
3.1
3.0
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.9
3.1
3.2
2.7
3.2
24,799
3,724
2,331
1,393
1,583
4,722
1,298
662
636
1,614
773
841
1,810
848
962
3,396
1,270
2,127
11,373
3,100
3,148
5,126
106,462
7,676
3,835
3,840
8,790
59,725
19,683
9,483
10,200
22,442
11,366
11,077
17,600
9,592
8,008
11,646
6,340
5,306
18,625
5,084
4,790
8,752
63,714
4,012
1,607
2,405
6,418
45,716
15,017
7,330
7,687
17,294
8,589
8,704
13,405
7,559
5,846
5,962
3,885
2,077
1,607
907
445
255
59.8
52.3
41.9
62.6
73.0
76.5
76.3
77.3
75.4
77.1
75.6
78.6
76.2
78.8
73.0
51.2
61.3
39.1
8.6
17.8
9.3
2.9
60,771
3,493
1,364
2,128
5,919
43,984
14,298
6,959
7,339
16,644
8,237
8,407
13,043
7,345
5,697
5,820
3,795
2,025
1,554
877
430
247
57.1
45.5
35.6
55.4
67.3
73.6
72.6
73.4
71.9
74.2
72.5
75.9
74.1
76.6
71.1
50.0
59.9
38.2
8.3
17.2
9.0
2.8
825
57
27
30
64
537
169
83
86
191
98
94
176
97
78
113
65
48
55
23
18
14
59,945
3,435
1,337
2,098
5,856
43,448
14,128
6,876
7,252
16,453
8,140
8,313
12,867
7,248
5,619
5,708
3,730
1,977
1,499
853
413
233
2,944
519
242
277
498
1,732
720
371
348
650
352
298
362
214
148
141
90
51
53
31
15
8
4.6
12.9
15.1
11.5
7.8
3.8
4.8
5.1
4.5
3.8
4.1
3.4
2.7
2.8
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.5
3.3
3.4
3.3
3.1
42,748
3,664
2,229
1,435
2,372
14,010
4,666
2,153
2,513
5,149
2,776
2,372
4,195
2,033
2,162
5,685
2,455
3,230
17,018
4,176
4,344
8,497
Men
16 years and over .............................................
16 to 19 years .................................................
16 to 17 years ...............................................
18 to 19 years ...............................................
20 to 24 years .................................................
25 to 54 years .................................................
25 to 34 years ...............................................
25 to 29 years .............................................
30 to 34 years .............................................
35 to 44 years ...............................................
35 to 39 years .............................................
40 to 44 years .............................................
45 to 54 years ...............................................
45 to 49 years .............................................
50 to 54 years .............................................
55 to 64 years .................................................
55 to 59 years ...............................................
60 to 64 years ...............................................
65 years and over ...........................................
65 to 69 years ...............................................
70 to 74 years ...............................................
75 years and over .........................................
Women
16 years and over .............................................
16 to 19 years .................................................
16 to 17 years ...............................................
18 to 19 years ...............................................
20 to 24 years .................................................
25 to 54 years .................................................
25 to 34 years ...............................................
25 to 29 years .............................................
30 to 34 years .............................................
35 to 44 years ...............................................
35 to 39 years .............................................
40 to 44 years .............................................
45 to 54 years ...............................................
45 to 49 years .............................................
50 to 54 years .............................................
55 to 64 years .................................................
55 to 59 years ...............................................
60 to 64 years ...............................................
65 years and over ...........................................
65 to 69 years ...............................................
70 to 74 years ...............................................
75 years and over .........................................
See footnotes at end of table.
168
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Civilian labor force
Age, sex, and race
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural
industries
Number
Percent
of
labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
WHITE
16 years and over .............................................
16 to 19 years .................................................
16 to 17 years ...............................................
18 to 19 years ...............................................
20 to 24 years .................................................
25 to 54 years .................................................
25 to 34 years ...............................................
25 to 29 years .............................................
30 to 34 years .............................................
35 to 44 years ...............................................
35 to 39 years .............................................
40 to 44 years .............................................
45 to 54 years ...............................................
45 to 49 years .............................................
50 to 54 years .............................................
55 to 64 years .................................................
55 to 59 years ...............................................
60 to 64 years ...............................................
65 years and over ...........................................
65 to 69 years ...............................................
70 to 74 years ...............................................
75 years and over .........................................
171,478
12,439
6,264
6,176
14,138
97,028
31,286
14,998
16,288
36,610
18,517
18,093
29,132
15,794
13,338
19,231
10,532
8,699
28,642
8,162
7,599
12,882
115,415
6,965
2,860
4,105
11,244
82,210
26,707
12,894
13,813
31,221
15,690
15,532
24,282
13,489
10,793
11,548
7,428
4,120
3,448
1,879
971
598
67.3
56.0
45.7
66.5
79.5
84.7
85.4
86.0
84.8
85.3
84.7
85.8
83.4
85.4
80.9
60.1
70.5
47.4
12.0
23.0
12.8
4.6
110,931
6,089
2,436
3,653
10,512
79,710
25,729
12,369
13,360
30,320
15,221
15,099
23,662
13,146
10,516
11,272
7,258
4,014
3,347
1,822
945
580
64.7
48.9
38.9
59.2
74.4
82.2
82.2
82.5
82.0
82.8
82.2
83.5
81.2
83.2
78.8
58.6
68.9
46.1
11.7
22.3
12.4
4.5
3,160
250
125
125
319
1,953
674
328
346
730
394
336
549
319
230
370
201
169
269
117
81
70
107,770
5,839
2,311
3,529
10,193
77,757
25,055
12,041
13,014
29,590
14,827
14,763
23,113
12,827
10,286
10,902
7,057
3,845
3,079
1,705
864
510
4,484
876
424
451
731
2,500
978
525
453
901
469
433
620
343
277
276
170
106
101
57
26
18
3.9
12.6
14.8
11.0
6.5
3.0
3.7
4.1
3.3
2.9
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.6
2.9
3.0
2.6
3.0
56,064
5,475
3,404
2,071
2,895
14,818
4,578
2,104
2,475
5,389
2,828
2,561
4,850
2,305
2,545
7,682
3,103
4,579
25,194
6,282
6,628
12,284
83,352
6,386
3,233
3,153
7,170
48,354
15,644
7,495
8,149
18,310
9,269
9,041
14,400
7,840
6,561
9,286
5,120
4,167
12,155
3,785
3,374
4,996
63,034
3,614
1,487
2,127
6,063
44,930
14,770
7,059
7,711
17,157
8,719
8,438
13,003
7,198
5,805
6,415
4,078
2,337
2,013
1,072
568
373
75.6
56.6
46.0
67.5
84.6
92.9
94.4
94.2
94.6
93.7
94.1
93.3
90.3
91.8
88.5
69.1
79.7
56.1
16.6
28.3
16.8
7.5
60,604
3,103
1,233
1,870
5,659
43,635
14,259
6,781
7,477
16,715
8,492
8,223
12,661
7,013
5,649
6,251
3,976
2,275
1,955
1,039
554
362
72.7
48.6
38.1
59.3
78.9
90.2
91.1
90.5
91.8
91.3
91.6
91.0
87.9
89.5
86.1
67.3
77.7
54.6
16.1
27.4
16.4
7.2
2,376
194
99
95
259
1,444
514
251
263
550
303
247
381
227
154
263
140
124
216
94
64
57
58,228
2,909
1,134
1,775
5,400
42,191
13,745
6,531
7,214
16,166
8,189
7,976
12,281
6,786
5,495
5,988
3,837
2,151
1,740
945
490
305
2,431
510
254
257
405
1,295
512
278
234
441
227
215
342
185
157
164
102
62
58
33
14
11
3.9
14.1
17.1
12.1
6.7
2.9
3.5
3.9
3.0
2.6
2.6
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.7
2.9
3.1
2.5
2.9
20,317
2,773
1,747
1,026
1,106
3,424
874
436
438
1,153
550
603
1,397
642
756
2,872
1,042
1,830
10,143
2,714
2,806
4,624
88,126
6,053
3,031
3,023
6,969
48,674
15,642
7,503
8,139
18,300
9,248
9,052
14,732
7,955
6,777
9,944
5,412
4,532
16,486
4,377
4,225
7,885
52,380
3,351
1,373
1,977
5,180
37,281
11,937
5,835
6,102
14,064
6,970
7,094
11,279
6,291
4,988
5,133
3,350
1,783
1,435
808
403
225
59.4
55.4
45.3
65.4
74.3
76.6
76.3
77.8
75.0
76.9
75.4
78.4
76.6
79.1
73.6
51.6
61.9
39.3
8.7
18.5
9.5
2.9
50,327
2,986
1,203
1,783
4,853
36,075
11,470
5,588
5,883
13,604
6,728
6,876
11,001
6,133
4,867
5,021
3,282
1,739
1,392
783
391
218
57.1
49.3
39.7
59.0
69.6
74.1
73.3
74.5
72.3
74.3
72.8
76.0
74.7
77.1
71.8
50.5
60.6
38.4
8.4
17.9
9.3
2.8
784
55
26
30
60
509
160
78
83
180
91
89
168
92
76
107
62
46
53
23
17
13
49,543
2,930
1,177
1,753
4,793
35,566
11,310
5,510
5,800
13,424
6,638
6,787
10,832
6,041
4,791
4,914
3,220
1,694
1,339
761
374
205
2,053
365
171
195
327
1,205
467
247
220
460
242
218
279
158
120
112
69
44
43
24
12
7
3.9
10.9
12.4
9.8
6.3
3.2
3.9
4.2
3.6
3.3
3.5
3.1
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.4
3.0
3.0
2.9
3.1
35,746
2,702
1,657
1,045
1,789
11,393
3,705
1,668
2,036
4,236
2,278
1,958
3,453
1,663
1,790
4,811
2,062
2,749
15,051
3,569
3,822
7,660
Men
16 years and over .............................................
16 to 19 years .................................................
16 to 17 years ...............................................
18 to 19 years ...............................................
20 to 24 years .................................................
25 to 54 years .................................................
25 to 34 years ...............................................
25 to 29 years .............................................
30 to 34 years .............................................
35 to 44 years ...............................................
35 to 39 years .............................................
40 to 44 years .............................................
45 to 54 years ...............................................
45 to 49 years .............................................
50 to 54 years .............................................
55 to 64 years .................................................
55 to 59 years ...............................................
60 to 64 years ...............................................
65 years and over ...........................................
65 to 69 years ...............................................
70 to 74 years ...............................................
75 years and over .........................................
Women
16 years and over .............................................
16 to 19 years .................................................
16 to 17 years ...............................................
18 to 19 years ...............................................
20 to 24 years .................................................
25 to 54 years .................................................
25 to 34 years ...............................................
25 to 29 years .............................................
30 to 34 years .............................................
35 to 44 years ...............................................
35 to 39 years .............................................
40 to 44 years .............................................
45 to 54 years ...............................................
45 to 49 years .............................................
50 to 54 years .............................................
55 to 64 years .................................................
55 to 59 years ...............................................
60 to 64 years ...............................................
65 years and over ...........................................
65 to 69 years ...............................................
70 to 74 years ...............................................
75 years and over .........................................
See footnotes at end of table.
169
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Civilian labor force
Age, sex, and race
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural
industries
Number
Percent
of
labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
BLACK
16 years and over .............................................
16 to 19 years .................................................
16 to 17 years ...............................................
18 to 19 years ...............................................
20 to 24 years .................................................
25 to 54 years .................................................
25 to 34 years ...............................................
25 to 29 years .............................................
30 to 34 years .............................................
35 to 44 years ...............................................
35 to 39 years .............................................
40 to 44 years .............................................
45 to 54 years ...............................................
45 to 49 years .............................................
50 to 54 years .............................................
55 to 64 years .................................................
55 to 59 years ...............................................
60 to 64 years ...............................................
65 years and over ...........................................
65 to 69 years ...............................................
70 to 74 years ...............................................
75 years and over .........................................
24,373
2,443
1,241
1,202
2,546
14,466
5,221
2,547
2,673
5,510
2,840
2,670
3,735
2,180
1,555
2,224
1,222
1,002
2,695
881
731
1,083
15,982
1,017
370
646
1,797
11,727
4,332
2,081
2,251
4,531
2,328
2,204
2,863
1,741
1,123
1,163
749
415
278
152
70
55
65.6
41.6
29.8
53.8
70.6
81.1
83.0
81.7
84.2
82.2
82.0
82.5
76.7
79.8
72.2
52.3
61.3
41.4
10.3
17.3
9.6
5.1
14,556
736
246
490
1,496
10,943
3,967
1,896
2,070
4,238
2,161
2,077
2,739
1,657
1,082
1,118
720
398
262
144
66
52
59.7
30.1
19.8
40.8
58.8
75.6
76.0
74.4
77.4
76.9
76.1
77.8
73.3
76.0
69.6
50.3
59.0
39.7
9.7
16.3
9.1
4.8
138
8
4
3
14
100
30
12
18
41
28
13
28
15
13
13
9
4
3
2
–
1
14,417
728
241
487
1,482
10,843
3,936
1,884
2,053
4,196
2,132
2,064
2,711
1,642
1,069
1,105
712
393
259
142
66
51
1,426
281
124
156
301
784
366
185
181
294
167
126
125
84
41
45
28
17
16
9
4
3
8.9
27.6
33.6
24.2
16.8
6.7
8.4
8.9
8.0
6.5
7.2
5.7
4.3
4.8
3.6
3.9
3.8
4.1
5.6
5.7
5.7
5.4
8,391
1,427
871
556
749
2,739
889
466
422
979
512
467
872
440
432
1,060
473
587
2,417
728
660
1,028
10,927
1,201
623
578
1,166
6,536
2,335
1,126
1,209
2,520
1,293
1,227
1,682
989
693
956
533
423
1,068
365
303
400
7,542
488
181
307
837
5,519
2,034
966
1,068
2,142
1,106
1,036
1,343
818
525
548
353
196
150
80
36
34
69.0
40.7
29.1
53.1
71.8
84.4
87.1
85.8
88.3
85.0
85.5
84.5
79.9
82.7
75.8
57.3
66.1
46.3
14.0
21.9
12.0
8.4
6,871
341
120
221
686
5,178
1,886
889
997
2,008
1,034
974
1,284
780
504
524
339
185
142
77
34
31
62.9
28.4
19.2
38.3
58.8
79.2
80.8
79.0
82.5
79.7
80.0
79.4
76.3
78.8
72.7
54.8
63.5
43.7
13.3
21.0
11.2
7.9
118
7
3
3
11
87
25
10
15
37
25
12
25
13
37
11
8
4
3
1
–
1
6,752
335
116
218
675
5,091
1,861
879
982
1,971
1,009
963
1,259
767
492
513
331
181
139
75
34
30
671
147
61
86
151
341
148
77
71
133
72
62
60
39
21
24
14
11
8
3
2
2
8.9
30.1
33.9
27.9
18.0
6.2
7.3
7.9
6.7
6.2
6.5
5.9
4.4
4.7
4.0
4.5
3.9
5.5
5.2
4.1
6.6
( 1)
3,386
712
442
271
329
1,018
301
160
141
378
187
191
339
171
168
408
181
227
918
286
266
367
13,446
1,243
618
624
1,380
7,930
2,886
1,421
1,465
2,991
1,547
1,444
2,053
1,191
862
1,268
688
579
1,626
515
428
683
8,441
528
189
339
960
6,209
2,298
1,115
1,183
2,390
1,222
1,167
1,520
922
598
615
396
219
128
72
34
22
62.8
42.5
30.6
54.4
69.6
78.3
79.6
78.4
80.8
79.9
79.0
80.9
74.0
77.4
69.4
48.5
57.6
37.8
7.9
14.1
7.9
3.2
7,685
395
126
268
810
5,766
2,081
1,007
1,074
2,230
1,127
1,103
1,455
877
578
594
382
213
120
67
32
21
57.2
31.8
20.4
43.0
58.7
72.7
72.1
70.8
73.3
74.6
72.8
76.4
70.9
73.6
67.1
46.9
55.4
36.8
7.4
13.0
7.6
3.1
20
1
1
7,665
393
125
268
807
5,753
2,076
1,005
1,071
2,225
1,124
1,102
1,452
875
577
592
380
212
120
67
32
21
756
134
63
71
150
443
218
108
110
160
95
65
65
45
20
21
15
6
8
5
2
1
9.0
25.3
33.2
20.9
15.7
7.1
9.5
9.7
9.3
6.7
7.8
5.5
4.3
4.9
3.3
3.4
3.7
2.7
6.1
7.4
( 1)
( 1)
5,005
714
429
285
419
1,721
588
306
281
601
325
276
533
269
264
652
292
360
1,498
443
394
661
Men
16 years and over .............................................
16 to 19 years .................................................
16 to 17 years ...............................................
18 to 19 years ...............................................
20 to 24 years .................................................
25 to 54 years .................................................
25 to 34 years ...............................................
25 to 29 years .............................................
30 to 34 years .............................................
35 to 44 years ...............................................
35 to 39 years .............................................
40 to 44 years .............................................
45 to 54 years ...............................................
45 to 49 years .............................................
50 to 54 years .............................................
55 to 64 years .................................................
55 to 59 years ...............................................
60 to 64 years ...............................................
65 years and over ...........................................
65 to 69 years ...............................................
70 to 74 years ...............................................
75 years and over .........................................
Women
16 years and over .............................................
16 to 19 years .................................................
16 to 17 years ...............................................
18 to 19 years ...............................................
20 to 24 years .................................................
25 to 54 years .................................................
25 to 34 years ...............................................
25 to 29 years .............................................
30 to 34 years .............................................
35 to 44 years ...............................................
35 to 39 years .............................................
40 to 44 years .............................................
45 to 54 years ...............................................
45 to 49 years .............................................
50 to 54 years .............................................
55 to 64 years .................................................
55 to 59 years ...............................................
60 to 64 years ...............................................
65 years and over ...........................................
65 to 69 years ...............................................
70 to 74 years ...............................................
75 years and over .........................................
1
Data not shown where base is less than 35,000
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
–
3
13
5
2
3
5
3
1
4
2
1
2
1
1
–
–
–
–
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
170
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
4. Employment status of the Hispanic-orgin population by age and sex
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Civilian labor force
Age and sex
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Agriculture
Nonagricultural
industries
Number
Percent
of
labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
TOTAL
16 years and over ...................
16 to 19 years .......................
16 to 17 years .....................
18 to 19 years .....................
20 to 24 years .......................
25 years and over .................
25 to 54 years .....................
25 to 34 years ...................
35 to 44 years ...................
45 to 54 years ...................
55 years and over ...............
55 to 64 years ...................
65 years and over .............
21,070
2,204
1,070
1,135
2,731
16,134
12,857
5,447
4,636
2,775
3,277
1,615
1,662
14,317
1,007
320
688
2,077
11,232
10,170
4,372
3,707
2,090
1,063
894
169
67.9
45.7
29.9
60.6
76.1
69.6
79.1
80.3
80.0
75.3
32.4
55.4
10.1
13,291
793
230
563
1,883
10,615
9,611
4,113
3,504
1,994
1,004
846
158
63.1
36.0
21.5
49.6
68.9
65.8
74.8
75.5
75.6
71.9
30.7
52.4
9.5
742
36
8
28
124
583
528
240
175
113
55
46
9
12,549
757
222
535
1,759
10,033
9,083
3,873
3,329
1,882
950
801
149
1,026
214
89
125
194
617
559
260
203
96
58
48
11
7.2
21.3
28.0
18.1
9.4
5.5
5.5
5.9
5.5
4.6
5.5
5.3
6.4
6,753
1,197
750
447
654
4,902
2,688
1,074
929
684
2,214
721
1,493
10,734
1,161
586
575
1,462
8,111
6,627
2,907
2,377
1,342
1,485
771
714
8,571
565
188
377
1,288
6,718
6,071
2,733
2,173
1,164
647
541
106
79.8
48.7
32.0
65.7
88.1
82.8
91.6
94.0
91.4
86.7
43.6
70.2
14.9
8,018
449
133
315
1,173
6,397
5,783
2,592
2,077
1,115
613
512
101
74.7
38.6
22.7
54.9
80.2
78.9
87.3
89.1
87.4
83.1
41.3
66.4
14.2
651
30
8
23
112
509
457
212
152
93
52
44
8
7,367
418
126
293
1,061
5,888
5,327
2,380
1,925
1,022
561
468
93
552
117
54
62
115
321
287
142
97
49
34
29
5
6.4
20.6
29.0
16.4
8.9
4.8
4.7
5.2
4.5
4.2
5.2
5.3
5.0
2,164
596
398
197
174
1,394
556
174
204
178
838
230
608
10,335
1,044
483
560
1,269
8,023
6,231
2,539
2,259
1,433
1,792
844
948
5,746
442
132
310
789
4,515
4,099
1,639
1,533
927
416
353
62
55.6
42.4
27.3
55.4
62.2
56.3
65.8
64.5
67.9
64.7
23.2
41.9
6.6
5,273
345
97
247
710
4,219
3,828
1,521
1,428
879
391
334
57
51.0
33.0
20.1
44.2
55.9
52.6
61.4
59.9
63.2
61.4
21.8
39.6
6.0
91
6
5,182
339
97
242
698
4,145
3,756
1,493
1,404
860
389
333
56
473
98
35
63
80
296
271
118
106
48
24
19
5
8.2
22.1
26.4
20.2
10.1
6.6
6.6
7.2
6.9
5.1
5.9
5.4
8.8
4,589
602
352
250
480
3,508
2,132
900
725
506
1,376
491
886
Men
16 years and over ...................
16 to 19 years .......................
16 to 17 years .....................
18 to 19 years .....................
20 to 24 years .......................
25 years and over .................
25 to 54 years .....................
25 to 34 years ...................
35 to 44 years ...................
45 to 54 years ...................
55 years and over ...............
55 to 64 years ...................
65 years and over .............
Women
16 years and over ...................
16 to 19 years .......................
16 to 17 years .....................
18 to 19 years .....................
20 to 24 years .......................
25 years and over .................
25 to 54 years .....................
25 to 34 years ...................
35 to 44 years ...................
45 to 54 years ...................
55 years and over ...............
55 to 64 years ...................
65 years and over .............
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
–
5
12
74
72
29
24
19
2
2
1
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
171
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
5. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
White
Black
Hispanic origin
Employment status, sex, and age
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
203,133
136,297
67.1
129,558
3,399
126,159
6,739
4.9
66,837
205,220
137,673
67.1
131,463
3,378
128,085
6,210
4.5
67,547
169,993
114,693
67.5
109,856
3,208
106,648
4,836
4.2
55,301
171,478
115,415
67.3
110,931
3,160
107,770
4,484
3.9
56,064
24,003
15,529
64.7
13,969
117
13,852
1,560
10.0
8,474
24,373
15,982
65.6
14,556
138
14,417
1,426
8.9
8,391
20,321
13,796
67.9
12,726
660
12,067
1,069
7.7
6,526
21,070
14,317
67.9
13,291
742
12,549
1,026
7.2
6,753
97,715
73,261
75.0
69,685
2,552
67,133
3,577
4.9
24,454
98,758
73,959
74.9
70,693
2,553
68,140
3,266
4.4
24,799
82,577
62,639
75.9
59,998
2,389
57,608
2,641
4.2
19,938
83,352
63,034
75.6
60,604
2,376
58,228
2,431
3.9
20,317
10,763
7,354
68.3
6,607
103
6,504
747
10.2
3,409
10,927
7,542
69.0
6,871
118
6,752
671
8.9
3,386
10,368
8,309
80.1
7,728
571
7,157
582
7.0
2,059
10,734
8,571
79.8
8,018
651
7,367
552
6.4
2,164
89,879
69,166
77.0
66,284
2,356
63,927
2,882
4.2
20,713
90,790
69,715
76.8
67,135
2,350
64,785
2,580
3.7
21,075
76,320
59,126
77.5
56,986
2,201
54,785
2,140
3.6
17,194
76,966
59,421
77.2
57,500
2,182
55,319
1,920
3.2
17,545
9,575
6,910
72.2
6,325
101
6,224
585
8.5
2,665
9,727
7,053
72.5
6,530
112
6,418
524
7.4
2,673
9,250
7,779
84.1
7,307
544
6,763
471
6.1
1,471
9,573
8,005
83.6
7,570
621
6,949
436
5.4
1,568
Civilian noninstitutional population ............................... 105,418
Civilian labor force ......................................................
63,036
Percent of population ..............................................
59.8
Employed ..................................................................
59,873
Agriculture ..............................................................
847
Nonagricultural industries .......................................
59,026
Unemployed .............................................................
3,162
Unemployment rate ................................................
5.0
Not in labor force ........................................................
42,382
106,462
63,714
59.8
60,771
825
59,945
2,944
4.6
42,748
87,417
52,054
59.5
49,859
819
49,040
2,195
4.2
35,363
88,126
52,380
59.4
50,327
784
49,543
2,053
3.9
35,746
13,241
8,175
61.7
7,362
14
7,348
813
9.9
5,066
13,446
8,441
62.8
7,685
20
7,665
756
9.0
5,005
9,953
5,486
55.1
4,999
89
4,910
488
8.9
4,466
10,335
5,746
55.6
5,273
91
5,182
473
8.2
4,589
97,889
59,198
60.5
56,613
798
55,815
2,585
4.4
38,691
98,786
59,702
60.4
57,278
768
56,510
2,424
4.1
39,084
81,492
48,847
59.9
47,063
771
46,292
1,784
3.7
32,645
82,073
49,029
59.7
47,342
729
46,612
1,688
3.4
33,044
12,016
7,686
64.0
7,013
13
7,000
673
8.8
4,330
12,203
7,912
64.8
7,290
19
7,272
622
7.9
4,291
8,950
5,106
57.0
4,705
83
4,622
401
7.9
3,845
9,292
5,304
57.1
4,928
85
4,843
376
7.1
3,988
15,365
7,932
51.6
6,661
244
6,417
1,271
16.0
7,433
15,644
8,256
52.8
7,051
261
6,790
1,205
14.6
7,388
12,181
6,720
55.2
5,807
236
5,571
912
13.6
5,462
12,439
6,965
56.0
6,089
250
5,839
876
12.6
5,475
2,412
933
38.7
631
3
628
302
32.4
1,479
2,443
1,017
41.6
736
8
728
281
27.6
1,427
2,121
911
43.0
714
33
682
197
21.6
1,210
2,204
1,007
45.7
793
36
757
214
21.3
1,197
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population ...............................
Civilian labor force ......................................................
Percent of population ..............................................
Employed ..................................................................
Agriculture ..............................................................
Nonagricultural industries .......................................
Unemployed .............................................................
Unemployment rate ................................................
Not in labor force ........................................................
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population ...............................
Civilian labor force ......................................................
Percent of population ..............................................
Employed ..................................................................
Agriculture ..............................................................
Nonagricultural industries .......................................
Unemployed .............................................................
Unemployment rate ................................................
Not in labor force ........................................................
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population ...............................
Civilian labor force ......................................................
Percent of population ..............................................
Employed ..................................................................
Agriculture ..............................................................
Nonagricultural industries .......................................
Unemployed .............................................................
Unemployment rate ................................................
Not in labor force ........................................................
Women, 16 years and over
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population ...............................
Civilian labor force ......................................................
Percent of population ..............................................
Employed ..................................................................
Agriculture ..............................................................
Nonagricultural industries .......................................
Unemployed .............................................................
Unemployment rate ................................................
Not in labor force ........................................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population ...............................
Civilian labor force ......................................................
Percent of population ..............................................
Employed ..................................................................
Agriculture ..............................................................
Nonagricultural industries .......................................
Unemployed .............................................................
Unemployment rate ................................................
Not in labor force ........................................................
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not
sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented
and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
172
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
6. Employment status of the Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban-origin population by sex and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Total Hispanic origin1
Mexican origin
Puerto Rican origin
Cuban origin
Employment status, sex, and age
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
20,321
13,796
67.9
12,726
660
12,067
1,069
7.7
6,526
21,070
14,317
67.9
13,291
742
12,549
1,026
7.2
6,753
12,443
8,546
68.7
7,884
572
7,312
662
7.7
3,897
13,216
9,096
68.8
8,431
662
7,769
664
7.3
4,121
2,139
1,293
60.4
1,166
8
1,158
127
9.8
846
2,080
1,249
60.0
1,145
10
1,135
104
8.3
832
1,025
646
63.0
603
5
599
43
6.6
379
1,062
651
61.3
612
6
606
39
6.0
411
10,368
8,309
80.1
7,728
571
7,157
582
7.0
2,059
10,734
8,571
79.8
8,018
651
7,367
552
6.4
2,164
6,529
5,316
81.4
4,941
492
4,450
374
7.0
1,214
6,937
5,660
81.6
5,291
579
4,712
369
6.5
1,276
1,010
723
71.6
654
6
648
69
9.6
287
975
672
68.9
615
8
607
57
8.5
303
520
387
74.4
364
4
360
23
6.0
133
527
387
73.5
371
5
366
16
4.1
140
9,250
7,779
84.1
7,307
544
6,763
471
6.1
1,471
9,573
8,005
83.6
7,570
621
6,949
436
5.4
1,568
5,795
4,965
85.7
4,659
466
4,193
306
6.2
831
6,139
5,244
85.4
4,959
551
4,408
285
5.4
895
889
669
75.3
619
6
614
50
7.4
220
872
632
72.4
586
8
578
46
7.3
241
500
375
74.9
352
4
348
22
6.0
125
499
372
74.6
359
5
354
13
3.6
127
9,953
5,486
55.1
4,999
89
4,910
488
8.9
4,466
10,335
5,746
55.6
5,273
91
5,182
473
8.2
4,589
5,913
3,231
54.6
2,943
80
2,863
288
8.9
2,683
6,280
3,435
54.7
3,140
83
3,057
296
8.6
2,844
1,129
570
50.5
512
3
510
58
10.1
559
1,105
576
52.2
529
2
528
47
8.2
529
504
259
51.3
239
1
239
20
7.6
246
535
264
49.2
241
1
240
23
8.6
272
8,950
5,106
57.0
4,705
83
4,622
401
7.9
3,845
9,292
5,304
57.1
4,928
85
4,843
376
7.1
3,988
5,280
2,984
56.5
2,752
75
2,677
232
7.8
2,296
5,555
3,119
56.1
2,897
77
2,820
221
7.1
2,436
997
521
52.3
476
2
474
45
8.7
475
1,003
530
52.8
493
2
491
37
7.0
473
484
251
51.8
232
1
232
19
7.4
233
509
252
49.6
231
1
230
22
8.6
257
2,121
911
43.0
714
33
682
197
21.6
1,210
2,204
1,007
45.7
793
36
757
214
21.3
1,197
1,368
598
43.7
473
31
442
125
20.9
770
1,523
733
48.1
575
34
541
158
21.5
790
254
103
40.4
71
–
70
32
31.2
151
205
87
42.5
66
1
65
21
24.1
118
40
20
49.7
18
–
18
2
( 2)
20
54
26
48.1
22
–
22
4
( 2)
28
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population ...............................
