BLS SPOTLIGHT ON STATISTICS AROUND THE WORLD IN EIGHT CHARTS
Around the World
in Eight Charts
www.bls.gov/spotlight
March 2008
Jules Verne isn't the only one who can take you on a worldwide adventure. Travel the globe in eight charts with the Bureau of Labor Statistics! Although BLS is the premier source for U.S. labor statistics, the Bureau is also widely recognized for providing comparable international data. BLS provides information on employment, unemployment, productivity, compensation costs, and other labor‐
related measures for countries in the Americas, Europe, and Asia and the Pacific. Let's begin our tour! U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
1 BLS SPOTLIGHT ON STATISTICS AROUND THE WORLD IN EIGHT CHARTS
www.bls.gov/spotlight
Teens Have Higher Unemployment Rates, but Less So in
Germany
Worldwide, the unemployment rate for teenagers is generally higher than the unemployment rate for adults. In Germany, however, teens may have relatively better luck landing a job. German teenagers have among the lowest unemployment rates in Europe. This partly is due to an apprenticeship system that provides employment and training for young persons. Compared to other countries around the world, the gap between the adult and teenage unemployment rates in Germany is strikingly small. Teenage and adult unemployment rates, 2006
40
15 or 16 to 19 years*
33.2
25 years and over
30.9
31.1
Percent
30
20.3
20
14.8
14.2
9.6
14.7
15.4
10.1
10
9.9
8.1
3.8
3.8
Japan
Netherlands
4.6
5.0
3.6
3.6
5.6
3.8
0
Germany
Canada Australia
United
States
United
France
Kingdom
Sw eden
* 15-19 years for Australia, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the Netherlands. 16-19 in all others.
Italy
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
2 BLS SPOTLIGHT ON STATISTICS AROUND THE WORLD IN EIGHT CHARTS
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Worldwide Differences in
Labor Productivity Growth
Among other things, Italy is known for its labor‐intensive production of high‐
fashion clothing and accessories. While a fashion‐conscious traveler might want to purchase an Italian designer handbag, an economist might wonder how many handbags are being produced per hour. Such detailed productivity data are not available, but broader measures are. Trends in output per hour, or labor productivity, in manufacturing differ considerably across countries. Average annual growth in manufacturing labor productivity between 1992 and 2006 ranged from 0.8 percent in Italy to 9 percent in South Korea. As a major industrialized country, Italy's relatively low productivity trend contrasts sharply with productivity growth rates in other economies. Average annual growth rates in output per hour in manufacturing,
1992-2006
South Korea
9.0
6.9
Sw eden
5.4
Taiw an
4.8
United States
4.1
France
3.7
Netherlands
Germany
3.6
Japan
3.6
3.1
Belgium
3.0
United Kingdom
2.7
Denmark
2.6
Australia
2.5
Canada
2.3
Norw ay
1.7
Spain
Italy
Percent 0
0.8
1
2
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3 BLS SPOTLIGHT ON STATISTICS AROUND THE WORLD IN EIGHT CHARTS
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Rapid Growth in South Korea
In South Korea you can find the hottest in cell phones, flat screen televisions, and other electronic gadgets. Korea's rate of economic growth, as measured by growth in the country's gross domestic product (GDP) relative to its population, has also been hot in recent years. Between 2000 and 2006, real GDP per person in Korea grew approximately 4.2 percent per year, up from 3.5 percent during the 1995‐
2000 period. On the flip side, many other countries have experienced slower rates of economic growth in recent years compared to the 1995‐2000 period. Average annual growth rates in real GDP per capita,
1995-2000 and 2000-2006
5
1995-2000
2000-2006
Percent
4
3
2
1
0
South
Korea
Spain
Netherlands
Canada
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Sweden Australia
United
Kingdom
United
States
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
4 BLS SPOTLIGHT ON STATISTICS AROUND THE WORLD IN EIGHT CHARTS
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Low Unemployment in Japan
Unemployment rates vary substantially across countries and over time. Historically, Japan has had relatively low unemployment rates, as shown in the chart below. Japan has been able to maintain low unemployment rates in part because of the large numbers of women who are temporary or casual workers. When economic downturns occur there, these temporary and casual workers are often the first to be let go. Women in Japan are less likely than men to look for another job after losing a position. They are therefore not counted among the unemployed, and their flexibility enables regular full‐time workers to keep their positions. Unemployment rates, 1991-2006
12
Europe - average of France, Germany, Italy, and the United
10
Percent
8
Canada
United States
6
4
Japan
2
0
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
5 BLS SPOTLIGHT ON STATISTICS AROUND THE WORLD IN EIGHT CHARTS
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Manufacturing Competitiveness
Wages, bonuses, benefits — these are terms that are familiar to workers and employers alike. Hourly compensation costs, including basic wages and other pay and benefits, are one measure of international competitiveness. In 2006, Norwegian factory owners had among the highest compensation costs in the world: the average total of $41.05 per hour included $27.54 in wages and $13.51 for other pay and benefits. At the other extreme, average manufacturing compensation costs in the Philippines were among the lowest that same year, at $1.07 per hour. These costs included $0.80 in wages and $0.27 in other pay and benefits. Hourly compensation costs for production workers in
