TABLE 5. Distribution of science and engineering doctorates awarded, by sex, citizenship status, and major field of study of recipients: 1998–2008
(Percent distribution)
Characteristic and field
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Science and engineering fields
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
78.3
4.1
21.4
3.4
2.8
4.3
13.9
0.8
8.1
5.1
13.5
14.9
79.4
4.1
21.5
3.3
2.8
4.2
13.7
0.6
8.2
4.9
14.1
15.7
79.5
4.0
22.5
3.3
2.7
4.0
13.0
0.7
7.7
4.6
13.9
16.0
78.4
3.8
22.3
3.3
2.6
4.0
13.2
0.7
7.8
4.7
13.3
16.0
79.4
4.1
23.1
3.3
2.8
3.7
13.0
0.6
7.8
4.6
13.0
16.3
79.1
4.2
22.5
3.4
2.7
3.9
13.0
0.7
8.1
4.3
13.0
16.4
78.0
4.0
22.6
3.6
2.6
4.1
12.7
0.6
7.6
4.5
12.7
15.8
77.0
3.7
22.7
4.0
2.6
4.3
13.0
0.7
7.6
4.8
11.9
14.8
75.9
3.5
22.3
4.9
2.5
4.4
13.2
0.7
7.9
4.6
10.9
14.3
75.6
3.6
22.6
5.2
2.8
4.4
12.9
0.7
7.3
4.9
10.4
13.9
76.1
3.3
23.7
5.4
2.6
4.3
12.4
0.8
6.8
4.8
10.2
14.0
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
21.7
0.9
2.5
2.2
4.9
0.8
1.8
3.4
5.3
20.6
0.8
2.2
2.0
4.8
0.8
1.5
3.0
5.5
20.5
0.8
2.4
1.8
5.1
0.7
1.6
3.1
5.0
21.6
0.8
2.5
2.0
5.3
0.8
1.8
3.4
5.1
20.6
0.8
2.5
2.2
4.9
0.9
1.5
3.1
4.7
20.9
0.8
2.2
2.2
4.9
0.8
1.7
3.0
5.2
22.0
0.8
2.4
2.1
5.3
0.8
1.8
2.9
5.9
23.0
0.8
2.8
2.2
5.5
0.8
1.8
3.2
5.9
24.1
0.8
2.7
2.2
6.0
0.8
2.0
3.5
6.2
24.4
0.8
2.5
2.2
6.2
0.9
2.0
3.4
6.3
23.9
0.8
2.7
2.2
5.7
0.9
1.9
3.3
6.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
71.3
4.4
18.5
4.3
3.2
4.9
16.1
0.9
8.5
6.7
6.8
13.2
73.1
4.5
18.9
4.1
3.2
4.8
16.3
0.8
8.9
6.6
7.2
14.0
73.0
4.3
19.5
4.3
3.0
4.8
15.4
0.9
8.2
6.3
7.3
14.3
71.8
3.9
19.4
4.2
2.8
4.5
15.6
0.9
8.3
6.4
7.0
14.4
72.9
4.4
20.4
4.2
3.1
4.2
15.2
0.7
8.3
6.1
6.9
14.4
72.3
4.4
19.6
4.4
3.0
4.6
15.2
0.8
8.8
5.6
6.6
14.5
71.0
3.9
19.4
4.6
2.7
4.7
15.0
0.7
8.2
6.1
6.6
14.1
70.0
3.8
18.7
5.2
2.7
5.0
15.3
0.8
8.1
6.5
6.1
13.1
68.8
3.4
18.4
6.2
2.7
5.1
15.4
0.8
8.4
6.2
5.1
12.6
68.6
3.5
18.8
6.8
2.8
5.1
14.9
0.8
7.6
6.5
4.9
11.8
68.9
3.2
19.4
7.0
2.8
4.9
14.9
0.9
7.5
6.5
5.0
11.8
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
28.7
1.3
3.1
2.8
6.8
1.1
2.3
4.8
6.7
26.9
1.1
2.8
2.6
6.6
1.0
1.9
4.2
6.7
27.0
1.2
2.9
2.4
7.0
0.8
2.0
4.3
6.2
28.2
1.1
3.0
2.6
7.3
1.0
2.2
4.9
6.3
27.1
1.2
3.0
2.9
6.9
1.1
1.9
4.4
5.8
27.7
1.1
2.7
3.0
6.9
1.0
2.2
4.3
6.6
29.0
1.1
3.0
2.8
7.3
1.1
2.4
4.1
7.3
