TABLE 2. Doctorates awarded to men, by field of study: 1998–2008
Percent
Field
1998
All fields
Science and engineering
Science
Agricultural sciences
Agronomy and crop science
Animal breeding, animal nutrition, poultry science
Animal science, other
Dairy sciencea
Environmental science
Fishing and fisheries sciences/management
Food science, food technology-other
Forest biology, wood science, forestry sciencesother
Forest engineeringa
Forest/resources management
Horticulture science
Natural resources/conservation
Plant breeding, plant sciences-other
Plant pathology/phytopathology
Soil chemistry, soil sciences-other
Wildlife/range management
Agriculture-general, agricultural sciences-other
Biological sciences
Anatomy, developmental biology
Bacteriology, parasitology
Biochemistry
Bioinformaticsb
Biomedical sciences
Biometrics and biostatistics
Biophysics
Botany, plant pathology, plant physiology
Cancer biologyb
Cell/cellular biology and histology
Ecology
Endocrinology, human/animal pathology
Entomology
Evolutionary biologyb
Genetics-human/animal, plant genetics
Immunology
Microbiology
Molecular biology
Neurosciences
Nutrition sciences
Pharmacology, human and animal
Physiology, human and animal
Toxicology
Zoology
Biology/biomedical sciences, general
Biotechnology, biology/biomedical sciences-other
Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences
Atmospheric sciences
Atmospheric physics, meteorology
Atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric sciencesgeneral, atmospheric sciences-other
Earth and ocean sciences
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
1998 2008
24,630 23,437 23,163 22,777 21,808 22,255 22,964 23,735 25,019 26,176 26,271
57.8
53.8
17,810 16,735 16,518 16,188 15,389 15,761 16,418 17,405 18,370 19,508 19,845
12,699 12,230 12,059 11,617 11,214 11,391 11,662 12,178 12,642 13,377 13,681
780
749
718
630
684
686
646
659
621
677
630
78
90
55
54
55
41
51
65
39
51
52
52
53
61
57
49
58
59
56
50
56
39
44
47
47
51
48
55
49
41
47
34
42
8
7
9
2
5
10
na
na
na
na
na
42
67
50
72
70
79
67
76
72
94
86
22
31
32
34
40
35
26
25
39
27
38
97
75
84
71
75
83
84
73
61
69
64
65.3
59.5
70.3
80.4
70.3
73.3
80.0
58.3
73.3
58.4
60.5
54.8
57.8
76.5
62.9
54.5
na
47.0
73.1
46.7
88
58
61
67
80
59
64
48
50
70
33
77.2
64.7
2
18
47
14
78
42
73
41
34
1
14
50
16
57
39
76
36
32
3
11
39
14
64
51
67
45
25
0
9
24
14
42
35
49
26
23
3
12
33
15
63
31
58
28
19
3
12
36
34
56
30
51
34
10
na
19
34
19
42
31
46
27
28
na
31
32
39
43
37
47
31
15
na
21
32
34
56
29
41
38
12
na
34
29
41
49
39
52
27
5
na
25
31
40
38
30
64
40
8
100.0
66.7
78.3
56.0
73.6
63.6
72.3
73.2
79.1
na
56.8
62.0
51.3
56.7
50.8
69.6
72.7
53.3
3,295
93
18
448
na
100
35
119
101
na
145
178
71
100
na
128
131
213
411
244
43
133
158
95
68
133
130
3,170
71
14
449
na
100
39
124
97
na
146
151
75
77
na
133
123
218
416
249
34
141
134
61
79
104
135
3,225
73
20
450
na
85
51
115
80
na
181
181
73
100
na
131
123
193
386
300
24
143
142
65
78
117
114
3,136
70
19
416
na
73
43
115
87
na
167
211
72
59
na
109
143
213
388
284
36
142
125
71
63
107
123
3,146
71
16
487
na
109
34
117
78
na
142
177
60
80
na
146
131
205
351
288
35
155
124
57
76
88
119
3,091
77
13
452
na
93
35
108
77
na
155
205
63
80
na
123
140
204
326
271
25
149
128
59
71
110
127
3,184
79
20
407
na
87
50
83
97
na
165
205
63
77
na
173
180
195
363
324
29
141
122
58
59
103
104
3,252
91
17
417
na
110
66
85
82
na
163
218
61
63
na
170
172
206
361
368
37
142
108
48
53
94
120
3,375
85
15
435
na
132
49
121
74
na
166
208
46
84
na
165
178
237
383
394
28
160
118
51
66
101
79
3,675
96
22
490
59
146
45
123
87
36
179
253
59
63
20
185
191
249
338
438
36
129
120
52
50
133
76
3,854
100
20
473
112
138
41
105
80
126
197
216
57
70
98
248
205
232
336
461
33
140
125
68
28
88
57
56.4
57.4
64.3
49.5
47.6
44.4
56.0
na
54.9
46.7
71.7
52.6
52.8
75.7
51.7
33.9
63.3
50.0
na
48.3
60.8
59.2
43.3
52.1
49.2
44.9
72.5
na
54.0
58.8
55.1
53.9
53.3
55.6
55.8
59.1
30.9
52.2
61.2
61.3
61.3
61.3
54.2
48.2
43.1
42.9
52.4
18.9
50.0
51.4
49.6
45.2
58.7
49.6
564
93
35
535
101
33
495
108
41
461
87
31
477
86
23
470
100
36
448
80
34
470
93
35
490
99
36
541
104
38
547
134
64
73.6
74.4
71.4
63.5
72.0
78.0
58
68
67
56
63
64
46
58
63
66
70
76.3
67.3
471
434
387
374
391
370
368
377
391
437
413
73.5
61.1
TABLE 2. Doctorates awarded to men, by field of study: 1998–2008
Percent
Field
1998
Geochemistry, mineralogy
Geology
Geophysics and seismology
Marine sciences
Ocean/marine sciences, aggregated
Oceanography, chemical and physical
Paleontology, stratigraphy
Geomorphology, geological sciences-general,
geological sciences-other
Mathematics/computer sciences
Computer sciences
Computer science
Information science and systems
Computer and information science, otherc
Mathematics
Algebra
Analysis and functional analysis
Applied mathematics, computing theory
Geometry/geometric analysis
Logic, topology/foundations
Number theory
Statistics
Operations research, mathematics/statisticsgeneral, mathematics/statistics-other
Physical sciences
Astronomy
Astronomy
Astrophysics
Chemistry
Analytical chemistry
Inorganic chemistry
Medicinal/pharmaceutical chemistryd
Nuclear chemistrya
Organic chemistry
Physical chemistry
Polymer chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
Chemistry, general
Chemistry, other
Physics
Acoustics, optics/phototonics
Applied physicse
Atomic physics, polymer physics
Biophysicse
Condensed matter/low temperature physics
Fluids physicsa
Nuclear physics
Particle (elementary) physics
Plasma/fusion physics
Physics, general
Physics, other
Psychology
Clinical psychology
Cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
1998 2008
45
41
41
56
40
33
39
39
42
54
116
84
21
38
94
54
18
48
77
66
21
52
102
67
25
34
81
58
15
47
73
61
30
41
74
66
36
40
86
57
36
40
86
80
30
34
98
73
33
37
61.1
76.6
80.2
83.3
69.5
57.4
69.5
62.9
45.2
60.7
64
25
70
26
54
22
53
20
60
25
46
27
42
31
35
30
69
35
50
25
69.1
76.6
59.5
69.4
54
41
36
41
34
44
57
49
68
61
43
73.0
60.6
1,638
765
698
67
na
1,495
692
614
78
na
1,507
717
620
97
na
1,407
673
579
54
40
1,291
639
546
54
39
1,419
690
579
41
70
1,520
749
630
64
55
1,782
905
793
48
64
2,075
1,143
999
85
59
2,309
1,322
1,168
88
66
2,352
1,386
1,199
114
73
77.9
82.5
85.0
63.2
na
73.8
77.6
80.0
63.0
68.2
873
57
105
219
39
63
39
141
803
58
67
204
790
61
66
194
734
48
71
167
652
50
54
172
729
46
70
175
771
69
71
210
877
72
86
220
932
100
72
266
987
82
91
272
966
85
90
266
74.2
76.0
80.8
77.1
69.0
69.7
80.4
69.1
49
68
51
57
34
57
40
39
38
48
66
46
83
58
73
71
72
66
78
63
72.2
77.8
78.0
75.9
38
128
35
124
27
137
21
105
39
122
34
148
53
158
47
168
52
210
53
161
84.8
69.1
85.5
53.1
210
191
202
193
171
191
127
147
135
142
170
69.3
73.0
2,865
161
69
92
2,722
126
41
85
2,546
145
54
91
2,531
145
68
77
2,335
114
40
74
2,396
127
51
76
2,470
119
44
75
2,670
137
46
91
2,828
141
40
101
2,916
163
55
108
2,957
186
70
116
75.4
78.2
75.8
80.0
72.5
75.0
69.3
78.9
1,509
237
203
67
5
438
202
82
31
185
59
1,493
225
189
81
9
398
235
64
47
139
106
1,361
205
157
55
6
385
195
76
40
178
64
1,350
211
188
69
4
390
193
74
34
129
58
1,277
188
164
60
6
381
200
67
31
140
40
1,384
202
168
68
2
411
237
84
37
112
63
1,350
204
160
65
na
399
183
76
38
139
86
1,403
185
172
61
na
448
211
89
45
124
68
1,549
199
159
96
na
450
262
102
61
141
79
1,490
215
187
na
na
453
219
80
62
190
84
1,479
215
199
na
na
453
216
81
56
181
78
68.1
61.9
70.7
58.8
83.3
73.2
72.4
67.2
75.6
65.1
57.8
65.8
57.8
66.3
na
na