Civilian labor force ......................................................
Percent of population ..............................................
Employed ..................................................................
Agriculture ..............................................................
Nonagricultural industries .......................................
Unemployed .............................................................
Unemployment rate ................................................
Not in labor force ........................................................
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population ...............................
Civilian labor force ......................................................
Percent of population ..............................................
Employed ..................................................................
Agriculture ..............................................................
Nonagricultural industries .......................................
Unemployed .............................................................
Unemployment rate ................................................
Not in labor force ........................................................
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population ...............................
Civilian labor force ......................................................
Percent of population ..............................................
Employed ..................................................................
Agriculture ..............................................................
Nonagricultural industries .......................................
Unemployed .............................................................
Unemployment rate ................................................
Not in labor force ........................................................
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population ...............................
Civilian labor force ......................................................
Percent of population ..............................................
Employed ..................................................................
Agriculture ..............................................................
Nonagricultural industries .......................................
Unemployed .............................................................
Unemployment rate ................................................
Not in labor force ........................................................
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population ...............................
Civilian labor force ......................................................
Percent of population ..............................................
Employed ..................................................................
Agriculture ..............................................................
Nonagricultural industries .......................................
Unemployed .............................................................
Unemployment rate ................................................
Not in labor force ........................................................
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population ...............................
Civilian labor force ......................................................
Percent of population ..............................................
Employed ..................................................................
Agriculture ..............................................................
Nonagricultural industries .......................................
Unemployed .............................................................
Unemployment rate ................................................
Not in labor force ........................................................
1 Includes persons of Central or South American origin and of other
Hispanic origin, not shown separately.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 35,000.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite
estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the
household survey.
173
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
7. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 years and over by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
Men
Women
White
Black
Hispanic origin
Educational attainment
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
171,983
115,779
67.3
111,855
65.0
3,924
3.4
81,173
61,982
76.4
59,736
73.6
2,246
3.6
81,986
62,494
76.2
60,497
73.8
1,998
3.2
89,153
52,851
59.3
50,782
57.0
2,069
3.9
89,997
53,285
59.2
51,359
57.1
1,926
3.6
143,829
96,846
67.3
93,687
65.1
3,159
3.3
144,900
97,206
67.1
94,330
65.1
2,877
3.0
19,076
12,813
67.2
11,882
62.3
930
7.3
19,384
13,168
67.9
12,324
63.6
844
6.4
15,577
10,880
69.8
10,214
65.6
666
6.1
16,134
11,232
69.6
10,615
65.8
617
5.5
29,757
12,564
42.2
11,546
38.8
1,018
8.1
29,375
12,561
42.8
11,673
39.7
887
7.1
14,119
7,766
55.0
7,210
51.1
557
7.2
13,975
7,711
55.2
7,238
51.8
472
6.1
15,638
4,798
30.7
4,336
27.7
461
9.6
15,400
4,850
31.5
4,435
28.8
415
8.6
23,785
10,144
42.6
9,414
39.6
730
7.2
23,557
10,146
43.1
9,510
40.4
635
6.3
4,611
1,816
39.4
1,578
34.2
238
13.1
4,459
1,785
40.0
1,579
35.4
207
11.6
6,968
4,084
58.6
3,738
53.7
346
8.5
7,138
4,191
58.7
3,889
54.5
303
7.2
57,424
37,769
65.8
36,163
63.0
1,606
4.3
57,524
37,465
65.1
35,976
62.5
1,489
4.0
26,076
19,967
76.6
19,124
73.3
844
4.2
26,212
19,961
76.2
19,188
73.2
773
3.9
31,348
17,802
56.8
17,039
54.4
763
4.3
31,313
17,504
55.9
16,788
53.6
717
4.1
48,728
31,699
65.1
30,552
62.7
1,147
3.6
48,709
31,313
64.3
30,249
62.1
1,064
3.4
6,837
4,798
70.2
4,409
64.5
389
8.1
6,910
4,864
70.4
4,504
65.2
360
7.4
4,154
3,123
75.2
2,945
70.9
178
5.7
4,296
3,195
74.4
3,018
70.2
177
5.5
41,946
31,343
74.7
30,321
72.3
1,022
3.3
42,261
31,412
74.3
30,477
72.1
935
3.0
19,387
15,892
82.0
15,393
79.4
499
3.1
19,488
15,860
81.4
15,415
79.1
445
2.8
22,560
15,451
68.5
14,928
66.2
523
3.4
22,773
15,552
68.3
15,062
66.1
489
3.1
35,552
26,326
74.0
25,574
71.9
752
2.9
35,643
26,211
73.5
25,527
71.6
685
2.6
4,890
3,884
79.4
3,665
74.9
219
5.6
5,042
4,000
79.3
3,795
75.3
204
5.1
2,830
2,309
81.6
2,214
78.2
95
4.1
2,934
2,373
80.9
2,282
77.8
91
3.8
29,448
21,430
72.8
20,678
70.2
752
3.5
29,526
21,311
72.2
20,626
69.9
684
3.2
14,009
11,252
80.3
10,876
77.6
377
3.3
13,883
11,018
79.4
10,684
77.0
335
3.0
15,439
10,178
65.9
9,802
63.5
376
3.7
15,642
10,293
65.8
9,943
63.6
350
3.4
24,817
17,845
71.9
17,302
69.7
543
3.0
24,715
17,592
71.2
17,101
69.2
491
2.8
3,640
2,855
78.4
2,681
73.6
175
6.1
3,768
2,938
78.0
2,776
73.7
162
5.5
2,056
1,672
81.3
1,603
77.9
69
4.1
2,120
1,689
79.7
1,622
76.5
68
4.0
12,498
9,913
79.3
9,643
77.2
270
2.7
12,735
10,101
79.3
9,850
77.3
251
2.5
5,378
4,640
86.3
4,517
84.0
123
2.6
5,604
4,842
86.4
4,731
84.4
111
2.3
7,121
5,273
74.1
5,126
72.0
147
2.8
7,131
5,259
73.7
5,119
71.8
140
2.7
10,735
8,481
79.0
8,271
77.1
210
2.5
10,928
8,619
78.9
8,426
77.1
193
2.2
1,250
1,029
82.3
984
78.7
45
4.3
1,273
1,061
83.4
1,020
80.1
42
3.9
773
637
82.3
611
79.0
26
4.0
814
683
84.0
660
81.1
23
3.4
41,200
33,157
80.5
32,488
78.9
669
2.0
42,822
34,342
80.2
33,730
78.8
612
1.8
21,592
18,357
85.0
18,010
83.4
347
1.9
22,312
18,963
85.0
18,656
83.6
307
1.6
19,608
14,800
75.5
14,478
73.8
322
2.2
20,510
15,379
75.0
15,074
73.5
305
2.0
35,764
28,677
80.2
28,148
78.7
529
1.8
36,991
29,537
79.8
29,044
78.5
493
1.7
2,738
2,314
84.5
2,230
81.4
84
3.6
2,973
2,520
84.7
2,446
82.3
74
2.9
1,625
1,364
83.9
1,316
81.0
47
3.5
1,766
1,474
83.4
1,427
80.8
47
3.2
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population ... 170,327
Civilian labor force .......................... 114,833
Percent of population ..................
67.4
Employed ...................................... 110,518
Employment-population ratio ......
64.9
Unemployed .................................
4,315
Unemployment rate ....................
3.8
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian noninstitutional population ...
Civilian labor force ..........................
Percent of population ..................
Employed ......................................
Employment-population ratio ......
Unemployed .................................
Unemployment rate ....................
High school graduates, no college
Civilian noninstitutional population ...
Civilian labor force ..........................
Percent of population ..................
Employed ......................................
Employment-population ratio ......
Unemployed .................................
Unemployment rate ....................
Less than a bachelor’s degree1
Civilian noninstitutional population ...
Civilian labor force ..........................
Percent of population ..................
Employed ......................................
Employment-population ratio ......
Unemployed .................................
Unemployment rate ....................
Some college, no degree
Civilian noninstitutional population ...
Civilian labor force ..........................
Percent of population ..................
Employed ......................................
Employment-population ratio ......
Unemployed .................................
Unemployment rate ....................
Associate degree
Civilian noninstitutional population ...
Civilian labor force ..........................
Percent of population ..................
Employed ......................................
Employment-population ratio ......
Unemployed .................................
Unemployment rate ....................
College graduates
Civilian noninstitutional population ...
Civilian labor force ..........................
Percent of population ..................
Employed ......................................
Employment-population ratio ......
Unemployed .................................
Unemployment rate ....................
1 Includes the categories, some college, no degree, and associate degree.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals
because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are
included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 1998,
data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls
used in the household survey.
174
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
8. Employed and unemployed full- and part-time workers by age, sex, and race
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Employed1
Full-time workers
Unemployed
Part-time workers
At work2
At work
Age, sex, and race
35
hours
or
more
1 to 34
hours for
economic
or
noneconomic
reasons
Total, 16 years and over .............. 108,202
16 to 19 years ...............................................
2,320
16 to 17 years .............................................
353
18 to 19 years .............................................
1,967
20 years and over ......................................... 105,882
20 to 24 years .............................................
9,273
25 years and over ....................................... 96,609
25 to 54 years ........................................... 84,274
55 years and over ..................................... 12,336
91,880
1,914
271
1,643
89,966
7,926
82,040
71,912
10,127
Men, 16 years and over ............................
16 to 19 years ...............................................
20 years and over .........................................
20 to 24 years .............................................
25 years and over .......................................
25 to 54 years ...........................................
55 years and over .....................................
63,189
1,351
61,837
5,294
56,543
49,092
7,451
Women, 16 years and over ......................
16 to 19 years ...............................................
20 years and over .........................................
20 to 24 years .............................................
25 years and over .......................................
25 to 54 years ...........................................
55 years and over .....................................
Looking
for
part-time
work
Not
at
work
Total
12,260
344
70
275
11,915
1,106
10,810
9,240
1,570
4,062
61
12
49
4,001
240
3,760
3,121
639
23,261
4,731
2,409
2,322
18,530
3,285
15,246
10,985
4,261
2,497
300
60
240
2,197
466
1,731
1,513
218
19,239
4,233
2,242
1,990
15,007
2,667
12,339
8,665
3,674
1,524
198
107
91
1,326
151
1,175
806
369
4,916
584
164
420
4,332
910
3,423
3,097
325
1,293
621
409
212
672
171
501
362
139
55,080
1,133
53,947
4,627
49,320
43,061
6,259
6,136
186
5,950
557
5,393
4,555
838
1,973
32
1,940
110
1,830
1,476
355
7,504
2,207
5,297
1,344
3,953
2,182
1,772
1,063
137
925
218
708
612
96
6,026
1,976
4,050
1,074
2,975
1,440
1,535
416
94
322
51
271
130
141
2,707
340
2,366
509
1,857
1,648
209
559
345
214
73
141
80
61
45,014
969
44,045
3,979
40,066
35,181
4,885
36,800
781
36,019
3,299
32,720
28,851
3,868
6,124
158
5,965
549
5,416
4,685
732
2,090
29
2,061
131
1,930
1,646
284
15,757
2,524
13,233
1,941
11,292
8,803
2,490
1,435
163
1,272
248
1,024
901
122
13,214
2,257
10,957
1,593
9,364
7,225
2,139
1,108
104
1,004
100
905
677
228
2,210
244
1,966
400
1,566
1,449
116
734
276
458
98
360
282
78
Men, 16 years and over ...............
16 to 19 years ...............................................
20 years and over .........................................
20 to 24 years .............................................
25 years and over .......................................
25 to 54 years ...........................................
55 years and over .....................................
54,206
1,188
53,017
4,540
48,477
41,872
6,605
47,239
999
46,240
3,971
42,269
36,733
5,536
5,257
162
5,095
475
4,620
3,876
745
1,709
27
1,682
95
1,588
1,264
324
6,398
1,915
4,483
1,118
3,365
1,763
1,602
829
113
716
172
544
466
78
5,209
1,723
3,487
902
2,585
1,190
1,395
360
80
280
44
236
107
128
1,999
242
1,756
349
1,408
1,237
170
432
268
164
56
108
57
51
Women, 16 years and over ......................
16 to 19 years ...............................................
20 years and over .........................................
20 to 24 years .............................................
25 years and over .......................................
25 to 54 years ...........................................
55 years and over .....................................
36,553
816
35,738
3,241
32,497
28,310
4,187
29,792
663
29,130
2,698
26,431
23,118
3,313
5,039
129
4,910
443
4,467
3,838
629
1,722
24
1,698
100
1,599
1,353
246
13,774
2,170
11,604
1,612
9,992
7,766
2,226
1,089
136
953
188
765
672
93
11,695
1,945
9,749
1,342
8,407
6,483
1,925
990
88
902
83
819
611
208
1,481
163
1,318
255
1,063
974
89
572
202
370
72
298
232
66
Men, 16 years and over ...............
16 to 19 years ...............................................
20 years and over .........................................
20 to 24 years .............................................
25 years and over .......................................
25 to 54 years ...........................................
55 years and over .....................................
6,148
125
6,023
550
5,473
4,922
551
5,322
104
5,218
478
4,740
4,279
460
637
17
620
62
558
489
69
189
3
185
10
175
153
22
723
216
507
136
371
256
115
168
21
147
37
110
100
10
520
185
334
94
240
142
98
34
10
25
4
21
13
7
572
85
487
140
347
323
25
99
62
37
11
26
18
8
Women, 16 years and over ......................
16 to 19 years ...............................................
20 years and over .........................................
20 to 24 years .............................................
25 years and over .......................................
25 to 54 years ...........................................
55 years and over .....................................
6,281
122
6,159
579
5,581
5,065
516
5,166
92
5,073
466
4,607
4,200
407
828
25
803
87
715
634
81
288
5
283
25
258
230
28
1,404
273
1,131
231
900
701
199
278
22
256
49
207
184
23
1,045
237
807
170
637
476
161
81
13
68
12
56
41
15
624
69
555
129
426
407
19
131
65
66
21
45
36
9
Total
Part time
Part time for
for
economic
noneconomic
reasons
reasons
Not
at
work
Looking
for
full-time
work
TOTAL
White
Black
1 Employed persons are classified as full- or part-time workers based on
their usual weekly hours at all jobs regardless of the number of hours they are
at work during the reference week. Persons absent from work also are
classified according to their usual status.
2 Includes some persons at work 35 hours or more classified by their
reason for working part time.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
175
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
9. Employed persons by occupation, sex, and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
Occupation
Men
16 years
and over
1997
1998
Total ............................................................................................ 129,558 131,463
16 years
and over
Women
20 years
and over
16 years
and over
20 years
and over
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
69,685
70,693
66,284
67,135
59,873
60,771
56,613
57,278
Managerial and professional specialty .............................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial .....................................
Officials and administrators, public administration .......................
Other executive, administrative, and managerial .........................
Management-related occupations ................................................
Professional specialty .....................................................................
Engineers .....................................................................................
Mathematical and computer scientists .........................................
Natural scientists ..........................................................................
Health diagnosing occupations .....................................................
Health assessment and treating occupations ...............................
Teachers, college and university ..................................................
Teachers, except college and university ......................................
Lawyers and judges ......................................................................
Other professional specialty occupations .....................................
37,686
18,440
694
13,143
4,604
19,245
2,036
1,494
529
1,027
2,886
869
4,798
925
4,681
38,937
19,054
719
13,635
4,700
19,883
2,052
1,747
519
1,083
2,898
919
4,962
951
4,750
19,249
10,271
372
7,951
1,948
8,978
1,841
1,040
365
769
391
498
1,166
678
2,231
19,867
10,585
389
8,181
2,015
9,282
1,824
1,243
359
798
428
530
1,225
679
2,196
19,131
10,223
372
7,911
1,940
8,907
1,840
1,034
365
769
390
492
1,149
677
2,192
19,738
10,534
388
8,137
2,008
9,204
1,822
1,235
359
797
427
524
1,208
678
2,154
18,437
8,170
322
5,191
2,656
10,267
195
454
164
259
2,495
371
3,632
247
2,450
19,070
8,469
330
5,454
2,685
10,602
228
505
161
285
2,470
389
3,737
272
2,555
18,299
8,124
322
5,154
2,648
10,176
194
453
164
258
2,492
364
3,594
246
2,409
18,890
8,407
329
5,406
2,672
10,483
228
501
160
284
2,467
384
3,683
272
2,502
Technical, sales, and administrative support ....................................
Technicians and related support ....................................................
Health technologists and technicians ...........................................
Engineering and science technicians ...........................................
Technicians, except health, engineering, and science .................
Sales occupations ..........................................................................
Supervisors and proprietors .........................................................
Sales representatives, finance and business services .................
Sales representatives, commodities, except retail .......................
Sales workers, retail and personal services .................................
Sales-related occupations ............................................................
Administrative support, including clerical ........................................
Supervisors ...................................................................................
Computer equipment operators ....................................................
Secretaries, stenographers, and typists .......................................
Financial records processing ........................................................
Mail and message distributing ......................................................
Other administrative support, including clerical ............................
38,309
4,214
1,693
1,246
1,275
15,734
4,635
2,613
1,507
6,887
91
18,361
685
392
3,692
2,196
977
10,420
38,521
4,261
1,733
1,255
1,273
15,850
4,719
2,668
1,584
6,784
94
18,410
698
375
3,599
2,214
984
10,539
13,760
2,028
336
955
737
7,840
2,855
1,464
1,132
2,364
24
3,892
275
162
79
172
606
2,597
13,792
1,976
319
930
728
7,875
2,829
1,504
1,173
2,344
26
3,941
279
170
85
175
611
2,622
12,981
1,989
333
932
725
7,320
2,833
1,445
1,126
1,892
23
3,673
274
158
73
165
588
2,413
12,973
1,938
312
908
718
7,324
2,809
1,470
1,166
1,855
24
3,711
277
166
80
166
595
2,428
24,549
2,186
1,357
291
538
7,894
1,780
1,149
375
4,523
67
14,469
410
229
3,613
2,024
371
7,823
24,728
2,285
1,414
325
545
7,975
1,890
1,165
411
4,440
68
14,469
419
205
3,515
2,039
374
7,917
22,859
2,153
1,339
281
532
6,804
1,754
1,124
369
3,493
64
13,902
406
223
3,519
1,998
360
7,395
22,893
2,251
1,400
314
537
6,778
1,855
1,126
402
3,330
66
13,863
417
202
3,415
2,008
362
7,459
Service occupations ......................................................................... 17,537
Private household ...........................................................................
795
Protective service ...........................................................................
2,300
Service, except private household and protective .......................... 14,442
Food service .................................................................................
5,999
Health service ...............................................................................
2,447
Cleaning and building service .......................................................
3,108
Personal service ...........................................................................
2,888
17,836
847
2,417
14,572
6,071
2,480
3,112
2,909
7,122
37
1,890
5,195
2,590
289
1,764
552
7,222
46
1,986
5,190
2,639
285
1,728
537
6,134
30
1,837
4,267
1,876
278
1,641
473
6,237
40
1,948
4,249
1,919
266
1,597
467
10,416
758
411
9,247
3,409
2,158
1,344
2,335
10,614
801
431
9,382
3,432
2,194
1,384
2,371
9,284
670
373
8,241
2,705
2,075
1,286
2,174
9,436
708
385
8,343
2,726
2,097
1,317
2,203
Precision production, craft, and repair .............................................. 14,124
Mechanics and repairers ................................................................
4,675
Construction trades ........................................................................
5,378
Other precision production, craft, and repair ..................................
4,071
14,411
4,786
5,594
4,031
12,868
4,494
5,251
3,123
13,208
4,592
5,485
3,131
12,575
4,400
5,113
3,063
12,878
4,475
5,319
3,084
1,256
181
127
948
1,203
194
109
900
1,229
178
122
928
1,181
191
104
886
Operators, fabricators, and laborers ................................................. 18,399
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ............................
7,962
Transportation and material moving occupations ...........................
5,389
Motor vehicle operators ................................................................
4,089
Other transportation and material moving occupations ................
1,300
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ....................
5,048
Construction laborers ...................................................................
811
Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .........
4,237
18,256
7,791
5,363
4,069
1,294
5,102
821
4,282
13,858
4,962
4,872
3,629
1,243
4,025
773
3,252
13,769
4,882
4,818
3,601
1,217
4,069
784
3,285
12,876
4,794
4,774
3,548
1,226
3,309
703
2,605
12,736
4,695
4,703
3,517
1,187
3,338
706
2,632
4,540
3,000
518
461
57
1,023
37
985
4,487
2,909
545
468
77
1,033
37
996
4,318
2,916
500
445
55
901
36
865
4,264
2,826
531
455
76
908
35
873
3,502
1,187
2,315
2,828
1,012
1,816
2,835
913
1,921
2,587
1,000
1,587
2,572
905
1,666
675
305
371
668
274
394
625
302
323
614
270
343
Farming, forestry, and fishing ...........................................................
Farm operators and managers .......................................................
Other farming, forestry, and fishing occupations ............................
3,503
1,317
2,186
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
176
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
10. Employed persons by occupation, race, and sex
(Percent distribution)
Total
Men
Women
Occupation and race
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
131,463
100.0
69,685
100.0
70,693
100.0
59,873
100.0
60,771
100.0
29.1
14.2
14.9
29.6
3.3
12.1
14.2
13.5
.6
1.8
11.1
10.9
14.2
6.1
4.2
3.9
2.7
29.6
14.5
15.1
29.3
3.2
12.1
14.0
13.6
.6
1.8
11.1
11.0
13.9
5.9
4.1
3.9
2.7
27.6
14.7
12.9
19.7
2.9
11.3
5.6
10.2
.1
2.7
7.5
18.5
19.9
7.1
7.0
5.8
4.1
28.1
15.0
13.1
19.5
2.8
11.1
5.6
10.2
.1
2.8
7.3
18.7
19.5
6.9
6.8
5.8
4.0
30.8
13.6
17.1
41.0
3.7
13.2
24.2
17.4
1.3
.7
15.4
2.1
7.6
5.0
.9
1.7
1.1
31.4
13.9
17.4
40.7
3.8
13.1
23.8
17.5
1.3
.7
15.4
2.0
7.4
4.8
.9
1.7
1.1
Total, 16 years and over (thousands) ......................................................................... 109,856
Percent .......................................................................................................................
100.0
110,931
100.0
59,998
100.0
60,604
100.0
49,859
100.0
50,327
100.0
30.1
14.9
15.2
29.7
3.3
12.5
13.9
12.4
.6
1.6
10.2
11.4
13.5
5.8
4.0
3.7
3.0
30.7
15.2
15.5
29.3
3.2
12.4
13.7
12.4
.6
1.7
10.1
11.5
13.2
5.5
3.9
3.7
2.9
28.5
15.5
13.0
19.8
2.9
11.7
5.2
9.2
1
( )
2.5
6.6
19.1
19.0
6.9
6.7
5.4
4.4
29.1
15.8
13.3
19.5
2.7
11.5
5.2
9.2
1
( )
2.6
6.5
19.4
18.5
6.6
6.5
5.4
4.3
32.0
14.3
17.8
41.6
3.7
13.4
24.5
16.2
1.2
.6
14.4
2.0
6.9
4.4
.8
1.6
1.3
32.6
14.6
18.1
41.1
3.8
13.4
24.0
16.3
1.3
.6
14.4
1.9
6.8
4.3
.8
1.6
1.2
Total, 16 years and over (thousands) .........................................................................
Percent .......................................................................................................................
13,969
100.0
14,556
100.0
6,607
100.0
6,871
100.0
7,362
100.0
7,685
100.0
Managerial and professional specialty .........................................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial .................................................................
Professional specialty .................................................................................................
Technical, sales, and administrative support ................................................................
Technicians and related support ................................................................................
Sales occupations ......................................................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical ....................................................................
Service occupations .....................................................................................................
Private household .......................................................................................................
Protective service .......................................................................................................
Service, except private household and protective ......................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair ..........................................................................
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .............................................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ........................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations .......................................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ................................................
Farming, forestry, and fishing .......................................................................................
19.8
9.1
10.7
28.9
2.9
9.1
16.8
22.1
.9
3.1
18.1
8.2
19.9
8.4
5.9
5.6
1.1
20.2
9.4
10.8
29.3
3.0
9.7
16.5
21.6
.8
3.2
17.6
8.0
19.7
8.2
6.0
5.5
1.2
16.8
8.5
8.4
18.1
2.6
6.8
8.7
18.1
.1
4.8
13.2
14.9
29.9
9.6
11.0
9.4
2.1
17.0
8.6
8.4
18.3
2.5
7.8
8.0
17.8
.1
4.8
12.9
14.6
30.1
9.7
11.1
9.3
2.2
22.4
9.6
12.8
38.5
3.2
11.2
24.1
25.7
1.7
1.5
22.5
2.2
10.9
7.4
1.3
2.2
.2
23.2
10.1
13.0
39.1
3.5
11.4
24.2
25.0
1.5
1.7
21.9
2.0
10.4
7.0
1.4
2.0
.3
TOTAL
Total, 16 years and over (thousands) ......................................................................... 129,558
Percent .......................................................................................................................
100.0
Managerial and professional specialty .........................................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial .................................................................
Professional specialty .................................................................................................
Technical, sales, and administrative support ................................................................
Technicians and related support ................................................................................
Sales occupations ......................................................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical ....................................................................
Service occupations .....................................................................................................
Private household .......................................................................................................
Protective service .......................................................................................................
Service, except private household and protective ......................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair ..........................................................................
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .............................................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ........................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations .......................................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ................................................
Farming, forestry, and fishing .......................................................................................
White
Managerial and professional specialty .........................................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial .................................................................
Professional specialty .................................................................................................
Technical, sales, and administrative support ................................................................
Technicians and related support ................................................................................
Sales occupations ......................................................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical ....................................................................
Service occupations .....................................................................................................
Private household .......................................................................................................
Protective service .......................................................................................................
Service, except private household and protective ......................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair ..........................................................................
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .............................................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ........................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations .......................................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ................................................
Farming, forestry, and fishing .......................................................................................
Black
1 Less than 0.05 percent.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
177
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
11. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Percent of total:
Occupation
Total
employed
Women
Black
Hispanic
origin
Total, 16 years and over .............................................................................................................................................
131,463
46.2
11.1
10.1
Managerial and professional specialty ...........................................................................................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial ...................................................................................................................
Officials and administrators, public administration .....................................................................................................
Administrators, protective services .............................................................................................................................
Financial managers ....................................................................................................................................................
Personnel and labor relations managers ....................................................................................................................
Purchasing managers .................................................................................................................................................
Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations .............................................................................................
Administrators, education and related fields ...............................................................................................................
Managers, medicine and health .................................................................................................................................
Managers, food serving and lodging establishments .................................................................................................
Managers, properties and real estate .........................................................................................................................
Management-related occupations ..............................................................................................................................
Accountants and auditors .........................................................................................................................................
Underwriters .............................................................................................................................................................
Other financial officers ..............................................................................................................................................
Management analysts ..............................................................................................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists ..................................................................................................
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products ........................................................................................
Construction inspectors ............................................................................................................................................
Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction .........................................................................................
38,937
19,054
630
60
705
162
136
772
752
725
1,453
517
4,700
1,616
117
745
441
482
224
70
237
49.0
44.4
48.5
25.2
53.3
65.9
39.4
38.5
62.2
79.2
43.9
52.2
57.1
58.2
71.0
53.9
41.4
68.3
48.4
6.6
36.0
7.6
7.2
12.1
15.7
6.8
7.7
5.0
3.8
10.6
6.8
8.8
7.1
9.7
9.4
13.1
7.7
9.1
14.7
5.9
2.8
12.8
5.0
5.4
4.5
3.6
4.4
4.3
5.5
3.4
4.2
5.3
8.7
9.4
5.4
4.9
.6
5.0
2.4
5.8
8.8
9.1
9.7
Professional specialty ...................................................................................................................................................
Engineers, architects, and surveyors .........................................................................................................................
Architects ..................................................................................................................................................................
Engineers .................................................................................................................................................................
Aerospace engineers ..............................................................................................................................................
Chemical engineers ................................................................................................................................................
Civil engineers ........................................................................................................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers .........................................................................................................................
Industrial engineers ................................................................................................................................................
Mechanical engineers .............................................................................................................................................
Mathematical and computer scientists .......................................................................................................................
Computer systems analysts and scientists ...............................................................................................................
Operations and systems researchers and analysts ..................................................................................................
Natural scientists ........................................................................................................................................................
Chemists, except biochemists ..................................................................................................................................
Geologists and geodesists .......................................................................................................................................
Biological and life scientists ......................................................................................................................................
Medical scientists .....................................................................................................................................................
Health diagnosing occupations ...................................................................................................................................
Physicians ................................................................................................................................................................
Dentists .....................................................................................................................................................................
Veterinarians ............................................................................................................................................................
Health assessment and treating occupations .............................................................................................................
Registered nurses ....................................................................................................................................................
Pharmacists ..............................................................................................................................................................
Dietitians ...................................................................................................................................................................
Therapists .................................................................................................................................................................
Respiratory therapists .............................................................................................................................................
Occupational therapists ..........................................................................................................................................
Physical therapists ..................................................................................................................................................
Speech therapists ...................................................................................................................................................
Physicians’ assistants ...............................................................................................................................................
Teachers, college and university ................................................................................................................................
Teachers, except college and university ....................................................................................................................
Prekindergarten and kindergarten ............................................................................................................................
Elementary school ....................................................................................................................................................
Secondary school .....................................................................................................................................................
Special education .....................................................................................................................................................
Counselors, educational and vocational .....................................................................................................................
Librarians, archivists, and curators .............................................................................................................................
Librarians ..................................................................................................................................................................
Social scientists and urban planners ..........................................................................................................................
Economists ...............................................................................................................................................................
Psychologists ............................................................................................................................................................
Social, recreation, and religious workers ....................................................................................................................
19,883
2,224
158
2,052
86
69
296
629
262
335
1,747
1,471
212
519
133
63
104
83
1,083
740
155
58
2,898
2,032
180
90
528
103
71
134
105
68
919
4,962
586
1,951
1,225
381
230
236
208
430
137
232
1,329
53.3
11.5
17.5
11.1
8.4
16.5
12.1
9.0
18.3
7.0
28.9
26.9
41.9
30.9
32.9
11.6
38.8
45.2
26.3
26.6
19.8
32.5
85.2
92.5
44.0
86.0
75.4
60.8
83.0
72.9
92.6
52.6
42.3
75.3
97.8
84.0
56.9
82.0
68.8
80.8
83.4
54.7
46.3
62.1
55.1
7.9
4.0
2.0
4.1
3.3
4.6
2.0
5.3
5.3
3.3
7.2
7.2
8.8
3.9
6.1
.3
3.3
5.6
4.2
4.9
2.8
1.9
8.9
9.3
4.1
18.2
7.3
11.7
6.5
4.2
1.9
10.6
5.8
10.0
14.4
10.5
8.9
11.0
13.2
5.9
5.2
6.7
3.6
10.2
17.5
4.6
3.9
5.2
3.8
2.6
1.0
4.6
3.7
5.6
2.0
4.2
3.6
8.5
3.0
3.1
2.0
1.5
5.2
4.0
4.8
2.0
4.9
3.4
3.2
5.1
4.3
3.8
2.0
.7
5.4
6.3
2.8
3.6
5.4
8.0
5.6
4.2
4.7
5.5
5.4
5.9
5.2
6.5
4.0
5.9
See footnotes at end of table.
178
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
11. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Percent of total:
Occupation
Total
employed
Women
Black
Hispanic
origin
Social workers ..........................................................................................................................................................
Recreation workers ...................................................................................................................................................
Clergy .......................................................................................................................................................................
Lawyers and judges ....................................................................................................................................................
Lawyers ....................................................................................................................................................................
Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes ..................................................................................................................
Authors .....................................................................................................................................................................
Technical writers .......................................................................................................................................................
Designers .................................................................................................................................................................
Musicians and composers ........................................................................................................................................
Actors and directors ..................................................................................................................................................
Painters, sculptors, craft artists, and artist printmakers ............................................................................................
Photographers ..........................................................................................................................................................
Editors and reporters ................................................................................................................................................
Public relations specialists ........................................................................................................................................
Announcers ..............................................................................................................................................................
Athletes .....................................................................................................................................................................
749
132
325
951
912
2,353
130
73
692
183
130
241
154
274
170
60
91
68.4
75.1
12.0
28.6
28.5
51.4
55.0
57.4
58.0
39.7
38.7
53.9
38.1
51.0
66.3
17.1
23.7
23.4
15.9
8.7
4.3
4.0
6.2
2.2
3.5
3.0
10.8
8.2
4.7
5.5
8.9
8.8
10.7
12.7
6.4
4.8
6.1
3.0
3.0
5.6
1.3
1.2
6.6
7.2
4.5
5.0
7.1
3.1
4.0
5.0
3.7
Technical, sales, and administrative support ..................................................................................................................
Technicians and related support ..................................................................................................................................
Health technologists and technicians .........................................................................................................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians .....................................................................................................
Dental hygienists ......................................................................................................................................................
Radiologic technicians ..............................................................................................................................................
Licensed practical nurses .........................................................................................................................................
Engineering and related technologists and technicians .............................................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians .........................................................................................................................
Drafting occupations .................................................................................................................................................
Surveying and mapping technicians .........................................................................................................................
Science technicians ....................................................................................................................................................
Biological technicians ...............................................................................................................................................
Chemical technicians ................................................................................................................................................
Technicians, except health, engineering, and science ...............................................................................................
Airplane pilots and navigators ..................................................................................................................................
Computer programmers ...........................................................................................................................................
Legal assistants ........................................................................................................................................................
38,521
4,261
1,733
359
112
170
381
970
431
228
71
285
108
75
1,273
113
613
370
64.2
53.6
81.6
78.5
99.1
69.5
96.0
20.8
16.9
19.3
12.8
43.3
68.2
21.2
42.8
3.4
28.5
82.0
11.1
10.4
13.9
15.0
3.9
8.2
17.4
8.6
9.3
3.5
3.5
8.8
4.0
12.9
7.2
1.9
6.4
8.1
8.3
6.6
7.0
6.4
3.9
2.0
5.8
7.6
8.8
6.2
8.2
5.8
4.9
5.3
5.6
2.5
4.9
7.2
Sales occupations ........................................................................................................................................................
Supervisors and proprietors .......................................................................................................................................
Sales representatives, finance and business services ...............................................................................................
Insurance sales ........................................................................................................................................................
Real estate sales ......................................................................................................................................................
Securities and financial services sales .....................................................................................................................
Advertising and related sales ...................................................................................................................................
Sales occupations, other business services .............................................................................................................
Sales representatives, commodities, except retail .....................................................................................................
Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale .................................................................................
Sales workers, retail and personal services ...............................................................................................................
Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats .................................................................................................................
Sales workers, apparel .............................................................................................................................................
Sales workers, shoes ...............................................................................................................................................
Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings ........................................................................................................
Sales workers, radio, television, hi-fi, and appliances ..............................................................................................
Sales workers, hardware and building supplies .......................................................................................................
Sales workers, parts .................................................................................................................................................
Sales workers, other commodities ............................................................................................................................
Sales counter clerks .................................................................................................................................................
Cashiers ...................................................................................................................................................................
Street and door-to-door sales workers .....................................................................................................................
News vendors ...........................................................................................................................................................
Sales-related occupations ..........................................................................................................................................
Demonstrators, promoters, and models ...................................................................................................................
15,850
4,719
2,668
592
749
477
186
664
1,584
1,544
6,784
309
447
107
152
280
262
165
1,416
205
3,025
315
100
94
71
50.3
40.1
43.6
41.5
53.0
29.1
58.3
41.3
26.0
26.4
65.4
11.1
80.2
65.2
49.2
25.8
24.1
10.6
68.3
67.7
78.2
76.3
36.8
72.7
79.3
8.9
6.5
7.6
9.1
3.9
6.4
8.9
11.1
2.9
2.9
12.5
8.8
14.5
16.7
4.0
10.0
5.7
4.5
8.5
10.1
16.8
8.5
9.2
6.6
6.9
7.9
6.3
4.8
4.2
4.1
3.7
3.1
7.4
5.4
5.6
10.7
7.4
9.7
13.4
7.7
10.4
5.7
10.4
9.3
14.6
12.7
9.0
2.9
3.7
4.2
Administrative support occupations, including clerical .................................................................................................
Supervisors, administrative support ...........................................................................................................................
Supervisors, general office .......................................................................................................................................
Supervisors, financial records processing ................................................................................................................
Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks ......................................................................................
Computer equipment operators ..................................................................................................................................
Computer operators ..................................................................................................................................................
18,410
698
397
88
192
375
371
78.6
60.1
69.1
81.8
33.9
54.7
54.8
13.1
15.1
14.1
8.0
20.4
14.1
14.2
9.0
5.9
6.8
3.6
5.3
7.1
6.8
See footnotes at end of table.
179
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
11. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Percent of total:
Occupation
Total
employed
Women
Black
Hispanic
origin
Secretaries, stenographers, and typists .....................................................................................................................
Secretaries ...............................................................................................................................................................
Stenographers ..........................................................................................................................................................
Typists ......................................................................................................................................................................
Information clerks .......................................................................................................................................................
Interviewers ..............................................................................................................................................................
Hotel clerks ...............................................................................................................................................................
Transportation ticket and reservation agents ...........................................................................................................
Receptionists ............................................................................................................................................................
Records processing, except financial .........................................................................................................................
Order clerks ..............................................................................................................................................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping ...................................................................................................
Library clerks ............................................................................................................................................................
File clerks .................................................................................................................................................................
Records clerks ..........................................................................................................................................................
Financial records processing ......................................................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks .........................................................................................................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks .................................................................................................................................
Billing clerks ..............................................................................................................................................................
Cost and rate clerks ..................................................................................................................................................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators ..................................................................................................
Duplicating, mail and other office machine operators .................................................................................................
Communications equipment operators .......................................................................................................................
Telephone operators ................................................................................................................................................
Mail and message distributing ....................................................................................................................................
Postal clerks, except mail carriers ............................................................................................................................
Mail carriers, postal service ......................................................................................................................................
Mail clerks, except postal service .............................................................................................................................
Messengers ..............................................................................................................................................................
Material recording, scheduling, and distributing clerks ...............................................................................................
Dispatchers ...............................................................................................................................................................
Production coordinators ............................................................................................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks ......................................................................................................................
Stock and inventory clerks ........................................................................................................................................
Weighers, measurers, and checkers and samplers .................................................................................................
Expediters .................................................................................................................................................................
Adjusters and investigators ........................................................................................................................................
Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators ..................................................................................................
Investigators and adjusters, except insurance .........................................................................................................
Eligibility clerks, social welfare .................................................................................................................................
Bill and account collectors ........................................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous administrative support .........................................................................................................................
General office clerks .................................................................................................................................................
Bank tellers ...............................................................................................................................................................
Data-entry keyers .....................................................................................................................................................
Statistical clerks ........................................................................................................................................................
Teachers’ aides ........................................................................................................................................................
3,599
2,914
106
580
1,965
166
126
273
1,006
1,063
246
74
173
348
205
2,214
1,726
146
185
52
105
81
175
159
984
319
333
178
155
1,945
235
255
628
452
51
272
1,813
476
1,049
94
195
3,496
735
416
711
100
633
97.6
98.4
94.2
94.3
89.0
81.3
79.2
77.1
95.5
79.2
75.2
87.1
75.5
80.3
82.5
92.1
93.0
89.7
87.2
83.7
94.1
55.7
81.7
85.8
38.0
47.2
29.7
49.7
23.1
45.1
49.4
56.7
31.6
42.9
52.4
67.9
74.7
72.1
75.6
85.8
70.5
83.1
81.1
89.5
81.8
80.5
93.0
9.6
8.5
3.2
16.5
11.5
16.2
13.9
9.5
10.5
14.5
20.2
14.0
10.3
14.5
10.7
7.7
6.8
10.6
9.3
8.9
15.7
18.9
25.9
26.8
21.1
28.2
17.1
24.5
11.4
14.1
11.0
5.3
17.3
15.5
22.8
12.7
16.3
12.2
17.1
17.5
21.5
14.7
15.3
11.0
17.4
19.4
15.1
7.0
7.0
6.5
7.1
10.7
7.4
6.2
9.3
12.5
10.6
11.4
15.9
6.1
10.8
11.9
6.5
6.0
8.8
7.9
9.2
6.1
16.6
14.3
13.1
10.3
8.5
9.9
12.4
12.3
12.7
8.7
7.0
17.0
14.8
9.4
10.4
8.0
6.6
7.7
14.7
9.3
9.7
10.8
9.0
8.4
7.1
13.5
Service occupations .......................................................................................................................................................
Private household .........................................................................................................................................................
Child care workers ......................................................................................................................................................
Cleaners and servants ................................................................................................................................................
Protective service .........................................................................................................................................................
Supervisors .................................................................................................................................................................
Police and detectives ................................................................................................................................................
Guards ......................................................................................................................................................................
Firefighting and fire prevention ...................................................................................................................................
Firefighting ................................................................................................................................................................
Police and detectives ..................................................................................................................................................
Police and detectives, public service ........................................................................................................................
Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers ................................................................................................
Correctional institution officers .................................................................................................................................
Guards ........................................................................................................................................................................
Guards and police, except public services ...............................................................................................................
17,836
847
278
549
2,417
214
118
55
250
228
1,062
602
161
299
891
753
59.5
94.6
96.5
94.3
17.8
9.3
11.3
11.8
2.5
2.3
16.3
11.5
17.0
25.4
26.0
19.0
17.6
13.7
9.4
15.4
19.1
14.2
10.5
24.9
10.9
11.8
19.4
15.2
16.8
29.2
22.4
25.1
15.0
30.9
19.5
37.0
8.5
7.5
6.0
5.3
5.3
3.9
8.8
10.0
8.0
6.8
9.2
9.9
Service occupations, except private household and protective service .......................................................................
Food preparation and service occupations .................................................................................................................
Supervisors, food preparation and service ...............................................................................................................
Bartenders ................................................................................................................................................................
Waiters and waitresses ............................................................................................................................................
14,572
6,071
417
324
1,379
64.4
56.5
67.4
54.6
78.3
17.6
11.8
13.8
4.3
5.4
15.1
17.0
12.4
6.7
11.3
See footnotes at end of table.
180
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
11. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Percent of total:
Occupation
Total
employed
Women
Black
Hispanic
origin
Cooks .......................................................................................................................................................................
Food counter, fountain and related occupations ......................................................................................................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ............................................................................................................................
Waiters’ and waitresses’ assistants ..........................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous food preparation ................................................................................................................................
Health service occupations .........................................................................................................................................
Dental assistants ......................................................................................................................................................
Health aides, except nursing ....................................................................................................................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants ..................................................................................................................
Cleaning and building service occupations ................................................................................................................
Supervisors ...............................................................................................................................................................
Maids and housemen ...............................................................................................................................................
Janitors and cleaners ...............................................................................................................................................
Pest control occupations ..........................................................................................................................................
Personal service occupations .....................................................................................................................................
Supervisors ...............................................................................................................................................................
Barbers .....................................................................................................................................................................
Hairdressers and cosmetologists .............................................................................................................................
Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities ......................................................................................................
Public transportation attendants ...............................................................................................................................
Welfare service aides ...............................................................................................................................................
Family child care providers .......................................................................................................................................
Early childhood teachers’ assistants ........................................................................................................................
2,135
339
269
559
650
2,480
230
337
1,913
3,112
165
653
2,233
57
2,909
142
66
763
215
124
92
486
453
40.9
69.1
69.0
53.4
46.8
88.5
98.1
78.9
89.0
44.5
39.1
82.8
34.8
4.1
81.5
66.8
18.5
90.8
43.2
86.3
86.8
97.1
95.9
16.6
10.3
12.1
10.7
14.0
30.1
6.1
24.4
34.0
22.8
21.6
26.7
21.7
22.1
13.5
9.2
39.4
11.3
9.3
12.9
25.1
11.2
16.0
21.9
10.8
11.1
18.8
25.6
10.0
12.1
9.3
9.8
20.5
17.7
25.0
19.6
12.0
9.8
6.0
11.8
8.2
5.6
4.1
15.9
10.7
11.8
Precision production, craft, and repair ............................................................................................................................
Mechanics and repairers ..............................................................................................................................................
Supervisors .................................................................................................................................................................
Mechanics and repairers, except supervisors ............................................................................................................
Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers .........................................................................................
Automobile mechanics ...........................................................................................................................................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics .........................................................................................................
Aircraft engine mechanics ......................................................................................................................................
Small engine repairers ............................................................................................................................................
Automobile body and related repairers ...................................................................................................................
Heavy equipment mechanics .................................................................................................................................
Industrial machinery repairers ..................................................................................................................................
Electrical and electronic equipment repairers ...........................................................................................................
Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipment ............................................................................
Data processing equipment repairers .....................................................................................................................
Telephone installers and repairers .........................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment repairers .................................................................................
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics .............................................................................................
Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers ..................................................................................................................
Office machine repairers ........................................................................................................................................
Millwrights ...............................................................................................................................................................
Construction trades ......................................................................................................................................................
Supervisors .................................................................................................................................................................
Construction trades, except supervisors ....................................................................................................................
Brickmasons and stonemasons ................................................................................................................................
Tile setters, hard and soft .........................................................................................................................................
Carpet installers ........................................................................................................................................................
Carpenters ................................................................................................................................................................
Drywall installers .......................................................................................................................................................
Electricians ...............................................................................................................................................................
Electrical power installers and repairers ...................................................................................................................
Painters, construction and maintenance ..................................................................................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters .....................................................................................................................
Concrete and terrazzo finishers ................................................................................................................................
Glaziers ....................................................................................................................................................................
Insulation workers .....................................................................................................................................................
Roofers .....................................................................................................................................................................
Structural metalworkers ............................................................................................................................................
Extractive occupations ..................................................................................................................................................
Precision production occupations .................................................................................................................................
Supervisors .................................................................................................................................................................
Precision metalworking ...............................................................................................................................................
Tool and die makers .................................................................................................................................................
Machinists .................................................................................................................................................................
Sheet-metal workers .................................................................................................................................................
Precision woodworking occupations ...........................................................................................................................
14,411
4,786
259
4,527
1,845
877
334
153
64
188
170
562
866
187
274
232
83
323
916
62
83
5,594
755
4,839
195
63
135
1,346
180
806
141
590
531
83
54
55
241
63
125
3,907
1,221
948
138
535
127
130
8.3
4.0
5.8
4.0
1.0
.8
.6
3.7
1.3
.8
.2
2.1
11.1
6.7
16.9
12.0
7.2
1.5
5.0
2.1
1.5
2.0
1.3
2.0
1.2
1.0
1.6
1.2
2.2
1.9
.7
4.7
.9
.4
4.4
6.4
.8
1.5
1.4
23.0
18.2
6.6
.2
5.7
4.1
9.9
8.0
7.9
5.8
8.0
7.6
8.3
9.2
8.6
3.1
6.1
4.7
8.0
10.8
13.2
7.5
11.9
10.6
5.8
7.2
7.6
7.1
7.1
4.7
7.5
17.8
9.1
4.7
5.3
4.7
6.9
12.3
7.0
7.0
25.2
4.2
8.7
9.7
5.4
7.0
9.5
10.9
5.6
1.9
6.2
5.9
6.8
12.4
10.4
8.1
10.5
12.6
13.7
9.5
11.7
10.5
17.1
10.5
8.8
9.0
8.4
8.0
9.2
10.3
9.0
9.2
7.0
5.2
14.0
8.2
14.9
13.3
23.0
18.0
13.7
22.2
7.9
11.2
24.4
10.8
20.4
11.0
27.5
22.1
6.8
11.8
12.7
9.8
8.9
4.5
8.6
8.0
15.0
See footnotes at end of table.
181
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
11. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Percent of total:
Occupation
Total
employed
Women
Black
Hispanic
origin
Cabinet makers and bench carpenters .....................................................................................................................
Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine workers ......................................................................................
Dressmakers ............................................................................................................................................................
Tailors .......................................................................................................................................................................
Upholsterers .............................................................................................................................................................
Precision workers, assorted materials ........................................................................................................................
Optical goods workers ..............................................................................................................................................
Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians ..............................................................................................
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers ......................................................................................................
Precision food production occupations .......................................................................................................................
Butchers and meat cutters ........................................................................................................................................
Bakers ......................................................................................................................................................................
Precision inspectors, testers, and related workers .....................................................................................................
Inspectors, testers, and graders ...............................................................................................................................
Plant and system operators ........................................................................................................................................
Water and sewage treatment plant operators ..........................................................................................................
Stationary engineers .................................................................................................................................................
89
218
67
50
71
552
79
54
342
435
234
152
143
137
259
55
130
5.5
46.7
88.5
33.1
21.8
55.7
55.4
23.0
67.8
34.7
20.5
44.9
23.1
23.5
2.6
4.7
1.1
3.8
12.4
10.4
15.6
10.7
10.5
7.8
6.8
13.5
11.2
12.2
12.7
10.4
10.8
11.3
9.4
14.6
13.6
20.5
14.4
18.8
24.9
15.8
5.2
12.6
17.7
25.8
32.0
17.6
7.5
7.6
7.0
5.8
6.8
Operators, fabricators, and laborers ...............................................................................................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..........................................................................................................
Machine operators and tenders, except precision ......................................................................................................
Metalworking and plastic working machine operators ..............................................................................................
Lathe and turning machine operators .....................................................................................................................
Punching and stamping press machine operators .................................................................................................
Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators ...............................................................................
Metal and plastic processing machine operators .....................................................................................................
Molding and casting machine operators .................................................................................................................
Woodworking machine operators .............................................................................................................................
Sawing machine operators .....................................................................................................................................
Printing machine operators .......................................................................................................................................
Printing press operators .........................................................................................................................................
Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators ................................................................................................
Winding and twisting machine operators ................................................................................................................
Textile sewing machine operators ..........................................................................................................................
Pressing machine operators ...................................................................................................................................
Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators ...................................................................................................
Machine operators, assorted materials ....................................................................................................................
Packaging and filling machine operators ................................................................................................................
Mixing and blending machine operators .................................................................................................................
Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine operators ...........................................................................................
Painting and paint spraying machine operators .....................................................................................................
Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food .....................................................................................................
Slicing and cutting machine operators ....................................................................................................................
Photographic process machine operators ..............................................................................................................
Fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations .........................................................................................
Welders and cutters ................................................................................................................................................
Assemblers .............................................................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous hand working occupations ..............................................................................................................
Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers ..........................................................................................
Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners ...................................................................................................
Production testers ...................................................................................................................................................
Graders and sorters, except agricultural ................................................................................................................
18,256
7,791
4,931
409
51
107
128
164
106
149
90
395
298
954
53
511
91
199
2,840
401
124
55
212
83
184
102
2,090
588
1,319
85
770
522
56
185
24.6
37.3
37.5
17.4
17.0
31.1
10.1
21.5
26.4
16.1
12.6
26.8
19.4
72.1
71.0
82.1
81.0
52.8
32.2
60.3
9.5
10.4
13.6
3.5
24.4
59.2
33.1
5.1
43.1
64.1
48.0
49.5
22.0
51.9
15.7
15.4
16.0
10.3
5.1
10.2
8.6
11.4
10.4
14.6
15.8
9.5
10.9
19.4
30.7
16.4
27.8
19.1
16.9
19.9
23.1
20.5
12.5
9.6
11.9
12.0
14.3
7.6
17.9
5.1
14.8
12.9
10.0
21.6
16.0
17.2
18.5
11.7
11.7
9.8
17.9
10.7
7.6
13.2
11.3
12.8
14.1
25.1
3.7
30.2
35.2
21.9
18.9
30.8
19.1
10.8
20.4
12.1
24.2
10.0
14.5
14.0
15.1
5.5
16.3
13.6
8.6
25.9
Transportation and material moving occupations .........................................................................................................
Motor vehicle operators ..............................................................................................................................................
Supervisors ...............................................................................................................................................................
Truck drivers .............................................................................................................................................................
Drivers-sales workers ...............................................................................................................................................
Bus drivers ................................................................................................................................................................
Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs ................................................................................................................................
Parking lot attendants ...............................................................................................................................................
Transportation occupations, except motor vehicles ...................................................................................................
Rail transportation ....................................................................................................................................................
Railroad conductors and yardmasters ....................................................................................................................
Water transportation .................................................................................................................................................
Material moving equipment operators ........................................................................................................................
Operating engineers .................................................................................................................................................
Crane and tower operators .......................................................................................................................................
Excavating and loading machine operators ..............................................................................................................
Grader, dozer, and scraper operators ......................................................................................................................
5,363
4,069
88
3,012
159
471
273
62
167
104
50
63
1,127
245
67
104
75
10.2
11.5
24.4
5.3
9.4
50.4
10.5
10.8
4.1
5.1
2.7
2.6
6.2
2.2
6.3
.4
2.7
16.3
16.2
15.9
14.9
10.8
20.3
26.5
22.2
17.3
21.3
15.6
10.6
16.2
7.4
19.3
4.8
10.6
11.9
12.0
5.2
12.0
9.7
11.2
15.0
23.8
3.8
3.0
4.2
5.0
12.8
6.8
4.6
7.9
4.2
See footnotes at end of table.
182
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
11. Employed persons by detailed occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic origin — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Percent of total:
Occupation
Total
employed
Women
Black
Hispanic
origin
Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators ......................................................................................................
534
8.9
22.7
18.3
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ..................................................................................................
Helpers, construction and extractive occupations ......................................................................................................
Helpers, construction trades .....................................................................................................................................
Construction laborers .................................................................................................................................................
Production helpers ......................................................................................................................................................
Freight, stock, and material handlers .........................................................................................................................
Stock handlers and baggers .....................................................................................................................................
Machine feeders and offbearers ...............................................................................................................................
Garage and service station related occupations ........................................................................................................
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners ..................................................................................................................
Hand packers and packagers .....................................................................................................................................
Laborers, except construction ....................................................................................................................................
5,102
126
122
821
54
1,988
1,183
77
180
297
290
1,298
20.3
3.5
3.6
4.5
25.0
23.7
29.7
39.2
4.1
9.8
63.6
21.8
15.6
6.9
6.3
11.8
12.7
17.4
13.1
23.3
10.8
19.5
13.1
16.6
18.4
32.4
33.3
23.5
29.3
14.3
14.4
10.7
10.7
27.2
25.6
16.6
Farming, forestry, and fishing .........................................................................................................................................
Farm operators and managers .....................................................................................................................................
Farmers, except horticultural ......................................................................................................................................
Horticultural specialty farmers ....................................................................................................................................
Managers, farms, except horticultural ........................................................................................................................
Other agricultural and related occupations ...................................................................................................................
Farm occupations, except managerial ........................................................................................................................
Farm workers ............................................................................................................................................................
Related agricultural occupations ................................................................................................................................
Supervisors ...............................................................................................................................................................
Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm ..........................................................................................................
Animal caretakers, except farm ................................................................................................................................
Graders and sorters, agricultural products ...............................................................................................................
Forestry and logging occupations .................................................................................................................................
Timber cutting and logging occupations ...................................................................................................................
Fishers, hunters, and trappers ......................................................................................................................................
3,502
1,187
935
69
170
2,171
903
835
1,268
142
924
130
69
91
60
53
19.1
23.1
25.1
7.8
18.9
17.7
17.9
17.2
17.6
9.6
7.2
69.4
74.9
6.7
3.0
4.6
4.9
1.3
.7
8.5
2.2
6.8
4.2
4.2
8.6
1.6
10.7
3.1
5.6
8.1
11.3
3.6
22.6
2.4
.8
17.9
5.1
34.8
44.3
44.9
28.0
22.9
29.2
6.6
64.2
6.9
2.5
3.9
NOTE: Generally, data for occupations with fewer than 50,000 employed are
not published separately but are included in the totals for the appropriate
categories shown. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite
estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the household
survey.
183
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
12. Employed white, black, and Hispanic-origin workers by sex, occupation, class of worker, and full- or part-time status.
(In thousands)
Total
White
Black
Hispanic origin
Category
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
131,463
70,693
60,771
109,856
59,998
49,859
110,931
60,604
50,327
13,969
6,607
7,362
14,556
6,871
7,685
12,726
7,728
4,999
13,291
8,018
5,273
SEX
Total (all civilian workers) ................................................................... 129,558
Men ................................................................................................... 69,685
Women ............................................................................................. 59,873
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty .............................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial .....................................
Professional specialty .....................................................................
37,686
18,440
19,245
38,937
19,054
19,883
33,089
16,420
16,669
34,063
16,903
17,160
2,764
1,267
1,497
2,947
1,368
1,579
1,867
1,001
866
1,933
1,028
905
Technical, sales, and administrative support ....................................
Technicians and related support ....................................................
Sales occupations ..........................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical ........................................
38,309
4,214
15,734
18,361
38,521
4,261
15,850
18,410
32,624
3,571
13,730
15,323
32,490
3,557
13,704
15,229
4,032
410
1,271
2,352
4,264
441
1,415
2,408
3,026
256
1,198
1,572
3,186
283
1,245
1,657
Service occupations .........................................................................
Private household ...........................................................................
Protective service ...........................................................................
Service, except private household and protective ..........................
17,537
795
2,300
14,442
17,836
847
2,417
14,572
13,604
642
1,800
11,162
13,807
704
1,892
11,211
3,092
129
430
2,533
3,148
116
463
2,569
2,560
212
202
2,146
2,670
262
204
2,204
Precision production, craft, and repair ..............................................
Mechanics and repairers ................................................................
Construction trades ........................................................................
Other precision production, craft, and repair ..................................
14,124
4,675
5,378
4,071
14,411
4,786
5,594
4,031
12,472
4,146
4,859
3,467
12,729
4,233
5,054
3,441
1,144
370
381
393
1,158
379
398
381
1,714
479
736
499
1,793
496
785
512
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ............................
Transportation and material moving occupations ...........................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ....................
Construction laborers ...................................................................
Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .........
18,399
7,962
5,389
5,048
811
4,237
18,256
7,791
5,363
5,102
821
4,282
14,813
6,322
4,435
4,057
681
3,376
14,609
6,146
4,351
4,112
705
3,407
2,781
1,178
819
784
105
679
2,866
1,200
872
795
97
698
2,839
1,426
592
821
166
655
2,917
1,340
640
938
193
745
Farming, forestry, and fishing ...........................................................
3,503
3,502
3,254
3,233
156
172
721
792
2,000
1,341
38
1,761
1,397
50
1,843
1,280
37
81
36
–
102
36
–
583
76
1
670
71
2
119,019
18,383
100,637
962
99,674
8,962
103
98,395
14,514
83,880
724
83,156
8,153
101
99,657
14,686
84,970
785
84,185
8,030
84
13,380
2,860
10,520
161
10,359
471
1
13,917
2,877
11,040
146
10,894
497
4
11,458
1,331
10,127
234
9,893
598
11
11,949
1,355
10,594
281
10,312
590
10
108,202
23,261
89,605
20,252
90,759
20,172
11,920
2,049
12,429
2,126
10,741
1,985
11,303
1,988
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers ...............................................................
1,890
Self-employed workers ...................................................................
1,457
Unpaid family workers ....................................................................
51
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers ............................................................... 116,983
Government .................................................................................... 18,131
Private industries ............................................................................ 98,852
Private households .......................................................................
915
Other industries ............................................................................ 97,937
Self-employed workers .....................................................................
9,056
Unpaid family workers ......................................................................
120
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers .............................................................................. 106,334
Part-time workers ............................................................................. 23,224
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to
totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and
Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
184
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
13. Employed Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban-origin workers by sex, occupation, class of worker, and full- or part-time status
(Numbers in thousands)
Category
Total Hispanic
origin1
Mexican origin
Puerto Rican
origin
Cuban origin
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
12,726
7,728
4,999
13,291
8,018
5,273
7,884
4,941
2,943
8,431
5,291
3,140
1,166
654
512
1,145
615
529
603
364
239
612
371
241
Managerial and professional specialty .............................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial .....................................
Professional specialty .....................................................................
1,867
1,001
866
1,933
1,028
905
946
508
438
985
536
449
206
103
103
208
103
105
171
102
69
159
89
70
Technical, sales, and administrative support ....................................
Technicians and related support ....................................................
Sales occupations ..........................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical ........................................
3,026
256
1,198
1,572
3,186
283
1,245
1,657
1,728
140
680
908
1,845
156
729
961
347
30
112
204
365
30
118
217
197
18
88
91
210
28
94
88
Service occupations .........................................................................
Private household ...........................................................................
Protective service ...........................................................................
Service, except private household and protective ..........................
2,560
212
202
2,146
2,670
262
204
2,204
1,524
99
106
1,319
1,653
130
106
1,417
231
5
47
179
217
6
39
172
75
5
9
62
85
3
13
69
Precision production, craft, and repair ..............................................
Mechanics and repairers ................................................................
Construction trades ........................................................................
Other precision production, craft, and repair ..................................
1,714
479
736
499
1,793
496
785
512
1,185
303
542
340
1,199
311
554
334
127
50
42
36
119
38
33
48
55
30
16
10
66
28
23
15
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ............................
Transportation and material moving occupations ...........................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ....................
Construction laborers ...................................................................
Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .........
2,839
1,426
592
821
166
655
2,917
1,340
640
938
193
745
1,887
957
370
561
121
439
2,047
955
422
671
149
521
243
119
64
61
6
55
223
105
53
64
9
55
96
33
36
28
4
23
85
24
38
24
3
21
Farming, forestry, and fishing ...........................................................
721
792
614
703
12
13
8
7
583
76
1
670
71
2
519
52
1
605
56
1
6
9
1
2
2
5
2
11,458
1,331
10,127
234
9,893
598
11
11,949
1,355
10,594
281
10,312
590
10
6,949
821
6,128
109
6,019
356
8
10,741
1,985
11,303
1,988
6,672
1,212
SEX
Total (all civilian workers) ...................................................................
Men ...................................................................................................
Women .............................................................................................
OCCUPATION
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture:
Wage and salary workers ...............................................................
Self-employed workers ...................................................................
Unpaid family workers ....................................................................
Nonagricultural industries:
Wage and salary workers ...............................................................
Government ..................................................................................
Private industries ..........................................................................
Private households .....................................................................
Other industries ..........................................................................
Self-employed workers ...................................................................
Unpaid family workers ....................................................................
–
–
–
7,410
833
6,577
139
6,438
351
8
1,121
188
933
6
927
36
–
7,166
1,265
958
208
–
–
1,100
180
920
7
913
34
–
558
58
500
5
495
41
–
574
60
515
3
511
31
–
969
176
517
86
531
81
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers ..............................................................................
Part-time workers .............................................................................
1 Includes persons of Central or South American origin and of other
Hispanic origin, not shown separately.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
185
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
14. Employed persons in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, and race
(In thousands)
1998
Manufacturing
Age, sex, and race
Mining
Construction
Total
Durable
goods
Nondurable
goods
TransWholesale Finance,
portation
and
insurance,
and
Services1
retail
and real
public
trade
estate
utilities
Public
administration
Total
Total, 16 years and over .....................
16 to 19 years .........................................
20 years and over ...................................
20 to 24 years ........................................
25 years and over ..................................
25 to 54 years .......................................
55 years and over .................................
620
13
607
35
572
499
73
8,518
279
8,239
825
7,414
6,533
881
20,733
431
20,302
1,614
18,688
16,242
2,446
12,566
243
12,322
972
11,350
9,866
1,484
8,168
188
7,980
642
7,338
6,376
962
9,307
150
9,157
654
8,503
7,409
1,093
27,203
3,806
23,397
3,909
19,488
16,478
3,010
8,605
177
8,428
708
7,720
6,518
1,202
47,212
1,887
45,325
4,228
41,097
34,645
6,452
5,887
47
5,839
245
5,595
4,829
766
Men, 16 years and over ......................
16 to 19 years .........................................
20 years and over ...................................
20 to 24 years ........................................
25 years and over ..................................
25 to 54 years .......................................
55 years and over .................................
535
9
526
31
495
433
62
7,721
263
7,458
769
6,689
5,906
783
14,138
298
13,840
1,103
12,737
11,054
1,683
9,140
180
8,960
710
8,250
7,157
1,093
4,998
118
4,880
393
4,487
3,897
590
6,598
98
6,500
437
6,063
5,229
834
14,367
1,847
12,520
2,011
10,509
8,928
1,581
3,552
55
3,498
234
3,264
2,627
636
17,906
764
17,142
1,654
15,488
12,774
2,714
3,323
21
3,302
123
3,179
2,753
425
Women, 16 years and over ................
16 to 19 years .........................................
20 years and over ...................................
20 to 24 years ........................................
25 years and over ..................................
25 to 54 years .......................................
55 years and over .................................
85
4
81
4
77
66
11
798
16
782
56
725
627
99
6,595
134
6,462
510
5,951
5,188
763
3,426
64
3,362
262
3,101
2,709
391
3,169
70
3,099
249
2,851
2,479
372
2,709
52
2,658
218
2,440
2,180
260
12,836
1,958
10,878
1,898
8,980
7,551
1,429
5,053
122
4,930
474
4,456
3,890
566
29,306
1,123
28,183
2,574
25,609
21,871
3,738
2,564
27
2,537
122
2,416
2,075
340
Men, 16 years and over ......................
16 to 19 years .........................................
20 years and over ...................................
20 to 24 years ........................................
25 years and over ..................................
25 to 54 years .......................................
55 years and over .................................
501
9
493
28
465
404
61
7,028
249
6,779
711
6,068
5,356
712
12,136
263
11,874
925
10,949
9,468
1,481
7,941
160
7,781
597
7,184
6,215
969
4,195
103
4,093
328
3,765
3,252
513
5,389
75
5,314
363
4,951
4,234
716
12,276
1,594
10,682
1,731
8,951
7,541
1,410
3,105
45
3,060
193
2,867
2,274
593
15,023
659
14,365
1,343
13,022
10,638
2,384
2,768
16
2,752
105
2,647
2,276
371
Women, 16 years and over ................
16 to 19 years .........................................
20 years and over ...................................
20 to 24 years ........................................
25 years and over ..................................
25 to 54 years .......................................
55 years and over .................................
78
3
75
4
71
60
11
734
16
718
53
665
575
90
5,360
120
5,239
415
4,824
4,168
656
2,847
58
2,790
218
2,571
2,226
345
2,513
63
2,450
196
2,253
1,943
311
2,127
41
2,086
173
1,913
1,685
228
10,912
1,668
9,244
1,572
7,672
6,365
1,307
4,241
98
4,143
371
3,772
3,249
523
24,177
963
23,214
2,112
21,102
17,953
3,148
1,915
21
1,894
95
1,799
1,511
289
24
498
11
487
40
448
392
55
1,374
28
1,346
132
1,214
1,086
128
779
15
764
82
681
600
82
595
13
582
50
532
486
46
949
18
930
61
869
780
89
1,326
194
1,132
200
931
839
93
294
6
289
26
263
236
27
1,854
74
1,780
197
1,583
1,362
221
434
4
430
15
415
377
38
48
1
48
1
46
39
7
811
11
801
72
729
658
71
360
4
356
29
327
293
34
451
6
444
42
402
365
37
457
10
447
35
412
387
25
1,290
225
1,065
254
810
743
68
605
15
590
79
511
484
28
3,914
128
3,786
344
3,441
2,968
473
536
5
531
21
510
470
41
White
Black
Men, 16 years and over ......................
16 to 19 years .........................................
20 years and over ...................................
20 to 24 years ........................................
25 years and over ..................................
25 to 54 years .......................................
55 years and over .................................
Women, 16 years and over ................
16 to 19 years .........................................
20 years and over ...................................
20 to 24 years ........................................
25 years and over ..................................
25 to 54 years .......................................
55 years and over .................................
–
24
3
20
20
1
4
–
4
–
4
4
–
1 Includes private housholds.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
186
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
15. Employed persons in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by age, sex, and class of worker
(In thousands)
1998
Agriculture
Nonagricultural industries
Wage and salary workers
Age and sex
Wage and
salary
workers
Selfemployed
workers
Unpaid
family
workers
Private industries
Total
Total
Private
household
workers
Other
private
industries
Selfemployed
Government workers
Unpaid
family
workers
Total, 16 years and over ..................
16 to 19 years ...................................
16 to 17 years .................................
18 to 19 years .................................
20 to 24 years ...................................
25 to 34 years ...................................
35 to 44 years ...................................
45 to 54 years ...................................
55 to 64 years ...................................
65 years and over .............................
2,000
219
104
114
300
531
473
275
149
53
1,341
30
21
8
34
179
314
319
245
221
38
13
5
8
6
8
5
2
2
3
119,019
6,726
2,602
4,124
11,968
29,146
32,750
24,565
11,066
2,800
100,637
6,400
2,500
3,900
10,962
25,458
27,470
19,095
8,878
2,373
962
116
70
46
91
166
221
190
104
74
99,674
6,285
2,431
3,854
10,872
25,292
27,249
18,905
8,774
2,298
18,383
325
102
223
1,005
3,688
5,280
5,470
2,187
427
8,962
57
25
32
242
1,513
2,710
2,403
1,399
639
103
8
4
3
8
18
26
23
12
9
Men, 16 years and over ...................
16 to 19 years ...................................
16 to 17 years .................................
18 to 19 years .................................
20 to 24 years ...................................
25 to 34 years ...................................
35 to 44 years ...................................
45 to 54 years ...................................
55 to 64 years ...................................
65 years and over .............................
1,526
170
82
88
246
409
356
190
110
44
1,005
24
18
6
25
135
242
230
172
176
23
10
4
7
4
5
1
62,630
3,319
1,278
2,041
6,224
15,673
17,416
12,616
5,868
1,514
54,452
3,176
1,227
1,949
5,789
13,987
15,131
10,222
4,838
1,309
86
18
10
8
8
15
16
12
7
9
54,366
3,158
1,217
1,941
5,781
13,971
15,115
10,210
4,831
1,300
8,178
143
51
92
435
1,686
2,285
2,394
1,030
205
5,480
30
13
17
134
872
1,612
1,504
898
432
29
5
3
3
4
3
6
4
3
3
Women, 16 years and over .............
16 to 19 years ...................................
16 to 17 years .................................
18 to 19 years .................................
20 to 24 years ...................................
25 to 34 years ...................................
35 to 44 years ...................................
45 to 54 years ...................................
55 to 64 years ...................................
65 years and over .............................
474
49
22
27
54
123
116
85
38
9
336
6
4
2
9
44
71
89
73
44
56,389
3,406
1,324
2,083
5,743
13,473
15,334
11,949
5,198
1,286
46,185
3,224
1,273
1,951
5,173
11,471
12,339
8,873
4,040
1,064
876
97
59
38
82
151
205
178
97
66
45,308
3,127
1,214
1,913
5,091
11,320
12,134
8,695
3,944
998
10,205
182
51
131
570
2,002
2,995
3,076
1,158
222
3,482
26
12
15
108
641
1,098
899
501
208
74
2
2
1
4
14
20
19
9
5
–
1
1
15
3
2
–
2
3
3
2
1
2
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
187
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
16. Employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex and class of worker
(In thousands)
1998
Industry and sex
Wage and salary workers
Total
employed
Selfemployed
workers
Total
Private
industries
Government
620
8,518
20,733
12,566
8,168
9,307
27,203
5,090
22,113
8,605
47,212
967
46,244
8,708
3,484
2,530
31,392
5,116
6,388
10,468
3,240
6,181
131
5,887
599
6,986
20,300
12,309
7,991
8,872
25,526
4,789
20,737
7,990
42,859
962
41,897
7,356
2,807
2,252
29,389
5,108
5,991
10,358
2,676
5,256
92
5,887
597
6,512
20,232
12,254
7,978
7,278
25,411
4,776
20,634
7,784
32,823
962
31,861
7,289
2,800
1,957
19,767
4,374
5,569
2,585
2,119
5,120
48
–
2
474
68
55
13
1,594
116
13
103
206
10,036
–
10,036
67
7
295
9,622
734
422
7,773
557
137
45
5,887
21
1,519
428
253
175
430
1,640
298
1,342
609
4,317
5
4,311
1,340
671
277
1,985
8
389
109
560
919
38
–
535
7,721
14,138
9,140
4,998
6,598
14,367
3,564
10,803
3,552
17,906
90
17,816
5,520
1,232
1,391
9,568
1,213
1,344
3,271
589
3,151
104
3,323
518
6,299
13,850
8,941
4,909
6,241
13,460
3,344
10,116
3,171
15,769
86
15,683
4,628
1,023
1,230
8,733
1,210
1,123
3,238
563
2,599
70
3,323
518
5,884
13,801
8,899
4,902
5,150
13,412
3,335
10,078
3,065
12,622
86
12,536
4,589
1,020
1,050
5,838
971
1,034
896
422
2,515
39
–
1
415
49
42
7
1,090
47
9
38
106
3,147
–
3,147
39
3
180
2,895
239
89
2,342
141
84
31
3,323
16
1,421
285
196
89
356
893
220
673
382
2,127
4
2,123
890
208
160
830
2
220
32
24
552
35
–
85
798
6,595
3,426
3,169
2,709
12,836
1,526
11,310
5,053
29,306
877
28,428
3,188
2,252
1,138
21,824
3,903
5,044
7,196
2,651
3,029
27
2,564
80
687
6,450
3,368
3,082
2,632
12,066
1,445
10,621
4,820
27,090
876
26,213
2,729
1,785
1,021
20,656
3,897
4,868
7,120
2,113
2,657
23
2,564
79
628
6,431
3,355
3,076
2,128
11,998
1,442
10,556
4,719
20,201
876
19,325
2,700
1,781
906
13,929
3,403
4,535
1,689
1,697
2,605
9
–
1
59
19
14
6
504
68
3
65
100
6,889
–
6,889
29
4
115
6,727
495
333
5,431
416
52
14
2,564
4
98
143
56
86
74
748
78
669
227
2,189
1
2,188
450
463
117
1,154
5
169
76
536
367
4
–
Unpaid
family
workers
TOTAL
Mining ...........................................................................................................
Construction .................................................................................................
Manufacturing ...............................................................................................
Durable goods ............................................................................................
Nondurable goods ......................................................................................
Transportation and public utilities .................................................................
Wholesale and retail trade ............................................................................
Wholesale trade ..........................................................................................
Retail trade .................................................................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate .............................................................
Services ........................................................................................................
Private households .....................................................................................
Other service industries ..............................................................................
Business, automobile, and repair .............................................................
Personal, except private households ........................................................
Entertainment and recreation ...................................................................
Professional ..............................................................................................
Hospitals .................................................................................................
Health services, except hospitals ...........................................................
Educational .............................................................................................
Social services ........................................................................................
Other .......................................................................................................
Forestry and fisheries ...............................................................................
Public administration ....................................................................................
–
14
6
4
2
5
36
3
34
6
36
–
36
12
5
1
19
–
8
1
4
5
–
–
Men
Mining ...........................................................................................................
Construction .................................................................................................
Manufacturing ...............................................................................................
Durable goods ............................................................................................
Nondurable goods ......................................................................................
Transportation and public utilities .................................................................
Wholesale and retail trade ............................................................................
Wholesale trade ..........................................................................................
Retail trade .................................................................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate .............................................................
Services ........................................................................................................
Private households .....................................................................................
Other service industries ..............................................................................
Business, automobile, and repair .............................................................
Personal, except private households ........................................................
Entertainment and recreation ...................................................................
Professional ..............................................................................................
Hospitals .................................................................................................
Health services, except hospitals ...........................................................
Educational .............................................................................................
Social services ........................................................................................
Other .......................................................................................................
Forestry and fisheries ...............................................................................
Public administration ....................................................................................
–
1
3
2
1
1
14
–
14
–
9
–
9
3
1
1
5
–
2
1
2
–
–
–
Women
Mining ...........................................................................................................
Construction .................................................................................................
Manufacturing ...............................................................................................
Durable goods ............................................................................................
Nondurable goods ......................................................................................
Transportation and public utilities .................................................................
Wholesale and retail trade ............................................................................
Wholesale trade ..........................................................................................
Retail trade .................................................................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate .............................................................
Services ........................................................................................................
Private households .....................................................................................
Other service industries ..............................................................................
Business, automobile, and repair .............................................................
Personal, except private households ........................................................
Entertainment and recreation ...................................................................
Professional ..............................................................................................
Hospitals .................................................................................................
Health services, except hospitals ...........................................................
Educational .............................................................................................
Social services ........................................................................................
Other .......................................................................................................
Forestry and fisheries ...............................................................................
Public administration ....................................................................................
NOTE:
Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
188
–
13
2
1
1
4
22
3
19
6
27
–
27
9
4
–
14
–
6
–
2
5
–
–
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
17. Employed persons by industry, sex, race, and occupation
(In thousands)
1998
Managerial and
professional
specialty
Industry and sex
TOTAL
Agriculture ..............................
Mining .....................................
Construction ...........................
Manufacturing .........................
Durable goods ......................
Nondurable goods ................
Transportation and public
utilities ...............................
Wholesale and retail trade ......
Wholesale trade ....................
Retail trade ...........................
Finance, insurance, and
real estate .........................
Services ..................................
Private households ...............
Other service industries ........
Professional services ..........
Public administration ..............
Men
Agriculture ..............................
Mining .....................................
Construction ...........................
Manufacturing .........................
Durable goods ......................
Nondurable goods ................
Transportation and public
utilities ...............................
Wholesale and retail trade ......
Wholesale trade ....................
Retail trade ...........................
Finance, insurance, and
real estate .........................
Services ..................................
Private households ...............
Other service industries ........
Professional services ..........
Public administration ..............
Women
Agriculture ..............................
Mining .....................................
Construction ...........................
Manufacturing .........................
Durable goods ......................
Nondurable goods ................
Transportation and public
utilities ...............................
Wholesale and retail trade ......
Wholesale trade ....................
Retail trade ...........................
Finance, insurance, and
real estate .........................
Services ..................................
Private households ...............
Other service industries ........
Professional services ..........
Public administration ..............
Technical, sales, and
administrative
support
Precision
Total
producExecutive,
TechniAdminisemtion,
adminisployed
Profescians
trative
Private
craft,
trative,
Other
and
sional
Sales support, houseand
and
service1
specialty related
including
hold
repair
manasupport
clerical
gerial
3,378
620
8,518
20,733
12,566
8,168
110
101
1,380
3,008
1,796
1,212
105
63
144
2,007
1,351
656
51
19
47
646
430
217
9,307
27,203
5,090
22,113
1,307
2,538
622
1,916
561
590
131
459
8,605
47,212
967
46,244
31,392
5,887
2,489
6,793
6
6,787
4,164
1,329
356
15,090
6
15,084
13,122
968
166
2,541
1
2,540
2,132
234
2,553
535
7,721
14,138
9,140
4,998
62
76
1,131
2,024
1,257
767
71
59
124
1,520
1,117
403
6,598
14,367
3,564
10,803
843
1,459
402
1,057
3,552
17,906
90
17,816
9,568
3,323
Operators,
fabricators,
and laborers
Service
Machine
operators,
assemblers,
and
inspectors
Transportation
and
material
moving
Handlers,
equipment
cleaners,
helpers,
and
laborers
Farming,
forestry,
and
fishing
23
11
56
764
318
446
136
53
415
1,982
1,127
856
–
–
–
–
–
–
21
8
28
291
150
141
39
208
4,889
3,956
2,807
1,150
20
31
94
6,219
3,594
2,625
42
105
535
765
415
350
19
18
910
1,019
509
510
2,814
1
21
76
71
5
324
273
231 11360
43 2,054
188 9,306
2,349
2,194
756
1,438
–
–
–
–
296
5,182
57
5,125
1,285
1,522
346
1,177
135
367
137
230
2,243
1,068
493
575
522
2,049
380
1,670
13
101
71
30
2,143
1,197
1
1,196
213
25
2,860
7,118
9
7,109
5,132
1,302
–
847
847
–
–
–
323
9,117
56
9,061
5,485
1,722
177
2,154
3
2,151
473
182
12
887
1
887
195
27
13
551
4
548
294
40
17
516
7
509
99
30
49
399
26
374
85
27
10
16
39
483
348
135
15
6
47
501
232
269
7
14
46
676
396
280
–
–
–
–
–
–
12
6
19
213
111
102
38
205
4,809
3,319
2,348
970
17
30
91
3,897
2,493
1,405
40
103
522
702
380
322
16
18
871
731
389
342
2,266
1
21
72
68
3
405
276
86
190
270
94
35
58
147
5,452
1,546
3,906
969
522
212
309
–
–
–
–
137
2,460
43
2,417
1,214
1,323
327
996
110
215
100
115
2,037
990
474
517
454
1,529
309
1,220
12
47
29
18
1,146
3,167
3
3,164
1,637
677
191
6,085
–
6,084
4,894
551
69
856
–
856
549
139
1,188
507
–
507
65
12
489
948
1
947
499
271
–
–
–
–
226
2,700
3
2,697
1,155
1,402
167
1,963
3
1,960
411
170
6
495
–
495
87
20
12
377
3
375
139
36
14
411
7
404
64
25
46
351
24
327
69
20
825
85
798
6,595
3,426
3,169
47
25
249
984
539
445
34
4
19
486
233
253
41
4
8
163
82
81
8
5
8
263
86
177
129
40
369
1,307
731
576
–
–
–
–
–
–
9
2
9
78
39
39
3
3
39
288
120
168
548
–
1
4
3
2
2,709
12,836
1,526
11,310
464
1,079
220
859
156
314
45
269
54
137
8
130
126
5,908
508
5,400
1,379
1,672
544
1,129
–
–
–
–
5,053
29,306
877
28,428
21,824
2,564
1,344
3,626
3
3,623
2,527
652
165
9,006
6
9,000
8,228
417
97
1,685
1
1,683
1,583
96
955
689
1
688
148
13
2,371
6,170
8
6,162
4,632
1,032
–
801
801
–
–
–
See footnotes at end of table.
189
46
46
–
2
80
638
458
180
2
2,321
1,101
1,220
2
3
13
63
35
28
159
2,722
14
2,708
71
199
18
181
25
151
37
114
206
78
19
59
68
520
71
450
1
55
43
12
97
6,417
54
6,364
4,330
320
10
191
–
191
62
12
6
393
–
392
108
7
1
174
1
173
155
4
3
105
1
105
34
6
3
48
1
47
16
7
–
–
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
17. Employed persons by industry, sex, race, and occupation — Continued
(In thousands)
1998
Managerial and
professional
specialty
Industry and sex
White
Agriculture ..............................
Mining .....................................
Construction ...........................
Manufacturing .........................
Durable goods ......................
Nondurable goods ................
Transportation and public
utilities ...............................
Wholesale and retail trade ......
Wholesale trade ....................
Retail trade ...........................
Finance, insurance, and
real estate .........................
Services ..................................
Private households ...............
Other service industries ........
Professional services ..........
Public administration ..............
Black
Agriculture ..............................
Mining .....................................
Construction ...........................
Manufacturing .........................
Durable goods ......................
Nondurable goods ................
Transportation and public
utilities ...............................
Wholesale and retail trade ......
Wholesale trade ....................
Retail trade ...........................
Finance, insurance, and
real estate .........................
Services ..................................
Private households ...............
Other service industries ........
Professional services ..........
Public administration ..............
Technical, sales, and
administrative
support
Operators,
fabricators,
and laborers
Service
Precision
Total
producExecutive,
TechniAdminisemtion,
adminisployed
Profescians
trative
Private
craft,
trative,
Other
and
sional
Sales support, houseand
and
service1
specialty related
including
hold
repair
manasupport
clerical
gerial
Machine
operators,
assemblers,
and
inspectors
Transportation
and
material
moving
Handlers,
equipment
cleaners,
helpers,
and
laborers
Farming,
forestry,
and
fishing
3,160
579
7,761
17,496
10,788
6,708
101
96
1,305
2,794
1,683
1,111
102
60
129
1,742
1,151
591
51
19
41
536
359
178
23
11
52
702
299
403
132
50
387
1,744
1,004
740
–
–
–
–
–
–
14
8
23
227
126
101
35
194
4,462
3,414
2,450
964
19
29
83
4,878
2,904
1,975
37
96
470
593
322
271
17
15
793
800
430
370
2,629
1
17
66
61
4
7,516
23,189
4,501
18,687
1,142
2,189
546
1,644
476
541
122
419
286
191
34
157
229
9,734
1,895
7,839
1,798
1,888
658
1,230
–
–
–
–
223
4,312
43
4,269
1,093
1,362
311
1,051
107
306
110
196
1,776
896
412
484
374
1,682
312
1,370
11
88
60
28
7,346
39,200
790
38,410
26,094
4,683
2,178
6,021
4
6,016
3,671
1,077
291
13,025
5
13,020
11,333
795
143
2,097
1
2,096
1,752
193
1,933
1,002
1
1,001
178
18
2,335
5,895
7
5,888
4,295
1,000
–
704
704
–
–
–
253
6,685
34
6,651
3,916
1,357
142
1,876
3
1,873
409
151
9
697
–
697
158
17
10
447
4
443
234
28
12
392
6
387
73
25
40
359
22
338
75
21
138
28
546
2,185
1,139
1,046
4
2
46
103
51
52
2
2
4
94
65
30
–
–
–
–
–
5
56
21
35
10
303
359
216
143
1
7
981
511
470
3
7
55
148
81
67
2
2
98
175
68
107
122
–
4
9
8
–
1,406
2,616
379
2,237
112
193
46
147
45
21
2
18
57
535
11
524
158
103
23
81
22
44
21
22
408
145
70
75
133
279
48
231
1
5
4
899
5,767
146
5,621
3,924
970
200
520
2
518
348
189
38
1,242
–
1,241
1,114
132
60
1,991
20
1,971
1,351
324
30
170
–
170
44
24
1
135
–
135
30
8
2
91
4
98
1
97
21
4
2
38
10
28
1
3
21
165
77
88
–
–
–
–
–
–
25
21
6
15
38
1,053
79
974
406
217
68
149
–
–
–
–
12
295
–
295
265
29
145
134
–
134
25
6
402
953
1
952
666
239
–
116
116
–
–
–
1
2
57
31
25
1 Includes protective service, not shown separately.
5
–
–
91
55
12
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
190
–
6
22
4
18
5
5
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
18. Employed persons by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Percent of total:
Industry
Total
employed
Women
Black
Hispanic
origin
Total, 16 years and over .............................................................................................................................................
131,463
46.2
11.1
10.1
Agriculture ......................................................................................................................................................................
Agricultural production, crops .......................................................................................................................................
Agricultural production, livestock ..................................................................................................................................
Veterinary services .......................................................................................................................................................
Landscape and horticultural services ...........................................................................................................................
3,378
1,014
1,094
206
881
24.4
22.9
23.8
70.7
11.4
4.1
3.2
1.7
2.5
8.6
22.0
33.2
9.3
4.0
28.5
Mining .............................................................................................................................................................................
Coal mining ...................................................................................................................................................................
Oil and gas extraction ...................................................................................................................................................
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying, except fuel .............................................................................................................
620
83
373
115
13.7
3.3
17.7
8.7
4.6
3.4
5.3
4.9
9.0
.1
10.5
9.2
Construction ...................................................................................................................................................................
8,518
9.4
6.4
12.7
Manufacturing .................................................................................................................................................................
Durable goods ..............................................................................................................................................................
Lumber and wood products, except furniture .............................................................................................................
Logging .....................................................................................................................................................................
Sawmills, planing mills, and millwork ........................................................................................................................
Wood buildings and mobile homes ...........................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous wood products ..................................................................................................................................
Furniture and fixtures ..................................................................................................................................................
Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products ..................................................................................................................
Glass and glass products .........................................................................................................................................
Cement, concrete, gypsum, and plaster products ....................................................................................................
Structural clay, pottery, and related products ...........................................................................................................
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral and stone products ...........................................................................................
Metal industries ..........................................................................................................................................................
Primary metal industries ...........................................................................................................................................
Blast furnaces, steelworks, rolling, and finishing mills ............................................................................................
Iron and steel foundries ..........................................................................................................................................
Primary aluminum industries ..................................................................................................................................
Other primary metal industries ...............................................................................................................................
Fabricated metal industries ......................................................................................................................................
Cutlery, hand tools, and general hardware .............................................................................................................
Fabricated structural metal products ......................................................................................................................
Screw machine products ........................................................................................................................................
Metal forging and stampings ..................................................................................................................................
Ordnance ................................................................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous and not specified fabricated metal products ...................................................................................
Machinery and computing equipment .........................................................................................................................
Engines and turbines ................................................................................................................................................
Farm machinery and equipment ...............................................................................................................................
Construction and material handling machines ..........................................................................................................
Metal working machinery ..........................................................................................................................................
Computers and related equipment ...........................................................................................................................
Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ..........................................................................................................
Household appliances ..............................................................................................................................................