30.0
1.1
3.4
2.9
7.7
1.0
2.2
4.5
7.3
31.2
1.2
3.2
2.9
8.4
0.9
2.3
4.9
7.4
31.4
1.2
3.1
2.8
8.5
1.0
2.5
4.8
7.5
31.1
1.2
3.2
2.9
7.9
1.0
2.4
4.7
7.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
91.7
3.5
27.1
1.7
2.1
3.2
9.8
0.5
7.4
91.3
3.4
26.4
1.7
2.0
3.0
9.1
0.4
7.0
91.1
3.4
27.9
1.5
2.1
2.8
8.8
0.4
6.6
90.0
3.7
27.4
1.7
2.1
3.0
8.9
0.4
6.8
90.3
3.5
27.8
1.8
2.3
2.9
9.2
0.3
7.0
90.4
3.9
27.4
1.9
2.2
2.8
9.4
0.4
6.9
89.6
4.0
28.0
2.0
2.4
3.1
8.8
0.5
6.4
88.8
3.6
29.5
2.1
2.3
3.1
9.2
0.5
6.9
87.3
3.6
28.5
2.7
2.3
3.4
9.5
0.5
7.1
86.9
3.7
28.5
2.7
2.7
3.3
9.6
0.5
6.8
87.0
3.5
30.3
3.1
2.4
3.3
8.7
0.5
5.9
Male, S&E fields
Female, S&E fields
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
TABLE 5. Distribution of science and engineering doctorates awarded, by sex, citizenship status, and major field of study of recipients: 1998–2008
(Percent distribution)
Characteristic and field
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
1.9
26.3
18.0
1.8
27.0
18.7
1.7
25.6
19.0
1.7
24.4
18.8
1.9
23.3
19.5
2.0
23.5
19.5
1.9
22.8
18.5
1.9
21.5
17.6
2.0
20.2
17.0
2.4
19.1
17.2
2.3
18.2
17.4
8.3
0.2
1.3
0.9
1.4
0.4
0.8
0.9
2.5
8.7
0.2
1.1
0.8
1.3
0.5
0.8
0.9
3.0
8.9
0.2
1.4
0.8
1.7
0.4
0.8
0.9
2.7
10.0
0.3
1.7
0.9
1.7
0.5
1.1
0.9
3.0
9.7
0.3
1.6
1.1
1.6
0.7
0.9
1.0
2.7
9.6
0.3
1.5
0.9
1.5
0.6
1.0
0.8
2.9
10.4
0.2
1.5
0.9
2.0
0.4
0.9
0.9
3.6
11.2
0.3
1.7
1.1
1.9
0.4
1.1
1.1
3.6
12.7
0.2
1.9
1.0
2.2
0.6
1.3
1.3
4.2
13.1
0.3
1.6
1.3
2.5
0.6
1.3
1.1
4.4
13.0
0.2
1.8
1.1
2.5
0.6
1.2
1.2
4.5
U.S. citizen or permanent resident, S&E fields
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
83.3
3.2
23.6
3.1
2.9
3.7
13.4
0.8
8.0
4.5
17.9
15.6
83.5
3.2
23.5
2.8
2.7
3.4
12.9
0.7
8.0
4.2
18.7
16.3
85.0
3.3
24.9
2.7
2.8
3.4
12.1
0.8
7.3
4.0
18.9
17.0
85.0
3.1
26.0
2.6
2.5
3.2
12.5
0.8
7.5
4.1
18.3
16.8
86.0
3.2
26.5
2.7
2.8
2.9
12.4
0.7
7.9
3.8
18.0
17.6
86.2
3.6
25.8
2.8
2.9
3.3
12.4
0.8
8.0
3.5
18.2
17.2
86.1
3.6
26.7
2.8
2.8
3.2
11.8
0.7
7.5
3.5
17.7
17.5
85.7
3.5
27.4
2.9
2.8
3.4
11.8
0.7
7.6
3.5
18.1
15.9
85.1
3.5
26.8
3.5
2.8
3.7
11.9
0.7
7.6
3.6
16.7
16.3
85.3
3.6
27.7
3.7
3.2
3.5
11.7
0.8
6.9
4.1
16.2
15.6
84.1
3.3
27.8
3.8
2.9
3.6
11.5
0.9
6.6
4.0
15.6
15.6
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
16.7
0.8
1.9
1.4
3.7
0.6
1.5
2.6
4.2
16.5
0.6
1.9
1.5
3.7
0.6
1.3