71.0
65.5
76.4
70.9
65.6
53.4
1,195
99
na
107
na
277
26
81
162
53
158
232
1,103
100
1,040
109
1,036
102
944
105
885
91
1,001
115
1,130
138
1,138
138
1,263
141
1,292
136
86.7
80.5
81.5
83.4
na
107
na
104
na
87
na
87
na
72
64
88
84
95
79
93
104
104
105
139
na
86.3
77.2
85.3
na
265
19
68
152
47
175
170
na
237
10
65
132
38
193
152
na
263
7
67
112
36
182
180
na
250
13
58
126
26
150
129
na
225
9
57
119
30
142
140
46
236
na
62
143
32
113
102
54
273
na
65
167
43
111
100
74
287
na
72
172
37
118
68
89
299
na
61
169
43
157
96
89
333
na
49
177
51
122
91
na
88.2
100.0
88.0
93.6
96.4
83.2
82.6
74.8
84.1
na
80.3
84.3
86.4
76.3
76.5
1,205
372
62
1,209
407
73
1,203
359
75
1,128
365
65
1,064
365
54
1,043
342
62
1,081
350
69
1,058
315
77
936
271
79
949
282
81
998
305
86
32.8
27.7
54.9
29.7
26.8
47.5
44
131
85
15
41
65
36
TABLE 2. Doctorates awarded to men, by field of study: 1998–2008
Percent
Field
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
153
58
22
84
22
28
78
43
4
25
69
99
86
165
44
19
74
18
23
59
38
13
32
60
96
88
163
40
34
74
25
44
75
33
8
21
72
103
77
147
34
17
62
23
40
67
46
0
19
91
71
81
150
30
16
49
32
44
69
37
7
21
74
58
58
123
34
10
54
21
38
73
44
3
30
73
79
57
161
27
21
43
13
51
73
35
na
14
54
92
78
149
35
24
52
12
44
73
42
na
27
68
65
75
135
38
20
50
5
35
69
29
na
23
57
69
56
125
28
25
49
13
30
66
38
na
21
73
57
61
114
30
13
63
13
26
77
33
na
18
66
78
76
34.2
21.8
36.1
56.4
43.1
23.5
41.3
46.7
44.4
23.6
37.1
33.0
35.8
27.3
15.1
18.8
46.0
31.0
21.5
36.2
40.7
na
13.6
32.4
38.0
34.2
2,352
841
116
725
2,350
781
110
671
2,365
790
100
690
2,324
773
108
665
2,217
739
86
653
2,286
747
77
670
2,313
755
81
674
2,287
826
85
741
2,317
795
77
718
2,310
801
125
676
2,343
789
72
717
58.0
72.7
74.4
72.4
51.0
65.6
64.9
65.7
Political science
International relations/affairs
Political science and government
Public administration
Public policy analysis
593
64
418
56
55
655
80
436
71
68
620
50
433
61
76
651
60
444
55
92
541
49
353
66
73
627
70
410
72
75
601
60
391
70
80
581
66
374
58
83
590
54
395
52
89
572
74
344
55
99
559
42
366
51
100
61.9
66.7
63.1
53.8
57.3
55.0
51.9
58.5
44.7
51.0
Sociologyf
243
218
249
236
214
245
240
201
217
216
235
44.3
39.1
Other social sciences
American/U.S. studies
Anthropology
Archaeology
Area/ethnic/cultural/gender studies
675
48
183
11
3
na
33
104
24
96
na
12
696
706
664
723
667
717
679
715
721
760
40
200
14
8
na
31
95
32
99
na
11
50
194
12
10
na
32
127
25
95
na
17
40
166
21
9
na
33
120
32
94
na
6
41
206
11
11
na
26
132
36
78
na
16
28
184
13
5
na
46
102
23
91
na
17
48
238
16
7
na
29
105
36
104
na
12
48
199
15
4
na
51
128
27
73
na
12
42
203
20
14
na
45
120
31
99
na
19
46
196
27
30
19
24
121
27
89
45
17
49
189
20
30
35
20
143
28
109
55
9
48.6
48.0
43.1
32.4
21.4
na
60.0
68.0
54.5
43.6
na
40.0
42.9
39.5
39.3
42.6
26.3
47.3
37.0
57.4
58.3
43.3
47.8
24.3
161
166
144
143
166
158
122
122
122
80
73
51.1
41.2
5,111
225
545
498
1,207
188
404
850
4,505
188
474
430
1,108
169
315
695
4,459
191
486
402
1,163
140
330
717
4,571
174
478
418
1,186
160
349
790
4,175
185
457
442
1,062
162
286
681
4,370
173
427
465
1,091
159
339
674
4,756
177
488
461
1,195
174
389
670
5,227
190
590
503
1,338
177
380
778
5,728
212
583
538
1,535
167
430
900
6,131
235
610
537
1,661
203
482
941
6,164
238
641
568
1,568
200
483
923
86.3
93.4
81.3
84.8
89.7
82.1
83.8
90.8
78.4
89.8
73.5
79.8
83.1
71.2
75.9
85.5
1,194
157
187
46
84
47
59
614
1,126
181
169
65
68
51
35
557
1,030
178
141
64
89
40
28
490
1,016
164
153
65
69
38
38
489
900
177
144
65
51
53
36
374
1,042
203
165
83
63
60
36
432
1,202
258
198
78
48
61
47
512
1,271
306
235
78
63
67
49
473
1,363
345
260
90
56
72
64
476
1,462
412
346
97
68
78
58
403
1,543
476
318
97
80
61
68
443
83.4
75.5
89.0
