News
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Technical information:
Media contact:
(202) 691-6467
http://www.bls.gov/bdm/
691-5902
1
United States
Department
of Labor
Washington, D.C. 20212
USDL 07-1790
For release: 10:00 A.M. EST
Friday, November 16, 2007
BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: FIRST QUARTER 2007
From December 2006 to March 2007, the number of job gains from opening and expanding private
sector establishments was 7.5 million, and the number of job losses from closing and contracting
establishments was 7.1 million, according to data released today by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the
Changes to Business Employment Dynamics Data
Beginning with the release of first quarter 2007 Business Employment Dynamics (BED)
data, state level series are included as a regular feature of the news release.
Additionally, all historical BED series back to third quarter 1992 have been revised, for
both seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted series to incorporate updated and
improved input data. In the future, annual revisions to BED series will be published each
year with the release of first quarter data. Those revisions will cover the last four quarters
of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.
In addition, beginning with this release, BED data have been revised to the 2007 North
American Industry Classification System (NAICS 2007). The conversion to NAICS 2007
resulted in minor changes to the data. For further information on the NAICS 2007 revision
and its effect on BED data, see the note on page 8 and the U.S. Census Bureau Web site
at http://www.census.gov/epcd/naics07/index.html.
2
Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted
3 months ended
Category
March
2006
June
2006
Sept.
2006
Dec.
2006
March
2007
Levels (in thousands)
Gross job gains ........................................
At expanding establishments .......
At opening establishments ..........
7,679
6,261
1,418
7,811
6,292
1,519
7,473
6,032
1,441
7,809
6,271
1,538
7,509
6,158
1,351
Gross job losses .......................................
At contracting establishments .....
At closing establishments ............
6,905
5,633
1,272
7,395
6,015
1,380
7,462
6,110
1,352
7,297
5,943
1,354
7,071
5,796
1,275
774
416
11
512
438
Net employment change 1..…...................
Rates (percent)
Gross job gains ........................................
At expanding establishments .......
At opening establishments ..........
6.9
5.6
1.3
6.9
5.6
1.3
6.7
5.4
1.3
7.0
5.6
1.4
6.6
5.4
1.2
Gross job losses .......................................
At contracting establishments .....
At closing establishments ............
6.1
5.0
1.1
6.5
5.3
1.2
6.6
5.4
1.2
6.5
5.3
1.2
6.2
5.1
1.1
Net employment change 1 .....…..............
.8
.4
.1
.5
.4
1
The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the
Technical Note for further information.
U.S. Department of Labor. (See charts 1 and 2 and table 3.) Over this period, firms with 1,000 or more
employees accounted for the largest share of gross job gains (16.5 percent) and firms with 1 to 4 employees
had the largest share of gross job losses (16.7 percent). (See tables D and 4 and charts 3 and 4.)
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data series include gross job gains and gross job losses at
the establishment level by major industry sector and for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size
class.
The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment
that occur at all businesses in the economy. BED statistics track these changes in employment at private
business units from the third month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job gains are the
sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing units and the addition of new jobs at opening
units. Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing units and the loss of jobs at
closing units. The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number of gross jobs lost is
the net change in employment. (See the Technical Note for more information.)
Private Sector Establishment-Level Gross Job Gains and Job Losses
Opening and expanding private sector business establishments gained 7.5 million jobs in the first quarter
of 2007, a decrease of 300,000 from the previous quarter. Over this quarter, expanding establishments
added 6.2 million jobs while opening establishments added 1.4 million jobs.
3
Table B. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Gross job gains
(3 months ended)
Industry
Total private 1 ..........................................
Goods-producing .................................
Natural resources and mining .......
Construction .....................................
Manufacturing ..................................
Service-providing 1 ….........................
Wholesale trade ................................
Retail trade ........................................
Transportation and warehousing .
Utilities ...............................................
Information ........................................
Financial activities ...........................
Professional and business
services ......................................
Education and health services ......
Leisure and hospitality ...................
Other services ...................................
1
Mar.
2006
June
2006
7,679
1,737
283
924
530
5,942
315
1,056
240
11
143
429
7,811
1,692
293
838
561
6,119
332
1,062
247
15
150
457
1,329
791
1,226
298
1,438
787
1,210
313
Gross job losses
(3 months ended)
Dec.
2006
Mar.
2007
Mar.
2006
June
2006
Sept.
2006
Dec.
2006
Mar.
2007
7,473
1,572
269
791
512
5,901
311
1,030
241
15
148
446
7,809
1,636
287
825
524
6,173
322
1,081
269
19
167
457
7,509
1,629
279
850
500
5,880
314
1,087
224
11
138
421
6,905
1,572
277
757
538
5,333
290
986
230
11
149
419
7,395
1,667
268
841
558
5,728
292
1,100
232
13
144
442
7,462
1,739
263
868
608
5,723
305
1,085
224
15
171
445
7,297
1,719
266
845
608
5,578
303
1,004
225
18
146
444
7,071
1,682
287
816
579
5,389
296
971
245
11
132
418
1,335
784
1,180
295
1,427
795
1,223
299
1,276
799
1,165
292
1,202
662
1,064
283
1,287
713
1,182
287
1,279
674
1,184
305
1,313
692
1,105
291
1,242
655
1,096
278
Sept.
2006
Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.
Gross job losses totaled 7.1 million, a decrease of 226,000 from the previous quarter. During the
quarter, contracting establishments lost 5.8 million jobs while closing establishments lost 1.3 million jobs.
(See tables A, 1, and 3, and chart 2.)
The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number of gross jobs lost yielded a net
change of 438,000 jobs in the private sector for first quarter 2007.
From December 2006 to March 2007, gross job gains represented 6.6 percent of private sector
employment while gross job losses represented 6.2 percent of private sector employment. (See tables A
and 2.) These gross job gain and loss statistics demonstrate that a sizable number of jobs appear and
disappear in the relatively short time frame of one quarter.
Major Industry Sector Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses
Goods-producing. Expanding and opening establishments in the goods-producing sector accounted for
1,629,000 jobs gained, and contracting and closing establishments accounted for 1,682,000 jobs lost. The
net loss of 53,000 jobs was the third consecutive quarter of net loss in this sector. (See tables B and 3.)
Construction. In construction, gross job gains from December 2006 to March 2007 increased to
850,000 and gross job losses fell to 816,000, resulting in a net gain of 34,000 jobs. This was the first net
gain in this industry since the first quarter of 2006.
Manufacturing. Gross job gains in manufacturing decreased to a level of 500,000 jobs in the first
quarter of 2007 and gross job losses fell to 579,000, resulting in a net loss of 79,000 jobs.
4
Table C. Number of private sector establishments by direction of employment change, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
3 months ended
Category
March
2006
June
2006
Sept.
2006
Dec.
2006
March
2007
Establishments gaining jobs .....................
Expanding establishments .................
Opening establishments ....................
1,950
1,586
364
1,923
1,559
364
1,891
1,535
356
1,954
1,562
392
1,935
1,577
358
Establishments losing jobs ........................
Contracting establishments ................
Closing establishments .......................
1,852
1,506
346
1,899
1,554
345
1,909
1,558
351
1,892
1,542
350
1,900
1,545
355
Net establishment change 1 .....….............
18
19
5
42
3
1
The net establishment change is the difference between the number of opening establishments and the number of
closing establishments. See the Technical Note for further information.
Service-providing. In the service-providing sector, gross job gains totaled 5,880,000 and gross job
losses totaled 5,389,000 in the first quarter of 2007, resulting in a net gain of 491,000 jobs.
Retail trade. Gross job gains in retail trade inched up to 1,087,000 and gross job losses fell to
971,000, resulting in a net gain of 116,000 jobs. This was the second consecutive quarter that this sector
had a net gain.
Leisure and hospitality. The leisure and hospitality sector gained 1,165,000 jobs and lost 1,096,000
jobs in the first quarter of 2007, for a net gain of 69,000.
Number of Establishments Gaining and Losing Employment
Another way to look at the dynamics of business activities is to monitor the number and proportion of
business units that are growing and declining. In the first quarter of 2007, the number of establishments
gaining jobs exceeded the number of establishments losing jobs. Out of 6.9 million active private-sector
establishments, a total of 1,935,000 establishments gained jobs from December 2006 to March 2007. (See
table C.) Of these, 1,577,000 were expanding establishments and 358,000 were opening establishments.
