CONSUMER EXPENDITURE
SURVEYS
“Construction and Research Use of the Consumer Expenditure
Survey”
1
Outline
 Overview
O
i
 Recent
Research
 PCE/CEX Comparisons
 Wrap - Up
2
The survey is designed to
represent a
 National
Probability Sample
– using the most recent decennial census,
augmented by new construction permits
– consisting of primary sampling units (PSU)
– based
b d on probabilities
b biliti proportional
ti l to
t
population size
– consists of counties,
counties group of counties
counties, or
independent cities
3
Housing Units are selected
selected...
 Within
each PSU using such information
as:
–
–
–
–
vacancy status
number of persons residing in housing unit
value of the housing unit
rent paid for the housing unit
4
5
Definitions
 CEX
is
i interested
i
d in
i determining
d
i i consumer
units - based on the financial relationship of
th members
the
b off th
the hhousehold.
h ld
6
How do we define
Consumer Units?

Members
b off a hhousehold
h ld related
l d by
b blood,
bl d marriage,
i
adoption,
d i
or other legal arrangement

Single person living alone or sharing a household with others
but who is financially independent

Two or more persons living together who are financially
dependent
7
How does this compare to others?
 SIPP
andd CPS use a household
h
h ld
definition… All persons who occupy a
h i unit
housing
it
8
 Although
we have slightly different
definitions - the CEX based on the financial
relationship between members -- the
difference between consumer unit and
housing unit is small.
small About 3% of our
housing units contain more than one
consumer unit.
unit
9
Respondent

CEX - One person responds for the entire consumer unit
unit.
We ask for the person most knowledgeable of
expenditures for the entire consumer unit

CPS - One person, preferably most knowledgeable about
the labor force activities of the others.
others

