TABLE 4. Doctorates awarded, by sex, citizenship status, and major field of study of recipients: 1998–2008
Characteristic and field
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
42,638 41,097 41,366
27,274 25,931 25,966
21,352 20,601 20,643
1,109 1,065 1,037
5,846 5,581 5,853
927
856
861
766
723
694
1,177 1,083 1,050
3,800 3,562 3,378
206
159
185
2,216 2,132 1,989
1,378 1,271 1,204
3,673 3,668 3,615
4,054 4,063 4,155
40,738
25,529
20,019
977
5,694
830
660
1,010
3,366
186
1,982
1,198
3,401
4,081
40,025
24,608
19,527
1,009
5,695
809
689
919
3,187
141
1,923
1,123
3,206
4,013
40,758
25,282
20,001
1,060
5,696
867
683
993
3,287
167
2,040
1,080
3,276
4,139
42,118
26,274
20,497
1,045
5,942
948
686
1,076
3,335
165
1,986
1,184
3,326
4,139
43,381
27,986
21,559
1,038
6,366
1,129
714
1,205
3,643
186
2,126
1,331
3,323
4,141
45,615
29,863
22,678
1,033
6,649
1,453
757
1,325
3,927
197
2,362
1,368
3,258
4,276
48,112
31,800
24,056
1,134
7,179
1,656
878
1,393
4,102
223
2,325
1,554
3,292
4,422
48,802
32,827
24,965
1,090
7,793
1,786
862
1,400
4,081
248
2,247
1,586
3,361
4,592
5,323
214
619
480
1,330
176
404
807
1,293
5,510
202
636
501
1,346
206
448
878
1,293
5,081
209
607
540
1,211
230
364
771
1,149
5,281
200
568
552
1,238
214
438
752
1,319
5,777
201
638
547
1,389
217
474
754
1,557
6,427
219
774
622
1,547
221
493
892
1,659
7,185
238
799
655
1,786
234
583
1,044
1,846
7,744
267
807
701
1,968
280
648
1,072
2,001
7,862
265
872
712
1,887
281
636
1,079
2,130
Non-science and engineering
Education
Health
Humanities
Professional/other/unknown
15,364 15,166 15,400
6,569 6,551 6,437
1,499 1,407 1,591
5,117 5,036 5,213
2,179 2,172 2,159
15,209
6,349
1,540
5,178
2,142
15,417
6,503
1,655
5,050
2,209
15,476
6,643
1,633
5,020
2,180
15,844
6,633
1,719
5,012
2,480
15,395
6,225
1,784
4,950
2,436
15,752
6,120
1,905
5,125
2,602
16,312
6,444
2,129
4,893
2,846
15,975
6,578
2,094
4,503
2,800
Male, all fields
Science and engineering
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
24,630 23,437 23,163
17,810 16,735 16,518
12,699 12,230 12,059
780
749
718
3,295 3,170 3,225
765
692
717
564
535
495
873
803
790
2,865 2,722 2,546
161
126
145
1,509 1,493 1,361
1,195 1,103 1,040
1,205 1,209 1,203
2,352 2,350 2,365
22,777
16,188
11,617
630
3,136
673
461
734
2,531
145
1,350
1,036
1,128
2,324
21,808
15,389
11,214
684
3,146
639
477
652
2,335
114
1,277
944
1,064
2,217
22,255
15,761
11,391
686
3,091
690
470
729
2,396
127
1,384
885
1,043
2,286
22,964
16,418
11,662
646
3,184
749
448
771
2,470
119
1,350
1,001
1,081
2,313
23,735
17,405
12,178
659
3,252
905
470
877
2,670
137
1,403
1,130
1,058
2,287
25,019
18,370
12,642
621
3,375
1,143
490
932
2,828
141
1,549
1,138
936
2,317
26,176
19,508
13,377
677
3,675
1,322
541
987
2,916
163
1,490
1,263
949
2,310
26,271
19,845
13,681
630
3,854
1,386
547
966
2,957
186
1,479
1,292
998
2,343
All fields
Science and engineering
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Non-science and engineering
Education
Health
Humanities