During the quarter, 1,545,000 establishments contracted and 355,000 establishments closed, resulting in
1,900,000 establishments losing jobs. Overall, the number of active private sector establishments increased
by 3,000 during the first quarter. This change was the difference between the number of opening
establishments and the number of closing establishments.
Firm-Level Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses by Size Class
From December 2006 to March 2007, firms with 1,000 or more employees accounted for the largest
share of gross job gains (16.5 percent) and firms with 1- 4 employees had the largest share of gross job
losses (16.7 percent). (See tables D and 4 and charts 3 and 4.)
In the first quarter of 2007, firms with 500 or more employees represented 21.0 percent of gross job
gains and 20.7 percent of gross job losses. (See table D.) From September 1992 through March 2007,
firms with 500 or more employees, on average, have accounted for 35.5 percent of quarterly net employment growth. (See table E.)
5
1
Table D. Three-month private sector share of gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Share of gross job gains
(3 months ended)
Firm size
Mar.
2006
June
2006
15.9
12.3
12.6
14.9
9.2
9.7
5.7
4.5
15.2
15.2
11.9
12.3
14.6
9.1
9.8
5.9
4.8
16.4
Total .................................. 100.0
100.0
1 - 4 employees. ....................
5 - 9 employees .....................
10 - 19 employees .................
20 - 49 employees .................
50 - 99 employees .................
100 - 249 employees .............
250 - 499 employees .............
500 - 999 employees .............
1,000 or more employees .....
1
Share of gross job losses
(3 months ended)
Dec.
2006
Mar.
2007
Mar.
2006
June
2006
Sept.
2006
15.6
12.1
12.3
14.4
9.1
9.3
5.8
4.6
16.8
15.8
11.6
11.7
13.8
8.7
9.2
5.5
4.5
19.2
15.7
12.3
12.5
14.6
9.0
9.4
5.5
4.5
16.5
16.9
12.9
12.9
14.4
8.7
8.8
5.1
4.0
16.3
15.9
12.5
12.6
14.4
8.9
9.1
5.4
4.4
16.8
15.8
12.2
12.4
14.5
8.9
9.3
5.5
4.5
16.9
15.9
12.4
12.4
14.4
8.9
9.3
5.8
4.6
16.3
16.7
12.6
12.5
14.4
8.8
9.0
5.3
4.1
16.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Sept.
2006
Dec.
2006
Mar.
2007
Share measures the percent of the category represented by firm size.
Table E. Average percentage share 1 of gross job gains and losses by firm size, third quarter 1992–
first quarter 2007, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
Firm size (number of employees)
Category
Total
1-4
5-9
10 - 19 20 - 49
50 - 99 100 - 249 250 - 499 500 - 999
1,000 or
more
Gross job gains ...............................
Expanding firms .........................
Opening firms .............................
100.0
100.0
100.0
14.5
7.1
53.1
11.6
10.7
16.1
12.0
12.1
11.5
14.3
15.2
9.6
9.1
10.1
4.1
9.8
11.1
2.8
5.9
6.8
1.2
4.8
5.6
.7
18.0
21.3
.9
Gross job losses .............................
Contracting firms .......................
Closing firms ..............................
100.0
100.0
100.0
14.8
7.6
50.7
12.0
11.2
15.6
12.3
12.4
11.5
14.5
15.4
10.0
9.1
10.0
4.6
9.6
10.8
3.7
5.8
6.6
1.6
4.7
5.5
1.1
17.2
20.5
1.2
Net change ......................................
100.0
9.6
6.4
8.1
12.2
9.3
11.6
7.3
6.2
29.3
Cumulative share of net change ..
–
9.6
16.0
24.1
36.3
45.6
57.2
64.5
70.7
100.0
1
Share measures the percent of the category represented by firm size.
Firms with 1- 4 employees continued to have the largest shares of both job gains at opening firms
and job losses at closing firms, with 60.4 and 60.6 percent respectively, in the first quarter of 2007.
(See table 4.)
6
Chart 4. Cumulative share of total quarterly gross job gains and losses by
firm size, December 2006-March 2007, seasonally adjusted
Chart 3. Share of total quarterly gross job gains and losses by firm size,
December 2006-March 2007, seasonally adjusted
100
18
90
16
80
Cumulative Percent
14
Percent
12
10
8
6
70
60
50
40
30
4
20
2
10
0
0
1-4
5-9
10-19
20-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
500-999
1,000 or
more
1-4
5-9
10-19
20-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
500-999
1,000 or
more
Firm Size - Number of Employees
Firm Size - Number of Employees
Share of gross job gains
Share of gross job losses
Share of gross job gains
Share of gross job losses
Gross Job Gains and Losses by State
Over the quarter, Alaska had the highest rate of gross job gains (10.3 percent) and gross job losses
(9.5 percent). Connecticut had the lowest rate of gross job gains (5.3 percent ) and Hawaii and the District
of Columbia had the lowest rates of gross job losses (5.2 percent each). (See table 6.) Gross job gains
exceeded gross job losses in 39 states and the District of Columbia. In 11 states, Puerto Rico, and the
Virgin Islands, gross job losses were greater than gross job gains resulting in net losses in total employment.
(See table 5.)
More Information
Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses are available at the Business Employment
Dynamics Web page on the BLS Web site at http://www.bls.gov/bdm. This information includes data on the
levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm size, the not seasonally adjusted data and
other seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, charts of gross job gains and gross job
losses by industry and firm size, and frequently asked questions on firm-size data. Additional information
about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found in the Technical Note of this release or may be
obtained by e-mailing [email protected].
7
Comparing Business Employment Dynamics Data with Current Employment
Statistics and Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages Data
The net change in employment from Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data series
will not match the net change in employment from the monthly Current Employment
Statistics (CES) survey. The CES estimates are based on monthly surveys from a sample
of establishments, while gross job gains and gross job losses are based on a quarterly
census of administrative records. In addition, the CES has a different coverage, excluding
the agriculture sector but including establishments not covered by the unemployment
insurance program. The net over-the-quarter changes derived by aggregating component
series in the BED data may be different from the net employment change estimated from
the CES seasonally adjusted total employment series. The intended use of the BED
statistics is to show the dynamic labor market flows that underlie the net changes in
aggregate employment levels; data users who want to track net changes in aggregate
employment levels over time should refer to CES data.
BED data have a more limited scope than the Quarterly Census of Employment and
Wages (QCEW) data. The data in this release, in contrast to the QCEW data, exclude
government employees, private households (NAICS 814110), and establishments with zero
employment.
See the Technical Note for further information.
8
Industry Changes to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data
In an effort to enhance the comparability of industrial employment and wage statistics
across Mexico, Canada, and the United States, and reflect economic activities within
industries more accurately, the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is
revised periodically. In conjunction with its counterparts in Mexico and Canada, the U.S.
Office of Management and Budget developed NAICS 2007.
The conversion to NAICS 2007 resulted in minor revisions reflecting content changes
within the Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting sector and the Manufacturing sector; the
restructuring of the Telecommunications subsector; the elimination of the Real estate and
investment trusts industry within the Finance and insurance sector; and minor content changes
within the Professional, scientific, and technical services sector. Several industry titles and
descriptions also were updated. This revision was introduced by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) with the release of first quarter 2007 QCEW data, which is the source data
used to derive the BED data. This revision had a minimal impact on QCEW data.
Approximately 1 percent of both employment and establishments were reclassified into
different industries as a result of the revision.
With the introduction of this revision, some industries were directly transferred to new
industries while others were split into two or more industries, with the original industry often
retaining a portion of the establishments and employment. Of the 1,179 industries used by
BLS under NAICS 2002, 8 industries were directly moved to new industries created by the
NAICS 2007 revision. Involved in these direct transfers were 41,821 establishments and
829,263 employees. In addition, 13 industries were split into 2 or more industries. In all,
27,457 establishments and 662,125 employees changed industries via these split transfers.
Since BED data are published at the NAICS 2-digit sector level, the impact of this conversion
is not significant.
All figures cited are preliminary and all employment figures cited reflect March 2007 data.
For further information on the NAICS 2007 revision, see the U.S. Census Bureau Web site
at http://www.census.gov/epcd/naics07/index.html.
More information on the NAICS 2007 revision, including the implementation schedules of
other BLS programs, will be posted on the BLS Web site as it becomes available.
Technical Note
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a
product of a federal-state cooperative program known as
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), or the
ES-202 program. The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing quarterly state
unemployment insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the
U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment
and wages of workers covered by UI laws, and to pay quarterly
UI taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by the State
Workforce Agencies (SWAs) to BLS and form the basis of the
BLS establishment universe sampling frame. These reports
also are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total
employment and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross
job gains and losses. Other important BLS uses of the UI
reports are in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program.
