TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
83,000
82,000
78,000
24,000
18,000
16,000
8,000
70,000
69,000
65,000
22,000
16,000
14,000
7,000
25,000
23,000
22,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
31,000
31,000
30,000
8,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
32,000
31,000
31,000
8,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
43,000
42,000
38,000
11,000
9,000
8,000
5,000
36,000
35,000
32,000
11,000
8,000
8,000
5,000
12,000
11,000
10,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
8,000
8,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
16,000
15,000
14,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
35,000
33,000
31,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
5,000
29,000
28,000
26,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
11,000
10,000
10,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
8,000
8,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
13,000
13,000
12,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
12,000
12,000
11,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
8,000
8,000
8,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
6,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
*
*
S
6,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
500
500
*
2,000
2,000
2,000
*
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
*
S
S
S
Biological/medical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
10,000
9,000
9,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
Environmental life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
4,000
4,000
S
1,000
1,000
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
3,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
a
All degree levels and occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Agricultural/food scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
500
2,000
2,000
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Computer/mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
27,000
26,000
24,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
25,000
24,000
22,000
7,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
7,000
7,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
500
500
*
8,000
8,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
Computer/information scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
27,000
25,000
24,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
25,000
24,000
22,000
7,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
6,000
6,000
5,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
S
S
S
8,000
8,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
Mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
6,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
500
500
500
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
500
500
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-computer/mathematical sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
500
500
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
9,000
8,000
8,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
7,000
7,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
500
500
*
Chemists, except biochemists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
5,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
*
*
S
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
U.S. citizen
4,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
2,000
2,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
3,000
500
500
500
500
1,000
500
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
500
*
*
S
Physicists/astronomers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
500
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
500
*
S
*
Postsecondary teachers-physical/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
2,000
2,000
500
1,000
500
500
*
*
*
S
S
S
S
3,000
2,000
2,000
500
1,000
500
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
500
500
500
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
500
*
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
12,000
12,000
11,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
8,000
8,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
500
*
S
6,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
500
*
*
Economists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
500
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
*
*
*
S
Political/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
500
*
*
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-social/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
5,000
4,000
4,000
S
S
S
4,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
Psychologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
6,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
500
*
500
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
500
S
S
S
Sociologists/anthropologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
500
500
*
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
*
500
500
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
S
S
S
Other social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
7,000
7,000
6,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
S
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
4,000
4,000
4,000
500
S
S
S
21,000
21,000
19,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
19,000
18,000
17,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
7,000
7,000
7,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
5,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
500
500
500
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
500
S
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
S
S
S
Chemical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
4,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
500
S
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
8,000
7,000
7,000
3,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
2,000
500
500
500
*
S
S
S
S
5,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
*
500
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
S
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
9,000
9,000
8,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
8,000
8,000
7,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
Industrial engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
6,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
6,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
S
500
S
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
Mechanical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
8,000
7,000
7,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
11,000
11,000
10,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
10,000
10,000
9,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
1,000
500
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
500
500
S
45,000
44,000
40,000
14,000
9,000
8,000
4,000
37,000
36,000
34,000
13,000
8,000
7,000
3,000
16,000
15,000
14,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
21,000
21,000
20,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
16,000
16,000
15,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
35,000
34,000
32,000
11,000
8,000
32,000
32,000
31,000
11,000
7,000
15,000
15,000
13,000
5,000
3,000
9,000
9,000
8,000
2,000
S
14,000
13,000
13,000
4,000
2,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Health-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
7,000
3,000
6,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
2,000
500
S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
13,000
13,000
12,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
12,000
11,000
11,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
6,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
S
S
S
S&E precollege teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
19,000
19,000
19,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
19,000
19,000
19,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S&E technicians/technologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
13,000
12,000
12,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
6,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
Other S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
9,000
9,000
9,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
9,000
9,000
8,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
73,000
70,000
68,000
17,000
12,000
11,000
5,000
58,000
56,000
55,000
15,000
11,000
10,000
4,000
16,000
15,000
15,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
27,000
27,000
26,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
23,000
23,000
23,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
S
Art/humanities/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
15,000
15,000
14,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
14,000
14,000
14,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
500
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
500
S
S
S
Management-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