2.4
4.4
15.0
0.7
2.0
1.3
3.3
0.4
1.3
2.2
3.8
15.0
0.6
2.0
1.3
3.0
0.5
1.3
2.4
3.8
14.0
0.6
2.0
1.3
2.9
0.5
1.1
2.1
3.5
13.8
0.5
1.8
1.3
2.6
0.5
1.1
2.0
4.0
13.9
0.5
1.9
1.1
2.7
0.5
1.3
1.7
4.2
14.3
0.6
1.9
1.2
3.0
0.5
1.1
1.9
4.1
14.9
0.5
2.1
1.2
2.8
0.4
1.3
2.1
4.4
14.7
0.7
1.8
1.3
2.8
0.4
1.5
1.9
4.3
15.9
0.7
2.1
1.1
3.0
0.5
1.4
2.0
5.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
76.6
3.5
21.6
4.0
3.4
4.3
16.6
1.1
9.1
6.5
9.5
13.8
77.2
3.6
21.5
3.7
3.2
3.9
16.4
0.9
9.3
6.2
10.1
14.7
79.2
3.6
22.8
3.7
3.3
4.1
15.3
1.0
8.2
6.1
10.5
15.6
79.1
3.3
24.1
3.5
2.9
3.9
16.0
1.0
8.7
6.2
10.3
15.2
80.5
3.5
24.9
3.7
3.0
3.5
15.8
1.0
9.2
5.6
10.4
15.6
80.5
4.1
24.1
3.9
3.3
4.1
15.6
1.1
9.5
5.0
10.0
15.4
80.7
3.8
24.6
3.9
3.0
4.0
15.2
0.9
9.0
5.3
10.1
16.1
79.7
3.8
25.0
4.1
3.1
4.4
15.1
1.0
8.6
5.5
10.1
14.0
79.4
3.8
24.3
4.9
3.2
4.8
15.3
0.9
8.9
5.5
8.4
14.7
79.5
3.9
25.3
5.4
3.3
4.5
15.0
1.1
7.9
6.0
8.5
13.6
78.1
3.4
25.0
5.2
3.2
4.5
15.1
1.3
7.9
6.0
8.2
13.6
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
23.4
1.3
2.5
1.9
5.4
0.7
2.0
22.8
1.0
2.6
2.1
5.6
0.6
1.7
20.8
1.1
2.5
1.7
4.9
0.6
1.7
20.9
0.9
2.7
1.8
4.6
0.6
1.6
19.5
0.9
2.6
1.8
4.5
0.6
1.4
19.5
0.8
2.4
1.8
4.1
0.6
1.5
19.3
0.8
2.5
1.5
4.2
0.6
1.8
20.3
1.0
2.6
1.6
4.6
0.7
1.5
20.6
0.8
2.8
1.6
4.5
0.4
1.7
20.5
1.1
2.4
1.8
4.4
0.5
1.9
21.9
1.1
2.7
1.5
4.6
0.5
2.0
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Male U.S. citizen or permanent resident, S&E fields
TABLE 5. Distribution of science and engineering doctorates awarded, by sex, citizenship status, and major field of study of recipients: 1998–2008
(Percent distribution)
Characteristic and field
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
3.8
5.7
3.6
5.7
3.2
5.0
3.7
4.9
3.2
4.7
3.2
5.3
2.6
5.3
2.9
5.6
3.1
5.6
3.0
5.4
3.0
6.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
93.7
2.9
26.8
1.7
2.2
2.8
8.3
0.4
6.5
1.5
30.8
18.3
93.0
2.6
26.4
1.5
1.9
2.7
7.7
0.4
6.0
1.3
31.5
18.7
93.1
2.7
27.9
1.2
2.0
2.3
7.6
0.5
5.9
1.2
30.5
18.9
93.0
2.8
28.7
1.4
2.0
2.3
7.6
0.4
5.9
1.3
29.2
19.0
93.4
2.7
28.6
1.5
2.4
2.0
7.9
0.3
6.2
1.4
28.1
20.2
93.6
2.9
28.1
1.4
2.2
2.2
8.2
0.4
6.1
1.7
28.8
19.6
93.1
3.3
29.3
1.5
2.6
2.2
7.3
0.5
5.6
1.3
27.6
19.3
93.3
3.1
30.4
1.4
2.3
2.1
7.9
0.5
6.2
1.1
27.9
18.2
92.3
3.0
29.8
1.7
2.4
2.3
7.7
0.5
5.9
1.3
27.0
18.4
92.3