SIPP - A separate
p
qquestionnaire is administered to each
member over age 15
10
Reference Person
 All
three
h surveys hhave a similar
i il definition
d fi i i the person or one of the persons who owns
or rents
t the
th unit.
it
11
Survey Instruments
 Diary
– 2 consecutive 1-week
– includes
» detailed expenditures
for food, personal care,
household supplies
expenditures
– excludes
» expenditures
di
for
f out-off
town trips
NO QUANTITIES
 Interview
– 5 quarterly, only
inventoryy and basic
sample data from 1st
– excludes expenditures
for:
» housekeeping supplies
(e.g., postage stamps)
» personal care products
» non-prescription drugs
LIMITED
QUANTITIES
12
Socio demographic Variables
Socio-demographic
 Collected
during each interview
– Member level
– Consumer
C
unit
i level
l l
» reference person
» CU
 Collected
2nd and/or 5th interview
13
 Both
the Interview and Diary samples are
purposely non-clustered
 Past
P research
h has
h shown
h
that
h clustered
l
d
samples for expenditure data would not
yield
i ld expenditure
di
patterns that
h are
representative of the entire area
 Clustered samples tend to cut down on
travel expenses and hours per schedule.
14
Let’s look at sample size
 Census
uses the term “cases”
cases when
referring to its collection workload and
costs.
costs
 Cases can be defined as one interview or
one diary
di
visit.
ii
 For households with more than one
consumer unit, each consumer unit would
be counted separately
15
Let’s look at some Census figures
 In
order to collect the equivalent of 5400
households completing 5 quarterly
interviews or 2 diaries,
diaries we must field about
 60,000
cases for Interview
and
 25,000
cases for Diary
16
How does this translate to
households?
 60,000
represents the size of the sample
prior to any
p
y refinement.
 About 1/5 of these cases are Interview 1 -the bounding interview
 The field representatives refine the sample
to determine those housing units that are
out of scope of our survey
17
 Once
eligible households are determined
p
attempt
p to collect
the field representatives
the data.
 As in every survey they encounter refusals
refusals.
 The result is the number of completed cases
that can be used to determine expenditures
18
Let’s do the math
math...
 Total
Cases
 Bounding
B
di Interview
I t i
– equals
 Out
O off S
Scope
 Refusals
 Net Sample Yield
60,000
12 000
12,000
48,000
8 800
8,800
8,000
31,200
Thi translates
This
l
to about
b
7800 consumer units
i .
19
In Comparison
 SIPP
fields about 119,000 cases each year
 CPS
fields about 722,000 cases each year
20
Average Time per Case
 CEX
– Diary
– Interview
 SIPP
 CPS
 All
6.1 hours
4.0 hours
2.6 hours
51 2 minutes
51.2
hours include travel time
21
Cost per Case
 CEX
$268 00
$268.00
 SIPP
$193 00
$193.00
 CPS
$51 00
$51.00
22
Census Budgets
 CEX
$24 653 000
$24,653,000
 SIPP
$
$23,050.231
 CPS
$36,658,251
23
 If
sample size of CEX interview were
increased to the size of SIPP, the Census
budget would be about:
$32,000,000
24
 To
increase the sample from its current
5400 households to size of CPS, which is
approximately 50,000
50 000 households…..
households
 We
would need to collect about 370,000
cases, at $268 a case = about $100,000,000
25
Response Rates
Interview
90%
Diary
85%
80%
75%
70%
65%
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
(furlough)
1997
26
 How
many households completed all 5
interviews?
 about
b
75%
 How
many households completed both
diaries?
 about 92%
27
Consumer Price Index Initiative
CPII
 Provides
for:
– 50% expansion in urban PSU’s - in 1999
– Development of CAPI instrument
» slated
l t d for
f implementation
i l
t ti in
i 2003
28
Survey Expansion
A
50% increase in urban PSU’s
PSU s requires
– about 57,000 cases for Interview
– about
b
23,000 cases for
f Diary
i
» This will yield approximately the equivalent of
7800 households of data for both the diary and
interview
29