31,000
31,000
29,000
8,000
5,000
4,000
27,000
27,000
25,000
7,000
5,000
4,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
S
S
10,000
10,000
10,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
Non-S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
26,000
26,000
25,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
23,000
22,000
22,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
500
500
S
8,000
8,000
8,000
1,000
S
S
S
9,000
9,000
9,000
1,000
S
S
S
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
7,000
7,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
6,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
S
S
S
500
*
*
S
S
S
S
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
23,000
23,000
22,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
22,000
22,000
22,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
Sales/marketing occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
32,000
31,000
30,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
31,000
30,000
29,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
Social services/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
18,000
18,000
17,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
500
15,000
15,000
14,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
S
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
500
S
S
7,000
7,000
7,000
2,000
S
S
S
10,000
10,000
10,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
Other non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
45,000
43,000
41,000
11,000
8,000
7,000
3,000
37,000
35,000
34,000
10,000
7,000
7,000
3,000
8,000
8,000
7,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
9,000
9,000
9,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
20,000
20,000
20,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
S
70,000
69,000
66,000
20,000
14,000
13,000
6,000
62,000
61,000
58,000
17,000
13,000
12,000
5,000
18,000
17,000
16,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
24,000
23,000
23,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
28,000
27,000
26,000
7,000
3,000
3,000
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Bachelor's degrees, all occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
32,000
31,000
29,000
9,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
28,000
28,000
26,000
8,000
6,000
6,000
3,000
9,000
8,000
8,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
S
S
S
13,000
13,000
12,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
S
26,000
26,000
24,000
7,000
6,000
6,000
3,000
23,000
22,000
21,000
7,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
8,000
8,000
7,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
S
S
S
11,000
11,000
10,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
9,000
9,000
9,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
5,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
5,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
S
S
S
Agricultural/food scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
4,000
4,000
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
Biological/medical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
8,000
7,000
7,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
6,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
500
S
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
S
S
S
Environmental life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Computer/mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
23,000
23,000
21,000
7,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
22,000
21,000
19,000
6,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
S
S
S
7,000
7,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
Computer/information scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
23,000
22,000
21,000
7,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
21,000
21,000
19,000
6,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
4,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
7,000
7,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
Mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
4,000
4,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-computer/mathematical sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
3,000
500
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
*
*
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
7,000
7,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
6,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
S
S
S
Chemists, except biochemists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
5,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
5,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
500
500
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
2,000
500
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Physicists/astronomers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
1,000
S
1,000
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
1,000
500
500
S
1,000
S
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
*
*
*
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-physical/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
500
S
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
500
S
*
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
7,000
7,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
5,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
500
1,000
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
Economists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
Political/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-social/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Psychologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
Sociologists/anthropologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
5,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
S
S
S
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
16,000
16,000
15,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
14,000
14,000
14,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
500
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
6,000
6,000
6,000
2,000
500
500
S
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
500
500
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
500
500
S
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
S
S
S
Chemical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
6,000
6,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
4,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
500
500
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
7,000
7,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
Industrial engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
5,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
Mechanical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
6,000
6,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
6,000
6,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
9,000
9,000
9,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
8,000
8,000
8,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
35,000
34,000
31,000
11,000
7,000
7,000
3,000
30,000
29,000
28,000
11,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
12,000
12,000
11,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
S
14,000
14,000
13,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
S
14,000
14,000
13,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
S
29,000
28,000
25,000
9,000
6,000
6,000
2,000
26,000
25,000
24,000
9,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
12,000
11,000
10,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
S
6,000
6,000
6,000
2,000
S
S
S
12,000
12,000
11,000
4,000
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Health-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
10,000
10,000
10,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
S
10,000
9,000
9,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
S
S
S
S&E precollege teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
12,000
12,000
12,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
12,000
12,000
12,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S&E technicians/technologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
11,000
11,000
11,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
9,000
9,000
9,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
6,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
S
S
S
Other S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
8,000
8,000
7,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
8,000
7,000
7,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
61,000
59,000
57,000
15,000
10,000
9,000
4,000
50,000
49,000
48,000
13,000
9,000
8,000
3,000
10,000
9,000
9,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
19,000
19,000
19,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
S
Art/humanities/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
11,000
11,000
11,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
11,000
11,000
11,000