Radio, T.V., and communication equipment .............................................................................................................
Transportation equipment ...........................................................................................................................................
Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment ...........................................................................................................
Aircraft and parts ......................................................................................................................................................
Ship and boat building and repairing ........................................................................................................................
Guided missiles, space vehicles, and parts ..............................................................................................................
Cycles and miscellaneous transportation equipment ...............................................................................................
Professional and photographic equipment, and watches ...........................................................................................
Scientific and controlling instruments .......................................................................................................................
Medical, dental, and optical instruments and supplies .............................................................................................
Photographic equipment and supplies .....................................................................................................................
Toys, amusements, and sporting goods .....................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous and not specified manufacturing industries ........................................................................................
20,733
12,566
863
133
442
102
186
675
592
193
215
84
100
2,134
741
302
105
145
189
1,393
145
550
85
144
53
416
2,481
72
117
257
323
515
1,954
107
420
2,391
1,313
511
186
274
72
793
248
428
107
165
517
31.8
27.3
18.3
8.5
18.4
18.4
25.2
30.6
21.8
25.6
13.5
32.5
23.6
22.0
15.4
11.5
14.6
11.4
25.1
25.6
38.4
20.3
27.1
28.3
28.6
26.6
23.1
18.3
16.2
19.3
20.0
31.3
38.1
35.9
34.2
22.7
23.6
22.1
14.7
24.4
22.7
40.3
34.4
46.0
31.1
49.4
38.7
10.5
9.1
12.4
12.5
11.0
15.3
14.3
8.8
10.0
6.4
13.6
11.9
7.7
9.2
11.3
13.4
19.1
7.6
6.7
8.1
7.0
6.4
9.9
7.4
8.8
10.4
6.3
9.1
9.8
6.2
3.0
7.8
9.1
9.6
10.8
10.9
13.8
7.0
12.5
6.6
1.5
7.1
4.1
6.8
13.2
8.3
9.9
11.2
9.6
8.9
1.4
6.7
14.9
16.1
13.9
10.3
8.1
7.7
15.0
15.9
11.1
8.9
8.3
7.4
10.0
9.9
12.3
9.8
12.2
13.5
5.0
5.5
16.5
8.0
10.2
5.2
4.9
6.3
8.7
9.7
5.7
9.4
7.7
6.5
9.8
8.2
9.0
6.8
7.9
5.9
9.5
6.4
11.4
17.0
Nondurable goods ........................................................................................................................................................
Food and kindred products .........................................................................................................................................
Meat products ...........................................................................................................................................................
Dairy products ..........................................................................................................................................................
Canned, frozen, and preserved fruits and vegetables ..............................................................................................
Grain mill products ....................................................................................................................................................
8,168
1,655
439
124
208
161
38.8
33.1
35.4
27.4
37.0
28.3
12.8
14.8
21.5
9.2
9.3
6.9
13.7
21.4
34.2
9.7
25.1
14.4
See footnotes at end of table.
191
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
18. Employed persons by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Percent of total:
Industry
Total
employed
Women
Black
Hispanic
origin
Bakery products ........................................................................................................................................................
Sugar and confectionary products ............................................................................................................................
Beverage industries ..................................................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous and not specified food and kindred products ....................................................................................
Tobacco manufactures ...............................................................................................................................................
Textile mill products ....................................................................................................................................................
Knitting mills .............................................................................................................................................................
Carpets and rugs ......................................................................................................................................................
Yarn, thread, and fabric mills ....................................................................................................................................
Apparel and other finished textile products ................................................................................................................
Apparel and accessories, except knit .......................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous fabricated textile products .................................................................................................................
Paper and allied products ...........................................................................................................................................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills ............................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous paper and pulp products ...................................................................................................................
Paperboard containers and boxes ............................................................................................................................
Printing, publishing, and allied products .....................................................................................................................
Newspaper publishing and printing ..........................................................................................................................
Printing, publishing, and allied industries, except newspapers ................................................................................
Chemicals and allied products ....................................................................................................................................
Plastics, synthetics, and resins .................................................................................................................................
Drugs ........................................................................................................................................................................
Soaps and cosmetics ...............................................................................................................................................
Paints, varnishes, and related products ...................................................................................................................
Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals ...................................................................................................................
Petroleum and coal products ......................................................................................................................................
Petroleum refining ....................................................................................................................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products .............................................................................................................
Tires and inner tubes ................................................................................................................................................
Other rubber products, and plastics footwear and belting ........................................................................................
Miscellaneous plastics products ...............................................................................................................................
Leather and leather products ......................................................................................................................................
Footwear, except rubber and plastic ........................................................................................................................
230
102
192
199
52
595
97
85
329
825
678
147
683
251
229
203
1,795
514
1,281
1,318
158
369
174
65
505
178
141
957
100
147
711
108
56
31.2
44.1
18.7
41.7
26.0
45.4
61.9
38.0
43.2
66.4
67.2
63.0
27.2
20.4
34.6
27.3
43.3
47.6
41.6
33.1
25.9
44.7
51.9
24.0
21.8
20.7
21.0
31.9
10.4
32.8
34.7
44.5
49.0
13.5
16.3
16.8
14.0
29.6
22.7
16.5
17.3
26.7
14.7
15.7
9.9
11.5
10.8
7.8
16.4
7.7
10.4
6.6
13.1
13.9
12.2
13.4
11.9
14.1
10.4
11.2
11.7
13.4
10.5
11.7
9.5
9.3
21.5
20.6
8.9
14.6
6.0
6.6
11.7
5.6
6.4
25.9
26.6
22.3
9.1
6.5
12.8
8.1
7.9
5.3
9.0
9.9
15.0
9.0
18.9
10.1
5.7
10.5
7.8
13.5
4.4
11.1
15.2
21.3
16.7
Transportation, communications, and other public utilities .............................................................................................
Transportation ..............................................................................................................................................................
Railroads ....................................................................................................................................................................
Bus service and urban transit .....................................................................................................................................
Taxicab service ...........................................................................................................................................................
Trucking service .........................................................................................................................................................
Warehousing and storage ..........................................................................................................................................
U.S. Postal Service .....................................................................................................................................................
Water transportation ...................................................................................................................................................
Air transportation ........................................................................................................................................................
Services incidental to transportation ...........................................................................................................................
Communications ...........................................................................................................................................................
Radio and television broadcasting and cable .............................................................................................................
Telephone communications ........................................................................................................................................
Utilities and sanitary services .......................................................................................................................................
Electric light and power ..............................................................................................................................................
Gas and steam supply systems ..................................................................................................................................
Electric and gas, and other combinations ...................................................................................................................
Water supply and irrigation .........................................................................................................................................
Sanitary services ........................................................................................................................................................
9,307
6,006
302
580
136
2,413
169
893
218
868
416
1,806
479
1,306
1,496
611
171
155
247
296
29.1
27.0
11.8
36.3
9.9
14.6
30.6
37.6
21.6
37.9
59.7
41.6
39.7
42.3
22.3
19.9
25.9
30.9
24.7
17.7
15.1
16.1
17.4
22.4
34.2
14.4
17.7
22.2
11.7
12.7
6.1
15.0
12.9
15.9
11.1
9.7
11.0
7.1
11.4
16.0
9.5
10.6
5.7
12.1
14.5
10.5
15.0
8.0
11.5
9.5
17.4
8.5
7.8
8.7
6.5
4.1
5.7
7.2
8.3
9.2
Wholesale and retail trade ..............................................................................................................................................
Wholesale trade ............................................................................................................................................................
Durable goods ............................................................................................................................................................
Motor vehicles and equipment ..................................................................................................................................
Furniture and home furnishings ................................................................................................................................
Lumber and construction materials ..........................................................................................................................
Professional and commercial equipment and supplies ............................................................................................
Metals and minerals, except petroleum ....................................................................................................................
Electrical goods ........................................................................................................................................................
Hardware, plumbing and heating supplies ...............................................................................................................
Machinery, equipment, and supplies ........................................................................................................................
Scrap and waste materials .......................................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous wholesale trade, durable goods ........................................................................................................
Nondurable goods ......................................................................................................................................................
Paper and paper products ........................................................................................................................................
27,203
5,090
2,773
239
99
207
484
82
343
293
672
185
169
2,317
139
47.2
30.0
28.5
23.1
40.6
20.9
36.7
27.7
30.3
26.1
24.4
18.8
43.2
31.7
39.7
9.6
7.4
6.1
6.5
1.1
6.7
7.9
7.9
7.3
4.6
3.7
11.1
5.6
9.1
9.5
11.4
10.8
7.8
6.7
14.1
8.8
7.7
8.7
7.0
4.7
4.5
19.0
11.5
14.5
10.7
See footnotes at end of table.
192
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
18. Employed persons by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Percent of total:
Industry
Total
employed
Women
Black
Hispanic
origin
Drugs, chemicals, and allied products ......................................................................................................................
Apparel, fabrics, and notions ....................................................................................................................................
Groceries and related products ................................................................................................................................
Farm products-raw materials ....................................................................................................................................
Petroleum products ..................................................................................................................................................
Alcoholic beverages .................................................................................................................................................
Farm supplies ...........................................................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous nondurable goods and not specified wholesale trade .......................................................................
223
143
935
87
150
115
148
378
42.9
50.6
26.7
24.3
27.6
14.2
26.8
38.1
11.6
10.3
9.5
9.9
6.1
10.9
3.8
8.4
11.9
18.7
20.2
3.5
4.3
7.8
5.7
14.1
Retail trade ...................................................................................................................................................................
Lumber and building material retailing ........................................................................................................................
Hardware stores .........................................................................................................................................................
Retail nurseries and garden stores .............................................................................................................................
Department stores ......................................................................................................................................................
Variety stores ..............................................................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous general merchandise stores ...............................................................................................................
Grocery stores ............................................................................................................................................................
Retail bakeries ............................................................................................................................................................
Motor vehicle dealers .................................................................................................................................................
Auto and home supply stores .....................................................................................................................................
Gasoline service stations ............................................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous vehicle dealers ....................................................................................................................................
Apparel and accessory stores, except shoe ...............................................................................................................
Shoe stores ................................................................................................................................................................
Furniture and home furnishings stores .......................................................................................................................
Household appliance stores .......................................................................................................................................
Radio, TV, and computer stores .................................................................................................................................
Music stores ...............................................................................................................................................................
Eating and drinking places .........................................................................................................................................
Drug stores .................................................................................................................................................................
Liquor stores ...............................................................................................................................................................
Sporting goods, bicycles, and hobby stores ...............................................................................................................
Book and stationery stores .........................................................................................................................................
Jewelry stores .............................................................................................................................................................
Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops ...............................................................................................................................
Catalog and mail order houses ...................................................................................................................................
Vending machine operators ........................................................................................................................................
Direct selling establishments ......................................................................................................................................
Fuel dealers ................................................................................................................................................................
Retail florists ...............................................................................................................................................................
22,113
587
222
120
2,209
143
178
3,133
212
1,228
473
396
128
786
140
622
93
524
137
6,743
627
129
405
313
176
220
148
69
369
115
176
51.1
29.3
38.6
42.1
67.0
68.9
62.1
51.1
57.1
19.3
16.0
35.7
28.3
73.9
54.1
39.0
27.9
29.0
40.7
52.2
66.2
48.0
45.1
59.3
62.7
82.5
63.8
29.9
75.1
27.0
74.7
10.1
8.9
6.6
3.5
14.5
21.4
19.9
10.3
8.2
6.9
8.2
9.7
.6
12.8
19.7
7.5
15.7
7.2
7.7
10.8
12.4
6.1
6.8
6.5
5.4
4.6
7.2
5.9
6.9
7.4
5.7
11.6
7.0
6.1
9.5
10.5
6.8
7.9
10.9
11.6
9.2
12.0
8.4
6.3
10.3
11.2
10.8
12.6
6.8
9.3
16.1
7.7
11.6
8.1
6.4
13.6
5.8
9.1
8.8
9.7
3.6
8.6
Finance, insurance, and real estate ...............................................................................................................................
Banking .........................................................................................................................................................................
Savings institutions, including credit unions .................................................................................................................
Security, commodity brokerage, and investment companies .......................................................................................
Insurance ......................................................................................................................................................................
Real estate, including real estate-insurance offices .....................................................................................................
8,605
1,860
258
918
2,563
2,269
58.7
70.7
83.2
38.2
61.8
49.9
10.5
12.6
10.8
7.3
10.6
9.3
7.1
7.9
7.0
3.9
5.3
9.8
Services ..........................................................................................................................................................................
Private households .......................................................................................................................................................
Other service industries ................................................................................................................................................
Business, automobile, and repair services .................................................................................................................
Advertising ................................................................................................................................................................
Services to dwellings and other buildings .................................................................................................................
Personnel supply services ........................................................................................................................................
Computer and data processing services ..................................................................................................................
Detective and protective services .............................................................................................................................
Automotive rental and leasing, without drivers .........................................................................................................
Automobile parking and carwashes ..........................................................................................................................
Automotive repair and related services ....................................................................................................................
Electrical repair shops ..............................................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous repair services ..................................................................................................................................
47,212
967
46,244
8,708
308
791
1,027
1,780
573
167
218
1,151
137
572
62.1
90.7
61.5
36.6
51.2
48.8
60.2
29.7
21.0
31.6
16.9
10.1
11.7
15.2
12.2
15.1
12.2
11.6
6.1
16.5
20.8
6.8
26.0
11.4
19.6
7.7
6.5
3.9
8.7
29.3
8.2
10.8
6.8
21.2
12.1
4.1
11.1
12.5
17.7
14.7
14.0
9.4
Personal services, except private household .............................................................................................................
Hotels and motels .....................................................................................................................................................
Lodging places, except hotels and motels ................................................................................................................
Laundry, cleaning, and garment services .................................................................................................................
Beauty shops ............................................................................................................................................................
Barber shops ............................................................................................................................................................
Funeral service and crematories ..............................................................................................................................
3,484
1,371
148
478
894
67
89
64.6
57.7
44.9
57.1
89.7
18.2
28.7
13.0
15.4
5.0
14.8
10.8
40.6
21.2
13.9
18.4
3.8
23.0
8.2
13.4
6.1
See footnotes at end of table.
193
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
18. Employed persons by detailed industry, sex, race, and Hispanic origin — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Percent of total:
Industry
Total
employed
Women
Black
Hispanic
origin
Entertainment and recreation services .......................................................................................................................
Theaters and motion pictures ...................................................................................................................................
Video tape rental ......................................................................................................................................................
Bowling centers ........................................................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous entertainment and recreation services ..............................................................................................
2,530
678
141
61
1,650
45.0
41.8
58.5
42.7
45.3
9.0
9.8
6.2
3.8
9.1
8.4
8.0
11.8
4.9
8.4
Professional and related services ...............................................................................................................................
Hospitals ...................................................................................................................................................................
Health services, except hospitals .............................................................................................................................
Offices and clinics of physicians .............................................................................................................................
Offices and clinics of dentists .................................................................................................................................
Offices and clinics of chiropractors .........................................................................................................................
Offices and clinics of optometrists ..........................................................................................................................
Nursing and personal care facilities ........................................................................................................................
Educational services .................................................................................................................................................
Elementary and secondary schools ........................................................................................................................
Colleges and universities ........................................................................................................................................
Vocational schools ..................................................................................................................................................
Libraries ..................................................................................................................................................................
Social services ..........................................................................................................................................................
Job training and vocational rehabilitation services .................................................................................................
Child day care services ..........................................................................................................................................
Family child care homes .........................................................................................................................................
Residential care facilities, without nursing ..............................................................................................................
Other professional services ......................................................................................................................................
Legal services .........................................................................................................................................................
Museums, art galleries, and zoos ...........................................................................................................................
Labor unions ...........................................................................................................................................................
Religious organizations ..........................................................................................................................................
Engineering, architectural, and surveying services ................................................................................................
Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services ....................................................................................................
Research, development, and testing services ........................................................................................................
Management and public relations services ............................................................................................................
Miscellaneous professional and related services ...................................................................................................
31,392
5,116
6,388
1,581
666
127
77
1,801
10,468
7,131
2,792
86
196
3,240
217
943
498
486
6,181
1,356
121
51
866
910
706
591
950
285
69.5
76.3
79.0
73.5
79.5
59.4
63.3
85.0
68.7
75.3
52.5
49.8
73.1
81.8
58.8
95.4
96.6
70.9
49.0
56.0
58.8
55.0
50.8
24.0
56.0
48.4
45.3
58.4
12.5
16.0
14.7
6.2
3.7
.9
4.6
24.4
11.6
12.4
10.1
8.6
7.9
17.5
16.1
16.5
11.0
21.8
6.2
6.0
8.5
12.9
8.0
3.7
5.3
6.5
6.6
2.9
6.9
6.6
7.9
7.8
6.8
3.9
5.1
7.4
6.9
7.4
5.8
4.2
6.8
8.8
5.5
9.2
11.0
9.1
5.1
6.2
6.7
4.5
5.5
5.1
3.8
5.6
3.8
1.7
Forestry and fisheries .................................................................................................................................................
Forestry ....................................................................................................................................................................
Fishing, hunting, and trapping ..................................................................................................................................
131
67
64
20.3
26.0
14.3
3.6
4.0
3.1
9.1
12.1
6.0
Public administration ......................................................................................................................................................
Executive and legislative offices ...................................................................................................................................
Justice, public order, and safety ...................................................................................................................................
Public finance, taxation, and monetary policy ..............................................................................................................
Administration of human resources programs ..............................................................................................................
Administration of environmental quality and housing programs ...................................................................................
Administration of economic programs ..........................................................................................................................
National security and international affairs .....................................................................................................................
5,887
147
2,442
360
805
264
585
591
43.6
56.2
31.1
66.0
69.2
39.4
42.5
37.7
16.5
6.8
16.8
17.7
21.3
7.4
13.4
14.6
6.6
3.8
7.6
6.8
6.1
4.5
4.3
6.8
NOTE: Generally, data for industries with fewer than 50,000 employed are not
published separately but are included in the totals for the appropriate categories
shown. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
194
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
19. Persons at work in agriculture and nonagricultural industries by hours of work
1998
Thousands of persons
Hours of work
Percent distribution
All
industries
Agriculture
Nonagricultural
industries
All
industries
Agriculture
Nonagricultural
industries
Total, 16 years and over .............................................................
125,877
3,217
122,660
100.0
100.0
100.0
1 to 34 hours .................................................................................
1 to 4 hours .................................................................................
5 to 14 hours ...............................................................................
15 to 29 hours .............................................................................
30 to 34 hours .............................................................................
33,132
1,336
4,914
15,545
11,337
987
71
218
465
232
32,146
1,265
4,696
15,081
11,105
26.3
1.1
3.9
12.3
9.0
30.7
2.2
6.8
14.4
7.2
26.2
1.0
3.8
12.3
9.1
35 hours and over .........................................................................
35 to 39 hours .............................................................................
40 hours ......................................................................................
41 hours and over .......................................................................
41 to 48 hours ...........................................................................
49 to 59 hours ...........................................................................
60 hours and over .....................................................................
92,745
8,731
44,224
39,790
14,608
14,520
10,663
2,231
174
760
1,297
268
387
642
90,514
8,556
43,464
38,494
14,340
14,133
10,020
73.7
6.9
35.1
31.6
11.6
11.5
8.5
69.3
5.4
23.6
40.3
8.3
12.0
20.0
73.8
7.0
35.4
31.4
11.7
11.5
8.2
Average hours, total at work .........................................................
Average hours, persons who usually work full time ......................
39.3
43.2
41.6
47.9
39.2
43.1
–
–
–
–
–
–
NOTE: Detail on persons at work in tables 19-23 may not sum to the totals
shown because of minor editing problems associated with the redesigned
survey. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
20. Persons at work 1 to 34 hours in all and nonagricultural industries by reason for working less than 35 hours and usual full- or
part-time status
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
All industries
Nonagricultural industries
Reason for working less than 35 hours
Total
Usually
work
full time
Usually
work
part time
Total
Usually
work
full time
Usually
work
part time
Total, 16 years and over ...................................................................
33,132
12,260
20,872
32,146
11,929
20,217
Economic reasons ................................................................................
Slack work or business conditions ......................................................
Could only find part-time work ............................................................
Seasonal work ....................................................................................
Job started or ended during week ......................................................
3,665
2,095
1,258
135
177
1,322
1,056
–
89
177
2,343
1,038
1,258
47
–
3,501
1,997
1,228
102
174
1,238
998
–
66
174
2,263
999
1,228
37
–
Noneconomic reasons ..........................................................................
Child-care problems ...........................................................................
Other family or personal obligations ...................................................
Health or medical limitations ...............................................................
In school or training ............................................................................
Retired or Social Security limit on earnings ........................................
Vacation or personal day ....................................................................
Holiday, legal or religious ...................................................................
Weather-related curtailment ...............................................................
All other reasons .................................................................................
29,467
856
5,551
717
6,394
1,889
3,487
3,399
489
6,685
10,938
89
688
–
97
–
3,487
3,399
489
2,689
18,530
767
4,863
717
6,297
1,889
–
–
–
3,997
28,645
843
5,390
683
6,245
1,775
3,420
3,357
426
6,508
10,691
87
673
–
94
–
3,420
3,357
426
2,634
17,954
755
4,716
683
6,151
1,775
–
–
–
3,874
Average hours:
Economic reasons ..............................................................................
Noneconomic reasons ........................................................................
22.9
22.1
23.9
26.6
22.4
19.5
23.0
22.2
24.0
26.7
22.4
19.6
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
196
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
21. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by class of worker and usual full- or part-time status
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Worked 1 to 34 hours
Industry and class of worker
Total
at
work
Average hours
For noneconomic
reasons
Total
For
economic
reasons
Total 16 years and over .......................................................... 122,660
32,146
Wage and salary workers ......................................................... 114,157
Worked
35 hours
or more
Total
at
work
Persons who
usually work
full time
Usually
work
full
time
Usually
work
part
time
3,501
10,691
17,954
90,514
39.2
43.1
29,314
3,123
10,049
16,142
84,843
39.2
42.9
Mining .....................................................................................
575
55
7
35
14
519
47.6
48.3
Construction ...........................................................................
6,748
1,339
289
715
335
5,409
40.8
42.3
Manufacturing .........................................................................
Durable goods ......................................................................
Nondurable goods ................................................................
19,667
11,943
7,724
2,765
1,551
1,214
300
132
168
1,735
1,082
653
729
337
392
16,902
10,392
6,510
42.2
42.7
41.6
43.2
43.4
42.9
Transportation and public utilities ...........................................
Wholesale and retail trade ......................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate .......................................
8,477
24,679
7,729
1,469
8,493
1,642
176
1,051
77
750
1,405
813
543
6,038
753
7,008
16,186
6,087
42.3
37.1
40.0
44.0
43.5
42.2
Service industries ...................................................................
Private households ...............................................................
All other industries ................................................................
Public administration ..............................................................
40,616
924
39,691
5,666
12,378
530
11,848
1,172
1,183
85
1,097
40
3,735
47
3,688
862
7,460
398
7,063
271
28,238
395
27,843
4,494
37.7
29.5
37.9
40.5
42.4
42.8
42.3
41.7
Self-employed workers .............................................................
Unpaid family workers ..............................................................
8,400
103
2,774
58
374
4
637
5
1,763
48
5,626
45
39.6
34.0
46.4
46.6
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
197
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
22. Persons at work in nonagricultural industries by age, sex, race, marital status, and usual full- or part-time status
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Worked 1 to 34 hours
Age, sex, race, and marital status
Total
at
work
Average hours
For noneconomic
reasons
Total
For
economic
reasons
Total, 16 years and over ........................................................ 122,660
16 to 19 years ...........................................................................
6,540
16 to 17 years .........................................................................
2,519
18 to 19 years .........................................................................
4,022
20 years and over ..................................................................... 116,119
20 to 24 years .........................................................................
11,838
25 years and over ................................................................... 104,281
25 to 54 years .......................................................................
89,316
55 years and over .................................................................
14,965
32,146
4,625
2,248
2,377
27,521
4,026
23,495
18,457
5,038
Men, 16 years and over .........................................................
16 to 19 years ...........................................................................
16 to 17 years .........................................................................
18 to 19 years .........................................................................
20 years and over .....................................................................
20 to 24 years .........................................................................
25 years and over ...................................................................
25 to 54 years .......................................................................
55 years and over .................................................................
65,847
3,235
1,237
1,997
62,612
6,209
56,403
48,154
8,249
Women, 16 years and over ...................................................
16 to 19 years ...........................................................................
16 to 17 years .........................................................................
18 to 19 years .........................................................................
20 years and over .....................................................................
20 to 24 years .........................................................................
25 years and over ...................................................................
25 to 54 years .......................................................................
55 years and over .................................................................
Worked
35 hours
or more
Total
at
work
Persons who
usually work
full time
Usually
work
full
time
Usually
work
part
time
3,501
342
71
271
3,159
587
2,572
2,236
335
10,691
262
50
212
10,429
911
9,518
8,158
1,361
17,954
4,021
2,126
1,895
13,933
2,528
11,405
8,063
3,342
90,514
1,915
271
1,644
88,599
7,812
80,786
70,859
9,927
39.2
25.2
19.1
29.0
40.0
36.2
40.5
41.1
37.0
43.1
39.4
37.5
39.7
43.2
41.4
43.3
43.4
42.6
12,311
2,128
1,074
1,055
10,183
1,732
8,451
6,232
2,219
1,663
160
39
120
1,504
290
1,214
1,051
163
5,158
136
26
111
5,022
433
4,588
3,884
704
5,490
1,832
1,009
824
3,657
1,009
2,649
1,298
1,351
53,536
1,107
164
943
52,429
4,477
47,952
41,921
6,031
42.2
26.7
20.2
30.8
43.0
38.3
43.5
44.1
39.5
44.6
40.1
38.4
40.4
44.7
42.5
44.9
45.0
44.0
56,813
3,306
1,281
2,024
53,508
5,630
47,878
41,162
6,716
19,835
2,497
1,174
1,323
17,338
2,294
15,044
12,225
2,819
1,837
182
32
150
1,655
298
1,358
1,185
172
5,533
126
25
101
5,408
477
4,930
4,274
656
12,464
2,189
1,118
1,071
10,275
1,519
8,756
6,765
1,991
36,978
808
107
701
36,170
3,335
32,834
28,938
3,897
35.9
23.7
18.1
27.3
36.6
33.9
36.9
37.4
33.8
41.0
38.5
36.3
38.9
41.0
39.9
41.1
41.2
40.6
White, 16 years and over ...................................................... 103,140
Men ...........................................................................................
56,245
Women .....................................................................................
46,895
27,449
10,473
16,976
2,748
1,336
1,412
8,967
4,413
4,553
15,734
4,723
11,011
75,692
45,772
29,919
39.3
42.4
35.6
43.3
44.8
41.1
13,830
6,535
7,296
3,353
1,265
2,088
580
242
338
1,287
538
749
1,487
486
1,000
10,477
5,269
5,208
38.7
40.7
36.8
41.5
42.9
40.2
Men, 16 years and over:
Married, spouse present ..........................................................
Widowed, divorced, or separated ............................................
Single (never married) .............................................................
39,972
7,917
17,958
5,639
1,329
5,343
662
249
753
3,251
650
1,257
1,726
430
3,333
34,333
6,587
12,615
44.0
42.8
37.8
45.3
44.5
42.8
Women, 16 years and over:
Married, spouse present ..........................................................
Widowed, divorced, or separated ............................................
Single (never married) .............................................................
30,317
11,485
15,011
10,569
3,242
6,024
719
442
676
3,070
1,231
1,233
6,779
1,569
4,115
19,749
8,242
8,987
35.8
38.0
34.2
40.8
41.4
40.9
TOTAL
Race
Black, 16 years and over ......................................................
Men ...........................................................................................
Women .....................................................................................
Marital status
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
198
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
23. Persons at work in nonfarm occupations by sex and usual full- or part-time status
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Worked 1 to 34 hours
Occupation and sex
Average hours
For noneconomic
reasons
Total
at
work
Total, 16 years and over1 ................................................................... 122,536
Total
For
economic
reasons
32,110
Worked
35 hours
or more
Total
at
work
Persons who
usually work
full time
Usually
work
full
time
Usually
work
part
time
3,484
10,671
17,955
90,427
39.2
43.1
Managerial and professional specialty ...................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial ...........................................
Professional specialty ...........................................................................
Technical, sales, and administrative support ..........................................
Technicians and related support ..........................................................
Sales occupations ................................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical ..............................................
Service occupations ...............................................................................
Private household .................................................................................
Protective service .................................................................................
Service, except private household and protective ................................
Precision production, craft, and repair ....................................................
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .......................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..................................
Transportation and material moving occupations .................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ..........................
36,978
18,373
18,605
37,029
4,095
15,272
17,662
17,059
815
2,313
13,932
13,897
17,574
7,537
5,123
4,913
7,751
3,013
4,737
11,290
981
4,816
5,493
6,881
478
399
6,005
2,284
3,904
1,298
985
1,622
497
172
324
920
66
510
343
945
75
33
838
433
690
228
166
296
3,535
1,626
1,908
3,284
403
926
1,955
1,105
40
166
899
1,279
1,467
681
372
414
3,719
1,215
2,505
7,086
512
3,379
3,194
4,831
363
200
4,268
571
1,748
389
447
912
29,227
15,360
13,867
25,739
3,114
10,456
12,169
10,178
337
1,914
7,926
11,613
13,670
6,240
4,138
3,292
41.8
43.6
39.9
37.4
39.2
38.5
36.1
34.7
29.0
42.5
33.8
41.8
40.1
40.6
43.2
36.2
44.5
45.5
43.4
42.1
41.9
44.6
40.1
42.0
42.6
45.0
41.3
43.0
42.8
41.9
45.8
40.9
Men, 16 years and over1 ....................................................................
65,575
12,200
1,648
5,128
5,424
53,376
42.2
44.6
Managerial and professional specialty ...................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial ...........................................
Professional specialty ...........................................................................
Technical, sales, and administrative support ..........................................
Technicians and related support ..........................................................
Sales occupations ................................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical ..............................................
Service occupations ...............................................................................
Private household .................................................................................
Protective service .................................................................................
Service, except private household and protective ................................
Precision production, craft, and repair ....................................................
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .......................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..................................
Transportation and material moving occupations .................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ..........................
19,158
10,266
8,893
13,383
1,913
7,655
3,816
6,972
45
1,903
5,023
12,758
13,304
4,750
4,622
3,932
2,800
1,224
1,575
2,648
322
1,477
848
2,065
23
278
1,764
2,016
2,672
665
786
1,221
215
93
122
252
27
144
82
301
6
22
272
403
477
110
141
226
1,552
743
809
941
168
421
353
424
1
135
287
1,162
1,049
396
328
325
1,033
389
644
1,454
127
913
414
1,340
15
120
1,205
451
1,146
158
317
671
16,359
9,041
7,317
10,736
1,591
6,177
2,968
4,907
22
1,625
3,259
10,742
10,632
4,086
3,836
2,711
44.8
46.2
43.2
41.9
41.7
43.2
39.3
38.0
30.4
43.8
35.9
42.1
41.1
41.8
44.0
36.8
46.5
47.4
45.4
44.9
43.4
46.7
42.1
43.4
41.6
45.6
42.3
43.2
43.5
42.7
46.1
41.2
Women, 16 years and over1 ...............................................................
56,961
19,910
1,837
5,543
12,531
37,051
35.8
41.0
Managerial and professional specialty ...................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial ...........................................
Professional specialty ...........................................................................
Technical, sales, and administrative support ..........................................
Technicians and related support ..........................................................
Sales occupations ................................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical ..............................................
Service occupations ...............................................................................
Private household .................................................................................
Protective service .................................................................................
Service, except private household and protective ................................
Precision production, craft, and repair ....................................................
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .......................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..................................
Transportation and material moving occupations .................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ..........................
17,820
8,108
9,712
23,645
2,183
7,617
13,845
10,087
770
409
8,908
1,139
4,270
2,787
502
981
4,951
1,789
3,162
8,642
659
3,338
4,644
4,817
455
121
4,241
268
1,232
633
199
400
282
79
203
667
40
366
261
644
68
11
566
31
213
118
25
70
1,983
884
1,099
2,343
235
506
1,603
681
38
31
612
117
418
285
43
90
2,687
826
1,860
5,632
385
2,466
2,781
3,491
348
79
3,064
120
602
230
131
241
12,869
6,319
6,550
15,003
1,524
4,279
9,201
5,271
315
289
4,667
871
3,037
2,154
302
581
38.4
40.4
36.8
34.9
37.0
33.8
35.3
32.4
29.0
36.6
32.5
38.6
37.2
38.5
36.0
34.0
42.1
42.8
41.3
40.2
40.4
41.7
39.5
40.8
42.7
41.6
40.6
41.1
40.5
40.4
42.6
39.6
1 Excludes farming, forestry, and fishing occupations.
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
199
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
24. Unemployed persons by marital status, race, age, and sex
Men
Marital status, race, and age
Thousands of
persons
Women
Unemployment
rates
1997
1998
Total, 16 years and over .............................................
Married, spouse present ...................................................
Widowed, divorced, or separated .....................................
Single (never married) ......................................................
3,577
1,167
504
1,906
3,266
1,034
435
1,798
4.9
2.7
5.8
9.2
White, 16 years and over ............................................
Married, spouse present ...................................................
Widowed, divorced, or separated .....................................
Single (never married) ......................................................
2,641
957
382
1,303
2,431
836
334
1,261
Black, 16 years and over ............................................
Married, spouse present ...................................................
Widowed, divorced, or separated .....................................
Single (never married) ......................................................
747
141
99
506
Total, 25 years and over .............................................
Married, spouse present ...................................................
Widowed, divorced, or separated .....................................
Single (never married) ......................................................
1998
Unemployment
rates
1997
1998
4.4
2.4
4.8
8.5
3,162
1,047
660
1,455
2,944
985
628
1,332
5.0
3.1
5.2
8.8
4.6
2.9
4.9
7.8
4.2
2.5
5.3
7.8
3.9
2.2
4.5
7.4
2,195
855
461
879
2,053
808
449
797
4.2
2.9
4.6
7.1
3.9
2.7
4.4
6.3
671
133
84
455
10.2
4.3
8.3
17.7
8.9
3.9
6.9
15.4
813
131
172
510
756
120
156
480
9.9
5.2
7.7
15.0
9.0
4.5
7.0
13.5
2,246
1,095
478
674
1,998
980
415
602
3.6
2.6
5.6
6.2
3.2
2.3
4.8
5.5
2,069
943
612
514
1,926
878
590
458
3.9
2.9
4.9
6.3
3.6
2.7
4.8
5.4
White, 25 years and over ............................................
Married, spouse present ...................................................
Widowed, divorced, or separated .....................................
Single (never married) ......................................................
1,700
899
359
442
1,516
790
318
407
3.2
2.4
5.1
5.1
2.8
2.1
4.4
4.7
1,458
770
426
263
1,361
717
418
226
3.3
2.7
4.4
4.6
3.1
2.5
4.3
3.8
Black, 25 years and over ............................................
Married, spouse present ...................................................
Widowed, divorced, or separated .....................................
Single (never married) ......................................................
420
129
97
195
373
126
81
166
6.9
4.0
8.2
11.5
6.0
3.8
6.8
9.5
510
117
162
231
471
109
151
211
7.6
4.8
7.4
11.0
6.8
4.3
6.9
9.5
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
1997
Thousands of
persons
1997
1998
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
200
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
25. Unemployed persons by occupation and sex
Thousands of
persons
Occupation
Unemployment rates
Total
Total
1998
Total, 16 years and over1 .......................................................................
6,739
6,210
4.9
4.5
4.9
4.4
5.0
4.6
Managerial and professional specialty .........................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial .................................................
Professional specialty .................................................................................
761
359
403
722
343
380
2.0
1.9
2.0
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.8
2.0
1.7
1.6
1.8
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
Technical, sales, and administrative support ................................................
Technicians and related support ................................................................
Sales occupations ......................................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical ....................................................
1,646
104
814
728
1,550
96
745
710
4.1
2.4
4.9
3.8
3.9
2.2
4.5
3.7
3.6
2.2
3.6
4.2
3.3
2.3
3.3
4.0
4.4
2.6
6.2
3.7
4.2
2.1
5.6
3.6
Service occupations .....................................................................................
Private household .......................................................................................
Protective service .......................................................................................
Service, except private household and protective ......................................
1,255
73
89
1,093
1,216
74
85
1,057
6.7
8.4
3.7
7.0
6.4
8.0
3.4
6.8
6.5
12.6
3.4
7.6
6.3
8.7
3.1
7.5
6.8
8.2
5.2
6.7
6.4
8.0
5.0
6.3
Precision production, craft, and repair ..........................................................
Mechanics and repairers ............................................................................
Construction trades ....................................................................................
Other precision production, craft, and repair ..............................................
719
167
406
145
630
149
338
143
4.8
3.5
7.0
3.4
4.2
3.0
5.7
3.4
4.8
3.4
7.0
3.0
4.1
3.1
5.6
3.1
5.1
4.5
7.2
5.0
4.8
2.3
10.4
4.6
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .............................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ........................................
Transportation and material moving occupations .......................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ................................
Construction laborers ...............................................................................
Other handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers .....................
1,490
551
306
633
167
467
1,304
494
279
531
136
395
7.5
6.5
5.4
11.1
17.1
9.9
6.7
6.0
4.9
9.4
14.2
8.4
7.1
5.1
5.3
11.3
16.9
9.9
6.3
5.0
4.8
9.6
14.2
8.4
8.8
8.6
6.0
10.5
20.8
10.1
7.7
7.6
6.3
8.8
16.0
8.5
Farming, forestry, and fishing .......................................................................
267
244
7.1
6.5
6.9
6.1
7.8
8.0
No previous work experience .......................................................................
16 to 19 years ............................................................................................
20 to 24 years ............................................................................................
25 years and over ......................................................................................
569
388
85
96
520
361
80
80
–
–
–
–
1998
–
–
–
–
1997
Women
1997
1 Includes a small number of persons whose last job was in the Armed
Forces.
1997
Men
–
–
–
–
1998
–
–
–
–
1997
–
–
–
–
1998
–
–
–
–
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
201
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
26. Unemployed persons by industry and sex
Thousands of
persons
Industry
Unemployment rates
Total
Total
1998
1997
Women
1997
1998
Total, 16 years and over .........................................................................
6,739
6,210
4.9
4.5
4.9
4.4
5.0
4.6
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers .........................................
5,225
4,873
5.0
4.6
4.9
4.5
5.1
4.8
Mining .........................................................................................................
Construction ...............................................................................................
24
623
20
532
3.8
9.0
3.2
7.5
3.7
9.2
3.4
7.7
4.1
6.9
1.8
5.9
Manufacturing .............................................................................................
Durable goods ..........................................................................................
Lumber and wood products ....................................................................
Funiture and fixtures ...............................................................................
Stone, clay, and glass products ..............................................................
Primary metal industries .........................................................................
Fabricated metal products ......................................................................
Machinery, except electrical ...................................................................
Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies ......................................
Transportation equipment .......................................................................
Automobiles .........................................................................................
Other transportation equipment ...........................................................
Professional and photographic equipment .............................................
Other durable goods industries ..............................................................
Nondurable goods ....................................................................................
Food and kindred products .....................................................................
Textile mill products ................................................................................
Apparel and other textile products ..........................................................
Paper and allied products .......................................................................
Printing and publishing ...........................................................................
Chemicals and allied products ................................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products .........................................
Other nondurable goods industries ........................................................
885
445
47
31
26
29
42
77
58
77
49
28
19
38
440
133
31
92
23
69
38
40
16
816
426
43
26
18
27
49
78
54
72
47
25
20
38
390
111
29
76
18
67
34
38
16
4.2
3.5
5.9
4.7
4.2
3.8
3.1
3.0
2.9
3.3
3.7
2.7
2.6
5.4
5.1
7.4
4.6
9.1
3.2
3.8
2.8
4.3
4.2
3.9
3.4
5.2
3.8
3.1
3.6
3.5
3.1
2.7
3.0
3.4
2.4
2.5
5.6
4.7
6.4
4.7
8.8
2.6
3.8
2.5
3.8
4.6
3.5
3.3
5.7
4.5
4.4
3.6
2.9
2.7
2.5
3.1
3.6
2.5
2.4
3.6
4.0
5.5
3.0
7.0
3.3
3.9
2.6
3.6
3.2
3.3
3.0
5.3
3.5
2.4
3.4
3.4
2.9
2.4
2.6
3.0
2.1
2.0
4.2
3.7
5.2
3.7
6.0
2.4
3.5
2.1
3.1
4.0
5.5
4.2
7.0
5.1
3.4
5.1
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.8
4.0
3.5
2.8
8.0
6.7
10.9
6.8
10.0
3.2
3.7
3.1
5.9
6.1
5.2
4.2
4.8
4.6
5.4
4.8
3.7
3.8
3.3
4.4
4.9
3.5
3.4
7.5
6.2
8.6
5.9
10.1
3.3
4.2
3.3
5.5
5.9
Transportation and public utilities ...............................................................
Transportation ..........................................................................................
Communications and other public utilities ................................................
Wholesale and retail trade ..........................................................................
Wholesale trade ........................................................................................
Retail trade ...............................................................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate ...........................................................
Service industries .......................................................................................
Professional services ................................................................................
Other service industries ............................................................................
260
194
66
1,645
176
1,469
229
1,559
589
970
254
185
69
1,493
185
1,308
197
1,562
593
968
3.5
4.2
2.3
6.2
3.7
6.8
3.0
4.6
2.9
7.1
3.4
4.0
2.4
5.5
3.7
6.0
2.5
4.5
2.9
6.9
3.4
4.2
1.9
5.6
3.2
6.3
3.0
4.8
2.7
6.6
3.3
4.0
2.1
5.1
3.4
5.7
2.3
4.7
2.5
6.5
3.8
4.3
3.1
6.9
4.8
7.2
3.0
4.5
3.1
7.6
3.5
4.0
2.9
6.0
4.6
6.2
2.6
4.4
3.1
7.3
Agricultural wage and salary workers ...........................................................
Government, self-employed, and unpaid famiy workers ..............................
No previous work experience .......................................................................
190
755
569
180
636
520
9.1
2.6
–
8.3
2.2
–
9.1
2.7
–
7.9
2.0
–
9.1
2.4
–
9.3
2.3
–
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
1997
Men
1998
1997
1998
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
202
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
27. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, and age
(Numbers in thousands)
Reason
Total,
16 years
and over
Men,
20 years
and over
Women,
20 years
and over
Both sexes,
16 to 19
years
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
6,739
3,037
931
2,106
1,436
670
795
2,338
569
6,210
2,822
866
1,957
1,353
603
734
2,132
520
2,882
1,795
567
1,228
833
395
358
675
55
2,580
1,588
483
1,105
763
343
318
611
63
2,585
1,069
304
764
541
224
333
1,057
126
2,424
1,053
322
731
527
204
330
944
97
1,271
174
60
114
63
51
104
606
388
1,205
181
61
120
64
56
86
577
361
45.1
13.8
31.3
11.8
34.7
8.4
45.5
13.9
31.5
11.8
34.3
8.4
62.3
19.7
42.6
12.4
23.4
1.9
61.5
18.7
42.8
12.3
23.7
2.4
41.3
11.8
29.6
12.9
40.9
4.9
43.4
13.3
30.2
13.6
39.0
4.0
13.7
4.7
9.0
8.2
47.6
30.5
15.0
5.1
10.0
7.2
47.9
30.0
2.2
.6
1.7
.4
2.1
.5
1.5
.4
2.6
.5
1.0
.1
2.3
.5
.9
.1
1.8
.6
1.8
.2
1.8
.6
1.6
.2
2.2
1.3
7.6
4.9
2.2
1.0
7.0
4.4
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Total unemployed ..................................................................
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs ..........
On temporary layoff ................................................................
Not on temporary layoff ..........................................................
Permanent job losers ............................................................
Persons who completed temporary jobs ..............................
Job leavers ...............................................................................
Reentrants ................................................................................
New entrants ............................................................................
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs .........
On temporary layoff ...............................................................
Not on temporary layoff .........................................................
Job leavers ..............................................................................
Reentrants ...............................................................................
New entrants ...........................................................................
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs .........
Job leavers ..............................................................................
Reentrants ...............................................................................
New entrants ...........................................................................
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
203
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
28. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, race, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
White
Black
Hispanic origin
Reason for unemployment
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
6,739
3,037
931
2,106
1,436
670
795
2,338
569
6,210
2,822
866
1,957
1,353
603
734
2,132
520
4,836
2,284
778
1,506
1,063
443
623
1,576
354
4,484
2,116
716
1,399
988
412
568
1,467
333
1,560
616
121
495
298
197
138
634
172
1,426
585
116
469
300
170
133
558
151
1,069
500
158
343
207
135
96
350
122
1,026
471
146
325
206
119
95
346
113
45.1
13.8
31.3
11.8
34.7
8.4
45.5
13.9
31.5
11.8
34.3
8.4
47.2
16.1
31.1
12.9
32.6
7.3
47.2
16.0
31.2
12.7
32.7
7.4
39.5
7.8
31.7
8.8
40.7
11.0
41.0
8.1
32.9
9.3
39.1
10.6
46.8
14.8
32.0
9.0
32.7
11.4
46.0
14.3
31.7
9.3
33.7
11.0
2.2
.6
1.7
.4
2.1
.5
1.5
.4
2.0
.5
1.4
.3
1.8
.5
1.3
.3
4.0
.9
4.1
1.1
3.7
.8
3.5
.9
3.6
.7
2.5
.9
3.3
.7
2.4
.8
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Total, 16 years and over ........................................................
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs ..........
On temporary layoff ................................................................
Not on temporary layoff ..........................................................
Permanent job losers ............................................................
Persons who completed temporary jobs ..............................
Job leavers ...............................................................................
Reentrants ................................................................................
New entrants ............................................................................
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs .........
On temporary layoff ...............................................................
Not on temporary layoff .........................................................
Job leavers ..............................................................................
Reentrants ...............................................................................
New entrants ...........................................................................
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs .........
Job leavers ..............................................................................
Reentrants ...............................................................................
New entrants ...........................................................................
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to
totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and
Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures
and revised population controls used in the household survey.
204
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
29. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, sex, age, and duration of unemployment
(Percent distribution)
1998
Total unemployed
Duration of unemployment
Reason, sex, and age
15 weeks and over
Thousands
of persons
Percent
Total, 16 years and over .............................................................
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs ................
On temporary layoff ......................................................................
Not on temporary layoff ................................................................
Permanent job losers ..................................................................
Persons who completed temporary jobs ....................................
Job leavers .....................................................................................
Reentrants ......................................................................................
New entrants ..................................................................................
6,210
2,822
866
1,957
1,353
603
734
2,132
520
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
42.2
42.4
58.3
35.4
33.0
40.7
49.4
40.3
39.0
31.4
31.9
28.5
33.4
33.3
33.6
31.0
30.2
34.2
26.4
25.7
13.2
31.2
33.7
25.7
19.6
29.5
26.8
12.3
13.3
8.7
15.3
16.7
12.1
9.8
12.3
10.5
14.1
12.4
4.5
15.9
17.0
13.6
9.8
17.2
16.3
Men, 20 years and over ..............................................................
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs ................
On temporary layoff ......................................................................
Not on temporary layoff ................................................................
Permanent job losers ..................................................................
Persons who completed temporary jobs ....................................
Job leavers .....................................................................................
Reentrants ......................................................................................
New entrants ..................................................................................
2,580
1,588
483
1,105
763
343
318
611
63
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
38.8
39.9
55.3
33.1
31.6
36.6
44.7
34.7
20.5
30.8
32.1
30.2
32.9
32.1
34.5
31.5
26.9
32.3
30.5
28.1
14.5
34.0
36.3
28.9
23.8
38.5
47.3
13.2
13.6
9.8
15.3
16.6
12.5
10.9
13.4
10.9
17.3
14.5
4.8
18.7
19.7
16.4
12.9
25.0
36.4
Women, 20 years and over ........................................................
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs ................
On temporary layoff ......................................................................
Not on temporary layoff ................................................................
Permanent job losers ..................................................................
Persons who completed temporary jobs ....................................
Job leavers .....................................................................................
Reentrants ......................................................................................
New entrants ..................................................................................
2,424
1,053
322
731
527
204
330
944
97
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
41.5
42.5
58.6
35.3
32.1
43.7
49.6
38.6
31.1
31.2
32.2
28.4
33.9
34.9
31.3
30.9
30.3
30.6
27.3
25.3
13.0
30.8
33.0
24.9
19.5
31.1
38.2
13.3
14.2
8.2
16.9
18.4
13.0
10.2
13.3
13.6
14.0
11.1
4.8
13.9
14.7
11.9
9.3
17.8
24.6
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years .........................................................
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs ................
On temporary layoff ......................................................................
Not on temporary layoff ................................................................
Permanent job losers ..................................................................
Persons who completed temporary jobs ....................................
Job leavers .....................................................................................
Reentrants ......................................................................................
New entrants ..................................................................................
1,205
181
61
120
64
56
86
577
361
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
51.2
64.0
80.1
55.8
57.0
54.5
66.0
49.1
44.4
33.2
29.0
15.5
35.8
34.7
37.1
29.7
33.6
35.4
15.7
7.0
4.4
8.4
8.3
8.4
4.2
17.3
20.2
8.3
4.8
3.6
5.4
4.9
5.9
3.6
9.4
9.5
7.3
2.2
.7
3.0
3.4
2.5
.6
7.9
10.6
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
Less than
5 weeks
5 to 14
weeks
Total
15 to 26
weeks
27 weeks
and over
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
30. Unemployed total and full-time workers by duration of unemployment
Total
Duration of unemployment
Thousands of persons
Full-time workers
Percent distribution
Thousands of persons
Percent distribution
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
Total, 16 years and over .....................................
Less than 5 weeks ................................................
5 to 14 weeks .......................................................
5 to 10 weeks .....................................................
11 to 14 weeks ...................................................
15 weeks and over ...............................................
15 to 26 weeks ...................................................
27 weeks and over .............................................
27 to 51 weeks .................................................
52 weeks and over ...........................................
6,739
2,538
2,138
1,474
664
2,062
995
1,067
479
589
6,210
2,622
1,950
1,375
575
1,637
763
875
379
496
100.0
37.7
31.7
21.9
9.9
30.6
14.8
15.8
7.1
8.7
100.0
42.2
31.4
22.1
9.3
26.4
12.3
14.1
6.1
8.0
5,395
1,862
1,713
1,156
557
1,820
864
956
428
528
4,916
1,909
1,574
1,093
481
1,433
662
771
340
431
100.0
34.5
31.8
21.4
10.3
33.7
16.0
17.7
7.9
9.8
100.0
38.8
32.0
22.2
9.8
29.1
13.5
15.7
6.9
8.8
Average (mean) duration, in weeks ......................
Median duration, in weeks ....................................
15.8
8.0
14.5
6.7
–
–
–
–
17.1
8.9
15.6
7.6
–
–
–
–
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
205
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
31. Unemployed persons by selected demographic characteristics and duration of unemployment
1998
Thousands of persons
Characteristic
Total
Weeks
15 weeks and over
Less
than
5 weeks
5 to 14
weeks
Total
15 to 26
weeks
27 weeks
and over
Average
(mean)
duration
Median
duration
TOTAL
Total, 16 years and over .............................................
16 to 19 years ...............................................................
20 to 24 years ...............................................................
25 to 34 years ...............................................................
35 to 44 years ...............................................................
45 to 54 years ...............................................................
55 to 64 years ...............................................................
65 years and over .........................................................
6,210
1,205
1,081
1,419
1,258
782
343
122
2,622
616
496
578
484
278
117
53
1,950
400
347
458
384
239
94
29
1,637
189
238
383
390
265
131
40
763
100
118
184
175
120
51
15
875
88
120
199
216
146
81
25
14.5
9.5
12.3
14.4
16.4
17.9
22.7
19.2
6.7
4.4
5.6
7.1
7.9
8.7
9.8
6.7
Men, 16 years and over ..............................................
16 to 19 years ...............................................................
20 to 24 years ...............................................................
25 to 34 years ...............................................................
35 to 44 years ...............................................................
45 to 54 years ...............................................................
55 to 64 years ...............................................................
65 years and over .........................................................
3,266
686
583
699
609
420
201
69
1,342
342
253
284
227
138
70
29
1,029
236
193
224
182
126
53
16
895
108
137
192
200
156
78
23
398
58
63
86
83
69
30
9
496
50
73
106
117
87
49
15
15.2
9.6
13.5
15.0
17.6
19.4
22.6
19.2
7.0
4.5
6.2
7.3
8.3
9.6
10.1
7.1
Women, 16 years and over ........................................
16 to 19 years ...............................................................
20 to 24 years ...............................................................
25 to 34 years ...............................................................
35 to 44 years ...............................................................
45 to 54 years ...............................................................
55 to 64 years ...............................................................
65 years and over .........................................................
2,944
519
498
720
650
362
141
53
1,280
275
243
294
257
140
47
23
921
164
154
234
202
113
41
13
743
81
101
191
190
109
53
17
364
42
55
98
92
51
21
7
378
39
47
93
99
59
32
10
13.7
9.3
11.0
13.8
15.3
16.2
22.8
19.2
6.3
4.2
4.9
7.0
7.5
7.7
9.4
6.3
White, 16 years and over ............................................
Men ...............................................................................
Women .........................................................................
4,484
2,431
2,053
2,021
1,057
964
1,395
757
637
1,068
616
451
526
290
236
541
326
216
13.1
13.9
12.1
5.8
6.3
5.3
Black, 16 years and over ............................................
Men ...............................................................................
Women .........................................................................
1,426
671
756
477
221
256
466
224
242
483
226
257
198
85
112
285
140
145
18.4
19.0
17.9
9.2
9.1
9.2
Hispanic origin, 16 years and over .............................
Men ...............................................................................
Women .........................................................................
1,026
552
473
435
228
207
319
179
141
272
146
126
127
68
59
145
78
67
14.3
14.4
14.1
6.7
7.0
6.3
Men, 16 years and over:
Married, spouse present ...............................................
Widowed, divorced, or separated ................................
Single (never married) ..................................................
1,034
435
1,798
386
175
781
323
119
587
324
141
429
146
61
192
178
80
238
16.7
18.0
13.7
8.2
7.9
6.2
Women, 16 years and over:
Married, spouse present ...............................................
Widowed, divorced, or separated ................................
Single (never married) ..................................................
985
628
1,332
444
232
603
298
205
417
242
190
311
127
87
150
115
103
160
13.0
17.0
12.7
5.9
8.0
5.8
Race and Hispanic origin
Marital status
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to
totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics
are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in
January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised
population controls used in the household survey.
206
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
32. Unemployed persons by occupation, industry, and duration of unemployment
1998
Thousands of persons
Occupation and industry
Total
Less
than
5 weeks
Weeks
15 weeks and over
5 to 14
weeks
Total
15 to 26
weeks
27 weeks
and over
Average
(mean)
duration
Median
duration
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty .........................................
Technical, sales, and administrative support ................................
Service occupations .....................................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair ..........................................
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .............................................
Farming, forestry, and fishing .......................................................
722
1,550
1,216
630
1,304
244
297
668
527
280
536
103
214
490
370
189
427
78
211
393
320
161
341
63
99
186
143
77
164
36
112
206
177
84
177
27
15.8
13.9
14.6
13.9
14.3
13.1
7.2
6.5
6.3
6.1
7.0
6.7
Agriculture ....................................................................................
Construction .................................................................................
Manufacturing ...............................................................................
Durable goods ............................................................................
Nondurable goods ......................................................................
Transportation and public utilities .................................................
Wholesale and retail trade ............................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate .............................................
Services ........................................................................................
Public administration ....................................................................
180
544
818
427
391
281
1,500
204
1,802
107
75
233
331
180
150
114
666
72
779
39
61
177
258
132
125
86
475
69
553
25
44
134
230
115
115
80
359
63
470
44
24
68
117
57
59
31
168
28
222
16
20
66
113
58
56
49
191
34
248
27
13.0
13.7
14.5
14.3
14.7
16.1
13.3
16.3
14.4
21.3
7.0
6.5
7.3
6.9
7.8
7.0
6.1
8.2
6.5
10.0
No previous work experience .......................................................
520
203
178
140
54
85
15.7
7.2
INDUSTRY1
1 Includes wage and salary workers only.
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
207
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
33. Unemployed jobseekers by sex, age, race, and active jobsearch methods used
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Thousands of persons
Methods used as a percent of total jobseekers
Sex, age, and race
Sent out
resumes
or filled
out
applications
Placed
or
answered
ads
Average
number of
methods
used
Public
employment
agency
Private
employment
agency
Other
14.8
10.8
13.9
16.5
15.6
17.8
17.5
14.4
19.2
8.9
18.8
22.7
24.2
23.8
21.0
11.0
6.9
2.4
7.3
7.8
8.7
10.4
7.7
2.9
8.8
5.6
8.0
9.6
9.1
11.1
13.7
15.3
1.79
1.55
1.78
1.89
1.90
1.95
1.84
1.44
15.8
9.3
15.0
18.1
18.7
19.9
19.9
12.8
16.3
12.0
15.5
18.6
17.6
20.2
16.9
13.8
19.2
8.5
18.4
23.3
25.6
25.5
22.6
9.3
6.9
2.5
7.2
7.3
8.9
12.1
7.8
2.4
9.4
5.1
7.9
10.2
10.0
13.5
15.4
21.0
1.80
1.53
1.76
1.91
1.96
2.03
1.88
1.49
50.6
55.9
51.8
49.8
48.7
50.8
41.6
29.7
16.1
10.5
15.7
17.9
18.3
17.1
19.1
14.3
13.2
9.2
12.0
14.7
13.8
15.2
18.3
15.2
19.1
9.5
19.3
22.2
22.9
21.8
18.5
13.4
6.9
2.3
7.4
8.2
8.5
8.5
7.6
3.6
8.2
6.1
8.1
9.1
8.3
8.4
11.2
7.0
1.78
1.57
1.80
1.86
1.84
1.86
1.78
1.38
64.8
65.8
63.7
48.4
47.0
49.8
32.6
16.2
16.4
31.1
14.0
17.1
35.2
17.9
17.3
13.3
6.7
6.6
9.5
10.3
8.5
1.79
1.82
1.77
64.5
65.6
63.5
49.9
46.6
52.7
29.2
14.1
15.1
24.5
13.5
11.0
47.9
24.5
23.4
14.8
7.3
7.5
6.7
6.5
6.9
1.79
1.78
1.80
Total
unemployed
Total
jobseekers
Total, 16 years and over .................
16 to 19 years ...................................
20 to 24 years ...................................
25 to 34 years ...................................
35 to 44 years ...................................
45 to 54 years ...................................
55 to 64 years ...................................
65 years and over .............................
6,210
1,205
1,081
1,419
1,258
782
343
122
5,344
1,144
989
1,204
1,035
619
264
89
64.6
62.7
65.9
65.8
65.9
64.5
62.2
53.8
48.6
54.2
48.0
47.8
47.1
48.2
42.0
32.4
15.9
9.8
15.3
18.0
18.5
18.6
19.6
13.4
Men, 16 years and over ..................
16 to 19 years ...................................
20 to 24 years ...................................
25 to 34 years ...................................
35 to 44 years ...................................
45 to 54 years ...................................
55 to 64 years ...................................
65 years and over .............................
3,266
686
583
699
609
420
201
69
2,748
650
522
559
481
325
159
52
65.6
62.6
66.5
67.7
69.2
64.7
62.7
53.0
46.7
52.9
44.7
45.5
45.3
45.8
42.2
34.3
Women, 16 years and over ............
16 to 19 years ...................................
20 to 24 years ...................................
25 to 34 years ...................................
35 to 44 years ...................................
45 to 54 years ...................................
55 to 64 years ...................................
65 years and over .............................