3.3
30.6
1.7
3.0
2.3
7.8
0.4
5.6
1.7
25.5
18.1
91.1
3.0
31.1
2.1
2.5
2.6
7.3
0.6
5.2
1.6
24.4
18.1
6.3
0.2
0.9
0.7
1.1
0.3
0.7
0.6
1.9
7.0
0.1
0.9
0.7
0.9
0.4
0.7
0.7
2.5
6.9
0.2
1.3
0.6
1.0
0.3
0.7
0.7
2.1
7.0
0.3
1.2
0.7
0.8
0.4
0.8
0.5
2.3
6.6
0.2
1.1
0.7
0.9
0.5
0.7
0.6
1.9
6.4
0.2
1.0
0.7
0.8
0.3
0.6
0.5
2.3
6.9
0.1
1.1
0.6
0.9
0.3
0.5
0.6
2.8
6.7
0.2
1.1
0.7
1.0
0.2
0.7
0.6
2.3
7.7
0.1
1.4
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.8
0.8
2.9
7.7
0.2
1.0
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.9
0.6
3.1
8.9
0.2
1.5
0.7
1.1
0.4
0.8
0.8
3.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
66.7
6.2
17.1
4.2
2.6
5.7
15.4
0.7
8.4
6.3
2.2
13.3
69.7
6.7
17.8
4.6
3.0
6.1
15.5
0.5
8.6
6.4
2.1
13.9
68.0
5.8
18.1
4.8
2.4
5.8
15.0
0.5
8.5
6.0
2.1
14.1
64.9
5.0
15.6
4.5
2.8
5.5
15.2
0.7
8.5
6.1
1.9
14.4
65.6
5.6
16.8
4.5
2.9
5.7
14.4
0.4
7.8
6.2
2.1
13.6
65.2
5.1
16.7
4.5
2.4
5.2
14.5
0.4
8.2
5.9
2.3
14.5
63.8
4.6
16.1
5.0
2.4
5.8
14.7
0.5
7.9
6.3
2.1
13.2
63.9
4.0
16.1
5.7
2.2
5.8
14.9
0.6
7.7
6.6
2.0
13.1
62.9
3.4
16.0
6.9
2.1
5.8
14.9
0.5
8.3
6.1
2.1
11.6
62.8
3.5
16.4
7.3
2.3
5.6
14.5
0.6
7.8
6.1
1.9
11.3
64.4
3.4
18.2
8.0
2.3
5.2
13.7
0.5
7.0
6.2
2.0
11.7
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
33.3
0.9
3.9
3.8
7.6
1.5
2.5
5.4
7.7
30.3
1.1
3.1
3.1
7.2
1.5
2.2
4.5
7.6
32.0
1.0
3.3
3.3
8.6
1.2
2.1
5.2
7.3
35.1
1.1
3.4
3.3
9.8
1.4
2.8
5.8
7.5
34.4
1.4
3.5
4.0
9.0
1.7
2.3
5.4
7.2
34.8
1.3
3.3
4.0
9.3
1.6
2.9
4.8
7.5
36.2
1.3
3.3
3.8
9.5
1.5
2.8
5.0
8.9
36.1
1.1
3.9
3.9
9.4
1.2
2.8
5.2
8.5
37.1
1.0
3.4
3.6
10.6
1.2
2.9
5.6
8.7
37.2
1.0
3.6
3.5
10.5
1.4
2.9
5.5
8.8
35.6
1.0
3.5
3.7
9.7
1.4
2.7
5.2
8.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
61.6
6.1
13.2
5.1
2.8
6.0
65.5
6.5
14.7
5.1
3.2
6.6
63.0
5.6
14.4
5.4
2.3
6.2
60.2
4.6
12.4
5.2
2.9
5.4
60.5
5.5
13.6
5.0
3.2
5.6
59.8
4.6
13.1
5.1
2.4
5.5
57.9
4.0
12.4
5.6
2.4
5.7
58.8
3.8
11.6
6.5
2.2
5.9
57.0
2.9
11.7
7.8
2.0
5.6
57.3
3.1
12.4
8.3
2.3
5.7
58.3
2.9
13.0
9.2
2.4
5.3
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Female U.S. citizen or permanent resident, S&E fields
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Temporary visa holder
Male temporary visa holder, S&E fields
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