(See table below for differences between QCEW, CES, and
BED.)
In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked
across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each
establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net
employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn
allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding
establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting
establishments.
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures
The BLS publishes three different establishment-based
employment measures for any given quarter. Each of these
measures—QCEW, BED, and CES—makes use of the quarterly
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures
QCEW
BED
CES
Source
• Count of UI administrative records
submitted by 8.9 million establishments
• Count of longitudinally-linked UI
• Sample survey: 400,000 establishadministrative records submitted by
ments
6.9 million private sector employers
Coverage
• UI and UCFE coverage, including
all employers subject to state and
federal UI laws
Nonfarm wage and salary jobs:
• UI coverage, excluding government, private households, and estab- • UI coverage, excluding agriculture,
lishments with zero employment
private households, and self-employed workers
• Other employment, including railroads, religious organizations, and
other non-UI-covered jobs
Publication
frequency
• Quarterly
- 7 months after the end of each
quarter
• Quarterly
- 8 months after the end of each
quarter
• Monthly
- Usually first Friday of following
month
Use of UI file • Directly summarizes and publishes each new quarter of UI
data
• Links each new UI quarter to
longitudinal database and directly
summarizes gross job gains
and losses
• Uses UI file as a sampling frame
and annually realigns (benchmarks)
sample estimates to first quarter
UI levels
Principal
products
• Provides quarterly employer dynamics data on establishment openings, closings, expansions, and contractions at the national level by
NAICS supersectors at the state
private-sector total level, and by
size of firm
• Future expansions will include data
with greater industry detail and data
at the county and MSA level
• Provides current monthly estimates
of employment, hours, and earnings
at the MSA, state, and national level by industry
Principal uses • Major uses include:
- Detailed locality data
- Periodic universe counts for
benchmarking sample survey
estimates
- Sample frame for BLS
establishment surveys
• Major uses include:
- Business cycle analysis
- Analysis of employer dynamics
underlying economic expansions
and contractions
- Analysis of employment expansion and contractions by size
of firm
• Major uses include:
- Principal national economic
indicator
- Official time series for
employment change measures
- Input into other major economic
• indicators
Program
Web sites
• www.bls.gov/bdm/
• Provides a quarterly and annual
universe count of establishments, employment, and
wages at the county, MSA,
state, and national levels by
detailed industry
• www.bls.gov/cew/
www.bls.gov/ces/
UI employment reports in producing data; however, each
measure has a somewhat different universe coverage,
estimation procedure, and publication product.
Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result
in somewhat different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to understand program
differences and the intended uses of the program products.
(See table on previous page.) Additional information on each
program can be obtained from the program Web sites shown
in the table.
Coverage
Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI
and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees
(UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports
submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the
quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple
establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called
the “Multiple Worksite Report,” which provides detailed
information on the location of their establishments. These
reports are based on place of employment rather than place of
residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically
comparable from state to state.
Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed
workers, religious organizations, most agricultural workers on
small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials
in most states, most employees of railroads, some domestic
workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of
certain small nonprofit organizations.
Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are
derived from longitudinal histories of over 6.9 million private
sector employer reports out of 8.9 million total reports of
employment and wages submitted by states to BLS in the
first quarter of 2007. Gross job gains and gross job losses
data in this release do not report estimates for government
employees or private households (NAICS 814110), and do not
include establishments with zero employment in both previous
and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin
Islands also are excluded from the national data. As an
illustration, the table below shows, in millions of
establishments, the number of establishments excluded from
Number of active establishments included in
state Business Employment Dynamics data
Millions
Total establishments QCEW program ................. 8.9
Excluded: Public sector .................................. 0.3
Private households ....................... 0.6
Zero employment ......................... 1.0
Establishments in Puerto Rico and
the Virgin Islands ...................... 0.1
Total establishments included in state Business
Employment Dynamics data............................ 7.0
the gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter
of 2007:
Unit of analysis
Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED
statistics by industry and firms are used in the tabulation of the
BED size-class statistics. An establishment is defined as an
economic unit that produces goods or services, usually at a
single physical location, and engages in one or predominantly
one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or
otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firmlevel data are compiled based on an aggregation of
establishments under common ownership by a corporate
parent using employer tax identification numbers. The firmlevel aggregation, which is consistent with the role of
corporations as the economic decision makers, is used for the
measurement of the BED data elements by size class.
Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross
job gains and gross job losses by size class are lower than total
gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some
establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during
the aggregation process. However, the total net changes in
employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and
are similar for seasonally adjusted data.
Concepts and methodology
The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net
change in employment at the establishment or firm level. These
changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in
employment can come from either opening units or expanding
units. A net decrease in employment can come from either
closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the
sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units.
Gross job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in either closing
or contracting units. The net change in employment is the
difference between gross job gains and gross job losses.
The formal definitions of employment changes are as
follows:
Openings. These are either units with positive third-month
employment for the first time in the current quarter, with no
links to the prior quarter, or with positive third-month
employment in the current quarter following zero employment
in the previous quarter.
Expansions. These are units with positive employment in
the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with
a net increase in employment over this period.
Closings. These are units with positive third-month
employment in the previous quarter, with no employment or
zero employment reported in the current quarter.
Contractions. These are units with positive employment in
the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with
a net decrease in employment over this period.
All establishment-level employment changes are measured
from the third month of each quarter. Not all establishments
and firms change their employment levels. Units with no
change in employment count towards estimates of total
employment, but not for levels of gross job gains and gross job
losses.
Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates
by dividing their levels by the average of employment in the
current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric
growth rate. The rates are calculated for the components of
gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to form
their respective totals. These rates can be added and
subtracted just as their levels can. For instance, the difference
between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate
is the net growth rate.
Linkage methodology
Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job
losses, QCEW records are linked across two quarters. The
linkage process matches establishments’ unique SWA
identification numbers (SWA-ID). Between 95 to 97 percent of
establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter
are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three
ways. The first method uses predecessor and successor
information, identified by the states, which relates records with
different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor
relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including a
change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account
restructuring. If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a
probability-based match is used. This match attempts to
identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as
continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the
same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst
examines unmatched records individually and makes a possible
match.
In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data,
SWAs verify with employers and update, if necessary, the
industry, location, and ownership classification of all
establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment
classification codes resulting from the verification process are
introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the
year. Changes resulting from improved employer reporting also
are introduced in the first quarter.
Sizing methodology
The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the
BED size-class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm’s
employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective
size class in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm
grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38 employees in quarter
2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to
the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10
to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.
Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and
eliminates any systematic effects which may be caused by the
transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time.
Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size
class where it occurred.
Seasonal adjustment
Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the
associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such
seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or
expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the
opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal
variation can be very large.
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular
pattern each year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting
these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments
make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic
activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large number of
youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes
that have taken place in June relative to March, making it
difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen
or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing
school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current
year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. The
adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to
analyze changes in economic activity.
The employment data series for opening, expanding,
closing, and contracting units are independently seasonally
adjusted; net changes are calculated based on
the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses.
Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts data
series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting
establishments are independently adjusted, and the net
changes are calculated based on the difference between the
number of opening and closing establishments.
Additionally, establishment and employment levels are
i n d e p e n d e n t l y s e a s o n a l l y a d j u s t e d t o calculate the
seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is
run using X-12 ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for
the total private sector are calculated by summing the
seasonally adjusted data for all sectors, including the
unclassified sector, which is not published separately.
The employment data series for opening, expanding,
closing, and contracting units for each of the 50 states and the
District of Columbia are seasonally adjusted at the total private
level only. The sum of the state series for opening, expanding,
closing, and contracting units will not necessarily be equal to
the national total private series because of the independent
seasonal adjustment of these series.
The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the
BED component series will differ from the net employment
change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private
employment series from the CES program. The intended use of
BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes
that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such,
data users interested particularly in the net employment change
and not in the gross job flows underlying this change should
refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment
changes.
Reliability of the data
Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics
are based on administrative rather than sample data, there are
no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error,
however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can occur for many
reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected
employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical
errors made by businesses when providing information. Such
errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly
throughout the dataset.
Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can result in overstating
openings and closings while understating expansions and
contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods for improving
the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these complications.
The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes
based on corrections in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions.
Additional statistics and other information
Several other programs within BLS produce closely related
information. The QCEW program, also known as the ES-202
program, provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages are
available upon request from the Division of Administrative
Statistics and Labor Turnover, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212; telephone 202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail :
[email protected]).
The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change, and earnings by detailed industry.
These estimates are part of the Employment Situation report
put out monthly by BLS.
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS)
program provides monthly measures of job openings, as well
as employee hires and separations.
Information in this release will be made available to
sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:
202-691-5200; TDD message referral number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Gross job gains
Year
1
3 months ended
Net change
1
Total
Expanding
establishments
Gross job losses
Opening
establishments
Total
Contracting
establishments
Closing
establishments
1992
September ………………...…….. 599
December …………………...………
123
7,329
6,986
5,688
5,452
1,641
1,534
6,730
6,863
5,308
5,484
1,422
1,379
1993
March ………………..…………….
288
June …………………..……..
734
September ……………….…….. 965
December …………………….……
603
7,117
7,275
7,539
7,375
5,404
5,782
5,926
5,822
1,713
1,493
1,613
1,553
6,829
6,541
6,574
6,772
5,364
5,155
5,265
5,411
1,465
1,386
1,309
1,361
1994
March ………………..…………….
559
June …………………..……..
905
September ……………….……..1,288
December …………………….……
460
7,381
7,709
8,002
7,535
5,800
6,041
6,277
5,978
1,581
1,668
1,725
1,557
6,822
6,804
6,714
7,075
5,401
5,315
5,426
5,642
1,421
1,489
1,288
1,433
1995
March ………………..…………….
758
June …………………..……..
358
September ……………….…….. 845
December …………………….……
378
7,787
7,666
7,983
7,830
6,124
6,006
6,341
6,140
1,663
1,660
1,642
1,690
7,029
7,308
7,138
7,452
5,652
5,840
5,645
5,929
1,377
1,468
1,493
1,523
1996
March ………………..…………….
457
June …………………..……..
631
September ……………….…….. 704
December …………………….……
816
7,933
8,051
8,177
8,206
6,179
6,282
6,373
6,396
1,754
1,769
1,804
1,810
7,476
7,420
7,473
7,390
5,967
5,903
5,942
5,875
1,509
1,517
1,531
1,515
1997
March ………………..…………….
784
June …………………..……..
584
September ……………….…….. 901
December …………………….……
708
8,214
8,055
8,515
8,617
6,407
6,330
6,718
6,697
1,807
1,725
1,797
1,920
7,430
7,471
7,614
7,909
5,886
5,931
5,927
6,024
1,544
1,540
1,687
1,885
1998
March ………………..…………….
711
June …………………..……..
610
September ……………….…….. 742
December …………………….……
768
8,648
8,629
8,508
8,475
6,599
6,552
6,607
6,737
2,049
2,077
1,901
1,738
7,937
8,019
7,766
7,707
6,077
6,224
6,093
6,025
1,860
1,795
1,673
1,682
1999
March ………………..…………….
353
June …………………..……..
644
September ……………….…….. 588
December …………………….……
1,005
8,585
8,539
8,571
8,749
6,626
6,661
6,734
6,956
1,959
1,878
1,837
1,793
8,232
7,895
7,983
7,744
6,395
6,210
6,250
6,076
1,837
1,685
1,733
1,668
2000
March ………………..…………….
789
June …………………..……..
492
September ……………….…….. 296
December …………………….……
295
8,792
8,499
8,506
8,400
6,924
6,814
6,728
6,702
1,868
1,685
1,778
1,698
8,003
8,007
8,210
8,105
6,341
6,387
6,483
6,433
1,662
1,620
1,727
1,672
2001
March ………………..…………….
-156
June …………………..……..
-792
September ……………….……..-1,184
December …………………….……
-960
8,436
8,009
7,608
7,591
6,694
6,319
5,917
5,932
1,742
1,690
1,691
1,659
8,592
8,801
8,792
8,551
6,717
7,050
6,991
6,858
1,875
1,751
1,801
1,693
2002
March ………………..…………….-39
June …………………..……..
-38
September ……………….…….. -171
December …………………….……
-198
8,049
7,890
7,608
7,522
6,259
6,164
6,015
5,960
1,790
1,726
1,593
1,562
8,088
7,928
7,779
7,720
6,424
6,290
6,248
6,171
1,664
1,638
1,531
1,549
2003
March ………………..…………….
-420
June …………………..……..
-96
September ……………….…….. 180
December …………………….……
332
7,423
7,415
7,369
7,560
5,901
5,944
5,898
6,027
1,522
1,471
1,471
1,533
7,843
7,511
7,189
7,228
6,306
6,040
5,828
5,792
1,537
1,471
1,361
1,436
2004
March ………………..…..………….
439
June …………………..……..
636
September ……………….…….. 182
December …………………….……
797
7,669
7,771
7,612
7,883
6,174
6,251
6,036
6,268
1,495
1,520
1,576
1,615
7,230
7,135
7,430
7,086
5,796
5,651
5,889
5,655
1,434
1,484
1,541
1,431
2005
March ………………..…………….
352
June …………………..……..
590
September ……………….…….. 651
December …………………….……
539
7,578
7,796
7,943
7,846
6,107
6,248
6,362
6,278
1,471
1,548
1,581
1,568
7,226
7,206
7,292
7,307
5,800
5,789
5,846
5,936
1,426
1,417
1,446
1,371
2006
March ………………..…………….
774
June …………………..……..
416
September ……………….…….. 11
December …………………….……
512
7,679
7,811
7,473
7,809
6,261
6,292
6,032
6,271
1,418
1,519
1,441
1,538
6,905
7,395
7,462
7,297
5,633
6,015
6,110
5,943
1,272
1,380
1,352
1,354
2007
March ……………...…....
438
7,509
6,158
1,351
7,071
5,796
1,275
Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment,
(Percent)
1
seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains
Year
3 months ended
Net change
2
Total
Expanding
establishments
Gross job losses
Opening
establishments
Total
Contracting
establishments
Closing
establishments
1992
September ………………...…….. 0.7
December …………………...……….2
8.2
7.8
6.4
6.1
1.8
1.7
7.5
7.6
5.9
6.1
1.6
1.5
1993
March ………………..……………. .3
June …………………..……..
.8
September ……………….…….. 1.1
December …………………….…… .6
7.9
8.0
8.3
8.0
6.0
6.4
6.5
6.3
1.9
1.6
1.8
1.7
7.6
7.2
7.2
7.4
6.0
5.7
5.8
5.9
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.5
1994
March ………………..……………. .7
June …………………..……..
1.0
September ……………….…….. 1.3
December …………………….…… .5
8.0
8.3
8.4
7.9
6.3
6.5
6.6
6.3
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.6
7.3
7.3
7.1
7.4
5.8
5.7
5.7
5.9
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.5
1995
March ………………..……………. .8
June …………………..……..
.3
September ……………….…….. .9
December …………………….…… .3
8.1
7.9
8.2
8.0
6.4
6.2
6.5
6.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
7.3
7.6
7.3
7.7
5.9
6.1
5.8
6.1
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.6
1996
March ………………..……………. .5
June …………………..……..
.7
September ……………….…….. .7
December …………………….…… .8
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.2
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.4
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
7.6
7.5
7.5
7.4
6.1
6.0
6.0
5.9
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1997
March ………………..……………. .9
June …………………..……..
.6
September ……………….…….. 1.0
December …………………….…… .8
8.2
7.9
8.4
8.4
6.4
6.2
6.6
6.5
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.9
7.3
7.3
7.4
7.6
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.8
1998
March ………………..……………. .7
June …………………..……..
.6
September ……………….…….. .7
December …………………….…… .7
8.4
8.3
8.1
8.0
6.4
6.3
6.3
6.4
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
7.7
7.7
7.4
7.3
5.9
6.0
5.8
5.7
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.6
1999
March ………………..……………. .3
June …………………..……..
.6
September ……………….…….. .6
December …………………….……1.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.1
6.2
6.2
6.3
6.4
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
7.7
7.4
7.4
7.1
6.0
5.8
5.8
5.6
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
2000
March ………………..……………. .7
June …………………..……..
.4
September ……………….…….. .2
December …………………….…… .3
8.0
7.7
7.7
7.6
6.3
6.2
6.1
6.1
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.5
7.3
7.3
7.5
7.3
5.8
5.8
5.9
5.8
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.5
2001
March ………………..…………….-.1
June …………………..……..
