TABLE A-8. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and employment status: 2006
Not in labor force
Employed
Part time
Unemployed/
seeking job
Total
Retired
Not seeking
job
81,000
59,000
50,000
41,000
21,000
35,000
16,000
11,000
11,000
41,000
26,000
33,000
34,000
24,000
22,000
28,000
11,000
27,000
66,000
53,000
37,000
65,000
50,000
35,000
26,000
15,000
22,000
13,000
10,000
9,000
33,000
21,000
26,000
25,000
20,000
14,000
23,000
9,000
22,000
68,000
50,000
43,000
63,000
47,000
38,000
59,000
43,000
35,000
25,000
14,000
22,000
13,000
9,000
8,000
31,000
18,000
25,000
22,000
16,000
14,000
23,000
9,000
21,000
30,000
21,000
20,000
28,000
20,000
18,000
25,000
19,000
16,000
11,000
6,000
9,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
13,000
8,000
9,000
9,000
7,000
5,000
10,000
4,000
9,000
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
14,000
10,000
8,000
13,000
9,000
8,000
11,000
9,000
7,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
Biological sciences
Male
Female
25,000
17,000
18,000
24,000
16,000
16,000
22,000
16,000
14,000
9,000
5,000
8,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
11,000
7,000
9,000
7,000
5,000
5,000
9,000
4,000
8,000
Environmental life sciences
Male
Female
10,000
9,000
6,000
9,000
8,000
5,000
9,000
7,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
4,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
25,000
18,000
18,000
23,000
17,000
15,000
22,000
17,000
13,000
9,000
5,000
7,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
11,000
7,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
8,000
3,000
7,000
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
18,000
14,000
11,000
17,000
14,000
10,000
16,000
13,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
7,000
3,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
18,000
13,000
12,000
16,000
11,000
10,000
14,000
11,000
8,000
7,000
3,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
8,000
6,000
7,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
16,000
14,000
9,000
14,000
13,000
8,000
13,000
13,000
7,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
13,000
10,000
7,000
11,000
9,000
5,000
10,000
9,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
All degree levels and fieldsa
Male
Female
S&E fields
Male
Female
Sciences
Male
Female
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
All scientists
and engineers
Total
Full time
91,000
66,000
59,000
83,000
61,000
53,000
73,000
58,000
43,000
TABLE A-8. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and employment status: 2006
Not in labor force
Employed
Part time
Unemployed/
seeking job
Total
Retired
Not seeking
job
8,000
7,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
500
4,000
3,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
4,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
500
1,000
500
S
S
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
S
1,000
54,000
37,000
38,000
50,000
35,000
33,000
46,000
33,000
30,000
21,000
11,000
18,000
9,000
6,000
7,000
23,000
12,000
20,000
16,000
11,000
13,000
19,000
6,000
17,000
Economics
Male
Female
21,000
18,000
12,000
19,000
18,000
10,000
19,000
17,000
9,000
8,000
5,000
6,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
8,000
5,000
6,000
5,000
5,000
3,000
6,000
2,000
5,000
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
25,000
20,000
15,000
22,000
17,000
13,000
20,000
16,000
11,000
8,000
5,000
6,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
10,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
7,000
4,000
6,000
Psychology
Male
Female
31,000
17,000
25,000
26,000
15,000
21,000
23,000
14,000
19,000
14,000
6,000
13,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
15,000
7,000
13,000
10,000
6,000
8,000
11,000
3,000
11,000
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
23,000
14,000
20,000
20,000
13,000
16,000
18,000
13,000
14,000
9,000
4,000
9,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
12,000
5,000
11,000
8,000
4,000
7,000
9,000
3,000
9,000
Other social sciences
Male
Female
18,000
12,000
14,000
15,000
11,000
12,000
14,000
10,000
10,000
7,000
4,000
6,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
8,000
4,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
1,000
5,000
32,000
30,000
10,000
27,000
27,000
9,000
27,000
26,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
13,000
12,000
5,000
12,000
12,000
2,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
6,000
6,000
2,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
S
2,000
2,000
500
2,000
2,000
S
1,000
1,000
500
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
8,000
7,000
3,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
6,000
6,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
4,000
4,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
500
2,000
1,000
1,000
All scientists
and engineers
Total
Full time
10,000
9,000
4,000
8,000
7,000
4,000
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
7,000
6,000
3,000
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
Engineering
Male
Female
TABLE A-8. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and employment status: 2006
Not in labor force
Employed
Part time
Unemployed/
seeking job
Total
Retired
Not seeking
job
10,000
10,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
14,000
13,000
5,000
13,000
13,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
7,000
6,000
2,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
9,000
8,000
4,000
8,000
7,000
3,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
14,000
14,000
4,000
13,000
13,000
3,000
12,000
12,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
7,000
6,000
2,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
Other engineering
Male
Female
13,000
12,000
4,000
11,000
10,000
3,000
10,000
10,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
46,000
28,000
35,000
43,000
27,000
33,000
37,000
26,000
29,000
23,000
9,000
22,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
19,000
11,000
17,000
15,000
10,000
13,000
13,000
4,000
13,000
Health
Male
Female
40,000
21,000
33,000
35,000
20,000
30,000
31,000
19,000
27,000
22,000
8,000
22,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
17,000
7,000
16,000
13,000
7,000
11,000
13,000
3,000
13,000
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
18,000
11,000
13,000
16,000
10,000
12,000
13,000
8,000
9,000
8,000
4,000
6,000
2,000
S
1,000
8,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
5,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
4,000
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
14,000
14,000
5,000
13,000
13,000
5,000
13,000
12,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
5,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
15,000
12,000
7,000
14,000
12,000
7,000
13,000
11,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
S
4,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
S
3,000
53,000
36,000
37,000
47,000
34,000
32,000
42,000
32,000
28,000
18,000
11,000
15,000
7,000
5,000
5,000
21,000
14,000
15,000
16,000
13,000
9,000
12,000
4,000
11,000
14,000
11,000
11,000
13,000
10,000
10,000
12,000
9,000
8,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
All scientists
and engineers
Total
Full time
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
11,000
11,000
4,000
11,000
11,000
4,000
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
15,000
14,000
6,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Non-S&E fields
Male
Female
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
TABLE A-8. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and employment status: 2006
Not in labor force
Employed
Part time
Unemployed/
seeking job
Total
Retired
Not seeking
job
22,000
15,000
17,000
11,000
5,000
10,000
4,000
1,000
3,000
12,000
8,000
10,000
10,000
7,000
6,000
7,000
1,000
7,000
27,000
21,000
14,000
26,000
21,000
13,000
8,000
5,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
11,000
7,000
7,000
8,000
7,000
3,000
6,000
1,000
6,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
9,000
7,000
5,000
8,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
3,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
S
3,000
S
3,000
Social services/related
Male
Female
15,000
11,000
10,000
14,000
10,000
10,000
12,000
9,000
9,000
7,000
4,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
Other non-S&E fields
Male
Female
26,000
19,000
18,000
25,000
18,000
18,000
23,000
17,000
16,000
9,000
6,000
8,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
9,000
7,000
6,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
76,000
56,000
50,000
70,000
50,000
45,000
68,000
49,000
42,000
33,000
16,000
29,000
13,000
9,000
9,000
33,000
21,000
27,000
28,000
19,000
18,000
24,000
9,000
23,000
68,000
52,000
40,000
61,000
47,000
35,000
60,000
46,000
32,000
24,000
14,000
21,000
12,000
9,000
8,000
31,000
20,000
24,000
23,000
18,000
14,000
21,000
9,000
20,000
65,000
47,000
40,000
60,000
44,000
35,000
57,000
42,000
33,000
23,000
13,000
21,000
12,000
8,000
8,000
29,000
16,000
24,000
21,000
15,000
13,000
22,000
8,000
20,000
29,000
20,000
20,000
27,000
19,000
18,000
24,000
18,000
16,000
10,000
6,000
9,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
12,000
8,000
9,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
9,000
4,000
8,000
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
13,000
10,000
8,000
12,000
9,000
8,000
11,000
9,000
7,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
S
2,000
1,000
2,000
Biological sciences
Male
Female
25,000
16,000
17,000
23,000
15,000
16,000
21,000
15,000
14,000
9,000
5,000
8,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
10,000
6,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
8,000
4,000
7,000
9,000
8,000
5,000
8,000
7,000
5,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
3,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
S
2,000
500
1,000
All scientists
and engineers
Total
Full time
27,000
17,000
22,000
24,000
16,000
19,000
Management/administration
Male
Female
30,000
23,000
16,000
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Education, except science/mathematics
teacher education
Male
Female
Bachelor's degrees
Male
Female
S&E fields
Male
Female
Sciences
Male
Female
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Environmental life sciences
Male
Female
TABLE A-8. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and employment status: 2006
Not in labor force
Employed
Part time
Unemployed/
seeking job
Total
Retired
Not seeking
job
20,000
15,000
12,000
9,000
4,000
7,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
10,000
6,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
7,000
3,000
7,000
15,000
12,000
9,000
14,000
12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
17,000
12,000
12,000
15,000
11,000
9,000
14,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
8,000
6,000
6,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
5,000
3,000
5,000
15,000
12,000
9,000
13,000
12,000
7,000
12,000
12,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
11,000
9,000
6,000
10,000
8,000
5,000
9,000
8,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
Female
8,000
7,000
4,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
*
4,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
7,000
6,000
2,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
3,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
S
1,000
500
1,000
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
5,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
S
2,000
S
2,000
S
1,000
S
1,000
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
50,000
34,000
34,000
46,000
32,000
29,000
43,000
31,000
27,000
20,000
10,000
18,000
9,000
6,000
6,000
22,000
11,000
19,000
14,000
10,000
11,000
18,000
6,000
16,000
Economics
Male
Female
20,000
17,000
11,000
19,000
17,000
9,000
18,000
16,000
8,000
7,000
5,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
8,000
5,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
6,000
2,000
5,000
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
23,000
18,000
14,000
20,000
16,000
11,000
18,000
15,000
10,000
7,000
4,000
6,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
10,000
7,000
7,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
7,000
4,000
6,000
Psychology
Male
Female
27,000
15,000
22,000
23,000
14,000
18,000
21,000
13,000
17,000
12,000
5,000
11,000
5,000
3,000
5,000
12,000
6,000
11,000
7,000
5,000
6,000
11,000
2,000
10,000
All scientists
and engineers
Total
Full time
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
23,000
17,000
16,000
21,000
16,000
14,000
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
15,000
13,000
10,000
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
TABLE A-8. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and employment status: 2006
Not in labor force
Employed
Part time
Unemployed/
seeking job
Total
Retired
Not seeking
job
18,000
12,000
14,000
9,000
4,000
9,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
11,000
5,000
10,000
8,000
4,000
6,000
9,000
3,000
9,000
14,000
10,000
11,000
13,000
9,000
10,000
6,000
4,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
7,000
4,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
1,000
5,000
29,000
27,000
9,000
24,000
23,000
8,000
24,000
23,000
7,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
11,000
11,000
4,000
10,000
10,000
2,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
6,000
6,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
S
2,000
2,000
500
2,000
2,000
S
1,000
1,000
500
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
7,000
7,000
3,000
6,000
6,000
3,000
6,000
6,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
4,000
4,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
10,000
10,000
3,000
9,000
9,000
3,000
9,000
9,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
13,000
12,000
5,000
11,000
11,000
4,000
11,000
11,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
S
3,000
2,000
2,000
9,000
8,000
3,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
13,000
13,000
4,000
11,000
11,000
3,000
11,000
11,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
6,000
6,000
2,000
6,000
6,000
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
Other engineering
Male
Female
11,000
11,000
4,000
9,000
9,000
3,000
9,000
9,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
S
2,000
1,000
2,000
41,000
21,000
33,000
38,000
20,000
31,000
33,000
20,000
26,000
21,000
6,000
19,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
17,000
8,000
15,000
13,000
7,000
11,000
12,000
3,000
11,000
35,000
12,000
31,000
30,000
11,000
27,000
26,000
11,000
24,000
19,000
4,000
18,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
15,000
4,000
14,000
11,000
4,000
10,000
11,000
2,000
11,000
All scientists
and engineers
Total
Full time
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
23,000
13,000
20,000
21,000
13,000
17,000
Other social sciences
Male
Female
16,000
11,000
13,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Engineering
Male
Female
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Health
Male
Female
TABLE A-8. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and employment status: 2006
Not in labor force
Employed
All scientists
and engineers
Total
Full time
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
13,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
7,000
8,000
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
13,000
13,000
5,000
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Not seeking
job
Part time
Unemployed/
seeking job
Total
Retired
10,000
7,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
2,000
S
S
6,000
4,000
5,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
12,000
12,000
4,000
12,000
11,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
4,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
12,000
11,000
6,000
12,000
11,000
6,000
11,000
10,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
3,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
S
3,000
S
3,000
29,000
20,000
21,000
28,000
20,000
19,000
24,000
19,000
17,000
10,000
5,000
8,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
7,000
4,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
3,000
5,000
12,000
9,000
8,000
11,000
8,000
8,000
10,000
8,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
S
2,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
S
1,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
11,000
6,000
10,000
10,000
6,000
9,000
9,000
6,000
8,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
1,000
S
S
4,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
S
18,000
13,000
10,000
17,000
13,000
9,000
14,000
12,000
8,000
5,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
S
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
6,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Social services/related
Male
Female
5,000
4,000
3,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
2,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other non-S&E fields
Male
Female
11,000
8,000
8,000
11,000
7,000
8,000
10,000
7,000
8,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
2,000
S
Master's degrees
Male
Female
51,000
35,000
34,000
46,000
33,000
30,000
43,000
31,000
28,000
21,000
11,000
18,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
22,000
13,000
17,000
18,000
13,000
12,000
13,000
4,000
13,000
S&E fields
Male
Female
30,000
22,000
19,000
26,000
20,000
15,000
23,000
19,000
14,000
10,000
6,000
8,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
14,000
9,000
9,000
11,000
8,000
6,000
7,000
3,000
6,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Non-S&E fields
Male
Female
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
Education, except science/mathematics
teacher education
Male
Female
Management/administration
Male
Female
4,000
S
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
TABLE A-8. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and employment status: 2006
Not in labor force
Employed
Part time
Unemployed/
seeking job
Total
Retired
Not seeking
job
20,000
15,000
13,000
10,000
6,000
8,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
12,000
7,000
9,000
10,000
7,000
6,000
6,000
2,000
6,000
8,000
6,000
6,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
1,000
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
500
2,000
1,000
S
*
S
*
Biological sciences
Male
Female
8,000
6,000
6,000
7,000
5,000
5,000
7,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
1,000
500
1,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
Environmental life sciences
Male
Female
4,000
3,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
1,000
S
*
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
12,000
10,000
6,000
10,000
9,000
6,000
10,000
8,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
10,000
9,000
5,000
9,000
8,000
5,000
9,000
8,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
6,000
5,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
7,000
6,000
3,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
3,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
4,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
Female
4,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
500
1,000
500
S
S
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
S
1,000
500
500
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
3,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
*
S
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
S
1,000
500
1,000
All scientists
and engineers
Total
Full time
27,000
18,000
18,000
22,000
16,000
15,000
9,000
7,000
6,000
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Sciences
Male
Female
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
TABLE A-8. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and employment status: 2006
Not in labor force
Employed
Unemployed/
seeking job
Total
Retired
Not seeking
job
1,000
S
S
S
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
15,000
10,000
11,000
8,000
4,000
7,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
10,000
5,000
8,000
8,000
4,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
4,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
S
1,000
500
1,000
9,000
7,000
5,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
3,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
15,000
8,000
13,000
13,000
7,000
10,000
11,000
6,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
8,000
4,000
7,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
5,000
4,000
3,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
S
500
3,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
500
1,000
Other social sciences
Male
Female
6,000
4,000
5,000
5,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
S
*
3,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
500
2,000
13,000
12,000
5,000
12,000
11,000
4,000
11,000
11,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
7,000
6,000
2,000
6,000
6,000
500
3,000
1,000
2,000
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
2,000
2,000
500
2,000
2,000
500
2,000
2,000
500
1,000
1,000
*
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
S
*
*
*
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
3,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
500
500
*
500
500
S
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
S
1,000
1,000
500
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
5,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
2,000
2,000
500
2,000
2,000
S
500
S
S
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
8,000
7,000
3,000
7,000
7,000
2,000
7,000
6,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
All scientists
and engineers
Total
Full time
Part time
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
20,000
13,000
16,000
17,000
11,000
13,000
Economics
Male
Female
7,000
5,000
4,000
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
Psychology
Male
Female
Engineering
Male
Female
TABLE A-8. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and employment status: 2006
Not in labor force
Employed
Part time
Unemployed/
seeking job
Total
Retired
Not seeking
job
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
1,000
S
1,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
4,000
4,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
2,000
1,000
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
S
1,000
500
1,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
S
1,000
1,000
1,000
21,000
12,000
17,000
19,000
11,000
16,000
17,000
11,000
14,000
11,000
5,000
10,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
10,000
4,000
9,000
7,000
4,000
6,000
6,000
1,000
6,000
Health
Male
Female
16,000
8,000
15,000
16,000
7,000
14,000
14,000
7,000
12,000
9,000
2,000
9,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
8,000
2,000
8,000
6,000
2,000
5,000
6,000
1,000
5,000
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
10,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
5,000
6,000
4,000
3,000
4,000
S
S
S
4,000
3,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
S
2,000
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
5,000
4,000
3,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
500
S
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
1,000
1,000
S
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
7,000
6,000
4,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
41,000
28,000
28,000
36,000
27,000
24,000
34,000
26,000
21,000
15,000
8,000
13,000
6,000
4,000
4,000
17,000
12,000
12,000
14,000
11,000
8,000
9,000
3,000
9,000
9,000
5,000
6,000
8,000
5,000
6,000
6,000
5,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
S
1,000
25,000
15,000
19,000
22,000
14,000
17,000
21,000
13,000
15,000
9,000
4,000
8,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
11,000
7,000
9,000
9,000
7,000
5,000
7,000
1,000
7,000
24,000
19,000
13,000
22,000
18,000
12,000
22,000
18,000
12,000
7,000
5,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
9,000
7,000
6,000
8,000
7,000
3,000
5,000
1,000
5,000
All scientists
and engineers
Total
Full time
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
3,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
4,000
4,000
1,000
Other engineering
Male
Female
Level and field of highest degree and sex
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Non-S&E fields
Male
Female
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
Education, except science/mathematics
teacher education
Male
Female
Management/administration
Male
Female
TABLE A-8. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and employment status: 2006
Not in labor force
Employed
Part time
Unemployed/
seeking job
Total
Retired
Not seeking
job
7,000
6,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
3,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
S
2,000
S
2,000
12,000
8,000
9,000
11,000
8,000
8,000
6,000
2,000
5,000
1,000
S
1,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
13,000
10,000
10,000
11,000
9,000
9,000
11,000
9,000
8,000
5,000
2,000
4,000
S
S
S
6,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
10,000
8,000
5,000
9,000
7,000
5,000
9,000
7,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
*
*
S
500
500
*
500
500
*
*
S
*
Biological sciences
Male
Female
3,000
2,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
*
S
S
S
S
500
500
S
500
500
S
S
S
S
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
*
S
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
*
*
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
*
S
S
500
*
*
*
*
*
*
S
S
All scientists
and engineers
Total
Full time
8,000
7,000
5,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
Social services/related
Male
Female
13,000
9,000
10,000
Other non-S&E fields
Male
Female
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
Doctorate degrees
Male
Female
S&E fields
Male
Female
Sciences
Male
Female
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Environmental life sciences
Male
Female
TABLE A-8. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and employment status: 2006
Not in labor force
Employed
Part time
Unemployed/
seeking job
Total
Retired
Not seeking
job
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
*
*
S
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
S
*
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
500
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
*
500
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
500
500
500
500
*
*
*
*
500
500
*
500
500
*
*
*
S
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
1,000
500
500
500
500
*
500
*
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
S
*
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
500
500
Economics
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
500
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
*
*
S
500
500
500
500
500
*
500
S
*
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
500
*
S
S
500
500
500
500
500
*
500
*
*
Psychology
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
*
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
500
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
1,000
500
500
1,000
500
500
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
*
S
S
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
S
*
Other social sciences
Male
Female
1,000
500
500
1,000
500
500
1,000
500
500
500
500
500
*
S
S
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
S
*
All scientists
and engineers
Total
Full time
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
2,000
2,000
1,000
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
TABLE A-8. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and employment status: 2006
Not in labor force
Employed
Part time
Unemployed/
seeking job
Total
Retired
Not seeking
job
2,000
2,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
*
500
500
500
1,000
1,000
*
500
500
*
500
500
S
S
S
S
500
500
S
500
500
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
500
500
S
500
500
*
500
500
S
*
S
*
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
500
500
500
500
S
S
S
S
500
500
S
500
500
S
S
S
S
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
*
*
S
500
500
*
500
500
S
*
*
*
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
*
*
S
S
S
S
*
*
S
*
*
S
S
S
S
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
S
*
*
S
500
500
S
500
500
S
*
S
S
Other engineering
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
500
500
*
500
*
*
1,000
500
*
500
500
S
500
500
*
3,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
S
*
2,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
500
Health
Male
Female
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
*
S
*
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
S
500
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
S
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
S
1,000
1,000
S
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
All scientists
and engineers
Total
Full time
2,000
2,000
500
2,000
2,000
500
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
1,000
1,000
*
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Engineering
Male
Female
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
TABLE A-8. Standard errors for U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and employment status: 2006
Not in labor force
Employed
Part time
Unemployed/
seeking job
Total
Retired
Not seeking
job
1,000
1,000
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
7,000
6,000
4,000
6,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
3,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
1,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
1,000
S
1,000
S
S
S
500
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
6,000
4,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
3,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
S
S
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
500
500
S
500
500
S
500
500
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Social services/related
Male
Female
3,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
S
S
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other non-S&E fields
Male
Female
3,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
3,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
S
2,000
S
S
S
S
S
All scientists
and engineers
Total
Full time
1,000
1,000
500
1,000
1,000
500
Non-S&E degrees
Male
Female
7,000
6,000
4,000
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Education, except science/mathematics
teacher education
Male
Female
Management/administration
Male
Female
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
2,000
* = standard error is not calculated when estimate is less than 500; S = standard error is not calculated when estimate is suppressed for reliability or confidentiality.
S&E = science and engineering.
a
Total includes professional degrees not broken out separately.
NOTES: Scientists and engineers include any person who has ever received a bachelor's or higher degree in a science or engineering (S&E) or S&E-related field through 2005, plus any person holding a nonS&E bachelor's or higher degree who was employed in a S&E or S&E-related occupation in 2003. See http://sestat.nsf.gov/docs/ed03maj.html for a detailed description of the educational field classification.
Standard errors of less than 500 are rounded up to 500, and standard errors equal to or greater than 500 are rounded up to the nearest thousand.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2006.