Professional/other/unknown
1998
5,922
241
670
587
1,345
229
482
936
1,432
1999
5,330
206
576
506
1,236
211
393
786
1,416
5,111
225
545
498
1,207
188
404
850
1,194
4,505
188
474
430
1,108
169
315
695
1,126
4,459
191
486
402
1,163
140
330
717
1,030
4,571
174
478
418
1,186
160
349
790
1,016
4,175
185
457
442
1,062
162
286
681
900
4,370
173
427
465
1,091
159
339
674
1,042
4,756
177
488
461
1,195
174
389
670
1,202
5,227
190
590
503
1,338
177
380
778
1,271
5,728
212
583
538
1,535
167
430
900
1,363
6,131
235
610
537
1,661
203
482
941
1,462
6,164
238
641
568
1,568
200
483
923
1,543
6,820
2,421
490
2,639
1,270
6,702
2,337
499
2,591
1,275
6,645
2,257
522
2,616
1,250
6,589
2,247
542
2,583
1,217
6,419
2,196
527
2,511
1,185
6,494
2,253
543
2,502
1,196
6,546
2,263
541
2,416
1,326
6,330
2,065
564
2,459
1,242
6,649
2,130
615
2,559
1,345
6,668
2,103
681
2,488
1,396
6,426
2,163
664
2,159
1,440
TABLE 4. Doctorates awarded, by sex, citizenship status, and major field of study of recipients: 1998–2008
Characteristic and field
Female, all fields
Science and engineering
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Non-science and engineering
Education
Health
Humanities
Professional/other/unknown
U.S. citizen or permanent resident, all fields
Science and engineering
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Non-science and engineering
Education
Health
Humanities
Professional/other/unknown
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
17,848 17,488 18,130
9,348 9,084 9,394
8,575 8,295 8,556
328
311
317
2,536 2,394 2,622
159
157
142
198
185
196
297
277
259
917
825
827
45
33
40
695
632
624
177
160
163
2,456 2,450 2,409
1,684 1,696 1,784
17,886
9,298
8,369
340
2,549
155
198
276
830
41
628
161
2,270
1,751
18,136
9,174
8,280
319
2,547
167
212
265
848
27
645
176
2,137
1,785
18,503
9,521
8,610
374
2,605
177
213
264
891
40
656
195
2,233
1,853
19,152
9,855
8,834
399
2,758
199
238
305
864
46
635
183
2,245
1,826
19,580
10,540
9,358
376
3,106
221
244
326
971
49
723
199
2,264
1,850
20,554
11,474
10,022
412
3,270
310
266
393
1,095
56
810
229
2,320
1,956
21,884
12,260
10,658
454
3,499
332
336
403
1,183
59
834
290
2,343
2,108
22,496
12,959
11,271
460
3,929
400
314
433
1,124
62
768
294
2,362
2,249
773
15
119
83
128
40
75
80
233
789
17
101
76
117
42
75
85
276
838
21
131
78
157
35
73
89
254
929
27
156
82
159
45
99
86
275
894
24
150
97
143
68
78
88
246
911
27
141
87
147
55
99
78
277
1,021
24
150
86
194
43
85
84
355
1,182
29
183
118
205
41
112
114
380
1,452
25
216
117
250
67
152
144
481
1,602
31
195
164
304
76
165
131
536
1,688
27
231
144
318
80
152
152
584
8,500
4,131
1,005
2,469
895
8,404
4,198
900
2,419
887
8,736
4,177
1,066
2,593
900
8,588
4,097
989
2,587
915
8,962
4,294
1,126
2,529
1,013
8,982
4,390
1,090
2,518
984
9,297
4,369
1,178
2,596
1,154
9,040
4,150
1,217
2,485
1,188
9,080
3,983
1,287
2,561
1,249
9,624
4,340
1,443
2,399
1,442
9,537
4,414
1,426
2,343
1,354
31,196 30,304 29,938
18,289 17,570 17,117
15,242 14,679 14,544
591
561
559