TABLE 5. Distribution of science and engineering doctorates awarded, by sex, citizenship status, and major field of study of recipients: 1998–2008
(Percent distribution)
Characteristic and field
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
15.3
0.6
7.5
7.2
1.1
12.0
15.7
0.5
7.9
7.2
1.3
12.6
15.5
0.6
8.2
6.7
1.2
12.3
15.6
0.7
7.9
7.0
1.1
12.9
14.4
0.5
6.9
7.0
1.1
12.3
15.1
0.4
7.9
6.8
1.2
12.9
15.1
0.5
7.3
7.4
1.0
11.6
15.7
0.7
7.3
7.7
1.1
12.0
15.6
0.6
7.8
7.3
1.0
10.4
14.9
0.6
7.2
7.0
0.8
9.8
14.7
0.6
6.8
7.3
1.0
9.8
38.4
1.1
4.2
4.4
9.1
1.8
2.8
6.5
8.5
34.5
1.4
3.4
3.6
8.5
1.7
2.3
5.3
8.3
37.0
1.2
3.7
3.8
10.1
1.4
2.4
6.4
8.1
39.8
1.3
3.5
3.9
11.4
1.6
3.0
6.9
8.3
39.5
1.7
3.6
4.6
10.8
1.9
2.6
6.5
7.8
40.2
1.5
3.3
4.8
11.2
1.7
3.1
6.0
8.5
42.1
1.6
3.6
4.6
11.3
1.7
3.1
6.2
10.0
41.2
1.3
4.2
4.5
11.3
1.5
3.0
6.2
9.2
43.0
1.3
3.6
4.4
12.8
1.4
3.1
7.1
9.4
42.7
1.2
3.9
3.8
12.7
1.5
3.2
6.8
9.6
41.7
1.3
3.9
4.4
11.7
1.6
3.0
6.6
9.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
84.3
6.5
30.7
1.3
2.1
4.8
15.8
1.0
11.5
3.2
5.8
17.4
84.3
7.4
28.4
2.9
2.5
4.7
15.1
0.4
10.9
3.7
5.0
18.3
83.8
6.3
29.7
2.6
2.5
4.5
13.4
0.3
9.3
3.8
5.2
19.7
79.3
6.4
25.4
2.4
2.4
5.6
13.8
0.4
10.0
3.3
4.3
19.1
80.3
6.0
26.2
3.2
2.2
6.2
14.4
0.2
10.2
4.0
4.9
17.3
80.1
6.4
26.5
3.0
2.4
4.7
12.8
0.4
9.0
3.3
5.4
18.9
80.0
6.2
26.3
3.3
2.4
5.9
13.5
0.5
9.6
3.4
4.8
17.5
77.6
4.6
28.1
3.7
2.4
5.6
12.8
0.5
8.6
3.7
4.5
15.9
77.0
4.8
26.4
4.8
2.2
6.1
13.4
0.5
9.4
3.5
4.6
14.6
75.9
4.5
25.7
4.9
2.3
5.6
13.5
0.7
9.1
3.8
4.5
14.9
78.3
4.5
30.0
5.2
2.2
5.0
11.4
0.3
7.2
3.8
4.1
15.9
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
15.7
0.1
2.9
1.8
2.2
0.8
1.5
1.4
4.9
15.7
0.3
2.1
1.4
2.7
0.7
1.7
1.6
5.2
16.2
0.2
1.9
1.7
3.7
0.8
1.2
1.8
4.9
20.7
0.4
3.4
1.7
4.9
0.8
2.2
2.3
5.0
19.7
0.5
3.2
2.1
3.7
1.4
1.5
2.1
5.3
19.9
0.7
3.1
1.8
4.1
1.4
2.4
1.7
4.8
20.0
0.5
2.7
1.6
4.8
0.9
1.9
1.7
6.0
22.4
0.6
3.2
2.2
4.4
0.6
2.2
2.5
6.7
23.0
0.3
3.0
1.7
5.3
1.0
2.4
2.2
7.2
24.1
0.3
2.9
2.8
5.5
1.0
2.4
2.2
6.9
21.7
0.3
2.5
2.2
5.2
1.0
2.0
2.0
6.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
76.3
3.1
16.4
3.1
2.5
4.8
13.3
0.6
7.3
5.4
18.6
14.4
77.9
1.6
15.2
2.9
2.9
2.9
15.5
0.4
9.2
5.9
19.8
17.0
74.8
3.0
16.8
3.2
3.2
2.8
13.2
0.3
8.3
4.6
18.6
14.0
78.3
5.7
16.3
3.5
2.4
3.8
10.2
0.8
6.2
3.2
20.9
15.5
80.9
6.1
20.7
2.8
2.4
2.6
11.3
0.3
7.0
4.0
17.9
17.1