-.8
September ……………….…….. -1.2
December …………………….……-.9
7.7
7.2
6.9
7.0
6.1
5.7
5.4
5.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
7.8
8.0
8.1
7.9
6.1
6.4
6.4
6.3
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.6
2002
March ………………..……………. .0
June …………………..……..
.0
September ……………….…….. -.1
December …………………….…… .0
7.5
7.3
7.1
7.1
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.6
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.5
7.5
7.3
7.2
7.1
6.0
5.8
5.8
5.7
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.4
2003
March ………………..…………….-.4
June …………………..……..
-.1
September ……………….…….. .1
December …………………….…… .3
6.9
7.0
6.9
7.0
5.5
5.6
5.5
5.6
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
7.3
7.1
6.8
6.7
5.9
5.7
5.5
5.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
2004
March ………………..……………. .4
June …………………..……..
.6
September ……………….…….. .3
December …………………….…… .8
7.1
7.2
7.1
7.3
5.7
5.8
5.6
5.8
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.5
6.7
6.6
6.8
6.5
5.4
5.2
5.4
5.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.3
2005
March ………………..……………. .3
June …………………..……..
.5
September ……………….…….. .6
December …………………….…… .6
6.9
7.1
7.2
7.1
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.7
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.5
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
2006
March ………………..……………. .8
June …………………..……..
.4
September ……………….…….. .1
December …………………….…… .5
6.9
6.9
6.7
7.0
5.6
5.6
5.4
5.6
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
6.1
6.5
6.6
6.5
5.0
5.3
5.4
5.3
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
2007
March ….……..………..
6.6
5.4
1.2
6.2
5.1
1.1
.4
1
The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current employment.
2
See footnote 1, table 1.
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains and losses (in thousands)
(3 months ended)
Category
March
2006
June
2006
Sept.
2006
Dec.
2006
Total private 1
Gross job gains ……………………………
7,679
7,811
At expanding establishments ………………………..
6,261
6,292
At opening establishments …………………..
1,418
1,519
Gross job losses ……………………………
6,905
7,395
At contracting establishments ……………………
5,633
6,015
At closing establishments ……………….
1,272
1,380
Net employment change …………..
774
416
7,473
6,032
1,441
7,462
6,110
1,352
11
Goods-producing
Gross job gains ……………………………
1,737
1,692
At expanding establishments ………………………..
1,469
1,438
At opening establishments …………………..
268
254
Gross job losses ……………………………
1,572
1,667
At contracting establishments ……………………
1,320
1,390
At closing establishments ……………….252
277
Net employment change …………..
165
25
Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment
(3 months ended)
March
2007
March
2006
June
2006
Sept.
2006
Dec.
2006
March
2007
7,809
6,271
1,538
7,297
5,943
1,354
512
7,509
6,158
1,351
7,071
5,796
1,275
438
6.9
5.6
1.3
6.1
5.0
1.1
.8
6.9
5.6
1.3
6.5
5.3
1.2
.4
6.7
5.4
1.3
6.6
5.4
1.2
.1
7.0
5.6
1.4
6.5
5.3
1.2
.5
6.6
5.4
1.2
6.2
5.1
1.1
.4
1,572
1,329
243
1,739
1,463
276
-167
1,636
1,381
255
1,719
1,452
267
-83
1,629
1,398
231
1,682
1,421
261
-53
7.3
6.2
1.1
6.7
5.6
1.1
.6
7.2
6.1
1.1
7.1
5.9
1.2
.1
6.6
5.6
1.0
7.4
6.2
1.2
-.8
7.0
5.9
1.1
7.3
6.2
1.1
-.3
6.9
5.9
1.0
7.1
6.0
1.1
-.2
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains ……………………………283
At expanding establishments ………………………..
241
At opening establishments …………………..
42
Gross job losses ……………………………277
At contracting establishments ……………………
236
At closing establishments ………………. 41
Net employment change …………..
6
293
250
43
268
229
39
25
269
230
39
263
223
40
6
287
245
42
266
230
36
21
279
241
38
287
248
39
-8
16.0
13.6
2.4
15.6
13.3
2.3
.4
16.5
14.1
2.4
15.1
12.9
2.2
1.4
15.1
12.9
2.2
14.8
12.5
2.3
.3
15.9
13.6
2.3
14.7
12.7
2.0
1.2
15.3
13.2
2.1
15.6
13.5
2.1
-.3
Construction
Gross job gains ……………………………924
At expanding establishments ………………………..
746
At opening establishments …………………..
178
Gross job losses ……………………………757
At contracting establishments ……………………
605
At closing establishments ……………….152
Net employment change …………..
167
838
679
159
841
676
165
-3
791
636
155
868
702
166
-77
825
663
162
845
683
162
-20
850
699
151
816
655
161
34
12.1
9.8
2.3
9.9
7.9
2.0
2.2
10.9
8.8
2.1
10.9
8.8
2.1
.0
10.3
8.3
2.0
11.4
9.2
2.2
-1.1
10.8
8.7
2.1
11.1
9.0
2.1
-.3
11.1
9.1
2.0
10.6
8.5
2.1
.5
Manufacturing
Gross job gains ……………………………530
At expanding establishments ………………………..
482
At opening establishments …………………..
48
Gross job losses ……………………………538
At contracting establishments ……………………
479
At closing establishments ………………. 59
Net employment change …………..
-8
561
509
52
558
485
73
3
512
463
49
608
538
70
-96
524
473
51
608
539
69
-84
500
458
42
579
518
61
-79
3.7
3.4
.3
3.8
3.4
.4
-.1
4.0
3.6
.4
3.9
3.4
.5
.1
3.6
3.3
.3
4.3
3.8
.5
-.7
3.8
3.4
.4
4.3
3.8
.5
-.5
3.6
3.3
.3
4.1
3.7
.4
-.5
Service-providing 1
Gross job gains ……………………………
5,942
6,119
At expanding establishments ………………………..
4,792
4,854
At opening establishments …………………..
1,150
1,265
Gross job losses ……………………………
5,333
5,728
At contracting establishments ……………………
4,313
4,625
At closing establishments ……………….
1,020
1,103
Net employment change …………..
609
391
5,901
4,703
1,198
5,723
4,647
1,076
178
6,173
4,890
1,283
5,578
4,491
1,087
595
5,880
4,760
1,120
5,389
4,375
1,014
491
6.7
5.4
1.3
6.1
4.9
1.2
.6
6.9
5.5
1.4
6.4
5.2
1.2
.5
6.6
5.3
1.3
6.4
5.2
1.2
.2
6.9
5.5
1.4
6.2
5.0
1.2
.7
6.5
5.3
1.2
6.0
4.9
1.1
.5
311
253
58
305
238
67
6
322
262
60
303
236
67
19
314
256
58
296
230
66
18
5.4
4.5
.9
4.9
3.8
1.1
.5
5.7
4.6
1.1
4.9
3.8
1.1
.8
5.3
4.3
1.0
5.1
4.0
1.1
.2
5.4
4.4
1.0
5.1
4.0
1.1
.3
5.3
4.3
1.0
5.0
3.9
1.1
.3
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains ……………………………315
At expanding establishments ………………………..
261
At opening establishments …………………..
54
Gross job losses ……………………………290
At contracting establishments ……………………
224
At closing establishments ………………. 66
Net employment change …………..
25
See footnote at end of table.
332
270
62
292
226
66
40
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued
Gross job gains and losses (in thousands)
(3 months ended)
Category
March
2006
June
2006
Retail trade
Gross job gains ……………………………
1,056
1,062
At expanding establishments ………………………..
901
876
At opening establishments …………………..
155
186
Gross job losses ……………………………986
1,100
At contracting establishments ……………………
840
942
At closing establishments ……………….146
158
Net employment change …………..
70
-38
Sept.
2006
Dec.
2006
1,030
850
180
1,085
923
162
-55
Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment
(3 months ended)
March
2007
March
2006
June
2006
Sept.
2006
Dec.
2006
March
2007
1,081
898
183
1,004
857
147
77
1,087
941
146
971
827
144
116
6.8
5.8
1.0
6.3
5.4
.9
.5
6.9
5.7
1.2
7.1
6.1
1.0
-.2
6.7
5.5
1.2
7.0
6.0
1.0
-.3
7.0
5.8
1.2
6.5
5.5
1.0
.5
7.0
6.1
.9
6.2
5.3
.9
.8
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains ……………………………240
At expanding establishments ………………………..
204
At opening establishments …………………..
36
Gross job losses ……………………………230
At contracting establishments ……………………
195
At closing establishments ………………. 35
Net employment change …………..