73.0
89.4
75.8
86.8
84.5
72.4
62.5
82.4
63.4
81.6
74.4
81.0
78.3
6,820
6,702
6,645
6,589
6,419
6,494
6,546
6,330
6,649
6,668
6,426
44.4
40.2
Counseling
Developmental and child psychology
Educational psychology
Experimental psychology
Family psychology
Human development and family studies
Industrial and organizational
Physiological/psychobiology psychology
Psychometricsa
School psychology
Social psychology
Psychology, general
Psychology, aggregated
Social sciences
Economics
Agricultural economics
Econometrics, economics
Criminal justice and correctionsb
Criminology
Geography
History, science and technology, and society
Linguistics
Urban/city, community, and regional planningb
Social sciences, general
Demography, statistics, urban affairs, social
sciences-other
Engineeringg
Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering
Industrial and manufacturing engineering
Materials science engineering
Mechanical engineering
Other engineering
Bioengineering and biomedical engineering
Computer engineering
Environmental health engineering
Nuclear engineering
Operations research
Systems engineering
Other engineering, aggregated
Non-science and engineering
1998 2008
TABLE 2. Doctorates awarded to men, by field of study: 1998–2008
Percent
Field
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
1998 2008
Education
2,421 2,337
Health
490
499
Humanities
2,639 2,591
Professional/other/unknown
1,270 1,275
na = not applicable; subfield was not identified separately in questionnaire for that year.
2,257
522
2,616
1,250
2,247
542
2,583
1,217
2,196
527
2,511
1,185
2,253
543
2,502
1,196
2,263
541
2,416
1,326
2,065
564
2,459
1,242
2,130
615
2,559
1,345
2,103
681
2,488
1,396
2,163
664
2,159
1,440
36.9
32.7
51.6
58.3
a
This subfield was dropped in 2004.
This subfield was introduced in 2007.
c
This subfield was introduced in 2001.
d
This field was removed from the SED taxonomy in 2007. Graduates who indicated this field in 2007 are represented in the counts for "chemistry, other."
e
This subfield was introduced in 2004.
f
In previous editions of this report, sociology and demography/population studies were reported as constituent fields within the "sociology" group. Beginning in 2007 sociology is
reported separately and demography/population studies is reported in "other social sciences."
b
g
Before 2007, seven major engineering fields and their constituent fine fields were reported in addition to "other engineering." In 2007 each major field was replaced by its largest
constituent field; remaining constituent fine fields are reported in "other engineering."
NOTES: Categories are grouped according to National Science Foundation taxonomy, which is different from the classification listed in questionnaire and
summary reports. That is, the following categories are included in social sciences and not in humanities: American/U.S. studies; history, science and technology,
and society; and archaeology. In addition, public administration is included in social sciences and not in professional fields, agricultural economics is included in
social sciences and not in biological sciences, and agricultural business and management is included in business management/administration and not in
agricultural sciences. For disclosure protection purposes, some fields of degree reported in this table differ from those reported in table 1. Fields awarding
relatively few doctorates are combined with related fields, and the total counts of the "aggregated fields" are reported in this table. See appendix A for a
discussion of this disclosure protection approach.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Survey of Earned Doctorates.
32.9
31.7
47.9
51.4