4,319 4,123 4,268
563
493
459
533
471
474
673
605
574
2,442 2,265 2,072
147
117
139
1,471 1,406 1,241
824
742
692
3,274 3,293 3,230
2,847 2,868 2,908
28,875
16,351
13,897
506
4,252
429
411
528
2,036
124
1,234
678
2,992
2,743
27,711
15,533
13,365
492
4,117
422
432
443
1,924
106
1,229
589
2,801
2,734
28,146
15,741
13,564
562
4,061
446
451
517
1,952
130
1,267
555
2,860
2,715
28,010
15,749
13,560
566
4,198
447
438
511
1,856
115
1,183
558
2,790
2,754
27,925
16,021
13,735
557
4,390
468
442
542
1,898
120
1,212
566
2,892
2,546
28,746
16,713
14,231
577
4,472
580
472
614
1,993
123
1,266
604
2,794
2,729
29,438
17,261
14,727
625
4,787
640
552
605
2,025
135
1,187
703
2,792
2,701
30,791
18,487
15,539
602
5,135
695
533
667
2,132
174
1,227
731
2,886
2,889
2,573
127
342
216
568
77
220
373
650
2,454
101
332
220
487
89
205
391
629
2,168
92
307
206
456
81
166
322
538
2,177
80
281
203
416
71
181
318
627
2,189
77
295
177
432
77
197
273
661
2,286
98
306
192
479
75
177
301
658
2,482
89
359
195
470
69
215
351
734
2,534
116
307
220
489
74
251
329
748
2,948
121
396
206
557
90
264
368
946
12,907 12,734 12,821
5,748 5,817 5,686
1,154 1,049 1,194
4,330 4,295 4,393
1,675 1,573 1,548
12,524
5,462
1,131
4,394
1,537
12,178
5,415
1,195
4,129
1,439
12,405
5,648
1,223
4,139
1,395
12,261
5,450
1,265
4,056
1,490
11,904
5,251
1,290
3,862
1,501
12,033
5,105
1,352
4,031
1,545
12,177
5,352
1,480
3,732
1,613
12,304
5,590
1,487
3,566
1,661
3,047
153
342
262
681
101
266
470
772
2,891
112
335
269
650
99
222
429
775
TABLE 4. Doctorates awarded, by sex, citizenship status, and major field of study of recipients: 1998–2008
Characteristic and field
Male U.S. citizen or permanent resident, all fields
Science and engineering
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Non-science and engineering
Education
Health
Humanities
Professional/other/unknown
Female U.S. citizen or permanent resident, all fields
Science and engineering
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Non-science and engineering
Education
Health
Humanities
Professional/other/unknown
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
16,562 15,899 15,293
11,087 10,496 9,981
8,498 8,098 7,900
386
376
364
2,392 2,259 2,280
439
387
372
376
336
329
473
413
409
1,841 1,718 1,532
120
91
104
1,005
980
819
716
647
609
1,058 1,064 1,052
1,533 1,545 1,562
14,674
9,467
7,492
311
2,278
331
273
373
1,512
95
826
591
979
1,435
13,761
8,821
7,097
310
2,197
324
269
309
1,393
85
810
498
917
1,378
13,910
8,908
7,171
362
2,143
347
298
365
1,390
100
849
441
893
1,373
13,750
8,894
7,177
340
2,191
345
263
357
1,355
82
801
472
897
1,429
13,573
8,880
7,074
333
2,222
366
278
391
1,337
86
767
484
900
1,247
14,138
9,246
7,342
354
2,245
452
295
445
1,415
86
824
505
781
1,355
14,211
9,448
7,514
368
2,395
510
315
427
1,414
101
746
567
801
1,284
14,746
10,043
7,848
346
2,513
519
318
448
1,514
126
790
598
828
1,362
2,589
141
276
213
602
77
219
424
637
2,398
102
271
217
588
68
176
376
600
2,081
113
250
172
494
59
172
321
500
1,975
83
251
173
433
61
151
355
468
1,724
81
230
157
395
49
122
279
411
1,737
69
211
157
364
49
137
281
469
1,717
67
222
134
373
57
162
233
469
1,806
87
230
141
408
58
129
260
493
1,904
78
258
147
413
40
158
289
521
1,934
100
229
173
411
46
182
285
508
2,195
108
272
149
464
55
197
301
649
5,475
2,050
311
2,220
894
5,403
2,016
329
2,211
847
5,312
1,926
340
2,217
829
5,207
1,898
330
2,160
819
4,940
1,808
338
2,082
712
5,002
1,862
351
2,083
706
4,856
1,801
345
1,992
718
4,693
1,688
363
1,935
707
4,892
1,763
366
2,030
733
4,763
1,731
381
1,939
712
4,703
1,803
382
1,738
780
14,606 14,405 14,640
7,185 7,074 7,134
6,733 6,581 6,642
205
185
195
1,925 1,864 1,988
123
106
87
157
135
145
199
192
164
599
547
540
27
26
35
465
426
422
107
95
83
2,212 2,229 2,177
1,313 1,323 1,346
14,201
6,884
6,405
195
1,974
98
138
155
524
29
408
87
2,013
1,308
13,949
6,711
6,267
181
1,920
98
163
134
531
21
419
91
1,884
1,356
14,236
6,833
6,393
200
1,918
99
153
152
562
30
418
114
1,967
1,342
14,260
6,855
6,383
226
2,007
102
175
154
501
33
382
86
1,893
1,325
14,350
7,139
6,660
224
2,167
102
164
151
561
34
445
82
1,992
1,299
14,608
7,467
6,889
223
2,227
128
177
169
578
37
442
99
2,013
1,374
15,226
7,812
7,212
257
2,392
130
237
178
610
33
441
136
1,991
1,417
16,044
8,444
7,691
256
2,622
176
215
219
618
48
437
133
2,058
1,527
452
12
65
49
78
24
47
42
135
493
10
64
52
62
31
46
53
175
492
14
92
44
74
18
48
52
150
479
18
81
47
54
28
54
36
161
444
11
77
49
61
32
44
43
127
440
11
70
46
52
22
44
37
158
472
10
73
43
59
20
35
40
192
479
11
76
51
70
17
48
41
165
578
11
101
48
57
29
57
62
213
600
16
78
47
78
28
69
44
240
753
13
124
57
93
35
67
67
297
7,421
3,692
843
2,106
780
7,331
3,801
720
2,084
726
7,506
3,759
854
2,175
718
7,317
3,564
801
2,234
718
7,238
3,607
857
2,047
727
7,403
3,786
872
2,056
689
7,405
3,649
920
2,064
772
7,211
3,563
927
1,927
794
7,141
3,342
986
2,001
812
7,414
3,621
1,099
1,793
901
7,600
3,786
1,105
1,828
881
TABLE 4. Doctorates awarded, by sex, citizenship status, and major field of study of recipients: 1998–2008
Characteristic and field
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
9,462
7,746
5,165
479
1,324
326
202
444
1,193
52
654
487
168
1,029
9,060
7,240
5,049
486
1,288
330
220
445
1,123
37
623
463
153
1,004
9,666
7,663
5,212
443
1,386
364
182
443
1,149
42
649
458
164
1,081
9,812
7,947
5,158
401
1,241
358
219
435
1,205
52
672
481
152
1,147
9,747
7,698
5,048
433
1,293
349
224
440
1,107
31
597
479
158
1,044
10,595
8,387
5,472
427
1,398
380
201
440
1,213
34
687
492
196
1,217
11,622
9,154
5,844
418
1,472
459
224
528
1,345
47
722
576
188
1,210
12,831
10,411
6,654
415
1,681
596
234
602
1,553
63
801
689
209
1,364
14,155
11,548
7,268
398
1,853
797
242
667
1,726
63
954
709
243
1,342
15,127
12,333
7,747
433
2,019
898
284
695
1,785
80
958
747
236
1,397
15,246
12,613
8,127
432
2,297
1,005
292
654
1,727
63
877
787
247
1,473
2,581
70
300
294
585
120
196
418
598
2,191
82
222
225
523
108
158
323
550
2,451
74
252
254
656
94
161
402
558
2,789
87