83.6
6.2
20.5
3.6
2.7
3.1
10.6
0.3
7.5
2.9
19.1
17.9
79.7
4.4
19.8
3.1
1.8
2.7
9.8
0.2
5.9
3.6
25.4
12.8
75.3
4.2
19.0
4.2
2.4
3.9
12.4
0.2
7.3
4.9
14.3
14.9
73.6
3.6
20.2
4.7
2.7
2.7
13.0
0.7
8.9
3.4
13.8
12.8
71.7
3.4
16.9
5.3
1.9
4.2
13.2
0.4
8.2
4.7
12.0
14.7
75.2
3.2
20.9
5.0
2.1
4.6
12.9
0.6
8.3
3.9
13.2
13.3
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
23.7
1.5
2.3
2.5
22.1
1.1
1.7
1.1
25.2
1.1
2.1
0.8
21.7
1.1
2.5
1.3
19.1
0.8
2.3
2.1
16.4
0.8
1.1
1.3
20.3
0.6
2.7
1.5
24.7
0.4
3.9
1.8
26.4
2.0
2.6
2.8
28.3
1.5
2.6
2.0
24.8
1.0
2.3
2.2
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Female temporary visa holder, S&E fields
Citizenship unknown, S&E fields
TABLE 5. Distribution of science and engineering doctorates awarded, by sex, citizenship status, and major field of study of recipients: 1998–2008
(Percent distribution)
Characteristic and field
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
6.4
0.6
1.6
3.9
5.0
5.6
0.4
1.2
3.0
8.1
8.9
0.4
1.9
2.7
7.2
6.6
0.6
1.8
2.4
5.4
4.4
1.1
1.6
2.5
4.3
3.7
0.4
1.2
2.6
5.2
6.3
0.4
1.4
1.8
5.7
5.5
1.2
1.7
3.1
7.2
6.1
1.3
2.2
2.9
6.6
8.2
1.6
1.6
3.2
7.6
6.5
0.9
1.9
3.5
6.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
69.9
3.8
15.5
3.1
3.1
5.4
14.6
1.0
7.1
6.5
10.9
13.4
72.8
1.4
14.0
3.4
3.1
3.5
19.9
0.8
10.8
8.3
11.6
15.9
68.9
3.8
15.2
4.1
4.2
3.0
15.4
0.5
8.9
6.0
11.2
12.0
71.1
6.0
15.7
4.2
2.2
4.7
11.4
0.8
6.6
3.9
11.1
15.7
77.5
7.0
20.5
3.3
3.2
3.0
14.2
0.2
8.3
5.6
10.1
16.2
76.7
5.7
20.2
4.4
3.4
4.1
11.2
0.4
6.9
3.8
10.7
17.0
73.2
4.9
20.1
3.3
2.6
3.6
12.3
0.4
7.5
4.4
13.9
12.7
68.5
4.3
15.7
5.1
2.7
4.5
15.0
0.1
8.4
6.4
8.0
13.4
66.9
3.4
18.2
5.7
2.9
3.1
14.7
1.0
9.4
4.3
7.0
12.0
64.5
3.0
14.7
6.8
1.8
5.0
15.3
0.4
8.6
6.3
5.6
12.5
69.6
2.7
19.5
6.1
1.9
5.3
14.7
0.9
8.7
5.1
7.8
11.7
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
30.1
2.2
2.7
3.3
8.0
0.8
2.2
4.6
6.3
27.2
1.4
2.3
1.7
6.5
0.6
1.4
3.7
9.6
31.1
1.1
2.7
1.1
11.2
0.3
2.6
3.7
8.5
28.9
1.5
2.7
1.9
9.6
0.5
2.7
3.3
6.6
22.5
1.0
2.5
2.5
5.6
0.7
2.0
3.3
4.9
23.3
1.3
1.7
2.0
5.5
0.6
1.7
3.8
6.8
26.8
0.7
3.0
1.9
8.3
0.4
1.9
2.8
7.7
31.5
0.6
4.6
2.5
7.5
0.8
2.5
4.8
8.2
33.1
2.7
3.0
3.4
8.4
1.6
2.2
3.9
8.1
35.5
2.0
3.3
2.3
11.0
1.7
1.9
4.6
8.8
30.4
1.3
2.8
3.3
8.0
0.8
2.4
4.4
7.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
88.6
2.4
18.3
