TABLE 11. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
22,630,000
12,400,000
10,230,000
98,000
48,000
50,000
2,253,000
1,260,000
993,000
1,257,000
519,000
738,000
12,436,000
7,521,000
4,915,000
51,000
27,000
24,000
1,463,000
900,000
564,000
646,000
296,000
350,000
686,000
368,000
318,000
9,338,000
5,782,000
3,556,000
251,000
147,000
104,000
9,537,000
4,996,000
4,541,000
44,000
21,000
22,000
968,000
491,000
477,000
562,000
232,000
330,000
530,000
239,000
291,000
7,234,000
3,909,000
3,325,000
200,000
104,000
96,000
1,933,000
1,014,000
919,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
204,000
91,000
113,000
78,000
26,000
52,000
104,000
48,000
56,000
1,499,000
822,000
677,000
39,000
22,000
18,000
312,000
197,000
114,000
2,000
S
S
20,000
13,000
7,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
12,000
7,000
5,000
265,000
167,000
97,000
8,000
5,000
3,000
1,429,000
686,000
743,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
177,000
75,000
102,000
70,000
21,000
49,000
87,000
37,000
50,000
1,062,000
536,000
526,000
28,000
13,000
14,000
192,000
130,000
62,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
7,000
3,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
173,000
119,000
54,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
1,864,000
1,230,000
635,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
362,000
222,000
140,000
111,000
60,000
51,000
83,000
56,000
27,000
1,267,000
860,000
407,000
33,000
26,000
8,000
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
1,235,000
855,000
380,000
8,000
6,000
3,000
288,000
184,000
104,000
82,000
44,000
38,000
66,000
44,000
22,000
766,000
558,000
208,000
24,000
19,000
6,000
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
630,000
374,000
255,000
1,000
S
S
74,000
38,000
36,000
29,000
16,000
13,000
17,000
11,000
5,000
501,000
302,000
199,000
9,000
7,000
2,000
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
859,000
619,000
241,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
112,000
70,000
43,000
24,000
14,000
9,000
37,000
22,000
14,000
671,000
503,000
168,000
12,000
7,000
5,000
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
407,000
264,000
143,000
2,000
*
1,000
67,000
38,000
29,000
14,000
8,000
7,000
20,000
12,000
8,000
299,000
202,000
97,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
Female
209,000
164,000
45,000
1,000
*
*
8,000
6,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
6,000
4,000
2,000
190,000
150,000
40,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
192,000
162,000
29,000
1,000
1,000
S
35,000
25,000
10,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
7,000
5,000
1,000
143,000
127,000
17,000
2,000
2,000
*
51,000
29,000
23,000
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
4,000
1,000
3,000
39,000
24,000
14,000
2,000
S
S
4,880,000
2,134,000
2,746,000
23,000
8,000
15,000
290,000
108,000
181,000
350,000
132,000
218,000
307,000
112,000
194,000
3,796,000
1,724,000
2,072,000
116,000
49,000
66,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
b
All degree levels and fields
Male
Female
S&E fields
Male
Female
Sciences
Male
Female
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
Biological sciences
Male
Female
Environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
Hispanic
White
Other
1,193,000 17,421,000
605,000 9,751,000
588,000 7,670,000
408,000
216,000
191,000
TABLE 11. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
Economics
Male
Female
712,000
501,000
211,000
*
S
S
103,000
48,000
56,000
27,000
21,000
6,000
34,000
21,000
13,000
536,000
403,000
133,000
11,000
8,000
3,000
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
867,000
512,000
355,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
51,000
23,000
28,000
65,000
30,000
35,000
50,000
27,000
23,000
676,000
418,000
258,000
23,000
14,000
8,000
1,813,000
533,000
1,281,000
9,000
3,000
5,000
67,000
18,000
49,000
129,000
35,000
94,000
124,000
31,000
94,000
1,439,000
433,000
1,006,000
45,000
12,000
33,000