2,944
519
498
720
650
362
141
53
2,596
494
467
645
554
294
106
36
63.6
62.8
65.2
64.1
63.1
64.2
61.4
55.0
White, 16 years and over ................
Men ...................................................
Women .............................................
4,484
2,431
2,053
3,767
1,997
1,770
Black, 16 years and over ................
Men ...................................................
Women .............................................
1,426
671
756
1,311
604
706
Employer
directly
NOTE: The jobseekers total is less than the total unemployed because it
does not include persons on temporary layoff. The percent using each method
will always total more than 100 because many jobseekers use more than one
Friends
or
relatives
method. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey
208
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
34. Unemployed jobseekers by sex, reason for unemployment, and active jobsearch methods used
1998
Thousands of
persons
Methods used as a percent of total jobseekers
Sex and reason
Sent out
resumes
or filled
out
applications
Placed
Public
Private
Friends
or
employ- employor
answered
ment
ment
relatives
ads
agency agency
Average
number
of
methods
used
Total
unemployed
Total
jobseekers
Total, 16 years and over .........................................................
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs1 .........
Job leavers ...............................................................................
Reentrants ................................................................................
New entrants ............................................................................
6,210
2,822
734
2,132
520
5,344
1,957
734
2,132
520
64.6
68.0
67.9
61.1
61.7
48.6
47.1
51.2
48.2
51.8
15.9
19.7
18.8
13.1
9.4
14.8
17.5
13.4
13.0
14.0
19.2
25.2
20.2
15.6
9.8
6.9
9.5
7.7
5.4
2.4
8.8
10.0
7.8
8.8
6.2
1.79
1.98
1.87
1.65
1.56
Men, 16 years and over ..........................................................
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs1 .........
Job leavers ...............................................................................
Reentrants ................................................................................
New entrants ............................................................................
3,266
1,703
368
931
264
2,748
1,185
368
931
264
65.6
69.4
68.6
60.7
61.6
46.7
44.9
49.7
46.0
53.0
15.8
19.1
18.4
12.4
8.9
16.3
18.7
15.0
14.3
14.2
19.2
24.6
19.7
15.1
8.7
6.9
9.4
7.1
4.9
2.7
9.4
10.6
7.9
9.7
5.7
1.80
1.97
1.87
1.64
1.55
Women, 16 years and over ....................................................
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs1 .........
Job leavers ...............................................................................
Reentrants ................................................................................
New entrants ............................................................................
2,944
1,119
366
1,201
257
2,596
772
366
1,201
257
63.6
65.9
67.2
61.4
61.9
50.6
50.6
52.7
49.9
50.6
16.1
20.6
19.1
13.6
10.0
13.2
15.7
11.8
11.9
13.7
19.1
26.0
20.7
15.9
10.9
6.9
9.7
8.4
5.8
2.1
8.2
9.1
7.6
8.1
6.7
1.78
1.98
1.88
1.67
1.56
Employer
directly
1 Data on the number of jobseekers and the jobsearch methods used exclude
persons on temporary layoff.
NOTE: The jobseeker total is less than the total unemployed because it does
not include persons on temporary layoff. The percent using each method will
Other
always total more than 100 because many jobseekers use more than one method.
Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and
revised population controls used in the household survey.
209
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
35. Persons not in the labor force by desire and availability for work, age, and sex
(In thousands)
Total
Age
16 to 24
years
Category
1997
1998
1997
1998
25 to 54
years
1997
1998
Sex
55 years
and over
1997
1998
Men
1997
1998
Women
1997
1998
Total not in the labor force .................................................... 66,837 67,547 11,343 11,343 18,552 18,732 36,942 37,472 24,454 24,799 42,382 42,748
Do not want a job now1 ...................................................... 61,895 62,735 9,434 9,491 16,311 16,580 36,151 36,664 22,420 22,790 39,475 39,945
791
807 2,034 2,008 2,907 2,803
Want a job1 ......................................................................... 4,941 4,812 1,909 1,852 2,241 2,152
Did not search for work in previous year .......................... 2,857 2,859 1,034 1,011 1,245 1,240
579
608 1,118 1,134 1,739 1,725
2
875
841
997
912
212
200
917
875 1,168 1,078
Searched for work in previous year ................................ 2,084 1,953
Not available to work now ...............................................
669
643
346
332
289
275
34
36
257
250
412
392
Available to work now ..................................................... 1,416 1,310
529
509
708
637
178
164
659
624
756
686
Reason not currently looking:
3
343
331
107
108
184
170
52
53
200
198
143
133
Discouragement over job prospects ...................
Reasons other than discouragement .......................... 1,073
979
423
401
524
467
126
111
460
427
613
552
Family responsibilities ..............................................
139
143
26
37
97
93
16
13
21
23
117
120
In school or training ..................................................
235
206
188
173
45
32
2
1
113
105
121
102
Ill health or disability .................................................
116
104
17
14
71
69
28
21
52
52
64
52
4
583
525
191
177
311
273
81
75
273
247
311
278
Other .......................................................................
1 Includes some persons who are not asked if they want a job.
2 Persons who had a job in the prior 12 months must have searched since
4 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for
such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small
number for which reason for nonparticipation was not ascertained.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
the end of that job.
3 Includes believes no work available, could not find work, lacks necessary
schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of
discrimination.
210
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
36. Multiple jobholders by selected demographic and economic characteristics
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Characteristic
Men
Rate1
Number
1997
1998
1997
7,955
331
7,625
809
6,816
6,076
740
625
115
7,926
335
7,590
788
6,802
6,011
791
682
109
6.1
5.0
6.2
6.5
6.2
6.4
4.6
5.1
3.1
6,909
758
494
6,832
802
503
4,434
1,388
2,133
4,414
1,385
2,127
4,488
1,689
237
1,509
4,478
1,635
266
1,504
Women
Rate1
Number
1998
1997
1998
1997
6.0
4.8
6.1
6.3
6.1
6.3
4.8
5.3
2.9
4,237
144
4,094
385
3,708
3,278
431
356
74
4,178
138
4,040
363
3,677
3,228
449
378
71
6.1
4.2
6.2
5.9
6.2
6.5
4.8
5.3
3.3
6.3
5.4
3.9
6.2
5.5
3.8
3,693
388
305
3,622
406
299
5.9
6.8
6.3
5.8
6.7
6.1
2,675
495
1,067
2,664
498
1,016
2,661
521
169
869
2,608
512
188
848
Rate1
Number
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
5.9
3.9
6.0
5.5
6.1
6.3
4.9
5.4
3.3
3,718
187
3,531
424
3,107
2,798
309
268
40
3,748
198
3,550
425
3,126
2,783
342
303
39
6.2
5.7
6.2
7.3
6.1
6.4
4.4
4.8
2.6
6.2
5.7
6.2
7.2
6.1
6.3
4.6
5.2
2.5
6.2
5.9
3.9
6.0
5.9
3.7
3,216
370
190
3,210
396
204
6.4
5.0
3.8
6.4
5.2
3.9
6.3
6.0
5.7
6.2
5.8
5.3
1,758
893
1,067
1,750
887
1,110
5.4
7.4
7.1
5.3
7.3
7.0
1,827
1,168
68
640
1,870
1,124
78
656
AGE
Total, 16 years and over2 ...................................................
16 to 19 years .......................................................................
20 years and over .................................................................
20 to 24 years ......................................................................
25 years and over ................................................................
25 to 54 years ....................................................................
55 years and over ..............................................................
55 to 64 years ...................................................................
65 years and over .............................................................
RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
White ....................................................................................
Black .....................................................................................
Hispanic origin ......................................................................
MARITAL STATUS
Married, spouse present .......................................................
Widowed, divorced, or separated .........................................
Single (never married) ..........................................................
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Primary job full time, secondary job part time .......................
Primary and secondary jobs both part time ..........................
Primary and secondary jobs both full time ............................
Hours vary on primary or secondary job ...............................
–
–
–
–
1 Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed persons in specified
group.
2 Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary
job and full time on their secondary jobs(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics
are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in
January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised
population controls used in the household survey.
211
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
37. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics
Characteristic
Number of workers
(in thousands)
Median weekly earnings
1997
1998
1997
1998
Total, 16 years and over .......................................................................................
93,578
95,595
$503
$523
Men, 16 years and over .......................................................................................
16 to 24 years .....................................................................................................
25 years and over ...............................................................................................
53,220
6,174
47,046
54,313
6,325
47,988
579
317
615
598
334
639
Women, 16 years and over .................................................................................
16 to 24 years .....................................................................................................
25 years and over ...............................................................................................
40,358
4,522
35,836
41,282
4,721
36,561
431
292
462
456
305
485
White ...................................................................................................................
Men ....................................................................................................................
Women ..............................................................................................................
77,973
45,349
32,624
79,403
46,087
33,316
519
595
444
545
615
468
Black ....................................................................................................................
Men ....................................................................................................................
Women ..............................................................................................................
11,356
5,517
5,839
11,776
5,751
6,025
400
432
375
426
468
400
Hispanic origin .....................................................................................................
Men ....................................................................................................................
Women ..............................................................................................................
9,996
6,456
3,540
10,532
6,716
3,816
351
371
318
370
390
337
SEX AND AGE
RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not
sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented
and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
38. Median weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics
Number of workers
(in thousands)
Characteristic
Median weekly earnings
1997
1998
1997
1998
Total, 16 years and over .......................................................................................
20,710
20,862
$149
$156
Men, 16 years and over .......................................................................................
16 to 24 years .....................................................................................................
25 years and over ...............................................................................................
6,454
3,479
2,975
6,501
3,582
2,919
139
114
183
146
119
197
Women, 16 years and over .................................................................................
16 to 24 years .....................................................................................................
25 years and over ...............................................................................................
14,256
4,373
9,883
14,361
4,500
9,861
153
112
179
161
118
191
White ...................................................................................................................
Men ....................................................................................................................
Women ..............................................................................................................
17,915
5,462
12,454
17,886
5,470
12,416
150
138
155
157
146
163
Black ....................................................................................................................
Men ....................................................................................................................
Women ..............................................................................................................
1,968
669
1,299
2,096
688
1,408
141
142
140
149
145
151
Hispanic origin .....................................................................................................
Men ....................................................................................................................
Women ..............................................................................................................
1,877
692
1,184
1,828
632
1,196
144
150
140
154
162
150
SEX AND AGE
RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not
sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented
and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
212
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
39. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Both sexes
Men
Women
Occupation
Number
of
workers
Median
weekly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Median
weekly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Median
weekly
earnings
Total, 16 years and over ........................................................................................................
95,595
$523
54,313
$598
41,282
$456
Managerial and professional specialty ..........................................................................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial ..................................................................................
Administrators and officials, public administration ......................................................................
Administrators, protective services .............................................................................................
Financial managers ....................................................................................................................
Personnel and labor relations managers ....................................................................................
Purchasing managers .................................................................................................................
Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations .............................................................
Administrators, education and related fields ...............................................................................
Managers, medicine and health .................................................................................................
Managers, food serving and lodging establishments .................................................................
Managers, properties and real estate .........................................................................................
Management-related occupations ..............................................................................................
Accountants and auditors .........................................................................................................
Underwriters .............................................................................................................................
Other financial officers ..............................................................................................................
Management analysts ..............................................................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists ..................................................................
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products ........................................................
Construction inspectors ............................................................................................................
Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction .........................................................
29,304
14,451
588
54
652
152
136
741
637
626
962
301
3,818
1,303
107
642
216
431
162
63
220
759
755
823
883
852
823
817
960
877
716
509
585
660
674
658
703
841
630
612
742
741
14,941
7,746
302
42
316
55
80
458
259
134
538
133
1,580
523
31
295
121
135
85
57
145
905
915
957
( 1)
1,017
947
965
1,128
1,111
869
591
638
790
821
( 1)
901
964
755
647
760
756
14,363
6,705
286
13
336
97
56
283
378
492
424
168
2,238
780
76
347
95
295
77
6
74
655
626
663
( 1)
703
747
724
759
730
679
434
518
602
618
625
591
752
601
590
( 1)
714
Professional specialty ..................................................................................................................
Engineers, architects, and surveyors .........................................................................................
Architects ..................................................................................................................................
Engineers .................................................................................................................................
Aerospace engineers ..............................................................................................................
Chemical engineers ................................................................................................................
Civil engineers ........................................................................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers .........................................................................................
Industrial engineers ................................................................................................................
Mechanical engineers .............................................................................................................
Mathematical and computer scientists .......................................................................................
Computer systems analysts and scientists ...............................................................................
Operations and systems researchers and analysts ..................................................................
Natural scientists ........................................................................................................................
Chemists, except biochemists ..................................................................................................
Biological and life scientists ......................................................................................................
Medical scientists .....................................................................................................................
Health diagnosing occupations ...................................................................................................
Physicians ................................................................................................................................
Health assessment and treating occupations .............................................................................
Registered nurses ....................................................................................................................
Pharmacists ..............................................................................................................................
Dietitians ...................................................................................................................................
Therapists .................................................................................................................................
Respiratory therapists .............................................................................................................
Physical therapists ..................................................................................................................
Speech therapists ...................................................................................................................
Physicians’ assistants ...............................................................................................................
Teachers, college and university ................................................................................................
Teachers, except college and university ....................................................................................
Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten ...........................................................................
Teachers, elementary school ...................................................................................................
Teachers, secondary school .....................................................................................................
Teachers, special education .....................................................................................................
Counselors, educational and vocational .....................................................................................
Librarians, archivists, and curators .............................................................................................
Librarians ..................................................................................................................................
Social scientists and urban planners ..........................................................................................
Economists ...............................................................................................................................
Psychologists ............................................................................................................................
14,853
2,043
102
1,930
75
68
259
605
248
313
1,544
1,281
208
470
129
91
80
549
474
2,102
1,490
139
58
362
83
87
75
53
578
3,974
412
1,706
1,121
318
192
177
159
286
99
143
763
988
872
992
1,139
1,023
965
1,059
889
998
938
952
874
828
884
739
755
1,134
1,156
738
739
1,063
582
710
618
906
725
611
907
671
397
691
736
701
695
656
665
758
900
679
7,195
1,828
87
1,730
68
56
229
554
208
296
1,105
941
127
318
84
56
41
367
321
363
139
80
11
104
37
26
5
30
366
1,022
8
274
490
58
61
31
22
145
57
65
895
1,007
893
1,011
1,150
1,041
1,001
1,067
912
1,007
986
996
937
908
982
781
( 1)
1,227
1,255
791
774
1,146
( 1)
713
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
998
746
( 1)
749
773
733
725
( 1)
( 1)
878
991
740
7,658
215
15
200
6
12
30
51
41
18
438
341
81
152
45
34
38
181
153
1,739
1,351
59
47
258
46
61
71
24
211
2,952
404
1,433
631
259
131
146
136
141
42
78
682
827
( 1)
831
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
931
( 1)
( 1)
859
890
750
732
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
948
966
730
734
985
( 1)
709
( 1)
887
729
( 1)
769
644
398
677
698
693
689
640
653
661
( 1)
621
See footnotes at end of table.
213
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
39. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Both sexes
Men
Women
Occupation
Number
of
workers
Median
weekly
earnings
Social, recreation, and religious workers ....................................................................................
Social workers ..........................................................................................................................
Recreation workers ...................................................................................................................
Clergy .......................................................................................................................................
Lawyers and judges ....................................................................................................................
Lawyers ....................................................................................................................................
Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes ..................................................................................
Technical writers .......................................................................................................................
Designers .................................................................................................................................
Actors and directors ..................................................................................................................
Painters, sculptors, craft artists, and artist printmakers ............................................................
Photographers ..........................................................................................................................
Editors and reporters ................................................................................................................
Public relations specialists ........................................................................................................
1,113
654
105
275
562
527
1,264
63
407
88
99
51
215
127
557
579
353
593
1,218
1,209
647
810
635
733
562
526
723
707
542
227
31
250
370
346
677
27
208
53
52
36
120
49
593
609
( 1)
603
1,348
1,350
713
( 1)
720
801
680
( 1)
812
( 1)
571
427
74
25
193
181
587
36
199
35
47
15
95
77
531
568
351
( 1)
956
951
591
( 1)
562
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
616
680
Technical, sales, and administrative support .................................................................................
Technicians and related support ..................................................................................................
Health technologists and technicians .........................................................................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians .....................................................................
Radiologic technicians ..............................................................................................................
Licensed practical nurses .........................................................................................................
Engineering and related technologists and technicians .............................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians .........................................................................................
Drafting occupations .................................................................................................................
Surveying and mapping technicians .........................................................................................
Science technicians ....................................................................................................................
Biological technicians ...............................................................................................................
Chemical technicians ................................................................................................................
Technicians, except health, engineering, and science ...............................................................
Airplane pilots and navigators ..................................................................................................
Computer programmers ...........................................................................................................
Legal assistants ........................................................................................................................
27,372
3,507
1,296
281
135
289
888
421
200
66
241
86
76
1,082
81
554
308
477
599
502
566
631
473
638
642
642
668
557
482
614
738
1,383
843
578
10,439
1,773
279
65
45
14
718
354
162
58
149
27
61
627
81
397
58
606
701
588
585
( 1)
( 1)
668
665
675
682
623
( 1)
688
870
1,381
884
561
16,933
1,734
1,017
216
90
276
170
68
38
8
92
59
14
455
157
249
419
511
486
549
595
470
529
551
( 1)
( 1)
463
449
( 1)
609
715
581
Sales occupations ........................................................................................................................
Supervisors and proprietors .......................................................................................................
Sales representatives, finance and business services ...............................................................
Insurance sales ........................................................................................................................
Real estate sales ......................................................................................................................
Securities and financial services sales .....................................................................................
Advertising and related sales ...................................................................................................
Sales occupations, other business services .............................................................................
Sales representatives, commodities, except retail .....................................................................
Sales workers, retail and personal services ...............................................................................
Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats .................................................................................
Sales workers, apparel .............................................................................................................
Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings ........................................................................
Sales workers, radio, television, hi-fi, and appliances ..............................................................
Sales workers, hardware and building supplies .......................................................................
Sales workers, parts .................................................................................................................
Sales workers, other commodities ............................................................................................
Sales counter clerks .................................................................................................................
Cashiers ...................................................................................................................................
Street and door-to-door sales workers .....................................................................................
9,636
3,205
1,774
374
353
377
150
520
1,287
3,347
285
153
110
189
211
144
670
86
1,350
87
502
570
659
629
663
758
631
626
728
312
587
296
458
410
434
390
311
296
267
404
5,299
1,860
982
195
157
262
60
308
970
1,483
256
37
63
144
169
130
258
27
335
34
622
649
772
760
763
930
760
715
765
412
609
( 1)
509
431
461
403
388
( 1)
302
( 1)
4,338
1,345
792
179
196
115
90
212
317
1,865
30
116
47
45
42
15
411
59
1,015
53
372
449
566
534
575
598
594
516
603
272
( 1)
283
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
287
266
259
355
Administrative support, including clerical ......................................................................................
Supervisors .................................................................................................................................
General office ...........................................................................................................................
Financial records processing ....................................................................................................
Distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks ...........................................................................
Computer equipment operators ..................................................................................................
Computer operators ..................................................................................................................
Secretaries, stenographers, and typists .....................................................................................
Secretaries ...............................................................................................................................
Stenographers ..........................................................................................................................
Typists ......................................................................................................................................
14,229
689
384
87
199
346
343
2,717
2,234
64
419
438
599
586
616
620
511
513
437
431
456
467
3,368
276
117
15
133
153
151
59
35
3
22
518
679
698
( 1)
640
591
595
484
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
10,862
413
267
72
66
192
192
2,658
2,199
61
397
418
556
547
590
551
477
478
436
430
456
469
See footnotes at end of table.
214
Number
of
workers
Median
weekly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Median
weekly
earnings
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
39. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Both sexes
Men
Women
Occupation
Number
of
workers
Median
weekly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Median
weekly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Median
weekly
earnings
Information clerks .......................................................................................................................
Interviewers ..............................................................................................................................
Hotel clerks ...............................................................................................................................
Transportation ticket and reservation agents ...........................................................................
Receptionists ............................................................................................................................
Records processing, except financial .........................................................................................
Order clerks ..............................................................................................................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping ...................................................................
Library clerks ............................................................................................................................
File clerks .................................................................................................................................
Records clerks ..........................................................................................................................
Financial records processing ......................................................................................................
Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks .........................................................................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks .................................................................................................
Billing clerks ..............................................................................................................................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators ..................................................................
Duplicating, mail and other office machine operators .................................................................
Communications equipment operators .......................................................................................
Telephone operators ................................................................................................................
Mail and message distributing ....................................................................................................
Postal clerks, except mail carriers ............................................................................................
Mail carriers, postal service ......................................................................................................
Mail clerks, except postal service .............................................................................................
Messengers ..............................................................................................................................
Material recording, scheduling, and distributing clerks ...............................................................
Dispatchers ...............................................................................................................................
Production coordinators ............................................................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks ......................................................................................
Stock and inventory clerks ........................................................................................................
Expediters .................................................................................................................................
Adjusters and investigators ........................................................................................................
Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators ..................................................................
Investigators and adjusters, except insurance .........................................................................
Eligibility clerks, social welfare .................................................................................................
Bill and account collectors ........................................................................................................
Miscellaneous administrative support occupations ....................................................................
General office clerks .................................................................................................................
Bank tellers ...............................................................................................................................
Data-entry keyers .....................................................................................................................
Statistical clerks ........................................................................................................................
Teachers’ aides ........................................................................................................................
1,328
113
84
215
664
742
217
65
64
209
174
1,485
1,078
130
153
84
66
144
128
858
308
316
138
95
1,717
218
249
562
405
192
1,572
420
881
87
183
2,568
526
291
572
87
353
367
399
311
463
352
417
451
491
358
368
440
429
428
476
413
415
346
397
399
603
640
681
372
392
446
479
581
408
432
403
470
522
455
459
433
401
400
330
418
409
307
142
15
20
55
19
150
57
11
13
40
27
134
91
13
22
3
29
29
19
549
168
230
75
76
980
113
108
398
235
66
411
124
220
13
53
457
104
25
106
15
27
453
( 1)
( 1)
563
( 1)
419
455
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
466
455
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
633
668
699
443
408
476
516
724
416
452
477
567
671
522
( 1)
494
482
453
( 1)
470
( 1)
( 1)
1,186
97
64
160
645
592
160
54
51
169
147
1,351
987
117
131
81
36
114
109
309
140
87
63
19
738
105
141
164
169
126
1,161
297
661
74
129
2,111
422
265
467
72
326
363
393
312
433
351
416
450
487
349
367
436
426
426
474
409
409
( 1)
368
372
542
617
613
332
( 1)
414
403
518
385
406
373
445
487
431
449
411
389
392
329
409
386
304
Service occupations .......................................................................................................................
Private household .........................................................................................................................
Child care workers ......................................................................................................................
Cleaners and servants ................................................................................................................
Protective services .......................................................................................................................
Supervisors .................................................................................................................................
Police and detectives ................................................................................................................
Guards ......................................................................................................................................
Firefighting and fire prevention ...................................................................................................
Firefighting ................................................................................................................................
Police and detectives ..................................................................................................................
Police and detectives, public service ........................................................................................
Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers ................................................................
Correctional institution officers .................................................................................................
Guards ........................................................................................................................................
Guards and police, except public service .................................................................................
10,592
381
136
236
2,140
215
117
54
230
210
1,050
602
164
284
645
611
327
223
204
235
598
771
853
506
732
734
646
723
594
557
369
375
5,291
19
4
11
1,817
198
105
47
224
205
882
530
137
215
513
495
389
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
613
786
864
( 1)
731
731
662
738
595
571
378
382
5,301
362
132
225
323
18
11
6
6
5
168
72
27
69
132
116
296
220
208
227
481
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
583
633
( 1)
509
330
347
Service occupations, except private household and protective ....................................................
Food preparation and service occupations .................................................................................
Supervisors ...............................................................................................................................
Bartenders ................................................................................................................................
Waiters and waitresses ............................................................................................................
8,070
3,032
233
178
575
307
288
352
336
300
3,455
1,581
103
83
159
325
303
427
379
343
4,616
1,451
131
96
416
295
271
304
293
282
See footnotes at end of table.
215
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
39. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Both sexes
Men
Women
Occupation
Number
of
workers
Median
weekly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Median
weekly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Median
weekly
earnings
Cooks, except short order ........................................................................................................
Food counter, fountain, and related occupations .....................................................................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ............................................................................................
Waiters’ and waitresses’ assistants ..........................................................................................
Miscellaneous food preparation occupations ...........................................................................
Health service occupations .........................................................................................................
Dental assistants ......................................................................................................................
Health aides, except nursing ....................................................................................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants ..................................................................................
Cleaning and building service occupations ................................................................................
Supervisors ...............................................................................................................................
Maids and housemen ...............................................................................................................
Janitors and cleaners ...............................................................................................................
Pest control ...............................................................................................................................
Personal service occupations .....................................................................................................
Supervisors ...............................................................................................................................
Hairdressers and cosmetologists .............................................................................................
Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities ......................................................................
Public transportation attendants ...............................................................................................
Early childhood teachers’ assistants ........................................................................................
1,250
100
135
233
327
1,718
153
234
1,330
2,234
157
453
1,567
54
1,086
65
289
111
76
239
289
242
274
267
265
318
369
346
311
319
401
277
327
358
311
503
313
321
524
265
831
40
42
119
204
218
3
45
170
1,378
95
96
1,132
52
278
32
31
63
16
8
305
( 1)
( 1)
268
263
342
( 1)
( 1)
330
358
457
305
355
356
368
( 1)
( 1)
382
( 1)
( 1)
419
59
93
115
124
1,500
151
189
1,160
856
62
357
435
2
809
33
259
48
60
231
259
241
275
265
269
315
369
335
308
288
348
272
292
( 1)
301
( 1)
313
( 1)
575
264
Precision production, craft, and repair ............................................................................................
Mechanics and repairers ..............................................................................................................
Supervisors .................................................................................................................................
Mechanics and repairers, except supervisors ............................................................................
Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers .........................................................
Automobile mechanics ...........................................................................................................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics .........................................................................
Aircraft engine mechanics ......................................................................................................
Automobile body and related repairers ...................................................................................
Heavy equipment mechanics .................................................................................................
Industrial machinery repairers ..................................................................................................
Electrical and electronic equipment repairers ...........................................................................
Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipment ............................................
Data processing equipment repairers .....................................................................................
Telephone installers and repairers .........................................................................................
Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment repairers .................................................
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics .............................................................
Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers ..................................................................................
Office machine repairers ........................................................................................................
Millwrights ...............................................................................................................................
Construction trades ......................................................................................................................
Supervisors .................................................................................................................................
Construction trades, except supervisors ....................................................................................
Brickmasons and stonemasons ................................................................................................
Carpet installers ........................................................................................................................
Carpenters ................................................................................................................................
Drywall installers .......................................................................................................................
Electricians ...............................................................................................................................
Electrical power installers and repairers ...................................................................................
Painters, construction and maintenance ..................................................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters, steamfitters, and apprentices .................................................................
Concrete and terrazzo finishers ................................................................................................
Roofers .....................................................................................................................................
Structural metalworkers ............................................................................................................
Extractive occupations ..................................................................................................................
Precision production occupations .................................................................................................
Supervisors .................................................................................................................................
Precision metalworking occupations ..........................................................................................
Tool and die makers .................................................................................................................
Machinists .................................................................................................................................
Sheet-metal workers .................................................................................................................
11,691
4,081
247
3,834
1,494
653
312
140
134
159
532
764
160
224
225
81
246
786
59
84
4,054
481
3,573
125
68
920
136
717
135
336
428
72
172
54
120
3,436
1,136
873
130
508
116
572
597
743
590
552
493
563
780
510
636
608
665
579
641
750
644
594
584
594
712
543
708
520
573
476
490
493
643
789
402
593
483
441
583
633
558
645
610
784
594
584
10,741
3,926
232
3,694
1,482
652
309
136
134
159
520
682
148
189
194
77
244
753
57
83
3,989
477
3,512
123
68
909
134
701
134
321
422
72
171
54
119
2,707
943
816
129
475
112
587
599
748
592
552
494
561
782
510
636
611
677
590
657
762
629
594
588
598
714
545
709
522
573
476
491
496
642
795
406
595
483
443
583
631
611
686
621
786
601
591
949
155
15
140
12
2
3
4
12
82
11
36
30
3
1
32
1
1
64
4
61
2
10
3
16
1
15
5
1
1
729
193
57
1
33
4
408
519
( 1)
516
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
1
( )
550
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
408
( 1)
403
( 1)
( 1)
1
( )
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
392
478
444
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
See footnotes at end of table.
216
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
39. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Both sexes
Men
Women
Occupation
Number
of
workers
Median
weekly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Median
weekly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Median
weekly
earnings
Precision woodworking occupations ...........................................................................................
Cabinet makers and bench carpenters .....................................................................................
Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine workers ......................................................
Precision workers, assorted materials ........................................................................................
Optical goods workers ..............................................................................................................
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers ......................................................................
Precision food production occupations .......................................................................................
Butchers and meat cutters ........................................................................................................
Bakers ......................................................................................................................................
Precision inspectors, testers, and related workers .....................................................................
Inspectors, testers, and graders ...............................................................................................
Plant and system operators ........................................................................................................
Water and sewage treatment plant operators ..........................................................................
Stationary engineers .................................................................................................................
88
60
122
489
65
319
333
199
97
139
134
256
57
125
475
531
387
402
412
381
401
416
352
623
630
694
586
714
77
55
80
203
26
101
238
164
60
103
98
248
54
123
507
552
394
501
( 1)
472
422
456
375
676
680
703
600
718
11
4
42
285
39
218
95
35
37
37
36
8
4
2
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
361
( 1)
357
344
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
Operators, fabricators, and laborers ...............................................................................................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ..........................................................................
Machine operators and tenders, except precision ......................................................................
Metalworking and plastic working machine operators ..............................................................
Punching and stamping press machine operators .................................................................
Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators ...............................................
