TABLE 3. Doctorates awarded to women, by field of study: 1998–2008
Percent
Field
1998
All fields
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
17,848 17,488 18,130 17,886 18,136 18,503 19,152 19,580 20,554 21,884 22,496
Science and engineering
Science
Agricultural sciences
Agronomy and crop science
Animal breeding, animal nutrition, poultry science
Animal science, other
Dairy sciencea
Environmental science
Fishing and fisheries sciences/management
Food science, food technology-other
Forest biology, wood science, forestry sciences-other
Forest engineeringa
Forest/resources management
Horticulture science
Natural resources/conservation
Plant breeding, plant sciences-other
Plant pathology/phytopathology
Soil chemistry, soil sciences-other
Wildlife/range management
Agriculture-general, agricultural sciences-other
Biological sciences
Anatomy, developmental biology
Bacteriology, parasitology
Biochemistry
Bioinformaticsb
Biomedical sciences
Biometrics and biostatistics
Biophysics
Botany, plant pathology, plant physiology
Cancer biologyb
Cell/cellular biology and histology
Ecology
Endocrinology, human/animal pathology
Entomology
b
Evolutionary biology
Genetics-human/animal, plant genetics
Immunology
Microbiology
Molecular biology
Neurosciences
Nutrition sciences
Pharmacology, human and animal
Physiology, human and animal
Toxicology
Zoology
Biotechnology, biology/biomedical sciences-other
Biology/biomedical sciences, general
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Atmospheric sciences
Atmospheric physics, meteorology
Atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric sciencesgeneral, atmospheric sciences-other
Earth and ocean sciences
Geochemistry, mineralogy
1998 2008
41.9
46.1
9,348
8,575
328
18
22
16
2
30
8
69
26
0
9
13
11
28
24
28
15
9
9,084
8,295
311
16
21
23
5
31
7
69
26
0
3
16
9
25
27
19
8
6
9,394
8,556
317
14
15
26
0
43
11
68
26
0
2
16
5
33
12
23
11
12
9,298
8,369
340
21
15
19
0
47
9
73
27
0
4
13
18
20
16
30
15
13
9,174
8,280
319
19
24
22
2
41
13
60
25
0
2
13
12
23
22
24
9
8
9,521
8,610
374
14
22
33
8
56
12
85
23
0
6
18
14
23
18
23
12
7
9,855 10,540 11,474 12,260 12,959
8,834 9,358 10,022 10,658 11,271
399
376
412
454
460
12
14
17
21
16
22
23
23
35
23
26
30
25
29
35
na
na
na
na
na
63
52
60
65
97
12
9
13
15
14
84
67
81
84
73
25
20
22
28
18
na
na
na
na
na
7
9
16
14
19
12
17
22
20
19
26
25
26
31
38
28
23
28
34
29
25
33
34
29
29
27
29
27
28
28
15
13
13
13
15
15
12
5
8
7
34.3
40.2
29.6
18.6
29.7
26.7
20.0
41.7
26.7
41.6
22.8
0.0
33.3
21.7
44.0
26.4
36.4
27.7
26.8
20.9
39.5
45.1
42.2
23.5
37.1
45.5
na
53.0
26.9
53.3
35.3
na
43.2
38.0
48.7
43.3
49.2
30.4
27.3
46.7
2,536
69
10
351
na
80
39
47
91
na
155
114
49
38
na
109
115
169
322
169
96
120
100
60
43
108
82
2,394
70
12
308
na
72
36
49
60
na
134
121
63
37
na
114
100
164
299
181
68
113
109
53
47
109
75
2,622
78
14
325
na
68
41
49
76
na
155
116
53
37
na
131
116
189
320
195
126
123
99
58
55
116
82
2,549
65
20
310
na
81
47
47
64
na
148
128
63
31
na
121
122
180
323
201
99
115
90
62
40
106
86
2,547
42
13
294
na
110
47
34
73
na
160
134
69
33
na
137
146
177
272
203
107
113
84
65
47
91
96
2,605
82
8
320
na
88
49
53
62
na
146
142
59
31
na
141
121
159
289
203
102
126
87
63
56
134
84
2,758
75
15
296
na
96
50
47
87
na
127
161
57
31
na
140
167
198
362
260
102
147
86
47
35
87
85
3,106
94
17
276
na
138
63
59
74
na
152
193
61
40
na
164
170
225
361
322
126
173
99
54
50
100
95
3,270
85
22
348
na
145
57
62
84
na
171
183
52
33
na
183
212
256
397
347
120
167
103
50
35
73
85
3,499
97
17
373
20
147
75
54
77
55
191
208
69
30
19
237
204
274
362
324
127
158
118
63
30
58
112
3,929
110
25
420
36
129
79
61
80
165
181
223
70
49
80
212
220
306
444
419
142
139
118
68
34
57
62
43.4
42.6
35.7
50.4
52.4
55.6
43.9
na
44.0
52.0
28.3
47.4
46.9
24.3
48.3
65.3
36.7
50.0
na
51.7
38.9
40.8
56.7
47.9
50.8
55.1
27.5
na
46.0
41.2
44.9
46.1
46.7
44.1
43.8
40.9
69.1
47.1
38.8
38.7
38.7
45.0
51.8
56.9
56.6
47.6
81.1
49.6
48.6
49.6
54.8
49.6
37.8
41.3
198
30
13
185
22
6
196
33
9
198
28
6
212
31
5
213
39
10
238
46
21
244
52
13
266
46
12
336
63
18
314
52
18
25.8
24.0
26.5
36.4
28.0
22.0
17
16
24
22
26
29
25
39
34
45
34
22.4
32.7
168
27
163
24
163
14
170
15
181
26
174
21
192
22
192
24
220
32
273
35
262
40
26.2
37.5
38.8
42.6
TABLE 3. Doctorates awarded to women, by field of study: 1998–2008
Percent
Field
Geology
Geophysics and seismology
Marine sciences
Ocean/marine sciences, aggregated
Oceanography, chemical and physical
Paleontology, stratigraphy
Geomorphology, geological sciences-general,
geological sciences-other
Mathematics/computer sciences
Computer sciences
Computer science
Information science and systems
Computer and information science, otherc
Mathematics
Algebra
Applied mathematics, computing theory
Analysis and functional analysis
Geometry/geometric analysis
Logic, topology/foundations
Number theory
Statistics
Operations research, mathematics/statisticsgeneral, mathematics/statistics-other
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Astronomy
Astrophysics
Chemistry
Analytical chemistry
Inorganic chemistry
Medicinal/pharmaceutical chemistryd
Nuclear chemistrya
Organic chemistry
Physical chemistry
Polymer chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
Chemistry, general
Chemistry, other
Physics
Acoustics, optics/phototonics
Applied physicse
Atomic physics, polymer physics
Biophysicse
Condensed matter/low temperature physics
Fluids physicsa
Nuclear physics
Particle (elementary) physics
Plasma/fusion physics
Physics, general
Physics, other
Psychology
Clinical psychology
Cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics
Counseling
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
1998 2008
40
21
3
17
29
11
41
15
9
11
28
16
18
24
38
22
15
23
30
25
17
19
38
17
21
15
25
26
29
23
33
26
25
15
40
24
25
18
56
31
42
16
43
43
39
24
23.4
19.8
16.7
28.8
30.5
37.1
53.4
39.3
36
7
29
18
31
7
33
8
38
9
20
17
32
13
25
19
40
17
34
11
30.9
23.4
40.5
30.6
20
20
16
19
23
15
30
24
37
36
28
27.0
39.4
456
159
120
39
na
434
157
120
37
na
401
142
104
38
na
431
155
111
27
17
432
167
125
26
16
441
177
121
24
32
504
199
137
42
20
547
221
156
36
29
703
310
217
50
43
735
332
262
43
27
833
400
299
67
34
21.7
17.2
14.6
36.8
na
26.1
22.4
20.0
37.0
31.8
297
18
64
25
15
18
7
62
277
25
62
259
21
61
276
20
58
265
15
65
264
23
56
305
28
64
326
25
87
393
24
95
403
33
94
433
37
119
25.2
24.0
22.5
30.9
30.3
30.9
19
16
20
15
8
12
20
7
21
20
12
15
15
10
18
28
29
21
25
13
19
26
16
21
28
19
22
22
22
20
19.2
27.8
22.2
19.6
22.0
24.1
12
46
5
71
8
63
5
61
7
69
5
78
9
108
13
133
14
147
9
141
15.2
30.4
14.5
46.5
88
77
66
79
72
66
52
40
65
46
63
29.0
27.0
917
45
22
23
825
33
18
15
827
40
24
16
830
41
21
20
848
27
12
15
891
40
18
22
864
46
24
22
971
49
26
23
1,095
56
24
32
1,183
59
31
28
1,124
62
31
31
24.1
21.8
24.2
20.0
27.5
25.0
30.7
21.1
695
146
84
46
1
160
77
40
10
88
43
632
108
90
50
1
163
75
31
9
52
53
624
121
64
51
3
140
76
31
12
81
45
628
123
90
45
0
132
92
33
6
73
34
645
114
86
39
3
142
103
35
17
61
45
656
137
96
42
2
146
84
25
12
72
40
635
119
80
48
na
142
81
40
16
58
51
723
178
84
49
na
155
87
30
12
67
61
810
167
108
54
na
174
113
32
25
69
68
834
182
85
na
na
199
108
42
24
120
74
768
157
101
na
na
185
114
25
23
95
68
31.4
38.1
29.3
40.4
16.7
26.8
27.6
32.8
24.4
31.0
42.2
34.2
42.2
33.7
na
na
29.0
34.5
23.6
29.1
34.4
46.6
177
24
na
17
na
37
0
11
11
2
29
46
160
13
163
17
161
15
176
20
195
28
183
22
199
31
229
21
290
30
294
27
12.8
19.5
18.5
16.6
na
21
na
27
na
12
na
17
na
15
7
12
17
21
20
20
20
36
31
24
na
13.7
22.8
14.7
na
42
2
9
17
2
22
32
na
42
0
9
15
0
31
22
na
32
1
13
9
3
24
52
na
48
2
18
27
3
21
20
na
48
0
10
15
1
28
50
8
41
na
12
20
4
28
29
18
41
na
4
21
10
16
20
22
48
na
14
28
7
26
23
35
61
na
13
34
5
29
27
30
63
na
12
33
8
38
28
na
11.8
0.0
12.0
6.4
3.6
15.3
16.4
25.2
15.9
na
19.7
15.7
13.6
23.8
23.5
2,456
967
50
295
2,450
1,034
70
295
2,409
992
65
312
2,270
869
76
329
2,137
854
67
322
2,233
850
70
312
2,245
868
76
351
2,264
841
70
317
2,320
847
102
274
2,343
878
94
290
2,362
832
95
303
66.9
71.9
44.2
65.8
70.3
73.2
52.5
72.5
TABLE 3. Doctorates awarded to women, by field of study: 1998–2008
Percent
Field
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
207
39
65
28
91
110
49
5
81
117
201
151
149
44
65
38
112
99
49
2
89
115
132
157
163
63
59
29
103
113
56
5
78
135
133
103
161
31
72
22
97
106
46
2
82
107
152
118
143
38
63
35
95
85
51
2
67
105
84
126
144
42
65
42
111
88
42
4
72
130
139
122
159
54
45
19
93
84
49
na
73
109
126
139
189
57
69
13
128
113
43
na
82
115
118
109
165
39
76
16
146
105
65
na
100
115
138
132
170
46
77
32
96
121
57
na
102
126
136
118
169
56
74
29
95
136
48
na
114
138
127
146
77.8
63.9
43.6
54.9
76.5
58.2
53.3
55.6
76.4
62.9
67.0
62.9
84.9
81.2
54.0
69.0
78.5
63.8
59.3
na
86.4
67.6
62.0
65.8
1,684
312
40
272
1,696
291
39
252
1,784
293
38
255
1,751
306
46
260
1,785
281
31
250
1,853
303
41
262
1,826
314
29
285
1,850
355
37
318
1,956
346
36
310
2,108
377
61
316
2,249
413
39
374
41.5
27.0
25.6
27.2
49.0
34.4
35.1
34.3
Political science
International relations/affairs
Political science and government
Public administration
Public policy analysis
364
32
243
48
41
356
38
216
46
56
364
26
235
42
61
330
31
214
41
44
394
34
252
36
72
398
28
251
49
70
346
39
196
46
65
409
40
245
46
78
410
61
220
46
83
465
53
243
57
112
458
39
260
63
96
38.0
33.3
36.7
46.2
42.7
45.0
48.1
41.5
55.3
49.0
Sociologyf
304
325
367
330
333
352
340
335
361
360
366
55.4
60.9
Other social sciences
American/U.S. studies
Anthropology
Archaeology
Area/ethnic/cultural/gender studies
704
52
239
23
11
na
22
49
20
123
na
17
724
760
785
777
800
826
751
839
906
1,012
56
262
12
3
na
20
49
18
148
na
14
63
252
24
4
na
34
70
17
135
na
20
87
244
19
10
na
29
66
8
136
na
20
56
290
15
14
na
30
64
12
115
na
17
66
288
20
7
na
31
65
23
133
na
11
67
293
18
11
na
40
85
12
150
na
20
56
256
29
2
na
46
67
16
138
na
21
65
269
19
9
na
55
85
25
152
na
26
64
315
31
67
22
25
79
24
131
24
22
75
292
27
84
39
34
106
20
143
60
28
50.6
52.0
56.2
67.6
78.6
na
40.0
32.0
45.5
55.9
na
56.7
57.1
60.5
60.7
57.4
73.7
52.7
63.0
42.6
41.7
56.7
52.2
75.7
148
142
141
166
164
156
130
120
134
102
104
47.0
58.8
773
15
119
83
128
40
75
80
789
17
101
76
117
42
75
85
838
21
131
78
157
35
73
89
929
27
156
82
159
45
99
86
894
24
150
97
143
68
78
88
911
27
141
87
147
55
99
78
1,021
24
150
86
194
43
85
84
1,182
29
183
118
205
41
112
114
1,452
25
216
117
250
67
152
144
1,602
31
195
164
304
76
165
131
1,688
27
231
144
318
80
152
152
13.1
6.2
17.8
14.1
9.5
17.5
15.6
8.5
21.5
10.2
26.5
20.2
16.9
28.5
23.9
14.1
233
51
22
17
9
15
9
110
276
63
32
13
8
16
7
137
254
71
31
10
9
11
6
116
275
69
33
29
6
17
8
113
246
69
16
25
13
13
9
101
277
78
27
39
12
21
8
92
355
111
30
48
11
11
11
133
380
111
41
58
8
20
9
133
481
179
61
59
11
17
15
139
536
226
58
66
9
18
15
144
584
285
68
56
18
21
16
120
16.3
24.5
10.5
27.0
9.6
24.2
13.2
15.1
27.4
37.5
17.6
36.6
18.4
25.6
19.0
21.2
8,500
4,131
8,404
4,198
8,736
4,177
8,588
4,097
8,962
4,294
8,982
4,390
9,297
4,369
9,040
4,150
9,080
3,983
9,624
4,340
9,537
4,414
55.3
62.9
59.7
67.1
Developmental and child psychology
Educational psychology
Experimental psychology
Family psychology
Human development and family studies
Industrial and organizational
Physiological/psychobiology psychology
Psychometricsa
School psychology
Social psychology
Psychology, general
Psychology, aggregated
Social sciences
Economics
Agricultural economics
Econometrics, economics
Criminal justice and correctionsb
Criminology
Geography
History, science and technology, and society
Linguistics
Urban/city, community, and regional planningb
Social sciences, general
Demography, statistics, urban affairs, social
sciences-other
Engineeringg
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Bioengineering and biomedical engineering
Computer engineering
Environmental health engineering
Nuclear engineering
Operations research
Systems engineering
Other engineering, aggregated
Non-science and engineering
Education
1998 2008
TABLE 3. Doctorates awarded to women, by field of study: 1998–2008
Percent
Field
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
1998 2008
Health
1,005
900 1,066
Humanities
2,469 2,419 2,593
Professional/other/unknown
895
887
900
na = not applicable; subfield was not identified separately in questionnaire for that year.
989
2,587
915
1,126
2,529
1,013
1,090
2,518
984
1,178
2,596
1,154
1,217
2,485
1,188
1,287
2,561
1,249
1,443
2,399
1,442
1,426
2,343
1,354
67.0
48.3
41.1
a
This subfield was dropped in 2004.
This subfield was introduced in 2007.
c
This subfield was introduced in 2001.
d
This field was removed from the SED taxonomy in 2007. Graduates who indicated this field in 2007 are represented in the counts for "chemistry, other."
e
This subfield was introduced in 2004.
f
In previous editions of this report, sociology and demography/population studies were reported as constituent fields within the "sociology" group. Beginning in 2007 sociology is
reported separately and demography/population studies is reported in "other social sciences."
b
g
Before 2007, seven major engineering fields and their constituent fine fields were reported in addition to "other engineering." In 2007 each major field was replaced by its largest
constituent field; remaining constituent fine fields are reported in "other engineering."
NOTES: Categories are grouped according to National Science Foundation taxonomy, which is different from the classification listed in questionnaire and
summary reports. That is, the following categories are included in social sciences and not in humanities: American/U.S. studies; history, science and
technology, and society; and archaeology. In addition, public administration is included in social sciences and not in professional fields, agricultural economics
is included in social sciences and not in biological sciences, and agricultural business and management is included in business management/administration and
not in agricultural sciences. For disclosure protection purposes, some fields of degree reported in this table differ from those reported in Table 1. Fields
awarding relatively few doctorates are combined with related fields, and the total counts of the "aggregated fields" are reported in this table. See appendix A for
a discussion of this disclosure protection approach.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
68.1
52.0
48.4