3.1
1.2
3.3
10.2
0.0
6.9
3.3
34.0
16.2
89.8
1.1
17.1
1.1
2.5
2.2
8.3
0.0
7.2
1.1
38.0
19.6
88.9
1.3
20.5
1.5
1.0
2.8
9.6
0.0
7.3
2.3
34.3
17.9
90.2
4.2
16.9
2.2
2.9
2.7
8.0
0.9
5.1
2.0
38.1
15.3
87.3
4.0
22.4
1.4
1.2
2.0
6.9
0.4
5.2
1.2
31.7
17.7
94.6
6.9
21.0
2.2
1.6
1.6
9.6
0.0
8.3
1.3
32.2
19.5
89.4
3.8
19.5
2.7
0.5
1.3
5.8
0.0
3.3
2.6
42.7
13.0
88.3
4.0
24.9
2.5
2.2
2.9
8.3
0.4
5.8
2.2
25.9
17.7
85.5
4.2
23.8
3.2
2.3
2.3
9.6
0.2
7.7
1.8
25.9
14.2
85.0
4.0
20.9
2.7
2.1
2.7
9.8
0.3
7.6
1.9
24.0
18.7
85.7
4.3
22.5
3.2
2.4
3.4
10.1
0.2
7.9
2.1
23.0
16.6
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
11.4
0.2
1.0
0.5
2.9
0.5
10.2
0.6
0.8
0.3
2.8
0.0
11.1
0.8
0.8
0.5
3.5
0.5
9.8
0.4
2.0
0.2
2.0
0.4
12.7
0.6
2.2
1.4
1.8
1.8
5.4
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.9
0.2
10.6
0.4
2.2
0.7
3.3
0.4
11.7
0.0
2.7
0.5
2.0
1.3
14.5
0.7
2.1
1.9
1.9
0.9
15.0
0.4
1.3
1.7
3.1
1.3
14.3
0.6
1.4
0.3
3.9
0.8
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Male citizenship unknown, S&E fields
Female citizenship unknown, S&E fields
TABLE 5. Distribution of science and engineering doctorates awarded, by sex, citizenship status, and major field of study of recipients: 1998–2008
(Percent distribution)
Characteristic and field
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
S&E = science and engineering.
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
0.5
3.1
2.9
0.3
1.4
4.1
0.8
1.0
3.3
0.4
0.9
3.3
1.0
0.8
3.0
0.4
0.7
2.7
0.5
0.4
2.7
0.4
0.4
4.5
2.1
1.2
3.7
1.0
0.8
5.4
1.0
1.4
4.8
NOTES: Persons whose sex is unknown are included in totals but are not shown separately. Categories are grouped according to National Science Foundation taxonomy, which is
different from the classification listed in questionnaire and summary reports. That is, the following categories are included in social sciences and not in humanities: American/U.S.
studies; history, science and technology, and society; and archaeology. In addition, public administration is included in social sciences and not in professional fields, agricultural
economics is included in social sciences and not in biological sciences, and agricultural business and management is included in business management/administration and not in
agricultural sciences.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates.