TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
60,000
60,000
60,000
68,000
65,000
70,000
55,000
68,000
67,000
65,000
72,000
73,000
75,000
65,000
48,000
50,000
48,000
60,000
42,000
54,000
30,000
44,000
44,000
44,000
45,000
35,000
30,000
45,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
61,000
52,000
50,000
59,000
72,000
72,000
71,000
77,000
73,000
80,000
57,000
78,000
78,000
77,000
80,000
80,000
85,000
70,000
47,000
49,000
46,000
65,000
40,000
55,000
29,000
47,000
47,000
46,000
58,000
44,000
41,000
S
68,000
68,000
67,000
70,000
62,000
65,000
57,000
70,000
69,000
67,000
75,000
74,000
80,000
55,000
77,000
76,000
75,000
80,000
80,000
86,000
70,000
46,000
48,000
45,000
62,000
42,000
52,000
31,000
46,000
46,000
45,000
58,000
44,000
41,000
S
63,000
63,000
63,000
65,000
62,000
67,000
59,000
55,000
56,000
54,000
66,000
47,000
54,000
39,000
68,000
68,000
66,000
73,000
70,000
77,000
52,000
42,000
43,000
40,000
55,000
42,000
47,000
37,000
44,000
44,000
44,000
27,000
S
S
S
58,000
58,000
58,000
69,000
63,000
72,000
S
Agricultural/food scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
55,000
57,000
55,000
63,000
49,000
50,000
40,000
65,000
64,000
64,000
65,000
66,000
72,000
S
41,000
41,000
40,000
S
35,000
43,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
57,000
57,000
56,000
S
S
S
S
Biological/medical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
55,000
56,000
55,000
68,000
47,000
60,000
39,000
70,000
70,000
68,000
73,000
74,000
84,000
50,000
40,000
39,000
36,000
54,000
41,000
45,000
37,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
59,000
59,000
58,000
70,000
65,000
73,000
S
Environmental life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
59,000
59,000
59,000
S
S
S
S
60,000
61,000
61,000
S
S
S
S
49,000
62,000
62,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
57,000
57,000
57,000
S
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
All degrees and occupationsa
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
50,000
50,000
48,000
60,000
58,000
62,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
53,000
53,000
52,000
65,000
57,000
62,000
S
44,000
44,000
45,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Computer/mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
75,000
75,000
75,000
80,000
80,000
85,000
65,000
80,000
80,000
79,000
81,000
82,000
88,000
70,000
50,000
51,000
50,000
69,000
45,000
58,000
24,000
40,000
40,000
39,000
57,000
41,000
S
S
66,000
66,000
66,000
65,000
64,000
67,000
S
Computer/information scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
76,000
75,000
75,000
80,000
80,000
85,000
68,000
80,000
80,000
79,000
82,000
82,000
88,000
70,000
51,000
52,000
51,000
69,000
41,000
56,000
24,000
40,000
40,000
37,000
S
S
S
S
65,000
65,000
65,000
65,000
67,000
70,000
S
Mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
73,000
72,000
73,000
72,000
78,000
82,000
55,000
82,000
80,000
83,000
71,000
83,000
89,000
65,000
40,000
41,000
35,000
76,000
25,000
70,000
23,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
72,000
73,000
74,000
64,000
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-computer/mathematical sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
44,000
43,000
41,000
60,000
55,000
55,000
32,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
50,000
48,000
42,000
66,000
55,000
59,000
28,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
60,000
60,000
58,000
65,000
54,000
69,000
36,000
66,000
65,000
65,000
68,000
75,000
82,000
63,000
45,000
45,000
45,000
65,000
35,000
59,000
24,000
50,000
50,000
52,000
S
S
S
S
60,000
60,000
59,000
65,000
58,000
S
S
62,000
62,000
62,000
61,000
65,000
75,000
43,000
65,000
65,000
65,000
62,000
77,000
81,000
66,000
29,000
24,000
24,000
28,000
31,000
48,000
30,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
66,000
67,000
67,000
60,000
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Chemists, except biochemists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
60,000
60,000
59,000
80,000
53,000
67,000
46,000
63,000
62,000
60,000
81,000
72,000
82,000
S
45,000
50,000
47,000
75,000
39,000
44,000
34,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
63,000
63,000
63,000
68,000
S
S
S
67,000
84,000
79,000
110,000
44,000
72,000
24,000
99,000
100,000
99,000
114,000
82,000
88,000
S
28,000
30,000
28,000
64,000
24,000
59,000
21,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
105,000
107,000
104,000
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-physical/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
52,000
52,000
50,000
65,000
52,000
62,000
23,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
52,000
52,000
50,000
66,000
52,000
62,000
23,000
50,000
50,000
52,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
55,000
55,000
55,000
44,000
39,000
S
S
60,000
63,000
62,000
S
S
S
S
44,000
44,000
44,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
55,000
55,000
55,000
S
S
S
S
55,000
55,000
55,000
63,000
49,000
51,000
44,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
62,000
52,000
51,000
71,000
45,000
45,000
45,000
61,000
36,000
58,000
17,000
51,000
51,000
50,000
64,000
S
S
S
65,000
65,000
65,000
66,000
45,000
S
S
Economists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
90,000
92,000
92,000
80,000
67,000
62,000
67,000
106,000
107,000
108,000
69,000
61,000
58,000
79,000
49,000
48,000
48,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
88,000
88,000
88,000
S
S
S
S
Political/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
49,000
50,000
49,000
S
S
S
S
59,000
58,000
56,000
S
S
S
S
29,000
29,000
29,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
49,000
49,000
49,000
S
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Physicists/astronomers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Postsecondary teachers-social/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
50,000
50,000
50,000
61,000
46,000
65,000
17,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
51,000
51,000
50,000
62,000
46,000
66,000
17,000
42,000
42,000
42,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Psychologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
51,000
52,000
51,000
56,000
44,000
45,000
S
54,000
55,000
55,000
47,000
44,000
43,000
S
35,000
35,000
35,000
43,000
20,000
S
S
52,000
53,000
52,000
66,000
S
S
S
61,000
61,000
61,000
S
S
S
S
Sociologists/anthropologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
40,000
40,000
40,000
45,000
10,000
S
S
46,000
46,000
46,000
S
S
S
S
22,000
23,000
22,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
44,000
45,000
44,000
S
S
S
S
Other social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
65,000
65,000
65,000
71,000
52,000
51,000
S
69,000
69,000
69,000
72,000
61,000
S
S
44,000
44,000
44,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
65,000
65,000
65,000
S
S
S
S
79,000
80,000
79,000
80,000
71,000
80,000
58,000
80,000
80,000
80,000
84,000
75,000
82,000
65,000
54,000
60,000
55,000
80,000
33,000
69,000
23,000
54,000
54,000
51,000
S
S
S
S
76,000
76,000
78,000
72,000
60,000
62,000
S
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
90,000
90,000
90,000
91,000
72,000
90,000
47,000
90,000
91,000
91,000
91,000
74,000
S
S
39,000
54,000
47,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
90,000
90,000
90,000
87,000
S
S
S
Chemical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
85,000
85,000
85,000
91,000
75,000
80,000
37,000
87,000
88,000
86,000
94,000
80,000
81,000
79,000
20,000
20,000
19,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
89,000
89,000
95,000
S
S
S
S
Engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
21,000
S
S
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
70,000
72,000
72,000
72,000
60,000
65,000
54,000
70,000
72,000
71,000
78,000
62,000
64,000
55,000
28,000
41,000
26,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
71,000
71,000
72,000
70,000
62,000
S
S
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
85,000
86,000
85,000
89,000
84,000
92,000
70,000
86,000
86,000
86,000
90,000
89,000
93,000
75,000
52,000
64,000
63,000
86,000
28,000
S
21,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
85,000
85,000
85,000
85,000
S
S
S
Industrial engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
69,000
70,000
70,000
67,000
58,000
67,000
54,000
69,000
70,000
70,000
67,000
60,000
67,000
54,000
19,000
22,000
22,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
70,000
70,000
65,000
S
S
S
S
Mechanical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
78,000
78,000
78,000
79,000
71,000
80,000
61,000
78,000
78,000
78,000
79,000
75,000
81,000
64,000
52,000
60,000
60,000
S
18,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
81,000
81,000
81,000
84,000
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
67,000
67,000
63,000
82,000
69,000
77,000
23,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
69,000
69,000
64,000
84,000
69,000
77,000
22,000
49,000
49,000
49,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
76,000
77,000
78,000
75,000
66,000
76,000
48,000
79,000
80,000
80,000
79,000
73,000
78,000
65,000
36,000
38,000
36,000
61,000
31,000
S
29,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
71,000
72,000
71,000
72,000
S
S
S
60,000
60,000
58,000
70,000
61,000
63,000
55,000
66,000
66,000
65,000
78,000
68,000
68,000
65,000
55,000
55,000
54,000
60,000
57,000
63,000
40,000
46,000
46,000
46,000
51,000
40,000
40,000
S
60,000
60,000
60,000
64,000
55,000
51,000
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
22,000
S
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Health-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
60,000
60,000
59,000
70,000
60,000
61,000
54,000
62,000
62,000
60,000
78,000
60,000
61,000
54,000
55,000
55,000
54,000
60,000
60,000
64,000
43,000
45,000
45,000
45,000
S
S
S
S
57,000
57,000
56,000
62,000
56,000
S
S
S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
101,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
108,000
108,000
96,000
105,000
105,000
105,000
103,000
109,000
109,000
96,000
89,000
85,000
89,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
89,000
89,000
89,000
78,000
S
S
S
S&E precollege teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
47,000
47,000
47,000
50,000
45,000
46,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
47,000
47,000
47,000
50,000
45,000
47,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S&E technicians/technologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
55,000
55,000
55,000
59,000
57,000
53,000
68,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
67,000
59,000
72,000
34,000
35,000
33,000
46,000
28,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
51,000
51,000
52,000
38,000
S
S
S
Other S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
69,000
70,000
69,000
73,000
63,000
66,000
S
70,000
70,000
69,000
74,000
63,000
67,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
66,000
68,000
67,000
S
S
S
S
50,000
51,000
51,000
50,000
46,000
46,000
43,000
55,000
55,000
55,000
53,000
50,000
50,000
53,000
43,000
43,000
42,000
54,000
35,000
38,000
19,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
28,000
27,000
S
55,000
55,000
55,000
49,000
40,000
40,000
S
45,000
45,000
44,000
47,000
49,000
S
S
49,000
49,000
49,000
45,000
48,000
S
S
36,000
36,000
36,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
46,000
46,000
41,000
S
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Art/humanities/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
65,000
65,000
65,000
60,000
70,000
73,000
59,000
70,000
69,000
70,000
61,000
70,000
76,000
58,000
50,000
50,000
46,000
52,000
S
S
S
47,000
46,000
44,000
S
S
S
S
64,000
65,000
65,000
65,000
S
S
S
101,000
100,000
100,000
115,000
129,000
139,000
55,000
114,000
112,000
111,000
119,000
139,000
144,000
S
88,000
87,000
86,000
94,000
S
S
S
75,000
75,000
75,000
S
S
S
S
91,000
91,000
90,000
109,000
S
S
S
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
43,000
43,000
41,000
60,000
42,000
50,000
15,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
44,000
44,000
43,000
73,000
40,000
52,000
15,000
40,000
40,000
39,000
60,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
38,000
38,000
38,000
36,000
28,000
25,000
S
20,000
20,000
20,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
38,000
38,000
39,000
36,000
28,000
27,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Sales/marketing occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
59,000
58,000
58,000
60,000
59,000
60,000
39,000
59,000
59,000
58,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
40,000
62,000
62,000
48,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
47,000
47,000
50,000
S
S
S
S
Social services/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
38,000
38,000
38,000
41,000
35,000
35,000
S
35,000
35,000
35,000
35,000
34,000
34,000
S
35,000
35,000
35,000
S
S
S
S
47,000
47,000
47,000
42,000
S
S
S
42,000
42,000
42,000
48,000
S
S
S
Other non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
41,000
42,000
42,000
38,000
30,000
30,000
29,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
36,000
29,000
29,000
40,000
32,000
33,000
33,000
32,000
29,000
S
27,000
27,000
27,000
30,000
S
S
S
52,000
52,000
52,000
45,000
40,000
40,000
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Management-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
26,000
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
53,000
53,000
52,000
57,000
55,000
55,000
54,000
60,000
59,000
58,000
60,000
61,000
62,000
60,000
38,000
39,000
38,000
54,000
30,000
34,000
20,000
36,000
36,000
35,000
38,000
30,000
30,000
S
53,000
53,000
53,000
54,000
43,000
42,000
S
70,000
70,000
70,000
70,000
75,000
80,000
59,000
75,000
74,000
75,000
72,000
80,000
80,000
69,000
31,000
32,000
32,000
33,000
23,000
29,000
18,000
36,000
36,000
34,000
S
S
S
S
63,000
63,000
63,000
65,000
63,000
64,000
S
66,000
65,000
65,000
68,000
77,000
80,000
62,000
74,000
72,000
73,000
71,000
80,000
83,000
73,000
31,000
32,000
32,000
34,000
22,000
28,000
15,000
34,000
34,000
33,000
S
S
S
S
58,000
58,000
58,000
59,000
S
S
S
45,000
46,000
46,000
50,000
30,000
32,000
S
56,000
56,000
57,000
55,000
S
S
S
25,000
25,000
25,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
52,000
52,000
52,000
S
S
S
S
Agricultural/food scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
50,000
51,000
50,000
S
S
S
S
51,000
51,000
50,000
S
S
S
S
28,000
31,000
31,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
55,000
55,000
55,000
S
S
S
S
Biological/medical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
43,000
45,000
43,000
50,000
30,000
S
S
56,000
57,000
57,000
54,000
S
S
S
26,000
26,000
26,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
50,000
50,000
50,000
S
S
S
S
Environmental life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
53,000
55,000
55,000
S
S
S
S
59,000
60,000
60,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
53,000
53,000
53,000
S
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Bachelor's degrees, all occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
20,000
20,000
20,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
15,000
15,000
17,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Computer/mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
72,000
72,000
72,000
71,000
81,000
85,000
72,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
83,000
85,000
73,000
49,000
49,000
49,000
66,000
32,000
S
S
37,000
37,000
34,000
S
S
S
S
63,000
63,000
63,000
61,000
S
S
S
Computer/information scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
73,000
72,000
72,000
71,000
81,000
85,000
72,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
84,000
86,000
73,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
S
S
S
S
37,000
37,000
34,000
S
S
S
S
64,000
63,000
64,000
61,000
S
S
S
Mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
55,000
55,000
54,000
S
S
S
S
59,000
55,000
54,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
55,000
57,000
58,000
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-computer/mathematical sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
21,000
21,000
19,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
18,000
18,000
18,000
S
S
S
S
25,000
25,000
24,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
51,000
52,000
52,000
49,000
35,000
53,000
S
57,000
57,000
57,000
56,000
S
S
S
22,000
23,000
22,000
S
19,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
54,000
54,000
54,000
S
S
S
S
55,000
55,000
55,000
49,000
S
S
S
57,000
57,000
57,000
50,000
S
S
S
22,000
22,000
22,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
60,000
60,000
59,000
S
S
S
S
Physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Chemists, except biochemists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
55,000
55,000
55,000
S
S
S
S
55,000
55,000
55,000
S
S
S
S
32,000
32,000
25,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
54,000
54,000
54,000
S
S
S
S
Physicists/astronomers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
23,000
27,000
26,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
20,000
23,000
23,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-physical/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
21,000
21,000
21,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
21,000
21,000
21,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
49,000
49,000
50,000
S
S
S
S
60,000
62,000
62,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
49,000
49,000
49,000
S
S
S
S
45,000
45,000
43,000
55,000
S
S
S
54,000
55,000
54,000
S
S
S
S
14,000
14,000
13,000
S
S
S
S
14,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
53,000
53,000
54,000
S
S
S
S
Economists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
52,000
56,000
50,000
S
S
S
S
54,000
56,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Political/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
44,000
44,000
42,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Postsecondary teachers-social/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
13,000
13,000
13,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
12,000
12,000
12,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Psychologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
29,000
30,000
29,000
S
S
S
S
38,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
20,000
19,000
16,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Sociologists/anthropologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
19,000
21,000
21,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
59,000
59,000
59,000
S
S
S
S
60,000
63,000
60,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
59,000
59,000
59,000
S
S
S
S
75,000
75,000
75,000
72,000
67,000
70,000
55,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
73,000
68,000
72,000
55,000
31,000
30,000
31,000
21,000
37,000
S
S
50,000
50,000
S
S
S
S
S
72,000
72,000
73,000
70,000
S
S
S
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
85,000
85,000
85,000
72,000
S
S
S
85,000
85,000
85,000
72,000
S
S
S
25,000
24,000
21,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
85,000
85,000
86,000
S
S
S
S
Chemical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
79,000
80,000
80,000
70,000
67,000
S
S
81,000
81,000
83,000
75,000
S
S
S
18,000
18,000
18,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
68,000
69,000
70,000
67,000
64,000
65,000
S
68,000
69,000
70,000
65,000
63,000
64,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
68,000
68,000
69,000
67,000
S
S
S
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
80,000
80,000
80,000
75,000
71,000
73,000
S
80,000
80,000
80,000
76,000
73,000
76,000
S
53,000
60,000
58,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
79,000
79,000
80,000
72,000
S
S
S
Industrial engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
65,000
65,000
65,000
58,000
55,000
S
S
65,000
65,000
65,000
58,000
55,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Mechanical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
81,000
84,000
S
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
84,000
84,000
S
59,000
59,000
61,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
78,000
78,000
78,000
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
45,000
45,000
45,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
27,000
29,000
46,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
72,000
73,000
75,000
66,000
57,000
61,000
S
75,000
75,000
75,000
66,000
56,000
63,000
S
33,000
31,000
32,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
67,000
67,000
66,000
S
S
S
S
50,000
50,000
50,000
60,000
51,000
50,000
58,000
54,000
54,000
52,000
60,000
54,000
50,000
60,000
48,000
48,000
47,000
57,000
59,000
S
S
41,000
41,000
41,000
42,000
36,000
35,000
S
53,000
54,000
53,000
59,000
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Health-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
50,000
50,000
49,000
59,000
49,000
49,000
S
50,000
50,000
49,000
60,000
49,000
49,000
S
48,000
47,000
47,000
57,000
S
S
S
39,000
39,000
39,000
S
S
S
S
51,000
51,000
51,000
59,000
S
S
S
S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
100,000
100,000
100,000
90,000
115,000
108,000
S
102,000
102,000
102,000
98,000
117,000
112,000
S
75,000
75,000
76,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
82,000
82,000
82,000
S
S
S
S
S&E precollege teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
42,000
42,000
42,000
39,000
47,000
50,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
42,000
42,000
42,000
39,000
47,000
50,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S&E technicians/technologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
55,000
55,000
55,000
54,000
58,000
42,000
S
57,000
56,000
56,000
59,000
65,000
49,000
S
34,000
35,000
33,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
51,000
51,000
52,000
S
S
S
S
Other S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
68,000
69,000
68,000
73,000
58,000
S
S
69,000
69,000
68,000
77,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
66,000
67,000
S
S
S
S
S
45,000
45,000
45,000
44,000
37,000
37,000
36,000
49,000
50,000
50,000
46,000
39,000
39,000
41,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
40,000
29,000
S
S
30,000
30,000
30,000
34,000
26,000
17,000
S
47,000
48,000
48,000
40,000
39,000
39,000
S
48,000
48,000
48,000
37,000
S
S
S
50,000
50,000
50,000
S
S
S
S
17,000
17,000
17,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
32,000
32,000
32,000
S
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Art/humanities/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
60,000
60,000
60,000
52,000
51,000
52,000
S
60,000
60,000
60,000
51,000
60,000
67,000
S
45,000
45,000
45,000
S
S
S
S
41,000
41,000
41,000
S
S
S
S
61,000
62,000
62,000
S
S
S
S
100,000
100,000
99,000
99,000
140,000
143,000
S
100,000
100,000
100,000
99,000
142,000
145,000
S
62,000
61,000
S
S
S
S
S
49,000
49,000
49,000
S
S
S
S
85,000
85,000
85,000
S
S
S
S
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
15,000
15,000
14,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
14,000
14,000
14,000
S
S
S
S
14,000
14,000
14,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
29,000
29,000
28,000
32,000
24,000
S
S
20,000
21,000
21,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
30,000
30,000
29,000
32,000
26,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Sales/marketing occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
53,000
53,000
53,000
55,000
48,000
48,000
S
53,000
53,000
53,000
56,000
48,000
48,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
49,000
49,000
51,000
S
S
S
S
Social services/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
32,000
31,000
31,000
36,000
32,000
32,000
S
29,000
29,000
29,000
34,000
S
S
S
30,000
30,000
30,000
S
S
S
S
30,000
30,000
30,000
S
S
S
S
34,000
34,000
34,000
S
S
S
S
Other non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
35,000
35,000
35,000
35,000
29,000
29,000
29,000
33,000
33,000
33,000
34,000
27,000
26,000
37,000
29,000
28,000
28,000
S
S
S
S
24,000
24,000
24,000
S
S
S
S
45,000
45,000
45,000
39,000
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Management-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
64,000
63,000
61,000
75,000
68,000
77,000
55,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
82,000
75,000
82,000
65,000
44,000
46,000
45,000
54,000
25,000
44,000
20,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
52,000
45,000
40,000
S
66,000
66,000
66,000
66,000
57,000
57,000
53,000
76,000
78,000
75,000
85,000
72,000
83,000
58,000
85,000
87,000
86,000
90,000
80,000
85,000
66,000
36,000
40,000
39,000
53,000
22,000
39,000
20,000
49,000
49,000
49,000
54,000
S
S
S
72,000
73,000
72,000
74,000
59,000
65,000
S
72,000
72,000
70,000
80,000
72,000
82,000
58,000
83,000
85,000
84,000
86,000
80,000
85,000
67,000
37,000
39,000
38,000
53,000
25,000
41,000
20,000
49,000
49,000
49,000
51,000
S
S
S
66,000
67,000
66,000
68,000
59,000
64,000
S
55,000
56,000
55,000
64,000
38,000
50,000
32,000
69,000
69,000
68,000
69,000
54,000
S
S
37,000
37,000
36,000
45,000
37,000
S
30,000
45,000
45,000
45,000
S
S
S
S
59,000
58,000
58,000
S
S
S
S
Agricultural/food scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
57,000
57,000
57,000
S
S
S
S
72,000
72,000
72,000
S
S
S
S
41,000
40,000
40,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Biological/medical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
56,000
59,000
57,000
65,000
38,000
49,000
33,000
69,000
70,000
70,000
69,000
S
S
S
35,000
32,000
32,000
S
33,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
59,000
58,000
59,000
S
S
S
S
Environmental life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
60,000
60,000
60,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
60,000
60,000
60,000
S
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Master's degrees, all occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
38,000
S
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
38,000
39,000
39,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
36,000
36,000
36,000
S
S
S
S
45,000
45,000
45,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Computer/mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
81,000
83,000
82,000
88,000
78,000
85,000
65,000
88,000
90,000
90,000
90,000
80,000
88,000
67,000
46,000
47,000
45,000
65,000
25,000
52,000
23,000
43,000
43,000
43,000
43,000
S
S
S
75,000
75,000
75,000
78,000
S
S
S
Computer/information scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
85,000
88,000
87,000
90,000
80,000
85,000
65,000
88,000
90,000
90,000
90,000
80,000
87,000
68,000
52,000
55,000
55,000
69,000
31,000
48,000
25,000
45,000
44,000
43,000
S
S
S
S
74,000
74,000
72,000
78,000
S
S
S
78,000
80,000
80,000
70,000
65,000
105,000
45,000
84,000
84,000
89,000
S
33,000
34,000
34,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
79,000
80,000
80,000
S
S
S
S
39,000
39,000
38,000
40,000
39,000
S
36,000
37,000
35,000
S
17,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
41,000
41,000
41,000
15,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
64,000
66,000
66,000
65,000
35,000
45,000
24,000
71,000
72,000
73,000
68,000
57,000
S
S
28,000
37,000
37,000
S
20,000
48,000
48,000
53,000
S
S
S
S
69,000
71,000
72,000
S
S
S
S
70,000
72,000
73,000
66,000
45,000
S
S
72,000
73,000
74,000
66,000
S
S
S
22,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
65,000
66,000
S
S
S
S
S
Mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Postsecondary teachers-computer/mathematical sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Chemists, except biochemists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
85,000
S
S
25,000
S
16,000
20,000
S
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
75,000
77,000
76,000
S
S
S
S
36,000
45,000
45,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
69,000
70,000
71,000
S
S
S
S
20,000
20,000
20,000
S
20,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
69,000
72,000
72,000
S
Physicists/astronomers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
45,000
64,000
61,000
S
20,000
72,000
74,000
S
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-physical/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
41,000
43,000
43,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
36,000
39,000
39,000
S
S
S
S
48,000
48,000
54,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
62,000
65,000
65,000
S
S
S
S
42,000
41,000
40,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
75,000
75,000
74,000
S
S
S
S
50,000
52,000
50,000
55,000
34,000
39,000
19,000
59,000
59,000
60,000
54,000
62,000
S
S
22,000
25,000
24,000
S
14,000
51,000
51,000
51,000
S
S
S
S
66,000
66,000
65,000
S
S
S
S
Economists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
97,000
100,000
102,000
S
56,000
S
S
122,000
118,000
124,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
85,000
86,000
86,000
S
S
S
S
Political/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
69,000
71,000
72,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
36,000
S
S
21,000
S
20,000
S
15,000
S
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
20,000
25,000
24,000
S
13,000
42,000
43,000
44,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-social/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
28,000
33,000
33,000
S
13,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Psychologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
49,000
49,000
49,000
55,000
S
S
S
48,000
48,000
48,000
S
S
S
S
20,000
20,000
20,000
S
S
S
S
52,000
52,000
52,000
S
S
S
S
48,000
48,000
47,000
S
S
S
S
Sociologists/anthropologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
47,000
47,000
47,000
S
S
S
S
52,000
52,000
S
S
S
S
S
24,000
24,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
70,000
70,000
70,000
S
S
S
S
79,000
80,000
82,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
70,000
70,000
70,000
S
S
S
S
85,000
88,000
88,000
90,000
70,000
83,000
57,000
89,000
90,000
90,000
90,000
75,000
84,000
65,000
29,000
53,000
53,000
S
20,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
82,000
82,000
85,000
75,000
S
S
S
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
94,000
95,000
93,000
96,000
67,000
S
S
95,000
95,000
95,000
96,000
S
S
S
30,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
90,000
90,000
86,000
S
S
S
S
Chemical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
89,000
90,000
88,000
98,000
73,000
S
S
90,000
90,000
89,000
98,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
15,000
S
15,000
S
20,000
S
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
78,000
80,000
80,000
78,000
56,000
61,000
53,000
78,000
81,000
80,000
86,000
57,000
58,000
55,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
78,000
78,000
80,000
72,000
S
S
S
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
93,000
95,000
94,000
96,000
83,000
92,000
70,000
94,000
96,000
95,000
97,000
85,000
92,000
75,000
25,000
52,000
59,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
90,000
90,000
90,000
S
S
S
S
Industrial engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
78,000
79,000
79,000
74,000
58,000
S
77,000
79,000
79,000
S
49,000
60,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Mechanical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
82,000
85,000
86,000
83,000
66,000
73,000
59,000
82,000
85,000
85,000
82,000
70,000
74,000
62,000
25,000
54,000
54,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
99,000
99,000
99,000
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
54,000
56,000
56,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
54,000
56,000
56,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
85,000
87,000
89,000
79,000
67,000
90,000
39,000
90,000
90,000
92,000
84,000
80,000
96,000
70,000
25,000
37,000
37,000
S
21,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
75,000
75,000
77,000
S
S
S
S
59,000
59,000
57,000
70,000
65,000
70,000
48,000
70,000
70,000
68,000
75,000
75,000
77,000
65,000
56,000
58,000
57,000
64,000
40,000
S
S
50,000
50,000
50,000
55,000
44,000
S
S
65,000
66,000
67,000
60,000
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
21,000
S
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Health-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
57,000
57,000
56,000
64,000
61,000
65,000
S
60,000
60,000
60,000
66,000
68,000
66,000
S
56,000
56,000
56,000
62,000
S
S
S
50,000
50,000
50,000
S
S
S
S
61,000
61,000
62,000
58,000
S
S
S
S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
103,000
103,000
103,000
101,000
108,000
108,000
S
108,000
107,000
107,000
103,000
108,000
109,000
S
91,000
90,000
91,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
90,000
91,000
90,000
S
S
S
S
S&E precollege teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
50,000
50,000
50,000
55,000
43,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
50,000
50,000
50,000
55,000
44,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S&E technicians/technologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
60,000
61,000
61,000
69,000
53,000
54,000
48,000
69,000
69,000
69,000
70,000
66,000
S
S
33,000
34,000
31,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
50,000
50,000
50,000
S
S
S
S
Other S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
73,000
74,000
74,000
72,000
64,000
S
S
73,000
74,000
74,000
70,000
64,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
60,000
59,000
58,000
64,000
60,000
60,000
49,000
70,000
70,000
69,000
72,000
65,000
74,000
56,000
45,000
46,000
45,000
51,000
25,000
S
12,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
44,000
39,000
S
62,000
62,000
62,000
59,000
S
S
S
40,000
40,000
40,000
S
S
S
S
38,000
38,000
38,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
50,000
48,000
S
S
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Art/humanities/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
77,000
77,000
78,000
76,000
77,000
90,000
59,000
81,000
81,000
81,000
81,000
80,000
93,000
58,000
51,000
51,000
45,000
S
S
S
S
52,000
52,000
52,000
S
S
S
S
67,000
67,000
67,000
58,000
S
S
S
102,000
102,000
100,000
115,000
129,000
144,000
S
125,000
125,000
126,000
117,000
141,000
146,000
S
77,000
77,000
77,000
S
S
S
S
75,000
75,000
75,000
S
S
S
S
94,000
94,000
94,000
S
S
S
S
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
40,000
40,000
40,000
43,000
14,000
S
37,000
39,000
39,000
S
12,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
12,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
48,000
48,000
48,000
49,000
30,000
S
S
24,000
24,000
24,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
48,000
48,000
48,000
49,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Sales/marketing occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
73,000
73,000
73,000
69,000
71,000
74,000
S
74,000
74,000
74,000
70,000
71,000
74,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Social services/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
42,000
42,000
42,000
46,000
S
S
S
39,000
39,000
39,000
40,000
S
S
S
40,000
40,000
40,000
S
S
S
S
50,000
50,000
50,000
53,000
S
S
S
50,000
50,000
50,000
54,000
S
S
S
Other non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
44,000
45,000
45,000
42,000
38,000
40,000
25,000
38,000
38,000
38,000
37,000
37,000
38,000
S
40,000
40,000
40,000
S
S
S
S
40,000
40,000
40,000
S
S
S
S
60,000
60,000
61,000
57,000
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Management-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
14,000
S
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
79,000
80,000
76,000
90,000
75,000
80,000
56,000
95,000
96,000
94,000
100,000
95,000
100,000
80,000
68,000
70,000
68,000
79,000
59,000
65,000
45,000
61,000
61,000
61,000
52,000
50,000
49,000
S
88,000
90,000
89,000
89,000
63,000
71,000
61,000
78,000
80,000
75,000
90,000
72,000
79,000
53,000
95,000
96,000
95,000
100,000
90,000
96,000
79,000
65,000
67,000
65,000
75,000
56,000
64,000
45,000
54,000
54,000
54,000
64,000
44,000
S
S
87,000
88,000
88,000
90,000
62,000
70,000
61,000
73,000
75,000
72,000
85,000
69,000
76,000
50,000
91,000
92,000
90,000
100,000
90,000
95,000
79,000
63,000
65,000
65,000
70,000
55,000
62,000
45,000
54,000
54,000
53,000
65,000
44,000
S
S
85,000
87,000
86,000
89,000
63,000
70,000
61,000
70,000
74,000
70,000
83,000
57,000
64,000
44,000
91,000
94,000
89,000
103,000
85,000
93,000
54,000
60,000
65,000
65,000
68,000
48,000
56,000
40,000
53,000
53,000
53,000
S
S
S
S
80,000
84,000
82,000
86,000
62,000
S
S
Agricultural/food scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
75,000
80,000
80,000
75,000
56,000
58,000
S
85,000
85,000
90,000
78,000
72,000
S
S
64,000
73,000
73,000
S
44,000
44,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
78,000
80,000
80,000
S
S
S
S
Biological/medical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
72,000
80,000
76,000
86,000
55,000
65,000
42,000
92,000
95,000
90,000
108,000
85,000
93,000
53,000
55,000
62,000
62,000
64,000
45,000
54,000
40,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
80,000
84,000
83,000
86,000
62,000
S
S
Environmental life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
72,000
74,000
71,000
S
S
S
S
63,000
64,000
63,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
77,000
77,000
76,000
S
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Doctorate degrees, all occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Biological/agricultural/other life scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Postsecondary teachers-life/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
65,000
65,000
63,000
75,000
62,000
62,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
66,000
66,000
65,000
75,000
62,000
62,000
S
53,000
53,000
53,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Computer/mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
85,000
84,000
80,000
90,000
85,000
89,000
75,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
101,000
100,000
100,000
98,000
70,000
70,000
68,000
75,000
68,000
76,000
56,000
48,000
49,000
40,000
S
S
S
S
89,000
89,000
89,000
88,000
S
S
S
Computer/information scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
98,000
98,000
97,000
98,000
98,000
100,000
94,000
100,000
100,000
99,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
99,000
77,000
93,000
79,000
97,000
54,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
88,000
88,000
86,000
S
S
S
S
Mathematical scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
91,000
98,000
99,000
93,000
80,000
85,000
70,000
100,000
102,000
100,000
104,000
89,000
90,000
S
71,000
72,000
67,000
S
71,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
93,000
101,000
108,000
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-computer/mathematical sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
68,000
67,000
66,000
70,000
72,000
76,000
63,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
69,000
68,000
67,000
71,000
73,000
76,000
64,000
50,000
50,000
49,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
80,000
84,000
80,000
89,000
67,000
80,000
49,000
98,000
100,000
100,000
96,000
89,000
94,000
74,000
64,000
66,000
65,000
74,000
52,000
61,000
44,000
52,000
52,000
52,000
S
S
S
S
101,000
103,000
104,000
99,000
S
S
S
93,000
96,000
97,000
95,000
79,000
89,000
47,000
97,000
100,000
100,000
96,000
90,000
95,000
75,000
50,000
69,000
62,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
94,000
95,000
96,000
S
S
S
S
Physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Chemists, except biochemists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
34,000
49,000
31,000
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
89,000
95,000
98,000
88,000
71,000
S
S
61,000
68,000
64,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
97,000
98,000
99,000
90,000
S
S
S
95,000
100,000
100,000
107,000
63,000
85,000
47,000
104,000
107,000
107,000
106,000
86,000
92,000
S
57,000
68,000
63,000
S
48,000
62,000
45,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
116,000
118,000
119,000
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-physical/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
65,000
65,000
65,000
69,000
62,000
67,000
52,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
65,000
65,000
65,000
71,000
62,000
67,000
52,000
52,000
52,000
52,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other physical/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
85,000
88,000
87,000
S
S
S
S
88,000
88,000
89,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
85,000
93,000
S
S
S
S
S
67,000
66,000
65,000
70,000
70,000
71,000
60,000
75,000
74,000
75,000
70,000
81,000
74,000
90,000
63,000
63,000
62,000
67,000
68,000
70,000
58,000
57,000
57,000
56,000
71,000
S
S
S
80,000
80,000
80,000
82,000
S
S
S
Economists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
109,000
109,000
110,000
100,000
106,000
95,000
102,000
125,000
135,000
138,000
S
96,000
97,000
99,000
98,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
102,000
101,000
104,000
S
S
S
S
Political/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
70,000
71,000
74,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
60,000
62,000
65,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Earth/atmospheric/ocean scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Physicists/astronomers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
84,000
89,000
89,000
92,000
63,000
70,000
48,000
102,000
S
52,000
S
48,000
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Postsecondary teachers-social/related sciences
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
62,000
61,000
61,000
65,000
69,000
70,000
58,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
62,000
62,000
61,000
65,000
69,000
70,000
58,000
57,000
57,000
57,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Psychologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
68,000
69,000
68,000
72,000
56,000
55,000
S
70,000
70,000
70,000
65,000
48,000
S
S
64,000
64,000
63,000
91,000
S
S
S
55,000
55,000
55,000
S
S
S
S
75,000
75,000
75,000
S
S
S
S
Sociologists/anthropologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
66,000
69,000
69,000
S
S
S
S
71,000
71,000
72,000
S
S
S
S
59,000
61,000
61,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
77,000
77,000
78,000
S
S
S
S
Other social/related scientists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
72,000
72,000
74,000
71,000
S
S
S
74,000
70,000
74,000
S
S
S
S
71,000
73,000
74,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
70,000
71,000
70,000
S
S
S
S
94,000
100,000
98,000
100,000
80,000
90,000
68,000
100,000
103,000
105,000
100,000
90,000
97,000
79,000
80,000
88,000
85,000
91,000
65,000
75,000
40,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
92,000
94,000
94,000
93,000
S
S
S
Aerospace/aeronautical/astronautical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
101,000
109,000
110,000
100,000
S
S
S
100,000
107,000
111,000
97,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
109,000
110,000
106,000
S
S
S
S
Chemical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
99,000
101,000
103,000
100,000
80,000
81,000
S
100,000
103,000
106,000
100,000
82,000
83,000
S
45,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
82,000
83,000
82,000
89,000
75,000
79,000
S
83,000
82,000
80,000
92,000
79,000
87,000
S
74,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
79,000
84,000
S
S
S
S
S
105,000
113,000
117,000
109,000
100,000
102,000
84,000
110,000
116,000
120,000
109,000
100,000
104,000
89,000
80,000
100,000
87,000
S
50,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
100,000
100,000
101,000
S
S
S
S
Industrial engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
66,000
25,000
21,000
S
S
S
S
74,000
75,000
92,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Mechanical engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
93,000
100,000
99,000
100,000
77,000
85,000
67,000
94,000
100,000
98,000
100,000
81,000
90,000
71,000
68,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Postsecondary teachers-engineering
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
83,000
86,000
85,000
89,000
75,000
78,000
60,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
83,000
87,000
86,000
89,000
75,000
78,000
60,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
91,000
98,000
98,000
98,000
72,000
81,000
44,000
96,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
80,000
86,000
70,000
56,000
77,000
75,000
S
38,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
91,000
93,000
96,000
86,000
S
S
S
88,000
89,000
86,000
99,000
80,000
84,000
64,000
114,000
120,000
124,000
118,000
92,000
96,000
70,000
77,000
78,000
78,000
88,000
69,000
70,000
48,000
55,000
57,000
54,000
73,000
S
S
S
94,000
93,000
95,000
76,000
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Civil/architectural/sanitary engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Electrical/computer hardware engineers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
39,000
S
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Health-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
78,000
78,000
77,000
85,000
69,000
69,000
66,000
86,000
87,000
95,000
81,000
39,000
S
S
75,000
76,000
75,000
86,000
69,000
71,000
48,000
49,000
49,000
48,000
S
S
S
S
89,000
86,000
83,000
S
S
S
S
S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
129,000
130,000
130,000
121,000
99,000
121,000
S
135,000
135,000
137,000
130,000
109,000
128,000
S
105,000
105,000
98,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
102,000
102,000
110,000
74,000
S
S
S
S&E precollege teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
55,000
56,000
55,000
60,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
55,000
56,000
55,000
60,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S&E technicians/technologists
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
75,000
75,000
77,000
74,000
75,000
S
S
89,000
87,000
84,000
103,000
91,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
78,000
75,000
75,000
85,000
99,000
100,000
87,000
85,000
80,000
79,000
92,000
106,000
108,000
95,000
74,000
74,000
73,000
91,000
69,000
65,000
78,000
68,000
67,000
70,000
24,000
S
S
S
85,000
87,000
87,000
81,000
S
S
S
59,000
58,000
57,000
66,000
S
S
S
54,000
49,000
50,000
S
S
S
S
55,000
57,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Other S&E-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Art/humanities/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
Management-related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
91,000
89,000
89,000
88,000
119,000
124,000
93,000
98,000
97,000
97,000
80,000
120,000
126,000
92,000
73,000
73,000
73,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
75,000
75,000
66,000
S
S
S
S
Non-S&E managers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
120,000
120,000
120,000
145,000
118,000
117,000
S
145,000
146,000
140,000
153,000
130,000
119,000
S
110,000
112,000
109,000
132,000
S
S
S
107,000
107,000
107,000
S
S
S
S
120,000
120,000
120,000
S
S
S
S
Non-S&E postsecondary teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
60,000
59,000
58,000
80,000
70,000
65,000
79,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
60,000
60,000
59,000
82,000
68,000
60,000
79,000
52,000
51,000
52,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Non-S&E precollege/other teachers
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
56,000
56,000
60,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
58,000
58,000
60,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
79,000
70,000
71,000
59,000
104,000
104,000
S
79,000
70,000
71,000
59,000
103,000
104,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Social services/related occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
58,000
58,000
59,000
40,000
S
S
S
50,000
51,000
54,000
S
S
S
S
39,000
41,000
45,000
S
S
S
S
60,000
60,000
60,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Other non-S&E occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
45,000
47,000
45,000
44,000
42,000
45,000
42,000
45,000
71,000
71,000
71,000
S
S
S
S
S
60,000
61,000
65,000
S
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Sales/marketing occupations
U.S. citizen
Native born
Naturalized
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
TABLE 26. Median annual salaries of employed U.S. scientists and engineers, by level of highest degree, occupation, citizenship status, and employment
sector: 2006
(Dollars)
Sector of employment
Level of highest degree, occupation, and citizenship status
Non-U.S. citizen
Permanent resident
Temporary resident
Employed
scientists and
engineers
Business/
industry
4-year
college/
university
Other
educational
institution
Government
29,000
28,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S = suppressed for reliability or confidentiality.
S&E = science and engineering.
a
Total includes professional degrees not broken out separately.
NOTES: Scientists and engineers include any person who has ever received a bachelor's or higher degree in a science or engineering (S&E) or S&E-related field through
2005, plus any person holding a non-S&E bachelor's or higher degree who was employed in a S&E or S&E-related occupation in 2003. Business/industry includes selfemployed individuals, nonprofit organizations, and other unspecified. Four-year college/university includes medical schools and university-affiliated research institutes.
Other educational institution includes 2-year colleges, precollege institutions, and other educational institutions. Government includes federal, state, and local employers.
Salaries are for principal job and rounded to the nearest thousand.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2006.