TABLE A-11. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree attained, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/ Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
91,000
66,000
59,000
7,000
5,000
5,000
24,000
18,000
17,000
21,000
13,000
17,000
21,000
15,000
13,000
82,000
60,000
55,000
13,000
9,000
9,000
73,000
58,000
43,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
18,000
14,000
12,000
15,000
10,000
12,000
16,000
12,000
10,000
65,000
52,000
39,000
10,000
7,000
7,000
68,000
50,000
43,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
15,000
10,000
12,000
15,000
10,000
12,000
15,000
10,000
10,000
62,000
45,000
40,000
9,000
6,000
7,000
30,000
21,000
20,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
8,000
5,000
6,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
7,000
4,000
5,000
27,000
20,000
19,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
14,000
10,000
8,000
1,000
S
S
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
13,000
10,000
8,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
Biological sciences
Male
Female
25,000
17,000
18,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
8,000
5,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
5,000
6,000
4,000
5,000
23,000
16,000
17,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
Environmental life sciences
Male
Female
10,000
9,000
6,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
1,000
1,000
500
10,000
8,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
500
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
25,000
18,000
18,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
9,000
7,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
24,000
19,000
15,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
18,000
14,000
11,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
8,000
7,000
5,000
6,000
3,000
4,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
18,000
16,000
9,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
18,000
13,000
12,000
500
S
S
5,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
16,000
12,000
11,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
16,000
14,000
9,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
14,000
13,000
8,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
13,000
10,000
7,000
1,000
*
1,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
12,000
9,000
6,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
Female
10,000
9,000
4,000
500
*
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
10,000
9,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
500
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
7,000
6,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
S
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
6,000
6,000
2,000
500
500
*
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
5,000
4,000
4,000
S
S
S
1,000
500
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
54,000
37,000
38,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
10,000
7,000
8,000
12,000
8,000
10,000
11,000
7,000
9,000
51,000
34,000
35,000
7,000
5,000
6,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
b
All degree levels and fields
Male
Female
S&E fields
Male
Female
Sciences
Male
Female
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree attained, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/ Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
Economics
Male
Female
21,000
18,000
12,000
*
S
S
7,000
5,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
19,000
17,000
11,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
25,000
20,000
15,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
23,000
19,000
13,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
Psychology
Male
Female
31,000
17,000
25,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
5,000
4,000
5,000
7,000
4,000
6,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
30,000
15,000
24,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
23,000
14,000
20,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
7,000
4,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
22,000
12,000
19,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
Other social sciences
Male
Female
18,000
12,000
14,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
5,000
2,000
4,000
16,000
12,000
12,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
32,000
30,000
10,000
1,000
1,000
500
10,000
9,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
28,000
26,000
8,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
6,000
6,000
2,000
500
S
S
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
6,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
8,000
7,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
S
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
7,000
7,000
3,000
1,000
500
1,000
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
11,000
11,000
4,000
500
500
S
4,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
10,000
10,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
15,000
14,000
6,000
500
500
S
7,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
13,000
12,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
9,000
8,000
4,000
S
S
S
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
9,000
8,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
14,000
14,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
S
4,000
4,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
500
2,000
2,000
1,000
14,000
13,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
500
Other engineering
Male
Female
13,000
12,000
4,000
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
11,000
11,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
500
46,000
28,000
35,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
14,000
9,000
11,000
10,000
6,000
9,000
11,000
7,000
8,000
42,000
25,000
33,000
7,000
5,000
5,000
Health
Male
Female
40,000
21,000
33,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
13,000
6,000
11,000
9,000
4,000
8,000
9,000
5,000
7,000
36,000
19,000
30,000
7,000
4,000
5,000
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
18,000
11,000
1,000
S
2,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
16,000
11,000
2,000
1,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Engineering
Male
Female
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree attained, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/ Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
13,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
12,000
1,000
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
14,000
14,000
5,000
1,000
S
S
4,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
12,000
12,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
S
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
15,000
12,000
7,000
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
14,000
12,000
7,000
1,000
1,000
S
53,000
36,000
37,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
11,000
8,000
8,000
13,000
7,000
10,000
9,000
7,000
7,000
49,000
33,000
34,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
14,000
11,000
11,000
S
S
S
4,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
14,000
10,000
10,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
Education, except science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
27,000
17,000
22,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
7,000
4,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
4,000
27,000
16,000
21,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
Management/administration
Male
Female
30,000
23,000
16,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
6,000
5,000
5,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
28,000
22,000
14,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
10,000
8,000
6,000
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
9,000
7,000
6,000
1,000
S
S
Social services/related
Male
Female
15,000
11,000
10,000
S
S
S
3,000
2,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
14,000
10,000
10,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
Other non-S&E fields
Male
Female
26,000
19,000
18,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
6,000
4,000
5,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
24,000
18,000
17,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
76,000
56,000
50,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
19,000
14,000
15,000
17,000
10,000
14,000
18,000
12,000
12,000
66,000
48,000
45,000
12,000
8,000
8,000
68,000
52,000
40,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
17,000
12,000
11,000
14,000
10,000
11,000
16,000
11,000
9,000
62,000
46,000
37,000
9,000
6,000
6,000
65,000
47,000
40,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
15,000
10,000
11,000
15,000
10,000
11,000
14,000
9,000
10,000
59,000
42,000
37,000
8,000
6,000
6,000
29,000
20,000
20,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
7,000
4,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
5,000
6,000
4,000
5,000
26,000
19,000
19,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
13,000
10,000
8,000
1,000
S
S
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
12,000
9,000
8,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
Biological sciences
Male
Female
25,000
16,000
17,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
7,000
4,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
23,000
16,000
17,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
9,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
9,000
1,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Female
Non-S&E fields
Male
Female
Bachelor's degrees
Male
Female
S&E fields
Male
Female
Sciences
Male
Female
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Environmental life sciences
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree attained, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/ Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
8,000
5,000
S
S
500
1,000
500
*
1,000
500
7,000
5,000
1,000
S
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
23,000
17,000
16,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
9,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
22,000
18,000
13,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
15,000
13,000
10,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
6,000
4,000
3,000
16,000
14,000
9,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
17,000
12,000
12,000
*
S
S
4,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
15,000
11,000
10,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
15,000
12,000
9,000
1,000
500
1,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
13,000
11,000
8,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
11,000
9,000
6,000
1,000
S
S
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
11,000
8,000
6,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
Female
8,000
7,000
4,000
*
S
S
1,000
1,000
*
500
500
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
8,000
7,000
4,000
500
500
*
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
7,000
6,000
2,000
*
S
S
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
5,000
5,000
2,000
500
500
S
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
5,000
4,000
4,000
S
S
S
1,000
S
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
50,000
34,000
34,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
10,000
7,000
8,000
12,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
6,000
8,000
46,000
31,000
32,000
7,000
4,000
5,000
Economics
Male
Female
20,000
17,000
11,000
S
S
S
7,000
4,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
18,000
16,000
9,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
23,000
18,000
14,000
1,000
S
4,000
3,000
3,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
21,000
17,000
12,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
Psychology
Male
Female
27,000
15,000
22,000
2,000
S
1,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
7,000
4,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
5,000
26,000
14,000
21,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
23,000
13,000
20,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
7,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
22,000
11,000
19,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
Other social sciences
Male
Female
16,000
11,000
13,000
2,000
1,000
S
3,000
1,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
15,000
10,000
11,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
29,000
27,000
9,000
1,000
1,000
500
9,000
8,000
3,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
25,000
24,000
8,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Male
Female
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
Engineering
Male
Female
1,000
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree attained, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/ Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
6,000
6,000
2,000
500
S
S
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
5,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
7,000
7,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
1,000
500
1,000
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
10,000
10,000
3,000
500
500
S
3,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
9,000
9,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
13,000
12,000
5,000
500
500
S
5,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
11,000
11,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
500
9,000
8,000
3,000
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
8,000
7,000
3,000
1,000
500
*
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
13,000
13,000
4,000
500
500
S
4,000
4,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
500
2,000
2,000
500
13,000
12,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
500
Other engineering
Male
Female
11,000
11,000
4,000
S
S
S
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
10,000
10,000
3,000
1,000
500
500
41,000
21,000
33,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
12,000
7,000
10,000
8,000
5,000
7,000
9,000
5,000
7,000
36,000
18,000
29,000
6,000
4,000
5,000
Health
Male
Female
35,000
12,000
31,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
10,000
4,000
9,000
7,000
3,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
6,000
30,000
11,000
26,000
6,000
4,000
5,000
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
13,000
8,000
10,000
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
13,000
8,000
10,000
500
S
S
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
13,000
13,000
5,000
1,000
S
S
4,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
11,000
11,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
S
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
12,000
11,000
6,000
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
3,000
3,000
2,000
12,000
10,000
6,000
1,000
1,000
S
29,000
20,000
21,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
26,000
18,000
18,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
12,000
9,000
8,000
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
12,000
9,000
8,000
1,000
500
S
Education, except science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
11,000
6,000
10,000
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
11,000
6,000
10,000
1,000
S
Management/administration
Male
Female
18,000
13,000
10,000
2,000
S
S
4,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
16,000
12,000
9,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Non-S&E fields
Male
Female
1,000
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree attained, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/ Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
6,000
4,000
4,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
S
S
1,000
S
S
6,000
4,000
4,000
S
S
S
Social services/related
Male
Female
5,000
4,000
3,000
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
5,000
4,000
3,000
S
S
S
Other non-S&E fields
Male
Female
11,000
8,000
8,000
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
10,000
7,000
7,000
1,000
1,000
S
Master's degrees
Male
Female
51,000
35,000
34,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
14,000
9,000
9,000
12,000
8,000
9,000
9,000
6,000
7,000
47,000
32,000
32,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
S&E fields
Male
Female
30,000
22,000
19,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
9,000
7,000
6,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
27,000
20,000
17,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
27,000
18,000
18,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
8,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
24,000
16,000
16,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
9,000
7,000
6,000
1,000
S
*
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
3,000
3,000
2,000
S
S
S
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
Biological sciences
Male
Female
8,000
6,000
6,000
*
S
S
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
7,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
500
Environmental life sciences
Male
Female
4,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
*
500
S
500
500
*
*
4,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
12,000
10,000
6,000
1,000
S
S
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
10,000
8,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
10,000
9,000
5,000
S
S
S
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
8,000
7,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
6,000
5,000
4,000
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
6,000
5,000
3,000
500
500
S
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
7,000
6,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
6,000
5,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
4,000
3,000
2,000
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
500
500
*
3,000
3,000
2,000
500
500
S
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
4,000
4,000
S
S
1,000
1,000
*
*
500
500
4,000
4,000
500
500
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Sciences
Male
Female
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree attained, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/ Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
2,000
S
1,000
S
*
2,000
*
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
S
1,000
1,000
*
3,000
3,000
1,000
*
*
S
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
20,000
13,000
16,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
18,000
12,000
14,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
Economics
Male
Female
7,000
5,000
4,000
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
*
S
S
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
9,000
7,000
5,000
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
8,000
7,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
*
15,000
8,000
13,000
1,000
S
1,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
13,000
7,000
12,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
5,000
4,000
3,000
S
S
S
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
S
Other social sciences
Male
Female
6,000
4,000
5,000
S
S
S
1,000
500
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
500
1,000
13,000
12,000
5,000
1,000
S
S
5,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
11,000
11,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
500
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
2,000
2,000
500
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
*
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
*
2,000
2,000
500
500
500
S
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
500
500
500
*
1,000
*
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
5,000
5,000
2,000
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
*
1,000
1,000
500
4,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
8,000
7,000
3,000
S
S
S
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
6,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
500
3,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
4,000
4,000
1,000
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
500
500
500
*
1,000
1,000
*
4,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
Other engineering
6,000
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
500
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
Psychology
Male
Female
Engineering
Male
Female
500
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree attained, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/ Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
5,000
2,000
S
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
500
5,000
2,000
500
*
21,000
12,000
17,000
1,000
500
1,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
19,000
11,000
16,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
Health
Male
Female
16,000
8,000
15,000
1,000
500
1,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
16,000
7,000
14,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
10,000
7,000
8,000
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
9,000
6,000
7,000
1,000
S
1,000
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
5,000
4,000
3,000
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
1,000
1,000
S
4,000
3,000
2,000
S
S
S
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
7,000
6,000
4,000
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
S
S
S
41,000
28,000
28,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
9,000
6,000
6,000
11,000
6,000
8,000
7,000
5,000
5,000
37,000
26,000
25,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
9,000
5,000
6,000
S
S
S
3,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
8,000
5,000
6,000
500
S
S
Education, except science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
25,000
15,000
19,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
23,000
14,000
18,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
Management/administration
Male
Female
24,000
19,000
13,000
1,000
1,000
S
7,000
5,000
4,000
6,000
4,000
3,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
23,000
19,000
12,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
8,000
7,000
5,000
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
S
S
S
Social services/related
Male
Female
13,000
9,000
10,000
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
12,000
8,000
9,000
1,000
S
1,000
Other non-S&E fields
Male
Female
13,000
10,000
10,000
S
S
S
3,000
2,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
12,000
10,000
9,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
10,000
8,000
5,000
500
500
500
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
9,000
7,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
500
500
*
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
4,000
3,000
2,000
500
500
*
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Male
Female
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Non-S&E fields
Male
Female
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
Doctorate degrees
Male
Female
S&E fields
Male
Female
Sciences
Male
Female
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree attained, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/ Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
3,000
3,000
1,000
500
*
*
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
500
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
500
500
500
500
500
*
500
500
*
1,000
500
500
*
*
S
Biological sciences
Male
Female
3,000
2,000
1,000
*
*
*
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
1,000
500
500
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
S
S
S
500
*
*
*
*
S
*
*
*
500
500
500
S
S
S
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
500
500
500
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
*
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
*
500
500
*
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
S
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
500
500
500
500
500
*
500
500
500
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
*
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
2,000
2,000
1,000
*
*
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
*
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
500
500
500
*
*
S
*
*
*
1,000
500
500
*
*
S
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
1,000
500
500
500
500
*
500
500
*
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
S
500
500
500
S
S
S
*
*
*
*
S
S
*
S
S
500
500
500
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
Economics
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
500
500
500
500
500
*
500
500
*
500
500
500
*
*
S
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
*
S
S
500
500
*
500
500
*
500
*
*
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
*
Psychology
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
1,000
500
1,000
500
500
500
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree attained, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/ Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
1,000
500
500
*
S
*
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
*
Other social sciences
Male
Female
1,000
500
500
*
S
*
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
*
1,000
500
500
*
*
*
2,000
2,000
500
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
500
500
*
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
*
S
S
S
500
500
S
*
*
S
*
*
S
500
500
*
S
S
S
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
*
500
500
S
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
S
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
500
500
*
*
*
S
*
*
S
500
500
500
S
S
S
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
500
500
*
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
S
500
500
500
S
S
S
500
500
S
*
*
S
*
S
S
500
500
500
S
S
S
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
500
500
*
*
*
S
*
*
S
500
500
*
*
*
S
Other engineering
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
500
500
*
1,000
1,000
500
*
*
S
3,000
3,000
2,000
*
S
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
500
500
*
Health
Male
Female
2,000
1,000
2,000
*
S
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
*
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
500
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
1,000
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
S
500
S
S
S
7,000
6,000
S
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
7,000
6,000
1,000
S
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Engineering
Male
Female
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Non-S&E fields
Male
TABLE A-11. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree attained, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/ Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
Female
4,000
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
500
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
3,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
S
S
3,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
Education, except science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
6,000
4,000
4,000
S
S
S
500
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
500
S
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
Management/administration
Male
Female
3,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Social services/related
Male
Female
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
Other non-S&E fields
Male
Female
3,000
3,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
S
S
3,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
500
* = standard error is not calculated when estimate is less than 500; S = standard error is not calculated when estimate is suppressed for reliability or confidentiality.
S&E = science and engineering.
a
b
"Other" includes Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander and non-Hispanic respondents reporting 2 or more races.
Total includes professional degrees not broken out separately.
NOTES: Scientists and engineers include any person who has ever received a bachelor's or higher degree in a science or engineering (S&E) or S&E-related field, plus any person
holding a non-S&E bachelor's or higher degree who was employed in a S&E or S&E-related occupation in 2003. See http://sestat.nsf.gov/docs/ed03maj.html for a detailed
description of the educational field classification. Standard errors of less than 500 are rounded up to 500 and standard errors equal to or greater than 500 are rounded up to the
nearest thousand.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2006.