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
969,000
348,000
621,000
6,000
1,000
5,000
35,000
11,000
24,000
89,000
31,000
58,000
56,000
21,000
35,000
754,000
272,000
482,000
27,000
11,000
16,000
Other social sciences
Male
Female
519,000
241,000
278,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
33,000
9,000
24,000
40,000
16,000
24,000
42,000
13,000
29,000
391,000
197,000
193,000
10,000
4,000
5,000
2,899,000
2,525,000
374,000
7,000
6,000
1,000
496,000
409,000
87,000
84,000
65,000
20,000
156,000
129,000
26,000
2,104,000
1,873,000
231,000
51,000
43,000
8,000
98,000
90,000
8,000
1,000
S
S
7,000
7,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
*
5,000
5,000
*
80,000
73,000
7,000
3,000
3,000
*
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
203,000
157,000
46,000
2,000
2,000
S
36,000
27,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
2,000
9,000
6,000
4,000
147,000
118,000
29,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
446,000
389,000
58,000
1,000
1,000
S
57,000
49,000
8,000
13,000
10,000
2,000
35,000
30,000
5,000
330,000
289,000
41,000
11,000
10,000
1,000
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
932,000
825,000
107,000
1,000
1,000
S
230,000
189,000
41,000
36,000
29,000
7,000
46,000
39,000
7,000
600,000
550,000
50,000
19,000
18,000
2,000
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
186,000
150,000
36,000
S
S
S
26,000
19,000
6,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
15,000
12,000
3,000
135,000
113,000
23,000
2,000
2,000
*
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
609,000
559,000
50,000
2,000
2,000
S
78,000
72,000
6,000
13,000
11,000
1,000
24,000
22,000
2,000
485,000
446,000
39,000
7,000
6,000
1,000
Other engineering
Male
Female
425,000
356,000
69,000
S
S
S
62,000
46,000
16,000
9,000
5,000
3,000
21,000
16,000
5,000
328,000
285,000
43,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
5,389,000
2,179,000
3,210,000
24,000
8,000
16,000
504,000
214,000
290,000
289,000
91,000
199,000
283,000
123,000
159,000
4,199,000
1,706,000
2,493,000
90,000
37,000
53,000
4,213,000
1,400,000
2,813,000
19,000
5,000
14,000
416,000
153,000
263,000
229,000
51,000
177,000
220,000
82,000
138,000
3,254,000
1,082,000
2,172,000
76,000
27,000
49,000
437,000
193,000
2,000
S
13,000
5,000
24,000
10,000
18,000
7,000
376,000
170,000
5,000
2,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Psychology
Male
Female
Engineering
Male
Female
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Health
Male
Female
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
TABLE 11. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
244,000
2,000
8,000
14,000
11,000
206,000
3,000
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
375,000
322,000
53,000
3,000
S
S
46,000
36,000
10,000
21,000
16,000
5,000
21,000
19,000
2,000
278,000
243,000
35,000
6,000
5,000
S
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
364,000
264,000
100,000
S
S
S
30,000
21,000
9,000
16,000
13,000
3,000
23,000
15,000
8,000
291,000
211,000
79,000
3,000
3,000
S
4,805,000
2,700,000
2,105,000
24,000
13,000
10,000
285,000
146,000
139,000
321,000
132,000
189,000
225,000
114,000
111,000
3,885,000
2,263,000
1,622,000
66,000
32,000
34,000
376,000
197,000
179,000
S
S
S
24,000
8,000
16,000
8,000
3,000
5,000
17,000
9,000
8,000
322,000
174,000
148,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
Education, except science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
1,111,000
433,000
678,000
7,000
3,000
4,000
30,000
9,000
21,000
92,000
26,000
65,000
54,000
16,000
38,000
914,000
373,000
541,000
15,000
6,000
9,000
Management/administration
Male
Female
1,570,000
1,111,000
459,000
8,000
6,000
2,000
151,000
91,000
60,000
97,000
48,000
49,000
71,000
50,000
21,000
1,222,000
906,000
316,000
20,000
11,000
9,000
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
168,000
103,000
65,000
S
S
S
12,000
7,000
5,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
8,000
5,000
4,000
138,000
85,000
53,000
1,000
S
S
Social services/related
Male
Female
392,000
176,000
217,000
S
S
S
14,000
6,000
8,000
42,000
20,000
22,000
20,000
8,000
12,000
312,000
140,000
172,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
1,188,000
681,000
507,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
53,000
25,000
29,000
74,000
30,000
44,000
55,000
27,000
28,000
976,000
585,000
392,000
22,000
11,000
11,000
13,228,000
7,005,000
6,223,000
64,000
31,000
33,000
1,158,000
601,000
556,000
767,000
310,000
457,000
754,000 10,208,000
374,000 5,544,000
380,000 4,664,000
277,000
145,000
132,000
9,173,000
5,437,000
3,736,000
41,000
23,000
19,000
860,000
498,000
362,000
521,000
237,000
284,000
555,000
295,000
260,000
6,994,000
4,271,000
2,723,000
202,000
114,000
88,000
7,098,000
3,618,000
3,479,000
35,000
18,000
18,000
596,000
279,000
317,000
454,000
186,000
268,000
432,000
192,000
240,000
5,419,000
2,862,000
2,556,000
162,000
81,000
81,000
1,448,000
728,000
720,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
126,000
50,000
76,000
65,000
19,000
46,000
87,000
40,000
47,000
1,132,000
599,000
533,000
30,000
16,000
14,000
254,000
158,000
96,000
1,000
S
S
13,000
9,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
9,000
5,000
4,000
222,000
137,000
85,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
1,048,000
470,000
578,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
109,000
40,000
69,000
61,000
17,000
44,000
74,000
31,000
43,000
778,000
370,000
408,000
22,000
10,000
12,000
145,000
2,000
4,000
1,000
5,000
132,000
2,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Female
Non-S&E fields
Male
Female
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
Other non-S&E fields
Male
Female
Bachelor's degrees
Male
Female
S&E fields
Male
Female
Sciences
Male
Female
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
Biological sciences
Male
Female
Environmental life sciences
TABLE 11. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
100,000
45,000
S
S
1,000
3,000
1,000
*
4,000
1,000
92,000
40,000
2,000
S
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
1,327,000
863,000
464,000
7,000
6,000
1,000
186,000
112,000
74,000
89,000
49,000
40,000
68,000
45,000
23,000
950,000
630,000
320,000
25,000
20,000
6,000
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
867,000
601,000
266,000
7,000
6,000
1,000
144,000
93,000
51,000
67,000
36,000
31,000
55,000
36,000
19,000
576,000
416,000
160,000
18,000
14,000
4,000
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
460,000
262,000
198,000
*
S
S
42,000
19,000
23,000
23,000
13,000
10,000
14,000
10,000
4,000
374,000
214,000
160,000
8,000
6,000
2,000
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
538,000
367,000
170,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
53,000
30,000
24,000
18,000
10,000
8,000
28,000
16,000
12,000
427,000
306,000
121,000
8,000
4,000
4,000
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
268,000
162,000
106,000
1,000
S
S
33,000
17,000
16,000
12,000
6,000
6,000
17,000
10,000
7,000
201,000
127,000
74,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
Female
131,000
103,000
28,000
*
S
S
2,000
2,000
*
1,000
1,000
S
4,000
3,000
1,000
122,000
97,000
26,000
1,000
1,000
*
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
95,000
79,000
17,000
*
S
S
17,000
10,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
72,000
63,000
9,000
1,000
1,000
S
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
43,000
24,000
19,000
S
S
S
2,000
S
1,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
4,000
1,000
3,000
32,000
20,000
12,000
S
S
S
3,786,000
1,661,000
2,126,000
19,000
6,000
12,000
230,000
88,000
143,000
282,000
109,000
173,000
248,000
91,000
157,000
2,909,000
1,327,000
1,583,000
97,000
41,000
57,000
Economics
Male
Female
604,000
423,000
181,000
S
S
S
87,000
40,000
48,000
23,000
18,000
5,000
30,000
18,000
12,000
453,000
340,000
112,000
10,000
7,000
3,000
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
714,000
418,000
295,000
2,000
S
39,000
18,000
22,000
55,000
25,000
30,000
42,000
24,000
19,000
555,000
339,000
216,000
21,000
13,000
8,000
1,204,000
336,000
868,000
6,000
S
4,000
50,000
15,000
35,000
93,000
26,000
67,000
93,000
21,000
72,000
928,000
263,000
665,000
34,000
7,000
27,000
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
867,000
301,000
566,000
6,000
1,000
5,000
30,000
9,000
21,000
81,000
27,000
53,000
50,000
18,000
31,000
676,000
234,000
442,000
25,000
10,000
15,000
Other social sciences
Male
Female
398,000
183,000
214,000
4,000
2,000
S
24,000
6,000
17,000
30,000
12,000
18,000
33,000
9,000
24,000
298,000
150,000
148,000
8,000
4,000
4,000
2,075,000
1,819,000
257,000
6,000
5,000
1,000
263,000
218,000
45,000
67,000
50,000
16,000
123,000
103,000
20,000
1,575,000
1,408,000
167,000
40,000
33,000
7,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Male
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
Psychology
Male
Female
Engineering
Male
Female
2,000
TABLE 11. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
69,000
63,000
6,000
1,000
S
S
4,000
3,000
*
2,000
2,000
*
3,000
3,000
*
58,000
53,000
5,000
2,000
2,000
*
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
150,000
112,000
38,000
2,000
2,000
S
18,000
11,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
117,000
92,000
24,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
334,000
293,000
41,000
1,000
1,000
S
33,000
29,000
4,000
11,000
9,000
2,000
28,000
24,000
4,000
252,000
223,000
30,000
9,000
8,000
1,000
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
640,000
574,000
66,000
1,000
1,000
S
126,000
108,000
18,000
29,000
23,000
6,000
38,000
32,000
5,000
430,000
395,000
35,000
16,000
15,000
1,000
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
140,000
113,000
27,000
S
S
S
12,000
8,000
5,000
5,000
3,000
3,000
12,000
10,000
3,000
108,000
92,000
16,000
1,000
1,000
*
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
489,000
450,000
39,000
1,000
1,000
S
48,000
45,000
3,000
11,000
9,000
1,000
20,000
18,000
2,000
403,000
372,000
32,000
6,000
5,000
1,000
Other engineering
Male
Female
253,000
213,000
39,000
S
S
S
23,000
15,000
8,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
15,000
11,000
4,000
207,000
182,000
25,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2,890,000
926,000
1,964,000
14,000
5,000
10,000
240,000
77,000
162,000
169,000
46,000
124,000
154,000
52,000
102,000
2,255,000
728,000
1,527,000
58,000
19,000
39,000
2,100,000
364,000
1,735,000
10,000
2,000
9,000
182,000
38,000
144,000
131,000
17,000
114,000
106,000
20,000
86,000
1,620,000
275,000
1,345,000
50,000
13,000
37,000
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
218,000
99,000
119,000
S
S
S
7,000
2,000
4,000
8,000
4,000
4,000
12,000
4,000
8,000
189,000
88,000
101,000
1,000
S
S
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
313,000
272,000
41,000
3,000
S
S
28,000
22,000
6,000
18,000
14,000
4,000
19,000
17,000
2,000
240,000
213,000
27,000
5,000
4,000
S
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
260,000
191,000
69,000
S
S
S
23,000
15,000
8,000
12,000
11,000
S
18,000
11,000
6,000
205,000
152,000
53,000
2,000
2,000
S
1,165,000
641,000
523,000
8,000
3,000
5,000
59,000
26,000
32,000
77,000
28,000
49,000
45,000
26,000
18,000
960,000
546,000
414,000
17,000
12,000
5,000
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
240,000
134,000
106,000
S
S
S
10,000
4,000
6,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
9,000
7,000
2,000
213,000
119,000
94,000
2,000
1,000
S
Education, except science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
204,000
67,000
137,000
S
S
S
6,000
2,000
4,000
14,000
3,000
11,000
8,000
4,000
3,000
171,000
57,000
114,000
3,000
S
2,000
Management/administration
Male
Female
444,000
300,000
144,000
3,000
S
S
35,000
16,000
18,000
33,000
14,000
19,000
17,000
12,000
6,000
349,000
251,000
98,000
8,000
6,000
1,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Health
Male
Female
Non-S&E fields
Male
Female
TABLE 11. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
55,000
29,000
26,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
S
S
2,000
S
S
49,000
26,000
23,000
S
S
S
Social services/related
Male
Female
41,000
25,000
15,000
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
S
6,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
32,000
20,000
12,000
S
S
S
Other non-S&E fields
Male
Female
180,000
86,000
94,000
S
S
S
6,000
3,000
3,000
16,000
5,000
11,000
8,000
2,000
6,000
146,000
73,000
73,000
3,000
2,000
S
Master's degrees
Male
Female
6,411,000
3,373,000
3,039,000
25,000
12,000
13,000
729,000
425,000
304,000
378,000
149,000
229,000
290,000
138,000
152,000
4,900,000
2,599,000
2,302,000
89,000
50,000
40,000
S&E fields
Male
Female
2,438,000
1,489,000
949,000
8,000
4,000
5,000
457,000
291,000
166,000
104,000
47,000
57,000
106,000
58,000
48,000
1,723,000
1,063,000
660,000
40,000
27,000
13,000
1,758,000
913,000
845,000
7,000
3,000
4,000
273,000
144,000
129,000
89,000
35,000
54,000
77,000
35,000
42,000
1,282,000
679,000
603,000
30,000
18,000
12,000
263,000
134,000
129,000
1,000
S
*
35,000
14,000
22,000
8,000
4,000
4,000
10,000
4,000
6,000
202,000
108,000
94,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
35,000
21,000
14,000
S
S
S
3,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
*
2,000
1,000
1,000
26,000
16,000
10,000
2,000
S
S
187,000
88,000
100,000
*
S
S
30,000
11,000
19,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
7,000
3,000
4,000
142,000
70,000
72,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
Environmental life sciences
Male
Female
40,000
25,000
15,000
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
*
1,000
S
1,000
1,000
*
*
34,000
22,000
13,000
1,000
S
S
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
481,000
319,000
161,000
2,000
S
S
162,000
99,000
63,000
21,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
9,000
3,000
276,000
195,000
81,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
348,000
238,000
110,000
S
S
S
137,000
86,000
51,000
15,000
8,000
7,000
10,000
8,000
3,000
177,000
131,000
46,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
133,000
81,000
51,000
S
S
S
25,000
13,000
12,000
6,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
99,000
64,000
35,000
1,000
1,000
S
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
157,000
114,000
43,000
1,000
S
S
29,000
17,000
12,000
3,000
3,000
1,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
118,000
88,000
30,000
2,000
2,000
*
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
53,000
33,000
21,000
S
S
S
16,000
8,000
8,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
34,000
22,000
12,000
1,000
1,000
S
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
56,000
43,000
S
S
4,000
2,000
*
*
1,000
1,000
50,000
38,000
1,000
1,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Sciences
Male
Female
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
Biological sciences
Male
Female
TABLE 11. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
13,000
S
1,000
S
*
11,000
*
42,000
35,000
7,000
S
S
S
9,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
S
2,000
2,000
*
29,000
25,000
4,000
*
*
S
6,000
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
5,000
3,000
2,000
S
S
S
858,000
347,000
511,000
3,000
1,000
2,000
47,000
14,000
33,000
57,000
18,000
38,000
50,000
18,000
32,000
686,000
288,000
398,000
15,000
7,000
8,000
81,000
56,000
25,000
S
S
S
12,000
5,000
7,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
62,000
46,000
17,000
S
S
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
130,000
77,000
53,000
S
S
S
10,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
3,000
5,000
7,000
3,000
4,000
102,000
65,000
37,000
2,000
1,000
*
Psychology
Male
Female
474,000
136,000
338,000
2,000
S
2,000
13,000
2,000
11,000
31,000
7,000
23,000
26,000
8,000
19,000
391,000
114,000
277,000
10,000
4,000
5,000
71,000
31,000
40,000
S
S
S
4,000
1,000
3,000
7,000
2,000
4,000
6,000
2,000
4,000
53,000
25,000
29,000
1,000
S
1,000
101,000
46,000
55,000
S
S
S
7,000
1,000
6,000
8,000
3,000
5,000