10
247
207
40
232
191
41
15
241
207
34
224
186
38
17
269
231
38
225
185
40
44
224
192
32
245
211
34
-21
5.8
4.9
.9
5.4
4.6
.8
.4
5.8
4.9
.9
5.5
4.5
1.0
.3
5.7
4.9
.8
5.3
4.4
.9
.4
6.3
5.4
.9
5.2
4.3
.9
1.1
5.2
4.5
.7
5.7
4.9
.8
-.5
Utilities
Gross job gains …………………………… 11
At expanding establishments ………………………..
10
At opening establishments …………………..
1
Gross job losses …………………………… 11
At contracting establishments ……………………
9
At closing establishments ………………. 2
Net employment change …………..
0
15
13
2
13
11
2
2
15
14
1
15
13
2
0
19
13
6
18
13
5
1
11
10
1
11
10
1
0
2.0
1.8
.2
2.0
1.6
.4
.0
2.8
2.4
.4
2.4
2.0
.4
.4
2.8
2.6
.2
2.8
2.4
.4
.0
3.5
2.4
1.1
3.3
2.4
.9
.2
2.0
1.8
.2
2.0
1.8
.2
.0
Information
Gross job gains ……………………………143
At expanding establishments ………………………..
122
At opening establishments …………………..
21
Gross job losses ……………………………149
At contracting establishments ……………………
121
At closing establishments ………………. 28
Net employment change …………..
-6
150
124
26
144
116
28
6
148
123
25
171
142
29
-23
167
138
29
146
114
32
21
138
118
20
132
108
24
6
4.7
4.0
.7
4.9
4.0
.9
-.2
5.0
4.1
.9
4.7
3.8
.9
.3
4.8
4.0
.8
5.6
4.7
.9
-.8
5.5
4.5
1.0
4.7
3.7
1.0
.8
4.6
3.9
.7
4.4
3.6
.8
.2
Financial activities
Gross job gains ……………………………429
At expanding establishments ………………………..
342
At opening establishments …………………..
87
Gross job losses ……………………………419
At contracting establishments ……………………
324
At closing establishments ………………. 95
Net employment change …………..
10
457
353
104
442
342
100
15
446
350
96
445
343
102
1
457
347
110
444
338
106
13
421
335
86
418
320
98
3
5.3
4.2
1.1
5.2
4.0
1.2
.1
5.6
4.3
1.3
5.4
4.2
1.2
.2
5.5
4.3
1.2
5.4
4.2
1.2
.1
5.5
4.2
1.3
5.4
4.1
1.3
.1
5.1
4.1
1.0
5.1
3.9
1.2
.0
Professional and business services
Gross job gains ……………………………
1,329
1,438
At expanding establishments ………………………..
1,088
1,164
At opening establishments …………………..
241
274
Gross job losses ……………………………
1,202
1,287
At contracting establishments ……………………
969
1,006
At closing establishments ……………….233
281
Net employment change …………..
127
151
1,335
1,093
242
1,279
1,029
250
56
1,427
1,149
278
1,313
1,057
256
114
1,276
1,064
212
1,242
996
246
34
7.7
6.3
1.4
6.9
5.6
1.3
.8
8.3
6.7
1.6
7.3
5.7
1.6
1.0
7.6
6.2
1.4
7.3
5.9
1.4
.3
8.1
6.5
1.6
7.4
6.0
1.4
.7
7.2
6.0
1.2
7.0
5.6
1.4
.2
784
665
119
674
561
113
110
795
666
129
692
558
134
103
799
678
121
655
540
115
144
4.7
4.0
.7
3.9
3.2
.7
.8
4.7
3.9
.8
4.2
3.5
.7
.5
4.6
3.9
.7
4.0
3.3
.7
.6
4.7
3.9
.8
4.1
3.3
.8
.6
4.6
3.9
.7
3.8
3.1
.7
.8
Education and health services
Gross job gains ……………………………791
At expanding establishments ………………………..
670
At opening establishments …………………..
121
Gross job losses ……………………………662
At contracting establishments ……………………
544
At closing establishments ……………….118
Net employment change …………..
129
See footnote at end of table.
787
659
128
713
595
118
74
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued
Gross job gains and losses (in thousands)
(3 months ended)
Category
March
2006
June
2006
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains ……………………………
1,226
1,210
At expanding establishments ………………………..
938
925
At opening establishments …………………..
288
285
Gross job losses ……………………………
1,064
1,182
At contracting establishments ……………………
855
958
At closing establishments ……………….209
224
Net employment change …………..
162
28
Other services
Gross job gains ……………………………298
At expanding establishments ………………………..
240
At opening establishments …………………..
58
Gross job losses ……………………………283
At contracting establishments ……………………
220
At closing establishments ………………. 63
Net employment change …………..
15
1
Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.
313
248
65
287
225
62
26
Sept.
2006
Dec.
2006
1,180
896
284
1,184
959
225
-4
295
235
60
305
240
65
-10
Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment
(3 months ended)
March
2007
March
2006
June
2006
Sept.
2006
Dec.
2006
March
2007
1,223
932
291
1,105
892
213
118
1,165
903
262
1,096
902
194
69
9.4
7.2
2.2
8.2
6.6
1.6
1.2
9.3
7.1
2.2
9.0
7.3
1.7
.3
9.1
6.9
2.2
9.0
7.3
1.7
.1
9.3
7.1
2.2
8.4
6.8
1.6
.9
8.8
6.8
2.0
8.3
6.8
1.5
.5
299
238
61
291
228
63
8
292
239
53
278
217
61
14
7.8
6.3
1.5
7.4
5.8
1.6
.4
8.1
6.4
1.7
7.4
5.8
1.6
.7
7.7
6.1
1.6
7.9
6.2
1.7
-.2
7.8
6.2
1.6
7.5
5.9
1.6
.3
7.6
6.2
1.4
7.2
5.6
1.6
.4
Table 4. Private sector percentage share 1 of gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
3 months ended
Category
March
2006
June
2006
Sept.
2006
Dec.
2006
March
2007
Total private
Gross job gains ………………………...……..100.0
Expanding firms ……………….…………...100.0
Opening firms ………………….……….. 100.0
Gross job losses …………………..……...…...100.0
Contracting firms ……………..…...…...... 100.0
100.0
Closing firms ………………………....….…..…
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Firm size 1 - 4 employees
Gross job gains ………………………...…….. 15.9
Expanding firms ……………….…………... 7.4
58.8
Opening firms ………………….………..
Gross job losses …………………..……...…... 16.9
8.4
Contracting firms ……………..…...…......
59.6
Closing firms ………………………....….…..…
15.2
7.2
57.0
15.9
8.0
58.2
15.6
7.5
58.6
15.8
7.8
58.8
15.8
7.2
60.6
15.9
8.0
58.5
15.7
7.4
60.4
16.7
8.2
60.6
Firm size 5 - 9 employees
Gross job gains ………………………...…….. 12.3
Expanding firms ……………….…………... 11.5
16.8
Opening firms ………………….………..
Gross job losses …………………..……...…... 12.9
Contracting firms ……………..…...…...... 12.3
16.1
Closing firms ………………………....….…..…
11.9
11.1
16.6
12.5
11.8
16.3
12.1
11.3
16.6
12.2
11.5
16.0
11.6
10.8
15.8
12.4
11.7
16.1
12.3
11.5
16.6
12.6
11.9
15.9
Firm size 10 - 19 employees
Gross job gains ………………………...…….. 12.6
Expanding firms ……………….…………... 12.9
11.1
Opening firms ………………….………..
Gross job losses …………………..……...…... 12.9
Contracting firms ……………..…...…...... 13.4
10.6
Closing firms ………………………....….…..…
12.3
12.4
11.4
12.6
13.0
10.7
12.3
12.5
11.0
12.4
12.7
10.6
11.7
12.0
10.3
12.4
12.8
10.6
12.5
12.8
10.8
12.5
12.9
10.3
Firm size 20 - 49 employees
Gross job gains ………………………...…….. 14.9
Expanding firms ……………….…………... 16.2
7.9
Opening firms ………………….………..
Gross job losses …………………..……...…... 14.4
Contracting firms ……………..…...…...... 15.7
7.9
Closing firms ………………………....….…..…
14.6
15.8
8.6
14.4
15.6
8.3
14.4
15.6
8.3
14.5
15.7
8.1
13.8
14.9
7.9
14.4
15.6
8.0
14.6
15.9
7.7
14.4
15.7
7.5
Firm size 50 - 99 employees
Gross job gains ………………………...…….. 9.2
Expanding firms ……………….…………... 10.5
2.7
Opening firms ………………….………..
Gross job losses …………………..……...…... 8.7
9.8
Contracting firms ……………..…...…......
3.0
Closing firms ………………………....….…..…
9.1
10.3
3.2
8.9
9.9
3.3
9.1
10.2
3.1
8.9
9.9
3.1
8.7
9.8
3.0
8.9
10.0
3.1
9.0
10.2
2.5
8.8
10.0
2.9
See footnote at end of table.
Table 4. Private sector percentage share 1 of gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted—Continued
(Percent)
3 months ended
Category
March
2006
June
2006
Sept.
2006
Dec.
2006
March
2007
Firm size 100 - 249 employees
Gross job gains ………………………...…….. 9.7
Expanding firms ……………….…………... 11.3
1.4
Opening firms ………………….………..
Gross job losses …………………..……...…... 8.8
Contracting firms ……………..…...…...... 10.2
1.8
Closing firms ………………………....….…..…
9.8
11.3
1.7
9.1
10.4
2.1
9.3
10.8
1.5
9.3
10.7
2.0
9.2
10.6
1.5
9.3
10.6
1.9
9.4
11.0
1.0
9.0
10.5
1.7
Firm size 250 - 499 employees
Gross job gains ………………………...…….. 5.7
Expanding firms ……………….…………... 6.7
.5
Opening firms ………………….………..
Gross job losses …………………..……...…... 5.1
6.0
Contracting firms ……………..…...…......
Closing firms ………………………....….…..….6
5.9
6.9
.4
5.4
6.2
.7
5.8
6.8
.4
5.5
6.4
.7
5.5
6.4
.5
5.8
6.8
.6
5.5
6.4
.3
5.3
6.3
.5
Firm size 500 - 999 employees
Gross job gains ………………………...…….. 4.5
Expanding firms ……………….…………... 5.4
.3
Opening firms ………………….………..
Gross job losses …………………..……...…... 4.0
4.7
Contracting firms ……………..…...…......
Closing firms ………………………....….…..….2
4.8
5.6
.2
4.4
5.2
.3
4.6
5.4
.4
4.5
5.3
.2
4.5
5.4
.2
4.6
5.3
.4
4.5
5.3
.2
4.1
4.8
.3
Firm size 1,000 or more employees
Gross job gains ………………………...…….. 15.2
Expanding firms ……………….…………... 18.1
.5
Opening firms ………………….………..
16.3
Gross job losses …………………..……...…...
Contracting firms ……………..…...…...... 19.5
Closing firms ………………………....….…..….2
16.4
19.4
.9
16.8
19.9
.1
16.8
19.9
.1
16.9
20.0
.5
19.2
22.9
.2
16.3
19.2
.8
16.5
19.5
.5
16.6
19.7
.3
1
Share measures the percent of the category represented by each firm size class.
Table 5. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted
Gross job gains
(3 months ended)
State
March
2006
June
2006
1
United States …………………..……..….
7,679,000
7,811,000
Gross job losses
(3 months ended)
Sept.
2006
Dec.
2006
March
2007
March
2006
June
2006
Sept.
2006
Dec.
2006
March
2007
7,473,000
7,809,000
7,509,000
6,905,000
7,395,000
7,462,000
7,297,000
7,071,000
Alabama ………………… 103,596
Alaska ………………………...……….
26,202
Arizona …………………. 172,977
Arkansas …………………… 63,662
California ……………………..
935,087
Colorado ………………….. 137,903
Connecticut …………………….
79,072
Delaware ……………………..25,605
District of Columbia ………………………
25,795
Florida ……………………………….
487,572
100,840
28,861
170,647
59,654
955,811
149,241
87,841
28,310
29,069
526,449
100,446
22,123
174,546
58,160
910,172
142,546
81,794
23,470
27,044
508,541
106,892
25,702
161,693
62,275
982,478
150,220
85,126
26,159
25,599
501,285
112,765
24,244
156,804
60,704
947,540
146,688
75,957
29,733
28,423
464,050
93,285
22,112
128,109
53,032
914,176
127,514
75,076
24,123
23,511
413,474
100,349
23,040
154,963
60,404
926,329
132,280
80,456
26,663
26,424
495,061
103,700
26,742
152,200
63,784
927,374
142,570
82,496
27,718
25,381
493,363
104,477
26,432
165,067
58,778
907,888
138,889
77,497
23,392
26,443
522,827
89,364
22,400
153,133
52,796
912,613
131,774
81,107
28,414
23,213
451,580
Georgia ………………………
252,674
Hawaii ……………………. 27,726
Idaho …………………….. 47,870
Illinois …………………………
282,837
Indiana …………………………..
153,735
Iowa …………………………………
78,930
Kansas ……………………………….
70,596
Kentucky ………………………………….
100,762
Louisiana …………………………………
151,997
Maine ……………………………………
35,790
257,404
29,136
46,245
306,757
149,946
79,031
72,012
88,851
123,125
40,612
247,388
28,211
45,061
278,177
148,107
75,093
78,985
92,740
120,127
35,951
263,872
27,446
47,395
293,431
153,325
79,518
85,024
106,958
123,095
40,832
249,091
27,483
48,396
281,177
145,342
72,577
78,808
101,623
121,990
37,283
222,660
25,165
38,960
265,446
139,656
70,936
62,938
83,028
108,712
37,017
233,395
24,918
42,628
263,652
151,845
73,192
72,548
94,323
112,380
37,701
251,362
26,129
41,378
288,515
154,760
74,910
74,864
96,675
108,558
39,975
252,232
26,250
40,019
281,099
148,985
73,886
68,067
90,552
104,159
37,567
227,479
26,630
40,735
268,855
140,603
73,448
67,661
95,549
99,462
37,189
Maryland ……………………………..
142,555
Massachusetts …………………………..
158,389
Michigan ……………………….
217,382
Minnesota …………………………..
150,980
Mississippi …………………………..
69,320
Missouri …………………………
147,042
Montana ………………………
32,383
Nebraska ……………………….
45,650
Nevada …………………………..
83,071
New Hampshire ………………………….
39,074
136,710
181,498
246,077
155,378
63,581
150,269
30,383
45,693
79,576
41,230
131,708
167,647
226,583
138,439
68,823
137,786
27,503
47,050
73,442
37,381
136,491
166,346
229,109
146,430
67,302
151,637
32,922
47,973
80,115
39,715
130,873
154,124
216,604
140,915
60,198
148,426
32,066
44,773
79,439
36,043
124,678
157,177
240,704
139,748
57,864
133,236
26,344
40,465
65,159
36,571
136,422
158,219
237,059
150,512
66,289
143,796
27,899
45,424
72,527
39,132
136,408
169,849
255,227
165,270
62,884
142,506
29,606
44,754
76,814
40,708
130,083
163,458
261,024
147,210
58,428
144,042
26,893
45,236
77,068
37,503
125,994
157,024
234,035
133,393
62,486
133,861
26,215
41,131
70,468
37,188
New Jersey ………………………………..
220,345
238,571
New Mexico …………………………….
50,814
56,728
New York ………………………………
453,399
497,341
North Carolina …………………………
230,967
230,531
North Dakota ………………………….
21,355
19,942
Ohio ………………………………
276,942
280,652
Oklahoma ………………………………
86,999
86,252
Oregon ……………………………
107,378
103,093
Pennsylvania ……………………
294,436
292,189
Rhode Island ………………………………..
25,198
29,960
217,626
46,361
451,199
228,819
19,561
266,494
85,999
103,167
281,640
28,749
226,397
49,483
491,296
271,718
19,077
273,486
87,109
107,374
286,900
28,621
200,823
45,658
439,880
238,694
19,613
259,261
85,616
104,745
282,273
25,073
201,996
40,539
450,140
195,552
17,434
268,183
72,308
95,893
266,079
25,959
228,241
46,459
450,660
216,862
19,436
279,071
86,973
97,275
277,751
25,774
230,836
46,285
454,776
222,867
17,615
286,805
80,220
94,670
278,525
28,340
221,251
45,992
436,426
209,905
18,029
285,789
80,850
97,684
278,568
28,374
216,208
39,391
450,887
203,669
17,877
260,711
73,657
96,037
266,506
27,137
South Carolina ……………………………………..
112,697
112,410
South Dakota ……………………………….
22,210
21,897
Tennessee ………………………………
146,716
149,007
Texas ………………………………
556,703
555,610
Utah ………………………………………
83,821
78,264
Vermont …………………………..
17,022
19,375
Virginia ………………………………
194,262
196,604
Washington ………………………..
177,761
187,676
West Virginia ……………………………
43,348
38,485
Wisconsin ……………………………..
142,738
151,415
124,764
21,559
143,225
545,573
77,218
16,515
181,450
176,707
37,841
143,515
109,561
22,548
156,388
566,668
79,960
18,861
193,009
184,842
40,697
146,759
113,532
21,003
148,938
542,825
80,804
16,966
192,908
190,639
38,687
144,613
97,125
20,193
127,034
451,599
63,988
18,312
168,421
158,900
35,457
135,231
110,062
19,443
152,368
508,951
65,772
17,694
193,525
161,486
39,828
143,378
103,809
20,198
143,136
480,295
68,620
18,832
196,437
170,405
40,489
146,137
97,192
19,873
157,013
476,908
64,989
18,099
181,525
166,948
36,849
143,350
98,842
19,153
144,012
461,745
62,978
18,899
174,760
154,634
37,621
141,179
20,984
50,294
2,727
22,692
56,039
2,358
22,362
43,159
2,091
16,596
54,363
1,899
18,839
55,110
2,287
19,491
56,054
2,766
16,482
47,988
1,980
18,199
55,059
2,501
Wyoming ………………………………
23,117
Puerto Rico …………………………
48,421
Virgin Islands ……………………………
2,492
19,438
46,809
2,243
1
The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted
State
Gross job gains as a percent of employment
(3 months ended)
Gross job losses as a percent of employment
(3 months ended)
March
June
Sept.
Dec.
March
2006
2006
2006
2006
2007
March
2006
June
2006
Sept.
2006
Dec.
2006
March
2007
United States …………………..……..….
6.9
6.9
6.7
7.0
6.6
6.1
6.5
6.6
6.5
6.2
Alabama ………………………..………
6.6
6.4
Alaska ………………………...……….
11.5
12.3
Arizona ……………………….……….7.9
7.7
Arkansas …………………...…………6.5
6.1
California …………………………...………..
7.2
7.4
Colorado …………………...……….. 7.3
7.9
Connecticut …………………….
5.6
6.2
Delaware ……………………………...………..
7.0
7.7
District of Columbia ………………………
5.9
6.7
Florida ………………………………. 7.2
7.7
6.4
9.4
7.8
5.9
7.1
7.5
5.7
6.5
6.2
7.4
6.8
11.0
7.2
6.4
7.6
7.9
6.0
7.2
5.9
7.3
7.1
10.3
7.0
6.2
7.3
7.6
5.3
8.1
6.4
6.7
5.9
9.7
5.8
5.5
7.1
6.8
5.3
6.6
5.4
6.0
6.3
9.9
6.9
6.1
7.1
7.0
5.6
7.3
6.1
7.2
6.6
1.5
6.7
6.6
7.2
7.5
5.8
7.6
5.8
7.1
6.7
11.4
7.3
6.0
7.0
7.3
5.4
6.4
6.0
7.5
5.7
9.5
6.8
5.4
7.0
6.8
5.7
7.7
5.2
6.6
Georgia …………………………….………
7.5
Hawaii ……………………….………. 5.6
Idaho ………………………...………..9.1
Illinois ……………………..……………
5.7
Indiana …………………………..
6.2
Iowa ………………………………… 6.4
Kansas ………………………………. 6.6
Kentucky ………………………………….
6.8
Louisiana …………………………………
10.5
Maine ……………………..……………………
7.2
7.6
5.8
8.7
6.1
5.9
6.4
6.7
6.0
8.4
8.1
7.3
5.6
8.5
5.5
5.9
6.1
7.3
6.3
8.1
7.2
7.8
5.4
8.7
5.8
6.1
6.4
7.8
7.2
8.2
8.2
7.3
5.5
8.8
5.5
5.8
5.8
7.1
6.8
8.0
7.4
6.7
5.1
7.5
5.3
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.6
7.6
7.5
7.0
4.9
8.0
5.2
6.0
6.0
6.7
6.3
7.7
7.5
7.4
5.1
7.7
5.8
6.2
6.1
6.9
6.6
7.4
8.1
7.4
5.2
7.4
5.6
6.0
5.9
6.2
6.1
7.0
7.5
6.7
5.2
7.4
5.4
5.6
5.9
6.1
6.4
6.5
7.4
Maryland ………………………..……..6.9
Massachusetts ……..……………………..
5.7
Michigan ……………..………….
6.0
Minnesota ………………………….. 6.6
Mississippi ………………………….. 7.9
Missouri …………………………
6.5
Montana …………………….……
9.4
Nebraska ……………...………….
6.1
Nevada …………………………..
7.5
New Hampshire ………………………….
7.3
6.6
6.6
6.7
6.7
7.1
6.7
8.7
6.1
7.1
7.6
6.3
6.1
6.2
6.1
7.7
6.1
7.9
6.3
6.5
6.9
6.6
6.0
6.4
6.4
7.5
6.6
9.4
6.4
7.1
7.3
6.3
5.6
6.1
6.1
6.7
6.5
9.0
6.0
6.9
6.6
6.0
5.7
6.6
6.0
6.5
5.9
7.7
5.4
5.8
6.7
6.6
5.7
6.5
6.6
7.4
6.4
8.1
6.0
6.5
7.2
6.5
6.1
7.0
7.2
7.0
6.3
8.5
6.0
6.8
7.5
6.3
5.8
7.2
6.4
6.5
6.3
7.7
6.0
6.8
6.9
6.1
5.6
6.5
5.8
7.0
5.8
7.4
5.4
6.2
6.8
New Jersey ………………………………..
6.6
New Mexico …………………………….
8.3
New York ………………………………
6.5
North Carolina …………………………7.1
North Dakota ………………………….7.9
Ohio ………………………………
6.0
Oklahoma ………………………………
7.3
Oregon ……………………………
7.5
Pennsylvania ……………………
6.0
Rhode Island ………………………………..
6.0
7.1
9.1
7.1
7.0
7.3
6.1
7.2
7.2
5.9
7.2
6.5
7.3
6.5
7.0
7.2
5.8
7.2
7.2
5.7
6.9
6.8
7.9
7.0
8.1
7.0
6.0
7.2
7.4
5.8
6.8
6.0
7.1
6.2
7.1
7.0
5.7
7.0
7.1
5.7
5.9
6.0
6.6
6.4
6.1
6.5
5.8
6.1
6.8
5.4
6.2
6.8
7.5
6.4
6.6
7.2
6.1
7.3
6.8
5.7
6.2
6.9
7.3
6.5
6.8
6.5
6.2
6.7
6.6
5.7
6.8
6.6
7.3
6.2
6.3
6.6
6.3
6.8
6.8
5.7
6.7
6.4
6.2
6.3
6.1
6.5
5.7
6.1
6.5
5.4
6.4
South Carolina ……………………………………..
7.5
7.4
South Dakota ……………………………….
7.1
7.0
Tennessee ………………………………
6.4
6.3
Texas ……………………………… 6.9
6.8
Utah ………………………………………
8.7
8.1
Vermont …………………………..
6.8
7.7
Virginia ……………………………… 6.6
6.6
Washington ……………………….. 7.8
8.1
West Virginia ……………………………
7.7
6.8
Wisconsin ……………………………..6.0
6.4
8.2
6.9
6.1
6.6
7.8
6.6
6.1
7.6
6.7
6.0
7.1
7.1
6.7
6.8
8.0
7.6
6.5
7.9
7.2
6.2
7.3
6.5
6.4
6.4
8.0
6.8
6.5
8.0
6.8
6.0
6.4
6.5
5.5
5.6
6.7
7.3
5.6
6.9
6.3
5.7
7.3
6.2
6.5
6.2
6.7
7.0
6.4
7.0
7.0
6.0
6.8
6.5
6.1
5.8
7.0
7.5
6.6
7.4
7.1
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.7
5.7
6.5
7.3
6.1
7.1
6.5
6.0
6.3
5.9
6.1
5.5
6.2
7.6
5.9
6.5
6.6
5.9
10.1
6.7
8.3
10.7
7.5
7.1
10.2
5.8
6.4
8.1
7.2
5.8
9.1
7.3
7.0
9.4
7.5
8.4
7.8
6.4
6.0
8.4
7.4
7.6
Wyoming ………………………………
11.3
Puerto Rico ………………………… 6.4
Virgin Islands ……………………………
7.6
9.4
6.2
6.8
NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.