manufacturing by wages and other pay and benefits, 2006
Basic w ages
Philippines
Other pay and benefits
Brazil
Czech Republic
New Zealand
Japan
United States
United Kingdom
Switzerland
Germany
Norway
U.S. dollars $0
$5
$10
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
$15
$20
$25
$30
$35
$40
$45
6 BLS SPOTLIGHT ON STATISTICS AROUND THE WORLD IN EIGHT CHARTS
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Employment Growth "Down Under"
No round‐the‐world adventure would be complete without a stop "Down Under." Since the early 1990s, employment in Australia has grown about 1.9 percent per year, the highest employment growth among many developed countries during this period. (NOTE: Due to rounding, the average annual growth rate in employment was 0.0 percent for Japan, Germany, and Sweden between 1991 and 2006, even though there were slight changes in employment levels in these countries over the period.) Average annual growth rates in employment, 1991-2006
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.5
Percent
1.4
1.0
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
Japan
Germany
Sweden
0.0
Australia
Canada
Netherlands
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
United
States
France
United
Kingdom
Italy
7 BLS SPOTLIGHT ON STATISTICS AROUND THE WORLD IN EIGHT CHARTS
www.bls.gov/spotlight
From Cars to Clothes:
Patterns in Compensation Costs
Average worker compensation costs in manufacturing differ greatly across countries. Within each country, however, compensation differences between manufacturing industries follow a similar pattern. In 2005, compensation costs in the motor vehicles industry were among the highest in manufacturing, while costs in textiles, apparel, and leather were among the lowest. Industry differentials are notably large in Brazil, with compensation costs in motor vehicles more than 3.5 times as much as costs in textiles, apparel, and leather. Hourly compensation costs by industry
for production workers in manufacturing, 2005
$50
$45
44.95
Motor Vehicles
Computers and Electronic Products
$40
Food, Beverages, and Tobacco
35.62
Textiles, Apparel, and Leather
$35
U.S. Dollars.
29.92
$30
26.63
26.33
$25
22.74
19.51
$20
15.43
$15
$10
7.76
$5
6.67
3.02
3.52
2.14
2.88 2.15
1.90
$0
Germany
United States
Brazil
Mexico
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
8 BLS SPOTLIGHT ON STATISTICS AROUND THE WORLD IN EIGHT CHARTS
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Shifting Shares of Manufacturing
and Service Sector Employment
Over time, more workers are employed in the services sector, and relatively fewer in manufacturing. In the United States, the share of employment in services increased from about 60 percent in 1965 to 79 percent in 2005. In contrast, the share of U.S. employment in manufacturing decreased from 27 percent to about 12 percent. This employment shift from manufacturing to services seen in the United States is also seen in countries around the world. This is true to such an extent that employment shares in services and manufacturing appear to be converging to similar levels among industrialized countries. (Note: Employment shares shown do not represent the total economy, because employment in agriculture, mining, and construction is excluded; therefore, the shares for each country do not sum to 100 percent. In chart: AUL = Australia; CAN = Canada; FRA = France; NTH = Netherlands; SWE = Sweden; UK = United Kingdom; US = United States.) Share of total employment in manufacturing and services sectors,
1965 and 2005
40
UK
Manufacturing share (percent)
35
SWE
30
NTH
FRA
US
AUL
25
CAN
20
1965
FRA
15
CAN
AUL
SWE
NTH
UK
US
10
2005
5
40
45
50
55
60
65
Services share (percent)
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
70
75
80
85
9 BLS SPOTLIGHT ON STATISTICS AROUND THE WORLD IN EIGHT CHARTS
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Continue the Adventure
The eight charts in this Spotlight on Statistics showcase just a small sample of the comparative international labor statistics that BLS has to offer. In addition to employment, unemployment, productivity, and compensation measures, BLS has consumer price indexes, labor force participation rates, and other indicators for up to 36 economies around the world. Another country that has been studied is China, for which limited statistics are available from BLS. To continue your adventure in international labor statistics, please see the following: •
BLS Foreign Labor Statistics program homepage (www.bls.gov/fls/) •
Data Available from the BLS Foreign Labor Statistics program (www.bls.gov/fls/availability.htm) •
A Chartbook of International Labor Comparisons by the U.S. Department of Labor (www.dol.gov/asp/media/reports/chartbook/2008‐01/chartbook.pdf) •
"Comparative civilian labor force statistics, 10 countries: a visual essay" from the December 2007 Monthly Labor Review (www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2007/12/art4exc.htm) General Information
For more information, please call (202) 691‐5200. Media Contact
The news media can contact the BLS Press Assistant at (202) 691‐5902. Note: Data in text and charts are the latest available at the time of publication. U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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