8,000
3,000
5,000
76,000
38,000
38,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
679,000
576,000
104,000
1,000
S
S
184,000
148,000
36,000
15,000
12,000
3,000
29,000
23,000
6,000
441,000
384,000
57,000
10,000
9,000
1,000
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
22,000
20,000
2,000
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
*
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
*
17,000
15,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
S
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
32,000
26,000
6,000
S
S
S
12,000
10,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
2,000
*
1,000
18,000
15,000
3,000
S
S
S
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
100,000
85,000
15,000
S
S
S
21,000
17,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
*
6,000
5,000
1,000
70,000
59,000
11,000
2,000
2,000
S
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
251,000
213,000
38,000
S
S
S
87,000
67,000
20,000
6,000
5,000
1,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
147,000
133,000
14,000
3,000
2,000
S
42,000
34,000
8,000
S
S
S
12,000
10,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
*
3,000
2,000
1,000
25,000
19,000
6,000
S
S
S
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
102,000
92,000
10,000
S
S
S
23,000
21,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
*
4,000
3,000
*
71,000
64,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
S
Other engineering
131,000
S
27,000
3,000
6,000
94,000
2,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Female
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
Economics
Male
Female
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
Other social sciences
Male
Female
Engineering
Male
Female
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
*
TABLE 11. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
106,000
25,000
S
S
20,000
7,000
2,000
1,000
4,000
1,000
79,000
15,000
2,000
*
1,193,000
359,000
834,000
4,000
1,000
4,000
86,000
36,000
50,000
70,000
18,000
52,000
45,000
15,000
31,000
972,000
282,000
690,000
15,000
7,000
7,000
Health
Male
Female
828,000
156,000
672,000
3,000
1,000
3,000
57,000
15,000
42,000
48,000
8,000
41,000
31,000
6,000
25,000
678,000
122,000
556,000
9,000
5,000
5,000
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
208,000
88,000
120,000
S
S
S
5,000
2,000
3,000
15,000
6,000
10,000
7,000
3,000
3,000
177,000
76,000
101,000
3,000
S
2,000
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
58,000
46,000
12,000
S
S
S
16,000
13,000
3,000
3,000
3,000
S
2,000
2,000
S
35,000
27,000
8,000
S
S
S
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
99,000
69,000
30,000
S
S
S
7,000
6,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
S
5,000
3,000
2,000
82,000
56,000
25,000
S
S
S
2,781,000
1,524,000
1,257,000
13,000
8,000
5,000
186,000
98,000
88,000
204,000
84,000
120,000
138,000
65,000
73,000
2,206,000
1,254,000
952,000
35,000
16,000
19,000
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
116,000
52,000
64,000
S
S
S
14,000
4,000
10,000
2,000
S
S
6,000
2,000
4,000
92,000
45,000
47,000
1,000
S
S
Education, except science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
835,000
327,000
508,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
23,000
6,000
16,000
72,000
20,000
52,000
42,000
10,000
32,000
684,000
283,000
401,000
11,000
5,000
6,000
1,109,000
798,000
311,000
5,000
4,000
S
111,000
70,000
41,000
64,000
34,000
30,000
54,000
38,000
16,000
862,000
646,000
216,000
13,000
5,000
8,000
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
111,000
72,000
38,000
S
S
S
11,000
7,000
4,000
5,000
4,000
1,000
7,000
3,000
3,000
88,000
59,000
30,000
S
S
S
Social services/related
Male
Female
316,000
122,000
194,000
S
S
S
11,000
4,000
7,000
34,000
15,000
19,000
18,000
7,000
11,000
249,000
95,000
154,000
4,000
S
2,000
Other non-S&E fields
Male
Female
295,000
154,000
141,000
S
S
S
17,000
7,000
10,000
26,000
10,000
16,000
12,000
5,000
7,000
231,000
127,000