2,000
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
Management-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
25,000
25,000
23,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
23,000
22,000
21,000
6,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
8,000
8,000
7,000
2,000
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
19,000
19,000
18,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
S
18,000
17,000
17,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
6,000
6,000
6,000
S
S
S
S
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
500
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
18,000
17,000
17,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
S
3,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
18,000
17,000
17,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
Sales/marketing occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
29,000
28,000
28,000
7,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
28,000
27,000
27,000
7,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
Social services/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
12,000
12,000
12,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
S
8,000
9,000
8,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
8,000
8,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
Other non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
36,000
35,000
33,000
10,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
29,000
28,000
27,000
9,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
7,000
7,000
6,000
2,000
S
S
S
17,000
17,000
16,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
S
Master's degrees, all occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
46,000
45,000
44,000
14,000
10,000
8,000
5,000
37,000
35,000
34,000
11,000
9,000
8,000
5,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
23,000
22,000
23,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
17,000
17,000
16,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
20,000
16,000
7,000
5,000
8,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Non-S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E occupations
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
19,000
18,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
15,000
14,000
6,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
8,000
8,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
Scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
17,000
16,000
16,000
5,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
13,000
13,000
12,000
5,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
7,000
7,000
7,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
5,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
Agricultural/food scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
1,000
S
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
500
S
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
Biological/medical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
Environmental life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
13,000
12,000
12,000
11,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
4,000
4,000
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Computer/mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
11,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
10,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
500
500
S
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
Computer/information scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
13,000
12,000
11,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
11,000
11,000
10,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
4,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
Mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
500
S
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-computer/mathematical sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
4,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
500
1,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
2,000
2,000
2,000
*
1,000
500
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
*
*
S
Chemists, except biochemists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
S
500
S
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
500
*
500
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
*
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
500
S
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
Physicists/astronomers
U.S. citizen
Native born
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
S
S
S
500
500
500
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
S
500
*
500
S
S
S
S
S
500
S
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-physical/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
500
S
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
500
S
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
9,000
8,000
8,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
6,000
6,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
500
1,000
500
1,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
S
S
S
4,000
4,000
4,000
500
S
S
S
Economists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
2,000
2,000
500
500
S
500
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
500
S
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
Political/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-social/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
3,000
2,000
2,000
500
1,000
S
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Psychologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
5,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Sociologists/anthropologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
Other social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
*
S
4,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
10,000
10,000
9,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
4,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
500
500
S
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
*
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
*
S
500
500
500
S
*
S
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
Chemical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
*
500
*
*
S
500
S
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
S
500
S
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
S
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
5,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
500
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
S
500
S
S
S
S
Industrial engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
S
S
S
*
S
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
Mechanical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
S
500
S
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
S
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
500
S
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
5,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
1,000
S
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
S
S
24,000
24,000
22,000
6,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
16,000
16,000
15,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
6,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
16,000
16,000
15,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
S
7,000
7,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
Health-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
15,000
15,000
15,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
13,000
13,000
13,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
500
6,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
500
S
S
S
5,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
S
S
S
S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
8,000
8,000
7,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
7,000
6,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S&E precollege teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
14,000
14,000
14,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
14,000
14,000
14,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S&E technicians/technologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
5,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
S
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
1,000
S
S
Other S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
5,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
41,000
40,000
39,000
10,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
32,000
31,000
30,000
8,000
6,000
6,000
3,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
19,000
19,000
19,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
S
14,000
14,000
13,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
S
Art/humanities/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
8,000
7,000
7,000
1,000
2,000
500
1,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
1,000
2,000
500
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