Metal and plastic processing machine operators .....................................................................
Molding and casting machine operators .................................................................................
Woodworking machine operators .............................................................................................
Sawing machine operators .....................................................................................................
Printing machine operators .......................................................................................................
Printing press operators .........................................................................................................
Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators ................................................................
Textile sewing machine operators ..........................................................................................
Pressing machine operators ...................................................................................................
Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators ...................................................................
Machine operators, assorted materials ....................................................................................
Packaging and filling machine operators ................................................................................
Mixing and blending machine operators .................................................................................
Painting and paint spraying machine operators .....................................................................
Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, exc. food .........................................................................
Slicing and cutting machine operators ....................................................................................
Photographic process machine operators ..............................................................................
Fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations ...........................................................
Welders and cutters ................................................................................................................
Assemblers .............................................................................................................................
Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers ............................................................
Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners ...................................................................
Graders and sorters, except agricultural ................................................................................
15,082
6,987
4,452
389
108
120
160
102
127
81
357
279
784
435
64
136
2,616
363
119
189
77
164
77
1,845
550
1,199
690
487
150
415
406
399
475
406
441
446
430
379
366
495
490
293
280
276
287
416
327
455
413
554
389
321
421
518
392
412
448
306
11,564
4,482
2,866
323
77
108
127
77
106
70
273
233
215
74
17
61
1,809
155
112
166
75
121
33
1,256
519
683
360
254
65
456
472
461
496
440
453
468
448
394
375
533
514
318
300
( 1)
301
465
358
459
422
558
445
( 1)
482
527
445
517
544
351
3,518
2,505
1,586
66
32
12
33
25
21
11
83
46
569
361
47
76
807
208
7
24
2
43
43
589
30
516
330
233
85
327
328
320
387
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
384
( 1)
285
278
( 1)
270
347
316
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
347
( 1)
347
336
358
289
Transportation and material moving occupations .........................................................................
Motor vehicle operators ..............................................................................................................
Supervisors ...............................................................................................................................
Truck drivers .............................................................................................................................
Drivers--sales workers ..............................................................................................................
Bus drivers ................................................................................................................................
Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs ................................................................................................
Transportation occupations, except motor vehicles ...................................................................
Rail transportation ....................................................................................................................
Material moving equipment operators ........................................................................................
Operating engineers .................................................................................................................
Crane and tower operators .......................................................................................................
Excavating and loading machine operators ..............................................................................
Grader, dozer, and scraper operators ......................................................................................
Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators ......................................................................
4,322
3,144
79
2,458
143
273
162
150
101
1,028
223
65
80
59
501
510
503
595
516
526
428
379
834
849
505
570
576
557
572
452
3,977
2,870
61
2,345
129
160
150
141
93
966
217
61
79
58
463
519
514
625
520
554
476
386
862
888
510
568
572
558
578
455
345
273
18
114
14
112
12
10
8
62
6
4
2
39
373
362
( 1)
371
( 1)
352
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
397
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
See footnotes at end of table.
217
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
39. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Both sexes
Men
Women
Occupation
Number
of
workers
Median
weekly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Median
weekly
earnings
Number
of
workers
Median
weekly
earnings
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ..................................................................
Helpers, construction and extractive occupations ......................................................................
Helpers, construction trades .....................................................................................................
Construction laborers .................................................................................................................
Freight, stock, and material handlers .........................................................................................
Stock handlers and baggers .....................................................................................................
Machine feeders and offbearers ...............................................................................................
Garage and service station related occupations ........................................................................
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners ..................................................................................
Hand packers and packagers .....................................................................................................
Laborers, except construction ....................................................................................................
3,773
112
108
729
1,192
563
66
127
213
255
1,055
351
341
335
390
339
300
363
293
317
304
373
3,105
110
106
706
956
406
46
118
190
92
853
362
340
334
393
350
304
( 1)
297
322
307
384
669
1
1
23
236
157
20
9
23
164
202
311
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
312
291
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
301
331
Farming, forestry, and fishing .........................................................................................................
Farm operators and managers .....................................................................................................
Farm managers ..........................................................................................................................
Other agricultural and related occupations ...................................................................................
Farm occupations, except managerial ........................................................................................
Farm workers ............................................................................................................................
Related agricultural occupations ................................................................................................
Supervisors, related agricultural ...............................................................................................
Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm ..........................................................................
Animal caretakers, except farm ................................................................................................
Graders and sorters, agricultural products ...............................................................................
1,555
69
63
1,425
650
602
775
63
598
51
61
302
424
459
298
285
281
308
469
306
300
259
1,337
59
53
1,221
563
525
658
59
569
13
15
307
475
486
303
288
285
314
479
306
( 1)
( 1)
218
10
9
204
88
77
117
4
29
38
45
272
( 1)
( 1)
270
264
262
274
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
1 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
procedures and revised population controls used in the household survey.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation
218
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
40. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics
(Numbers in thousands)
1997
Members of
unions1
Characteristic
Total
employed
1998
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Members of
unions1
Total
employed
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
SEX AND AGE
Total, 16 years and over ..........................................................
16 to 24 years .........................................................................
25 years and over ...................................................................
25 to 34 years ........................................................................
35 to 44 years ........................................................................
45 to 54 years ........................................................................
55 to 64 years ........................................................................
65 years and over ..................................................................
114,533
18,571
95,962
29,408
31,461
22,714
9,871
2,509
16,110
968
15,142
3,434
4,987
4,645
1,894
182
14.1
5.2
15.8
11.7
15.9
20.5
19.2
7.3
17,923
1,140
16,783
3,870
5,571
5,092
2,045
205
15.6
6.1
17.5
13.2
17.7
22.4
20.7
8.2
116,730
19,164
97,566
29,121
31,865
23,579
10,427
2,574
16,211
1,014
15,198
3,332
5,013
4,737
1,923
193
13.9
5.3
15.6
11.4
15.7
20.1
18.4
7.5
17,918
1,151
16,767
3,711
5,511
5,220
2,110
214
15.4
6.0
17.2
12.7
17.3
22.1
20.2
8.3
Men, 16 years and over ..........................................................
16 to 24 years ........................................................................
25 years and over ..................................................................
25 to 34 years .......................................................................
35 to 44 years .......................................................................
45 to 54 years .......................................................................
55 to 64 years .......................................................................
65 years and over .................................................................
59,825
9,666
50,159
15,832
16,430
11,471
5,101
1,324
9,763
612
9,150
2,132
3,068
2,718
1,130
103
16.3
6.3
18.2
13.5
18.7
23.7
22.1
7.8
10,619
691
9,928
2,359
3,346
2,908
1,198
118
17.7
7.1
19.8
14.9
20.4
25.4
23.5
8.9
60,973
9,927
51,046
15,656
16,768
11,874
5,404
1,343
9,850
637
9,213
2,112
3,055
2,771
1,177
98
16.2
6.4
18.0
13.5
18.2
23.3
21.8
7.3
10,638
719
9,919
2,301
3,264
2,982
1,265
108
17.4
7.2
19.4
14.7
19.5
25.1
23.4
8.0
Women, 16 years and over ....................................................
16 to 24 years ........................................................................
25 years and over ..................................................................
25 to 34 years .......................................................................
35 to 44 years .......................................................................
45 to 54 years .......................................................................
55 to 64 years .......................................................................
65 years and over .................................................................
54,708
8,906
45,802
13,575
15,030
11,242
4,770
1,184
6,347
355
5,992
1,302
1,919
1,927
764
80
11.6
4.0
13.1
9.6
12.8
17.1
16.0
6.7
7,304
449
6,855
1,512
2,225
2,184
847
87
13.4
5.0
15.0
11.1
14.8
19.4
17.8
7.3
55,757
9,237
46,520
13,464
15,097
11,705
5,023
1,231
6,362
377
5,985
1,219
1,958
1,967
746
95
11.4
4.1
12.9
9.1
13.0
16.8
14.9
7.7
7,280
432
6,848
1,410
2,248
2,238
845
106
13.1
4.7
14.7
10.5
14.9
19.1
16.8
8.6
White, 16 years and over ........................................................ 96,104
Men ....................................................................................... 50,941
Women ................................................................................. 45,163
13,088
8,171
4,917
13.6
16.0
10.9
14,538
8,859
5,679
15.1
17.4
12.6
97,531
51,700
45,831
13,118
8,166
4,952
13.5
15.8
10.8
14,460
8,788
5,673
14.8
17.0
12.4
Black, 16 years and over ........................................................ 13,346
Men .......................................................................................
6,201
Women .................................................................................
7,145
2,394
1,251
1,143
17.9
20.2
16.0
2,688
1,378
1,309
20.1
22.2
18.3
13,894
6,452
7,443
2,460
1,337
1,123
17.7
20.7
15.1
2,739
1,458
1,282
19.7
22.6
17.2
Hispanic origin, 16 years and over ......................................... 11,881
Men .......................................................................................
7,153
Women .................................................................................
4,728
1,407
904
503
11.8
12.6
10.6
1,602
1,023
579
13.5
14.3
12.2
12,374
7,360
5,015
1,471
937
534
11.9
12.7
10.6
1,634
1,017
617
13.2
13.8
12.3
14,619
1,449
15.6
7.0
16,227
1,653
17.3
8.0
95,595
20,862
14,825
1,354
15.5
6.5
16,323
1,559
17.1
7.5
RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS3
Full-time workers .................................................................... 93,578
Part-time workers ................................................................... 20,710
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose
jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours
usually worked. Beginning in 1994, these data will not sum to totals because
full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small
number of multiple jobholders.
NOTE:
Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time
workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not
their businesses are incorporated. Detail for the above race and
Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and
black population groups. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new
composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the
household survey.
219
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
41. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics
1997
Characteristic
1998
Total
Members of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion
Total
Members of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion
Total, 16 years and over ..........................................
16 to 24 years .........................................................
25 years and over ...................................................
25 to 34 years ........................................................
35 to 44 years ........................................................
45 to 54 years ........................................................
55 to 64 years ........................................................
65 years and over ..................................................
$503
306
540
481
579
607
558
393
$640
385
655
579
675
704
661
614
$632
384
648
572
666
697
657
609
$478
302
511
466
548
578
512
374
$523
319
572
502
597
620
592
405
$659
415
673
595
683
716
697
610
$653
410
667
591
678
712
692
597
$499
315
537
489
576
592
560
383
Men, 16 years and over ..........................................
16 to 24 years ........................................................
25 years and over ..................................................
25 to 34 years .......................................................
35 to 44 years .......................................................
45 to 54 years .......................................................
55 to 64 years .......................................................
65 years and over .................................................
579
317
615
515
651
713
669
452
683
402
697
607
712
744
702
677
679
404
693
603
708
741
701
672
539
313
595
503
630
698
649
415
598
334
639
544
677
732
699
482
699
430
712
618
722
755
738
657
696
424
709
615
719
755
737
659
573
326
617
524
660
719
674
445
Women, 16 years and over ....................................
16 to 24 years ........................................................
25 years and over ..................................................
25 to 34 years .......................................................
35 to 44 years .......................................................
45 to 54 years .......................................................
55 to 64 years .......................................................
65 years and over .................................................
431
292
462
427
482
495
433
348
577
353
587
521
592
627
582
( 3)
568
351
581
514
585
620
575
586
411
289
437
416
461
465
408
324
456
305
485
451
498
516
476
350
596
389
605
542
605
651
602
548
593
382
602
542
605
645
596
522
430
301
463
439
479
488
448
329
White, 16 years and over ........................................
Men .......................................................................
Women .................................................................
519
595
444
$663
699
595
654
695
587
494
569
421
545
615
468
683
719
610
678
716
607
513
591
443
Black, 16 years and over ........................................
Men .......................................................................
Women .................................................................
400
432
375
533
577
504
523
573
496
371
396
349
426
468
400
578
597
537
572
592
533
398
424
376
Hispanic origin, 16 years and over .........................
Men .......................................................................
Women .................................................................
351
371
318
506
538
440
501
526
430
331
348
309
370
390
337
540
585
478
541
584
481
350
367
322
SEX AND AGE
RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose
jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers. Excluded
are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses
are incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not
sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and
Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures
and revised population population controls used in the household survey.
220
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
42. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry
(Numbers in thousands)
1997
Members of
unions1
Occupation and industry
Total
employed
1998
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Managerial and professional specialty ..................................... 31,946
Executive, administrative, and managerial ............................. 14,908
Professional specialty ............................................................. 17,037
4,208
763
3,445
13.2
5.1
20.2
4,951
959
3,992
15.5
6.4
23.4
Technical, sales, and administrative support ............................ 34,796
Technicians and related support ............................................
4,111
Sales occupations .................................................................. 13,055
Administrative support, including clerical ................................ 17,631
3,158
427
559
2,172
9.1
10.4
4.3
12.3
3,648
501
659
2,488
Service occupations ................................................................. 16,204
Protective service ...................................................................
2,248
Service, except protective service .......................................... 13,956
2,141
897
1,244
13.2
39.9
8.9
Precision production, craft, and repair ...................................... 12,069
2,723
Operators, fabricators, and laborers ......................................... 17,629
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ....................
7,717
Transportation and material moving occupations ...................
4,931
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ............
4,981
Members of
unions1
Total
employed
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
33,102
15,473
17,629
4,252
812
3,440
12.8
5.2
19.5
5,015
1,017
3,998
15.2
6.6
22.7
10.5
12.2
5.0
14.1
35,379
4,150
13,378
17,851
3,239
433
544
2,262
9.2
10.4
4.1
12.7
3,677
498
620
2,558
10.4
12.0
4.6
14.3
2,356
965
1,391
14.5
42.9
10.0
16,594
2,399
14,195
2,209
991
1,218
13.3
41.3
8.6
2,398
1,048
1,350
14.5
43.7
9.5
22.6
2,864
23.7
12,274
2,708
22.1
2,834
23.1
3,791
1,690
1,199
901
21.5
21.9
24.3
18.1
4,008
1,764
1,279
964
22.7
22.9
25.9
19.4
17,443
7,498
4,935
5,010
3,713
1,603
1,204
906
21.3
21.4
24.4
18.1
3,894
1,672
1,267
956
22.3
22.3
25.7
19.1
1,890
88
4.6
97
5.1
1,938
90
4.6
100
5.2
Private wage and salary workers .............................................. 96,386
Agriculture3 .............................................................................
1,681
Nonagricultural industries ....................................................... 94,705
Mining ...................................................................................
607
Construction .........................................................................
5,739
9,363
36
9,327
84
1,067
9.7
2.2
9.8
13.9
18.6
10,255
40
10,215
87
1,118
10.6
2.4
10.8
14.3
19.5
98,329
1,739
96,590
589
5,946
9,306
26
9,280
72
1,056
9.5
1.5
9.6
12.2
17.8
10,104
31
10,073
79
1,093
10.3
1.8
10.4
13.4
18.4
Manufacturing ....................................................................... 19,961
Durable goods .................................................................... 11,908
Nondurable goods ..............................................................
8,053
3,253
2,090
1,164
16.3
17.5
14.5
3,441
2,198
1,243
17.2
18.5
15.4
19,763
11,999
7,763
3,127
1,990
1,138
15.8
16.6
14.7
3,315
2,097
1,218
16.8
17.5
15.7
Transportation and public utilities .........................................
Transportation ....................................................................
Communications and public utilities ...................................
6,949
4,212
2,737
1,804
1,118
686
26.0
26.5
25.1
1,909
1,177
731
27.5
27.9
26.7
7,147
4,316
2,831
1,843
1,108
735
25.8
25.7
26.0
1,931
1,156
775
27.0
26.8
27.4
Wholesale and retail trade .................................................... 23,676
Wholesale trade ..................................................................
4,296
Retail trade ......................................................................... 19,379
1,315
251
1,065
5.6
5.8
5.5
1,469
284
1,186
6.2
6.6
6.1
24,230
4,425
19,805
1,283
259
1,024
5.3
5.9
5.2
1,387
275
1,113
5.7
6.2
5.6
Finance, insurance, and real estate .....................................
7,070
Services ................................................................................ 30,704
155
1,647
2.2
5.4
199
1,993
2.8
6.5
7,420
31,493
150
1,750
2.0
5.6
195
2,073
2.6
6.6
Government workers ................................................................ 18,147
Federal ...................................................................................
3,217
State .......................................................................................
5,031
Local .......................................................................................
9,899
6,747
1,030
1,485
4,232
37.2
32.0
29.5
42.7
7,668
1,266
1,679
4,723
42.3
39.4
33.4
47.7
18,401
3,269
5,150
9,982
6,905
1,105
1,431
4,370
37.5
33.8
27.8
43.8
7,815
1,299
1,667
4,849
42.5
39.7
32.4
48.6
OCCUPATION
Farming, forestry, and fishing ...................................................
INDUSTRY
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose
jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data for 1997 have been corrected.
NOTE:
Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time
workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not
their businesses are incorporated. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new
composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the
household survey.
221
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
43. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry
1997
Occupation and industry
1998
Total
Members of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion
Total
Members of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion
Managerial and professional specialty .....................
Executive, administrative, and managerial .............
Professional specialty .............................................
$738
725
750
$776
757
782
$766
752
769
$731
721
742
$759
755
763
$789
801
787
$774
789
772
$756
753
759
Technical, sales, and administrative support ............
Technicians and related support ............................
Sales occupations ..................................................
Administrative support, including clerical ................
456
582
482
419
550
677
467
545
541
675
469
534
441
566
483
404
477
599
502
438
575
708
496
563
569
688
492
558
463
590
502
418
Service occupations .................................................
Protective service ...................................................
Service, except protective service ..........................
313
550
293
516
724
398
505
713
393
293
418
283
327
598
305
557
736
403
542
732
402
305
450
295
Precision production, craft, and repair ......................
548
724
718
501
572
753
747
514
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .........................
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ....
Transportation and material moving occupations ...
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers .....................................................................
401
390
498
572
533
658
561
524
642
365
356
451
415
406
510
585
559
655
580
556
644
381
375
468
329
509
506
310
351
514
514
326
Farming, forestry, and fishing ...................................
295
505
475
290
302
471
462
299
Private wage and salary workers ..............................
Agriculture3 .............................................................
Nonagricultural industries .......................................
Mining ...................................................................
Construction .........................................................
486
306
490
680
518
609
( 4)
$610
717
771
602
( 4)
$603
717
760
471
305
476
668
484
505
315
509
684
534
625
( 4)
$626
733
790
619
( 4)
$620
723
783
493
314
496
673
496
Manufacturing .......................................................
Durable goods ....................................................
Nondurable goods ..............................................
517
548
484
595
619
536
592
616
529
503
523
470
551
581
507
606
629
565
603
625
562
532
566
495
Transportation and public utilities .........................
Transportation ....................................................
Communications and public utilities ...................
617
573
709
718
702
746
714
697
743
580
513
690
624
570
727
731
704
763
724
695
760
586
519
699
Wholesale and retail trade ....................................
Wholesale trade ..................................................
Retail trade .........................................................
391
525
352
457
545
419
451
536
415
387
524
347
410
562
373
480
611
442
476
604
439
405
557
369
Finance, insurance, and real estate .....................
Services ................................................................
546
475
487
517
501
512
548
470
577
498
545
540
554
548
578
494
Government workers ................................................
Federal ...................................................................
State .......................................................................
Local .......................................................................
605
684
584
592
681
689
628
697
671
687
621
682
530
678
540
479
620
694
596
612
694
690
646
712
688
693
638
702
558
696
563
501
OCCUPATION
INDUSTRY
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose
jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data for 1997 have been corrected.
4 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
NOTE:
Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers.
Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their
businesses are incorporated. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new
composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the
household survey.
222
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
44. Absences from work of employed full-time wage and salary workers by age and sex
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Age and sex
Absence rate1
Total
employed
Lost worktime rate2
Total
Illness or
injury
Other
reasons
Total
Illness or
injury
Other
reasons
Total, 16 years and over .................................................................
16 to 19 years ...................................................................................
20 to 24 years ...................................................................................
25 years and over .............................................................................
25 to 54 years .................................................................................
55 years and over ...........................................................................
95,579
2,192
8,856
84,530
74,715
9,815
3.7
4.0
3.9
3.7
3.7
4.2
2.7
3.1
2.5
2.7
2.6
3.4
1.1
.9
1.4
1.0
1.1
.8
2.0
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.5
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.5
1.4
2.1
0.6
.5
.8
.6
.6
.4
Men, 16 years and over ..................................................................
16 to 19 years ...................................................................................
20 to 24 years ...................................................................................
25 years and over .............................................................................
25 to 54 years .................................................................................
55 years and over ...........................................................................
54,300
1,294
5,067
47,939
42,359
5,581
2.7
3.3
2.6
2.7
2.6
3.6
2.1
2.8
2.0
2.1
2.0
2.9
.6
.5
.6
.6
.6
.6
1.5
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.4
2.2
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.9
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
Women, 16 years and over ............................................................
16 to 19 years ...................................................................................
20 to 24 years ...................................................................................
25 years and over .............................................................................
25 to 54 years .................................................................................
55 years and over ...........................................................................
41,279
899
3,790
36,591
32,357
4,234
5.1
5.0
5.6
5.1
5.1
5.0
3.4
3.4
3.2
3.5
3.4
4.0
1.7
1.6
2.4
1.6
1.7
1.0
2.8
2.4
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.7
2.3
1.0
.9
1.6
1.0
1.0
.5
1 Absences are defined as instances when persons who usually work
35 or more hours a week worked less than 35 hours during the reference
week for one of the following reasons: Own illness, injury, or medical
problems; child-care problems; other family or personal obligations; civic or
military duty; and maternity or paternity leave. Excluded are situations in
which work was missed due to vacation or personal days, holiday, labor
dispute, and other reasons. For multiple jobholders, absence data refer
only to work missed at their main jobs. The absence rate is the ratio of
workers with absences to total full-time wage and salary employment. The
estimates of full-time wage and salary employment shown in this table do
not match those in other tables because the estimates in this table are
based on the full CPS sample and those in the other tables are based on a
quarter of the sample only.
2 Hours absent as a percent of hours usually worked.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite
estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the
household survey.
223
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
45. Absences from work of employed full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and industry
(Numbers in thousands)
1998
Occupation and industry
Absence rate1
Total
employed
Lost worktime rate2
Total
Illness or
injury
Other
reasons
Total
Illness or
injury
Other
reasons
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty .............................................
Executive, administrative, and managerial .....................................
Professional specialty .....................................................................
29,399
14,540
14,859
3.1
2.8
3.5
2.0
1.8
2.2
1.1
.9
1.2
1.7
1.4
1.9
1.0
.9
1.1
0.7
.6
.8
Technical, sales, and administrative support ....................................
Technicians and related support ....................................................
Sales occupations ..........................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical ........................................
27,105
3,492
9,495
14,118
4.1
4.1
3.1
4.7
2.9
2.9
2.2
3.3
1.2
1.2
.9
1.4
2.1
2.2
1.6
2.4
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.6
.7
.8
.5
.8
Service occupations .........................................................................
Precision production, craft, and repair ..............................................
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .................................................
Farming, forestry, and fishing ...........................................................
10,530
11,724
15,208
1,613
4.5
3.3
4.3
2.4
3.2
2.6
3.4
1.9
1.2
.8
.9
.6
2.5
1.9
2.5
1.3
1.8
1.5
2.1
1.0
.6
.3
.4
.3
Agricultural wage and salary workers ...............................................
Private nonagricultural wage and salary workers .............................
Mining .............................................................................................
Construction ...................................................................................
1,462
78,474
566
5,443
2.0
3.6
2.2
3.2
1.5
2.6
1.7
2.4
.5
1.0
.5
.9
1.1
2.0
1.3
1.8
.8
1.4
1.0
1.4
.3
.6
.3
.4
Manufacturing .................................................................................
Durable goods ..............................................................................
Nondurable goods ........................................................................
18,929
11,610
7,319
3.8
3.6
3.9
2.8
2.8
2.9
.9
.8
1.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
1.6
1.6
1.7
.5
.4
.5
Transportation and public utilities ...................................................
Transportation ..............................................................................
Communications and other public utilities ....................................
6,391
3,713
2,677
3.4
3.5
3.2
2.6
2.8
2.3
.8
.8
.9
2.1
2.3
1.9
1.6
1.8
1.4
.5
.5
.5
Wholesale and retail trade ..............................................................
Wholesale trade ............................................................................
Retail trade ...................................................................................
16,699
4,051
12,648
3.4
2.7
3.6
2.4
2.0
2.6
.9
.6
1.0
1.8
1.4
1.9
1.3
1.0
1.4
.5
.4
.5
Finance, insurance, and real estate ...............................................
Services ..........................................................................................
Government workers ........................................................................
6,561
23,885
15,642
3.4
3.9
4.5
2.3
2.7
3.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.7
2.1
2.4
1.0
1.3
1.6
.7
.7
.7
INDUSTRY
1 Absences are defined as instances when persons who usually work
35 or more hours a week worked less than 35 hours during the reference
week for one of the following reasons: Own illness, injury, or medical
problems; child-care problems; other family or personal obligations; civic or
military duty; and maternity or paternity leave. Excluded are situations in
which work was missed due to vacation or personal days, holiday, labor
dispute, and other reasons. For multiple jobholders, absence data refer
only to work missed at their main jobs. The absence rate is the ratio of
workers with absences to total full-time wage and salary employment. The
estimates of full-time wage and salary employment shown in this table do
not match those in other tables because the estimates in this table are
based on the full CPS sample and those in the other tables are based on a
quarter of the sample only.
2 Hours absent as a percent of hours usually worked.
NOTE: Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite
estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the
household survey.
224
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
46. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Civilian labor force
Total
Veteran status and age
1997
Unemployed
Employed
1998
Percent of
labor force
Number
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
VIETNAM-ERA VETERANS
Total, 40 years and over .......................................
40 to 54 years ....................................................
40 to 44 years .................................................
45 to 49 years .................................................
50 to 54 years .................................................
55 years and over ..............................................
7,790
6,284
1,002
2,683
2,599
1,506
7,773
5,950
741
2,237
2,972
1,822
6,644
5,676
901
2,436
2,338
969
6,526
5,313
662
2,011
2,641
1,213
6,439
5,496
864
2,366
2,266
943
6,348
5,163
637
1,955
2,571
1,184
206
180
37
71
72
26
179
150
24
56
70
29
3.1
3.2
4.1
2.9
3.1
2.7
2.7
2.8
3.7
2.8
2.6
2.4
19,440
8,972
6,212
4,256
20,304
9,218
6,796
4,290
17,621
8,285
5,639
3,696
18,403
8,512
6,190
3,701
17,044
8,007
5,460
3,576
17,879
8,269
6,020
3,590
577
278
179
120
523
242
170
111
3.3
3.4
3.2
3.2
2.8
2.8
2.7
3.0
NONVETERANS
Total, 40 to 54 years ............................................
40 to 44 years ....................................................
45 to 49 years ....................................................
50 to 54 years ....................................................
NOTE : Male Vietnam-era veterans are men who served in the Armed
Forces between August 5, 1964 and May 7, 1975. Nonveterans are men who
have never served in the Armed Forces. Beginning in January 1998, data
reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls
used in the household survey.
225
HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES
47. Employment status of male Vietnam-era veterans and nonveterans by age, race, and Hispanic origin
(Numbers in thousands)
Veterans
Employment status and age
White
Black
Nonveterans
Hispanic origin
White
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
1998
1997
Civilian noninstitutional population ................................... 5,603
Civilian labor force ........................................................... 5,102
Employed ....................................................................... 4,951
Unemployed ..................................................................
151
Unemployment rate .....................................................
3.0
5,272
4,741
4,614
127
2.7
560
469
444
25
5.3
552
463
444
20
4.2
262
229
218
11
4.8
251
219
215
4
1.9
851
770
739
31
4.1
604
540
524
17
3.1
121
102
97
5
4.9
113
101
96
5
5.0
66
56
52
4
6.9
48
42
41
1
2.7
7,585
7,099
6,891
208
2.9
Civilian noninstitutional population ................................... 2,375
Civilian labor force ........................................................... 2,178
Employed ....................................................................... 2,120
Unemployed ..................................................................
58
Unemployment rate .....................................................
2.6
1,951
1,767
1,722
45
2.5
264
222
210
11
5.1
237
201
190
11
5.4
97
84
81
3
3.0
87
74
72
1
1.9
2,718
2,433
2,368
65
2.7
175
145
137
9
5.9
201
162
158
4
2.4
99
90
85
5
5.2
116
103
102
2
1.6
1998
Black
Hispanic origin
1997
1998
1997
1998
2,050
1,653
1,547
106
6.4
2,136
1,719
1,628
91
5.3
1,969
1,772
1,684
88
4.9
2,085
1,850
1,763
87
4.7
7,796
7,296
7,114
182
2.5
941
779
724
55
7.1
962
796
747
48
6.1
922
852
811
41
4.8
970
884
843
42
4.7
5,251
4,826
4,689
137
2.8
5,749
5,301
5,166
135
2.5
664
545
515
29
5.4
718
590
563
27
4.5
600
525
500
25
4.7
674
596
571
24
4.1
3,567
3,156
3,068
88
2.8
3,589
3,152
3,066
86
2.7
445
328
307
21
6.5
456
333
317
16
4.8
447
395
373
22
5.5
441
370
349
20
5.5
Total, 40 to 54 years
16,403 17,134
15,081 15,748
14,648 15,346
433
403
2.9
2.6
40 to 44 years
Civilian noninstitutional population ...................................
Civilian labor force ...........................................................
Employed .......................................................................
Unemployed ..................................................................
Unemployment rate .....................................................
45 to 49 years
50 to 54 years
Civilian noninstitutional population ................................... 2,378
Civilian labor force ........................................................... 2,154
Employed ....................................................................... 2,092
Unemployed ..................................................................
62
Unemployment rate .....................................................
2.9
NOTE : Male Vietnam-era veterans are men who served in the Armed
Forces between August 5, 1964 and May 7, 1975. Nonveterans are men who
have never served in the Armed Forces. Detail for the above race and
Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races"
group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and
black population groups. Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new
composite estimation procedures and revised population controls used in the
household survey.
226