Expenditure Data in the CEX
30
Outline
 Defining
consumption
 Data available in the CEX
 Processing
g of expenditure
p
data
 Data comparisons
31
Defining Consumption
 Expenditures
– Transaction costs, including taxes, for goods and
services
– Flow of services from durables and owned housing
 In
In-kind
kind
transfers
– Private sources
– Public sources
 Home
production
32
Expenditure Definitions used in
CEX Publications
Total
expenditures
Current
consumption
Outlays
Yes
Yes
Yes
Mortgage principal payments
No
No
Yes
Mortgage
g g interest p
payments
y
Yes
Yes
Yes
Purchase price of vehicles
Yes
Yes
Vehicle loan principal payments
No
No
Only
those not
financed
Yes
Vehicle loan interest payments
Yes
Yes
Yes
All other finance charges
Yes
Yes
Yes
Item
Purchase price of all items but
housing and vehicles
33
Expenditure Definitions used in
CEX Publications - (cont.)
(cont )
Total
T
t l
expenditures
No
Currentt
C
Consumption
No
Outlays
No
Occupational expenses
Yes
No
Yes
Gifts given outside household
Yes
No
Yes
Cash contributions
Yes
No
Yes
Life, annuity, and other
personall insurance
i
Y
Yes
N
No
Y
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Item
Business purchases
Pension and retirement
contributions
34
Comparison of Expenditures
(
(annual
l means in
i nominal
i l dollars)
d ll )
$32 000
$32,000
$30,000
$28,000
$26,000
$24,000
1991
1992
Total Expenditures
1993
Outlays
1994
Consumption
35
Expenditure Data in the Interview
 Quarterly
– purchase of nondurables
» global food
» detail for other items
 Annually
in 5th
interview only
– detailed cash
contributions
– occupational
p
expenses
p
– gifts given outside
household
– global
l b l cashh contributions
t ib ti
36
D rables in the CEX
Durables
Initial
In entor
Inventory
(1st Inteview)
Purchases
(2nd 5th
(2nd-5th
Interviews)
Disposals
(2nd 5th
(2nd-5th
Interviews)
owned vehicles
Current
In entor
Inventory
(2nd-5th
Interviews)
owned vehicles owned vehicles owned vehicles
owned property
owned property owned property owned property
other durables
other durables
not collected
not available
37
Additional Information on Durables
 Method
of acquisition and characteristics of
– owned property
(not updated for new construction
construction, alterations
alterations, or
remodeling)
– owned vehicles
(not updated for changes in options)
 Method
of acquisition for other durables
((1st interview only
y and not updated)
p
)
38
In-Kind Private Transfers
C h Values
Cash
V l
 Meals
as pay
 Rent as pay
 Employer contribution to purchased or
l
leased
d vehicles
hi l (personal
(
l use))
 Educational expenses reimbursed by
agency, employer, or person outside the CU
39
In-Kind Private Transfers
C h Values
Cash
V l
((cont.)
t)
 Reimbursements
from insurance company,
company
medical provider, business, or person
outside the CU for
– Vehicle services, parts, and equipment
– Medical
M di l expenses
– Repairs, maintenance, alterations, and new
construction
t ti off property
t
40
In-Kind Private Transfers
R i t Only
Receipt
O l
 Major
appliances received as gifts
(inventory)
 Vehicles
V hi l received
i d as gifts
if
 Real property received as gifts or
inheritance
 Health insurance p
premiums partially
p
y or
entirely paid by employer, agency or person
outside the CU
41
Other In-Kind
In Kind Transfers
 Public
Transfers
– Cash values
» Food
ood Stamps
Sta ps (counted
(cou ted in income)
co e)
– Receipt only
» Medicaid
» Public housing project or subsidized housing
 Public/Private
Transfers
– Receipt only
» Food,, beverages
g or meals through
g ppublic or pprivate
welfare agencies, including religious organizations
42
Data Processing for Expenditures
 Imputation
– About 5% of all cost records
– Over
O
hhalf
lf off records
d ffor fi
finance charges
h
((excl.
l
auto and mortgage)
– About
Ab t one-fourth
f th off mortgage
t
paymentt andd home
h
ownership cost records
 Allocation
All ti
– About 6% of all cost records