273
265
778
110
221
457
598
2,650
106
268
305
694
134
176
415
552
2,915
111
274
334
779
138
243
404
632
3,310
116
306
350
871
135
258
456
818
3,757
115
408
402
983
128
289
543
889
4,280
117
398
415
1,219
144
333
647
1,007
4,586
119
442
436
1,298
171
362
673
1,085
4,486
126
437
468
1,218
176
339
650
1,072
Non-science and engineering
Education
Health
Humanities
Professional/other/unknown
1,716
487
285
533
411
1,820
517
286
537
480
2,003
539
306
630
528
1,865
504
317
556
488
2,049
479
324
656
590
2,208
588
329
660
631
2,468
627
365
718
758
2,420
536
388
775
721
2,607
606
401
759
841
2,794
604
468
769
953
2,633
566
457
672
938
Male temporary visa holder, all fields
Science and engineering
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
6,986
5,989
3,688
366
789
303
165
360
917
34
452
431
67
721
6,633
5,591
3,660
364
820
283
179
367
875
30
443
402
70
702
6,856
5,798
3,650
326
833
315
135
359
900
37
476
387
68
714
7,010
5,984
3,601
275
742
311
172
326
935
44
475
416
67
773
6,765
5,728
3,466
315
777
287
181
318
823
27
397
399
62
703
7,256
6,146
3,678
284
805
312
148
335
927
24
486
417
74
793
7,909
6,702
3,883
266
828
377
164
384
1,014
34
487
493
70
780
8,749
7,562
4,444
285
879
490
166
443
1,189
50
555
584
81
911
9,370
8,112
4,623
233
946
633
166
456
1,264
45
630
589
84
841
9,995
8,657
4,958
267
1,074
717
201
490
1,288
56
624
608
70
851
9,979
8,719
5,079
255
1,130
801
208
461
1,284
50
595
639
86
854
2,301
68
249
261
546
105
169
392
511
1,931
77
188
202
478
97
130
295
464
2,148
70
216
222
586
79
139
369
467
2,383
80
207
231
682
95
178
411
499
2,262
96
206
264
620
107
147
374
448
2,468
95
204
294
688
106
190
366
525
2,819
104
241
311
754
114
211
414
670
3,118
97
316
338
858
111
227
472
699
3,489
107
295
357
1,037
111
250
572
760
3,699
107
334
332
1,096
133
274
592
831
3,640
116
339
383
1,017
136
260
574
815
997
248
155
270
324
1,042
244
139
296
363
1,058
244
143
296
375
1,026
216
169
299
342
1,037
197
141
311
388
1,110
238
166
306
400
1,207
259
167
315
466
1,187
216
162
383
426
1,258
221
183
358
496
1,338
212
223
357
546
1,260
204
216
294
546
Temporary visa holder, all fields
Science and engineering
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Non-science and engineering
Education
Health
Humanities
Professional/other/unknown
TABLE 4. Doctorates awarded, by sex, citizenship status, and major field of study of recipients: 1998–2008
Characteristic and field
Female temporary visa holder, all fields
Science and engineering
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Non-science and engineering
Education
Health
Humanities
Professional/other/unknown
Citizenship unknown, all fields
Science and engineering
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Non-science and engineering
Education
Health
Humanities
Professional/other/unknown
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2,456
1,742
1,469
113
534
23
36
84
275
18
201
56
101
303
2,423
1,647
1,388
122
468
47
41
77
248
7
180
61
83
302
2,809
1,864
1,562