Management-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
17,000
16,000
15,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
15,000
15,000
14,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
7,000
7,000
6,000
2,000
S
S
S
Non-S&E Managers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
18,000
18,000
17,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
14,000
14,000
13,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
500
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
7,000
7,000
7,000
S
S
S
S
6,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
5,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
15,000
15,000
15,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
15,000
15,000
15,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
Sales/marketing occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
15,000
14,000
13,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
15,000
15,000
13,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
Social services/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
13,000
13,000
13,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
S
11,000
11,000
10,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
4,000
4,000
4,000
S
S
S
S
6,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
S
S
S
6,000
6,000
6,000
2,000
S
S
S
Other non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
18,000
17,000
16,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
14,000
13,000
13,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
500
5,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
S
S
S
9,000
9,000
8,000
3,000
S
S
S
9,000
9,000
8,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
6,000
5,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
6,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
500
500
*
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
5,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
*
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Doctorate degrees, all occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
*
*
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
Agricultural/food scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
*
500
500
500
500
500
500
S
500
500
500
*
500
500
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
*
S
S
S
Biological/medical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
Environmental life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
500
*
*
S
S
S
S
*
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
500
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
*
*
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Computer/mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Computer/information scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
500
500
S
S
S
Mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
500
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
500
*
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-computer/mathematical sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
*
Chemists, except biochemists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
*
*
S
S
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
500
*
*
500
500
500
*
500
*
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
500
S
S
S
Physicists/astronomers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
*
1,000
500
500
500
1,000
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
500
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
*
*
*
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
500
500
*
*
500
500
500
*
*
S
S
500
*
*
S
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
*
*
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
S
500
500
500
500
*
*
S
Economists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
500
*
500
500
500
500
*
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
*
*
*
S
Political/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
500
500
500
*
*
S
S
*
*
*
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
*
*
*
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-social/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Psychologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
S
S
S
500
500
500
*
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Postsecondary teachers-physical/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
500
500
500
*
*
*
*
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
*
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
*
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
*
500
500
500
500
*
*
S
500
500
500
*
*
S
S
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
*
*
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
S
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
*
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
S
*
*
*
S
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
*
S
S
S
Chemical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
*
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
*
500
*
*
S
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
*
*
*
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
500
*
*
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
*
500
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
*
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Sociologists/anthropologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Other social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Industrial engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
S
S
500
500
500
*
*
S
S
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Mechanical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
S
*
500
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
*
*
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
500
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
500
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
*
*
S
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
S
S
Health-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
1,000
500
500
*
500
S
S
S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
500
500
500
*
*
S
S
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
500
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S&E technicians/technologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
500
*
*
S
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
Other S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
500
*
*
S
S
S
S
*
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
7,000
7,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
4,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
*
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
*
*
S
Art/humanities/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
S
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
S
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
Management-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
Non-S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
500
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
*
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
S&E precollege teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE A-17. Standard errors for employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment sector:
2006
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
*
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Sales/marketing occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Social services/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
*
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
S
S
S
*
*
*
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
Other non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
S
S
S
500
500
*
S
S
S
S
500
500
500
500
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
* = standard error is not calculated when estimate is less than 500; S = standard error is not calculated when estimate is suppressed for reliability or confidentiality.
S&E = science and engineering.
a
Total includes professional degrees not broken out separately.
NOTES: Scientists and engineers include any person who has ever received a bachelor's or higher degree in a science or engineering (S&E) or S&E-related field through 2005,
plus any person holding a non-S&E bachelor's or higher degree who was employed in a S&E or S&E-related occupation in 2003. See http://sestat.nsf.gov/docs/occ03maj.html for a
detailed description of the occupational classification. Business/industry includes self-employed individuals, nonprofit organizations, and other unspecified. Four-year
college/university includes medical schools and university-affiliated research institutes. Other educational institution includes 2-year colleges, precollege institutions, and other
educational institutions. Government includes federal, state, and local employers. Standard errors of less than 500 are rounded up to 500, and standard errors equal to or greater
than 500 are rounded up to the nearest thousand.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2006.