– Over one-fourth of fuel and utility cost records
43
Data Processing for Expenditures
(cont )
(cont.)
 Allocation
(cont.)
(cont )
– Over one-fifth of records for clothing of
persons 2 and over
 Time
adjustment
 Sales taxes
 Additional processing
g for public use data
– topcoding
– ggeographic
g p restrictions
44
Topcoding and Geographic
Adjustment for Public Use Data
 Subject
content cannot present unusual risk of
disclosure
– rent > $3,000
– property or medical expenses > $200,000
$200 000
– airplane purchases and ownership deleted
 Geographic
areas with fewer than 100,000
inhabitants cannot be identified
– region
i (urban
( b CU’
CU’s only)
l )
– population size (not for rural CU’s and CU’s in West)
– limited information for states
45
Data Comparisons
 Diary
 CEX
and Interview
and external sources
46
Data Available by Instrument
Interview
Diary
Both
Combination
47
Comparability of Selected Items
Item
code
(UCC)
330110
640110
190903
470113
320340
320350
300210
300211
300212
Survey
Description
instrument
Soaps and detergents
Diary only
Hair care products
Diary only
Food on out-of-town trips
Interview only
Gasoline on out-of-town trips Interview only
Glassware
Both
Silver serving pieces
Both
Washingg machines
Diary
y onlyy
Washing machines, owner Interview only
Washing machines, renter Interview only
48
S
Sample
l S
Statistics
i i ffor S
Selected
l
d IItems, 1993
1993-95
95
Item
IInterview
t i
mean
IInterview
t i
CV
Sofas
$75.40
4.58
$52.72
15.76
Bedroom linens
33.10
2.87
44.60
7.98
Legal fees
99.43
7.52
33.34
16.54
38.10
30.21
216.08
8.98
Washing machines
Washing machines
(renter)
Washing machines
(owned)
Physicians’ services
5.21
6.89
14.27
5.52
160.86
3.11
Diary
Di
mean
Diary
Di
CV
49
How do CEX expenditure
p
data
compare between surveys and to
other
th sources, such
h as PCE?
“Reporting ratios” ($CEX/$PCE)
y dollars are reported
p
show how many
by CU’s in the CEX for every $1
reported by PCE.
50
Food at Home Ratios using Diary
and Interview based on Means
12
1.2
1.0
08
0.8
0.6
04
0.4
0.2
0.0
1991
1992
1993
Diary
y detail/Interview
1994
1995
Diary
yg
global/Interview
51
Detailed Diary to Interview Ratios
based on Means
16
1.6
1.4
1.2
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1.0
0.8
06
0.6
0.4
0.2
00
0.0
Total food Food at
home
Food
away
Alcohol
Tobacco
52
CEX Interview/American Housing
Survey Ratios based on Medians
1.2
1.0
08
0.8
1985
1987
1989
1991
0.6
04
0.4
0.2
00
0.0
Market
Mortgage Property
value of
principal
taxes
owned and interest
home
Property
insurance
Rent
53
CEX Diary/Progressive Grocer Ratios
based on Aggregates
4.0
3.5
30
3.0
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
05
0.5
0.0
Total food
Fresh fruits
& vegs
vegs.
Non-alc
beverages
Fish &
seafood
54
CEX Integrated/Personal Consumption
E
Expenditures
dit
R ti based
Ratios
b d on Aggregates
A
t
1.20
1.00
0.80
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Apparel
Food
Gasoline
Vehicle
purchases
55
Income, Assets and Liabilities
in the CEX
56
Income Data
 Collection
procedures
 Sources
 Reporting
issues
 Data quality
q
y
 Imputation
57
Income data are collected in
both the Interview and Diary
y
Surveys.
58
However, we will focus on
Interview data.
data
 Questions
are similar in both Interview and
Diary.
 The
Th IInterview
i ddata are the
h ddata used
d iin
publications of “integrated” (Diary and
I
Interview)
i ) results.
l
 The Interview survey provides information
on total expenditures.
59
Income data are collected
during the second and fifth
interviews and cover the 12
interviews,
months p
prior to the interview.
This is done in part to minimize
p
burden.
respondent
Data are collected after the
expenditure data.
60
Income data are collected at both the
member
b llevell and
d consumer unit
it level
l l
Member
M
b llevell (M
(Major
j sources;
All persons at least 14 years old)
Consumer unit level






Wages and Salaries
Self-employment - farm
Self-employment - non-farm
Social Security and Railroad
retirement
Supplemental Security











Interest Income
Dividend Income
Rental of property
Pensions and annuities
Unemplo ment insurance
Unemployment
ins rance
Worker’s Compensation and VA
benefits
Alimony and regular contributions
Child support
Public Assistance/welfare
Food Stamps
Other sources
Lump sum receipts
61
This is similar to the CPS, with
the following exceptions:
 CPS
collects most sources for each household
member.
 Some sources in CEX (e.g., Social Security and
Railroad Retirement) are collected as separate
categories in CPS.
 Other
O h sources in
i CEX (e.g.,
(
pensions
i
andd
annuities) are collected as many separate
categories in CPS (e.g.,
(e g private pensions,
pensions Federal
government pensions, U.S. military pensions, and
black lungg survivor income))
62
B d on reporting
Based
ti status,
t t
Consumer units are divided into
p
and “incomplete”
p
“complete”
reporters of income.
63
“Complete”
Complete income reporters….
 Report
a value for at least one major source
of income for their “reference person”
 Report
R
a value
l ffor at lleast one major
j source
of income for someone else (and the
reference
f
person reports hhaving
i no major
j
sources of income)
 Report a value for some family level
income; members have no major sources of
income
64
Drawbacks of the definition:
 Not
all complete reporters provide a full
accounting of income from all sources.
 Studies
S di have
h
shown
h
that
h ““complete”
l ”
reporters are not a random subset of all
consumer units.
i
 The percentage of complete reporters has
declined in recent years.
65
Percent Complete Reporters:
1988 1995
1988-1995
100%
95%
90%
85%
80%
75%
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
66
Notes on Complete Reporters:
 Complete
reporters provide a value for at least
one major source of income.
 About 85 percent of the total sample for the
Interview Survey.
 Most
M t studies
t di that
th t use CEX income
i
ddata
t rely
l on
complete reporters.
 Using
U i more restrictive
t i ti definition
d fi iti off complete
l t
reporter yields a percent reporting comparable
to the CPS
CPS.
67
Percent reporting differs by
source of income….
income
80%
70%
Interview
e v ew
60%
Diary
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Wages and
salary
Retirement
Interest &
dividends
Public
assistance
Selfemployment
Unemployment/
Regular
worker's
contributions
compensation
Other income
68
…as do means for all complete
reporters (1995).
(1995)
$30 000
$30,000
$5 000
$5,000
$4,500
$25,000
$4,000
Interview
$20,000
Diary
$3 500
$3,500
$3,000
$15,000
$2,500
$2,000
$10,000
$1,500
$1,000
$5 000
$5,000
$500
$0
$0
Wages and
salary
Retirement
Interest &
dividends
Public asst
SelfUnemployRegular Other income
employment
ment & contributions
worker's
compensation
69
Tax data are also collected in
the Interview survey….
survey
 Payroll
tax
 Property tax
 Federal income tax
– No separate value for EITC
 State
and local income tax
 Personal property tax
 Other taxes
70
However, as with income data,
tax reporting is an issue
issue.
Percent Reporting Federal Income Taxes:
2nd and 5th Interview Complete Reporters: 1994-95
100%
80%
79%
68%
87%
87%
58%
60%
29%
40%
20%
0%
All
complete
reporters
1st
2nd
3rd
Income quintile
4th
5th
71
How do CEX income data
compare to other sources, such
as CPS?
“Reporting ratios” ($CEX/$CPS)
y income dollars CEX
show how many
collects for every $1 CPS collects.
72
Over time, the following ratios are
observed for selected sources:
1
0.9
0.8
07
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Wages and Salaries
All Sources
Property Income
0.3
02
0.2
0.1
0
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
73
The following other patterns
are observed:
“High”
High Ratio Items:
 Wage and salary
 Self-employment
Self employment
 Social security
 Public
P bli assistance
it
“Low”
Low Ratio Items:
 Property income
 Unemployment/
Worker’s Compensation/
Veterans’ benefits.
Veterans
 Regular contributions
and other income
74
CEX/CPS ratios by income
source and household type: 1994
1.2
All households
Singles
Married couples
1.0
0.8
06
0.6
0.4
0.2
00
0.0
Household income
ages and Salaries
Retirement
Dividends
Unemployment &
worker's comp
75
It is important to remember that
income data in the CPS data are
imputed for missing values, but
th are nott iin th
they
the CEX.
CEX
CEX is experimenting with
p
to fill in missingg data.
imputation
How might this affect outcomes?
76
First, some background on
methodology.
methodology
 We
are examining “model
model-based
based”
imputation.
 We
W are exploring
l i “multiple”
“ l i l ” imputation.
i
i
(Procedure involves estimating income
severall times
i
andd averaging
i the
h estimates.)
i
)
 We are considering the “hierarchical”
approach (member 2’s income depends on
member 1).
77
As this work
ork is still in progress
progress,
the following
g results are obtained
from a “single” imputation model
using
i the
th hi
hierarchical
hi l method.
th d
Imputation
is for complete reporters only
Reported values preferred to imputed
values
Negative values are removed
78
At least one family in every quintile is
i
imputed
t d tto b
belong
l
iin th
the 5th quintile.
i til
$157 893
$157,893
Observed Maximum
Imputed
p
Maximum
$160,000
$120,000
$124 241
$124,241
$97,701
$81,899
$80,000
$54,500
$34,729
,
$40,000
$11,000
$21,200
$0
1st Quintile
2nd Quintile
3rd Quintile
4th Quintile
79
Most of the movement is due to low-income
reporters moving into higher (but not always the
highest)
i
) income
i
classes.
22%
Percent Distribution of Consumer Units
By Income Range
20%
18%
16%
Observed
Imputed
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
$50,000
$60,000
$70,000
$80,000
$90,000 $100,000 $100000+ 80
CEX/CPS ratio for total
household income by percentile
11
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
Households: Observed
Households: Imputed
Married couples: Observed
Married couples: Imputed
0.7
0.6
2
6 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50 54 58 62 66 70 74 78 82 86 90 94 98
Percentile
81
Assets and Liabilities
 Collection
procedures
 Sources
 Reporting
issues
 Data quality
82
Assets and Liabilities are collected in different
i t i
interviews
and
d sections
ti
off th
the survey.
 Financial
Assets are collected in the 5th Interview
after income
 Consumer debt (other than home and vehicle) are
collected in the 2nd and 5th Interview just before
income
 Real property information is collected in the first
interview in the home-ownership expenditure
section
 Vehicle information is collected in the first
quarter in the vehicle expenditure section
83
Market values are collected for
some items
items.
Assets:





Savings accounts
Checkingg accounts
U.S. Savings bonds
Stocks, bonds, mutual funds
M
Money
owed
d to CU
Liabilities:





Estimated mortgage
principal outstanding
Vehicle principal
Credit card debt
Store Installment debt
Other debt owed to:
– Banks /savings and
loans/credit unions,
finance companies
– Insurance companies
– Health care providers
84
Changes in values are also
available for selected variables.
variables
Assets:







Savings accounts
Checking accounts
U.S. savings bonds
Securities (stocks, bonds,
mutual funds)
Money owed to CU
I
Investments/withdrawals
t
t / ithd
l
from farm/business
Contributions/withdrawals
from Pensions
Liabilities:



Amount owed to other
creditors
Mortgage principal
(special/lump-sum
payments regular
payments,
reduction) for owned
home/other properties
Vehicle principal
85
Percent Reporting for Financial
Assets (All 5th IInterview
t i CU
CUs: 1994-95)
1994 95)
100%
Valid response
With positive assets
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Any Financial
asset
Savings
Accounts
Checking
Accounts
U.S Savings
Bonds
Securities
86
Market value of financial
securities
All 5th Interview CUs: 1994-95
$15 000
$15,000
$10,508
$10,000
$7,437
$2,645
$5,000
,
$465
$0
Savings
S
i
Accounts
Checking
Ch
ki
Accounts
U.S
U
SS
Savings
i
Bonds
S
Securities
ii
87
Percent reporting values for
financial liabilities
All 5th Interview CUs: 1994-95
70%
60%
48%
42%
50%
40%
30%
20%
9%
8%
7%
10%
0%
All consumer Credit cards
debt
Store
Installment
Banks, credit
unions, etc
Other debt
88
Value of outstanding financial debt
All 5th Interview CUs: 1994-95
$2 000
$2,000
$1,500
$1,156
$454
$1,000
$291
$67
$500
$0
Credit cards
Store
Installment
Banks, credit
union, etc
Other debt
89
Property assets and liabilities
 Market
value of owned home
 Market value of other property
 Mortgage
 Other p
property
p y debt ((home equity
q y loans))
 Vehicles - ownership and purchase price
 Vehicle debt
90
Real Property: 1995
Percent reporting
Average Market Value for all CUs
70%
$80,000
60%
$70,000
$60,000
50%
$50,000
40%
With mortgage
$40,000
30%
$30,000
20%
$20,000
10%
$10,000
0%
$0
Owned home
Vacation
home
other real
estate
Owned
home
Vacation
home
other real
estate
91
R
Research
hS
Summary
92
Recent Research
 How
can we reduce respondent burden
while improving the expenditure estimates?
–W
We looked
l k d att one possible
ibl solution:
l ti
reducing
d i
the number of questions for certain
expenditures in the interview,
interview replacing them
with “globals”
93
 At
the same time we looked at redesigning
the diary.
– The diary could be segmented into “targeted”
targeted diaries
with separate samples.
– One would be similar to our ppresent diaryy -- askingg for
“everyday” expenditures
– Another would be asking for detailed expenditures for
th
those
areas we hhadd earmarked
k d ffor global
l b l questions
ti
in
i
the interview
94
A
very small field test was conducted of
the two diaries.
–R
Results
lt showed
h
d that
th t respondents
d t were able
bl to
t
understand the concept of some versus all
expenditures
– But, the level of expenditures received in the
diary were low
95
–W
We also
l reviewed
i
d other
th sections
ti
in
i the
th
interview
» Child Care
» Business Expenses
» Cash Contributions
» Income
96
 Changes
with the introduction of CAPI
 Business Expenses
 Cash Contributions
 Gifts
97
Diary Research Project
 Chartered
with providing:
–R
Recommendations
d ti
on previous
i
Diary
Di
workk
– Recommendations on use of scanning data and
technology
– Recommendations on “User Friendly” diary
research project
– Costs associated with recommendations
98
Proposed Research
 Request
for funding in FY99
 “improve
p
the reliabilityy of expenditure
p
estimates”
99
 What
is the most efficient,, most accurate
method for collecting expenditures and
income data?
100
Issues we need to consider:
 Household
underreporting
 Nonresponse
 Respondent
p
Burden
 Cost
 Uses and Users
101
Credits
 Introduction
and Research Summary
– Mary E. McCarthy, DCEX Chief
 Expenditures
di
iin the
h C
CEX
– Thesia I. Garner and William D. Passero
– DPINR and DCEX
 Income,
Assets, and Liabilities in the CEX
– David S. Johnson and Geoffrey D. Paulin
– DPINR and DCEX
102