117
553
49
47
84
249
5
173
71
96
367
2,801
1,963
1,557
126
499
47
47
109
270
8
197
65
85
374
2,977
1,967
1,580
118
516
62
43
121
283
4
200
79
96
341
3,339
2,241
1,794
143
593
68
53
105
286
10
201
75
122
424
3,713
2,452
1,961
152
644
82
60
144
331
13
235
83
118
430
4,078
2,846
2,208
130
801
105
68
159
364
13
246
105
128
453
4,785
3,436
2,645
165
907
164
76
211
462
18
324
120
159
501
5,130
3,674
2,788
166
945
181
83
204
497
24
334
139
166
546
5,267
3,894
3,048
177
1,167
204
84
193
443
13
282
148
161
619
273
2
50
32
38
14
26
25
86
259
5
34
23
45
11
28
27
86
302
4
36
32
69
15
22
33
91
406
7
66
34
96
15
43
46
99
387
10
62
41
73
27
29
41
104
447
16
70
40
91
32
53
38
107
491
12
65
39
117
21
47
42
148
638
18
92
64
124
17
62
71
190
791
10
103
58
182
33
83
75
247
886
12
107
104
202
38
88
81
254
846
10
98
85
201
40
79
76
257
714
238
129
261
86
776
273
147
240
116
945
295
163
334
153
838
287
148
257
146
1,010
281
183
344
202
1,098
350
163
354
231
1,261
368
198
403
292
1,232
320
226
391
295
1,349
385
218
401
345
1,456
392
245
412
407
1,373
362
241
378
392
1,980
1,239
945
39
203
38
31
60
165
7
91
67
231
178
1,733
1,121
873
18
170
33
32
33
174
5
103
66
222
191
1,762
1,186
887
35
199
38
38
33
157
4
99
54
221
166
2,051
1,231
964
70
201
43
30
47
125
10
76
39
257
191
2,567
1,377
1,114
84
285
38
33
36
156
4
97
55
247
235
2,017
1,154
965
71
237
41
31
36
122
3
86
33
220
207
2,486
1,371
1,093
61
272
42
24
37
134
3
81
50
348
175
2,625
1,554
1,170
66
295
65
38
61
192
3
113
76
222
231
2,714
1,602
1,179
58
324
76
43
44
208
11
142
55
221
205
3,547
2,206
1,582
76
373
118
42
93
292
8
180
104
264
324
2,765
1,727
1,299
56
361
86
37
79
222
11
143
68
228
230
294
18
28
31
79
8
20
48
62
248
12
19
12
63
4
13
34
91
299
13
25
10
106
5
23
32
85
267
14
31
16
81
7
22
30
66
263
11
32
29
61
15
22
34
59
189
9
13
15
43
5
14
30
60
278
8
37
20
86
5
19
25
78
384
6
60
28
85
18
27
48
112
423
32
42
45
97
21
35
46
105
624
32
58
45
181
35
35
70
168
428
18
39
38
112
15
33
61
112
741
334
60
254
93
612
217
72
204
119
576
212
91
190
83
820
383
92
228
117
1,190
609
136
265
180
863
407
81
221
154
1,115
556
89
238
232
1,071
438
106
313
214
1,112
409
152
335
216
1,341
488
181
392
280
1,038
422
150
265
201
TABLE 4. Doctorates awarded, by sex, citizenship status, and major field of study of recipients: 1998–2008
Characteristic and field
Male, citizenship unknown, all fields
Science and engineering
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Non-science and engineering
Education
Health
Humanities
Professional/other/unknown
Female, citizenship unknown, all fields
Science and engineering
Science
Agricultural sciences
Biological sciences
Computer sciences
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Mathematics
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Chemistry
Physics
Psychology
Social sciences
Engineering
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Non-science and engineering
Education
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
1,082
734
