New approaches to WMD Proliferation
Definitions
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Definitions
“Weapons of Mass Destruction”
Collective
Individual
“Disarmament” and “Arms Control”
“Non-proliferation” and “Counter-proliferation”
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Weapons of Mass destruction
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1(I)
24 January 1946
atomic weapons and […] all other major
weapons adaptable to mass destruction
Ukraine (1948)
Weapons directed primarily against peaceful
populations …
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Weapons of Mass destruction
UN Commission on Conventional Armaments
12 August 1948
Atomic explosive weapons,
Radioactive material weapons,
Lethal Chemical and Biological weapons and
any weapons developed in the future which have
characteristics comparable in destructive effect to
those of the atomic bomb or other weapons
mentioned above.
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Nuclear weapons
NPT No definition
CTBT No definition
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Nuclear weapons
Treaty of Tlatelolco (Article 5.)
… a nuclear weapon is any device which is capable of
releasing nuclear energy in an uncontrolled manner
and which has a group of characteristics that are
appropriate for use for warlike purposes.
An instrument that may be used for the transport or propulsion
of the device is not included in this definition if it is separable
from the device and not an indivisible part thereof.
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Radiological weapons
1.Any device, including any weapon or equipment,
other than a nuclear explosive device, specifically
designed to employ radioactive material by
disseminating it to cause destruction, damage or
injury by means of the radiation produced by the
decay of such material.
2. Any radioactive material, other than that produced
by a nuclear explosive device, specifically designed
for employment, by its dissemination, to cause
destruction, damage or injury by means of the
radiation produced by the decay of such material.
US/USSR Draft Treaty (1979)
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Chemical Weapon
(a)Toxic chemicals and their precursors, except where
intended for purposes not prohibited under the CWC,
as long as the types and quantities are consistent
with such purposes;
(b) Munitions and devices, specifically designed to cause death or other
harm through the toxic properties of those toxic chemicals specified in
subparagraph (a), which would be released as a result of the
employment of such munitions and devices;
(c) Any equipment specifically designed for use directly in connection with
the employment of munitions and devices specified in subparagraph
(b)
(Chemical Weapons Convention)
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Chemical Weapon
Toxic Chemical” means:
Any chemical which through its chemical action on life
processes can cause death, temporary incapacitation
or permanent harm to humans or animals. This
includes all such chemicals, regardless of their origin
or of their method of production, and regardless of
whether they are produced in facilities, in munitions
or elsewhere.
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Biological Weapon
Microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever
their origin or method of production, of types and in
quantities that have no justification for prophylactic,
protective or other peaceful purposes;
Weapons, equipment or means of delivery designed to use such
agents or toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict.
(Biological Weapons Convention)
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Disarmament and Arms Control
Disarmament
A) Total
The removal from the armed forces of a state of the means of
waging war with the objective of preventing armed conflict.
Ultimate objective:-
General and complete disarmament under strict and effective
international control
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Disarmament and Arms Control
Disarmament
B) Partial
The removal from the armed forces of a state of certain types or
categories of the means of waging war with the objective of
reducing the intensity of armed conflict and/or its impact on
civilian populations and the environment.
Examples: Biological weapons; Chemical weapons; Land mines
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Disarmament and Arms Control
Arms Control
The management of relations between actual or
potential adversaries by agreed limitations on
holdings of particular categories of armaments.
Examples: SALT; START; ABMT; INF
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Non-Proliferation and
Counter-proliferation
Non-Proliferation
The concept that a state can enhance its security by
foregoing weapons of mass destruction (provided
others act similarly).
Mechanism: NPT; ( to a lesser extent CWC; BWC)
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Non-Proliferation and
Counter-proliferation
Counter-proliferation
Action by states to prevent other states from acquiring
WMD.
Mechanisms:
Export control coordination;
PSI;
F 16s over Tuwaitha; Tomahawks over Omderman
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