104,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
1,018,000
710,000
308,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
165,000
122,000
43,000
33,000
20,000
13,000
35,000
21,000
15,000
771,000
539,000
232,000
11,000
7,000
4,000
802,000
586,000
216,000
2,000
1,000
*
146,000
110,000
35,000
21,000
13,000
8,000
24,000
15,000
9,000
602,000
441,000
161,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
659,000
456,000
203,000
1,000
1,000
*
98,000
68,000
30,000
18,000
10,000
8,000
20,000
12,000
8,000
514,000
360,000
154,000
7,000
5,000
2,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Male
Female
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Non-S&E fields
Male
Female
Management/administration
Male
Female
Doctorate degrees
Male
Female
S&E fields
Male
Female
Sciences
Male
Female
TABLE 11. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
223,000
152,000
71,000
1,000
*
*
42,000
27,000
15,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
7,000
5,000
3,000
165,000
115,000
50,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
22,000
18,000
4,000
S
S
S
3,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
17,000
14,000
3,000
*
*
S
193,000
128,000
65,000
*
*
*
38,000
25,000
14,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
6,000
3,000
3,000
142,000
96,000
46,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
Environmental life sciences
Male
Female
8,000
6,000
2,000
S
S
S
1,000
*
*
*
*
S
*
*
*
7,000
5,000
1,000
S
S
S
Computer/mathematical sciences
Male
Female
57,000
48,000
9,000
S
S
S
13,000
11,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
*
2,000
1,000
1,000
41,000
35,000
6,000
*
*
*
Computer/information sciences
Male
Female
20,000
17,000
3,000
S
S
S
7,000
5,000
1,000
*
*
*
1,000
1,000
*
12,000
11,000
2,000
*
*
S
Mathematical sciences
Male
Female
37,000
31,000
6,000
S
S
S
7,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
28,000
24,000
4,000
*
*
*
Physical/related sciences
Male
Female
164,000
137,000
27,000
*
*
S
30,000
23,000
7,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
4,000
3,000
1,000
126,000
109,000
18,000
2,000
1,000
*
Chemistry, except biochemistry
Male
Female
86,000
69,000
17,000
*
*
S
18,000
13,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
63,000
53,000
10,000
1,000
1,000
*
Earth/atmospheric/ocean sciences
Male
Female
21,000
18,000
4,000
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
*
*
S
*
*
*
18,000
15,000
3,000
*
*
Physics/astronomy
Male
Female
54,000
48,000
6,000
S
S
S
10,000
8,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
42,000
38,000
4,000
S
3,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
*
*
*
*
S
S
*
S
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
214,000
119,000
95,000
1,000
*
*
12,000
7,000
5,000
10,000
5,000
5,000
8,000
4,000
4,000
181,000
102,000
80,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
Economics
Male
Female
27,000
22,000
5,000
S
S
S
4,000
3,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
21,000
17,000
4,000
*
*
S
Political/related sciences
Male
Female
23,000
17,000
6,000
*
S
S
1,000
1,000
*
2,000
1,000
*
1,000
*
*
19,000
14,000
5,000
*
*
*
114,000
53,000
61,000
*
*
*
4,000
1,000
2,000
5,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
2,000
3,000
100,000
48,000
52,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Biological/agricultural/environmental life sciences
Male
Female
Agricultural/food sciences
Male
Female
Biological sciences
Male
Female
Other physical sciences
Male
Female
Social/related sciences
Male
Female
Psychology
Male
Female
S
*
*
TABLE 11. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
Sociology/anthropology
Male
Female
30,000
16,000
14,000
*
S
*
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
25,000
13,000
12,000
1,000
*
*
Other social sciences
Male
Female
20,000
12,000
9,000
*
S
*
2,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
*
*
16,000
9,000
7,000
*
*
*
144,000
130,000
13,000
S
S
S
48,000
43,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
*
3,000
3,000
*
88,000
81,000
7,000
1,000
1,000
*
7,000
6,000
*
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
S
*
*
S
*
*
S
5,000
5,000
*
S
S
S
Chemical engineering
Male
Female
21,000
18,000
2,000
S
S
S
7,000
6,000
1,000
*
*
*
1,000
1,000
S
12,000
11,000
1,000
*
*
S
Civil/architectural engineering
Male
Female
12,000
11,000
1,000
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
*
*
*
S
*
*
S
8,000
7,000
1,000
S
S
S
Electrical/computer engineering
Male
Female
41,000
38,000
3,000
S
S
S
16,000
14,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
23,000
22,000
1,000
*
*
S
4,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
1,000
1,000
S
*
*
S
*
S
S
2,000
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
Mechanical engineering
Male
Female
19,000
18,000
1,000
S
S
S
7,000
6,000
*
*
*
S
*
*
S
11,000
10,000
*
*
*
Other engineering
Male
Female
41,000
36,000
5,000
S
S
S
12,000
11,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
*
1,000
1,000
*
27,000
24,000
3,000
S
65,000
34,000
31,000
*
S
*
11,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
46,000
24,000
22,000
1,000
1,000
*
Health
Male
Female
45,000
20,000
25,000
*
S
*
8,000
4,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
30,000
12,000
18,000
*
*
*
Science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
11,000
7,000
5,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
10,000
6,000
4,000
S
S
S
Technology/technical fields
Male
Female
5,000
4,000
S
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
3,000
3,000
S
S
S
S
Other S&E-related fields
Male
Female
4,000
3,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
4,000
S
1,000
S
S
S
150,000
90,000
S
S
9,000
6,000
9,000
6,000
8,000
4,000
122,000
74,000
2,000
S
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Engineering
Male
Female
Aerospace/related engineering
Male
Female
Industrial engineering
Male
Female
S&E-related fields
Male
Female
Non-S&E fields
Male
S
*
*
TABLE 11. U.S. scientists and engineers, by level and field of highest degree, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2006
Race/ethnicitya
All scientists
and engineers
American
Indian/Alaska
Native
Asian
Black
Hispanic
White
Other
Female
61,000
S
3,000
3,000
5,000
48,000
1,000
Arts/humanities
Male
Female
20,000
11,000
9,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
S
S
17,000
10,000
7,000
S
S
S
Education, except science/mathematics teacher education
Male
Female
69,000
38,000
32,000
S
S
S
1,000
S
1,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
4,000
2,000
2,000
58,000
32,000
25,000
1,000
S
1,000
Management/administration
Male
Female
16,000
13,000
3,000
S
S
S
5,000
4,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
10,000
8,000
2,000
S
S
S
2,000
1,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Social services/related
Male
Female
21,000
16,000
5,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
2,000
S
S
S
S
18,000
14,000
4,000
S
S
S
Other non-S&E fields
Male
Female
22,000
11,000
12,000
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
2,000
S
S
19,000
9,000
10,000
S
S
S
Level and field of highest degree and sex
Sales/marketing
Male
Female
* = estimate < 500; S = suppressed for reliability or confidentiality.
S&E = science and engineering.
a
b
"Other" includes Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander and non-Hispanic respondents reporting 2 or more races.
Total includes professional degrees not broken out separately.
NOTES: Scientists and engineers include any person who has ever received a bachelor's or higher degree in a science or engineering (S&E) or S&E-related field
through 2005, plus any person holding a non-S&E bachelor's or higher degree who was employed in a S&E or S&E-related occupation in 2003. See
http://sestat.nsf.gov/docs/ed03maj.html for a detailed description of the educational field classification. Numbers are rounded to the nearest thousand. Detail may
not add to total because of rounding.
SOURCE: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2006.