513
28
114
23
23
40
107
7
52
48
80
98
905
648
472
9
91
22
20
23
129
5
70
54
75
103
1,014
739
509
28
112
30
31
22
114
4
66
44
83
89
1,093
737
524
44
116
31
16
35
84
6
49
29
82
116
1,282
840
651
59
172
28
27
25
119
2
70
47
85
136
1,089
707
542
40
143
31
24
29
79
3
49
27
76
120
1,305
822
602
40
165
27
21
30
101
3
62
36
114
104
1,413
963
660
41
151
49
26
43
144
1
81
62
77
129
1,511
1,012
677
34
184
58
29
31
149
10
95
44
71
121
1,970
1,403
905
42
206
95
25
70
214
6
120
88
78
175
1,546
1,083
754
29
211
66
21
57
159
10
94
55
84
127
221
16
20
24
59
6
16
34
46
176
9
15
11
42
4
9
24
62
230
8
20
8
83
2
19
27
63
213
11
20
14
71
4
20
24
49
189
8
21
21
47
6
17
28
41
165
9
12
14
39
4
12
27
48
220
6
25
16
68
3
16
23
63
303
6
44
24
72
8
24
46
79
335
27
30
34
85
16
22
39
82
498
28
47
32
154
24
26
64
123
329
14
30
36
87
9
26
48
79
348
123
24
149
52
257
77
31
84
65
275
87
39
103
46
356
133
43
124
56
442
191
48
118
85
382
153
26
113
90
483
203
29
109
142
450
161
39
141
109
499
146
66
171
116
567
160
77
192
138
463
156
66
127
114
786
421
373
10
77
13
5
14
43
0
29
14
143
68
660
363
326
4
62
4
9
8
30
0
26
4
138
71
681
396
352
5
81
6
4
11
38
0
29
9
136
71
884
451
407
19
76
10
13
12
36
4
23
9
172
69
1,210
496
433
20
111
7
6
10
34
2
26
6
157
88
928
447
423
31
94
10
7
7
43
0
37
6
144
87
1,179
548
490
21
107
15
3
7
32
0
18
14
234
71
1,152
555
490
22
138
14
12
16
46
2
32
12
144
98
1,161
571
488
24
136
18
13
13
55
1
44
10
148
81
1,528
774
658
31
162
21
16
21
76
2
59
15
186
145
1,185
621
532
27
140
20
15
21
63
1
49
13
143
103
48
1
4
2
12
2
2
13
12
37
2
3
1
10
0
1
5
15
44
3
3
2
14
2
3
4
13
44
2
9
1
9
2
2
4
15
63
3
11
7
9
9
5
4
15
24
0
1
1
4
1
2
3
12
58
2
12
4
18
2
3
2
15
65
0
15
3
11
7
2
2
25
83
4
12
11
11
5
12
7
21
116
3
10
13
24
10
8
6
42
89
4
9
2
24
5
6
9
30
365
201
297
124
285
123
433
246
714
406
481
254
631
352
597
267
590
256
754
327
564
266
TABLE 4. Doctorates awarded, by sex, citizenship status, and major field of study of recipients: 1998–2008
Characteristic and field
Health
Humanities
Professional/other/unknown
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
33
102
29
33
95
45
49
84
29
40
96
51
86
138
84
55
108
64
60
129
90
64
167
99
83
159
92
99
194
134
80
137
81
NOTES: Persons whose sex is unknown are included in totals but are not shown separately. Categories are grouped according to National Science Foundation taxonomy, which is
different from the classification listed in questionnaire and summary reports. That is, the following categories are included in social sciences and not in humanities: American/U.S.
studies; history, science and technology, and society; and archaeology. In addition, public administration is included in social sciences and not in professional fields, agricultural
economics is included in social sciences and not in biological sciences, and agricultural business and management is included in business management/administration and not in
agricultural sciences.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates.