Earnings of men and women:
a look at specific occupations
Occupations in which women workers dominate
tend to rank lower in terms of earnings;
men dominate higher paid occupations
NANCY F. RYTINA
As a result of growing concern over the persistence of
earnings differences between men and women, policymakers, researchers, and others have become increasingly interested in obtaining earnings data by sex at the
finest level of occupational detail possible. Wide-ranging
information of this nature can generally be collected
only through a household survey such as the Current
Population Survey (CPS). Until 1978, reliable estimates
of earnings from the cps could generally be presented
only for aggregated groupings of occupations because of
the limited number of sample observations in many occupations. However, changes in the collection of the CPS
earnings data since 1979 have made it possible to construct annual average estimates to examine the earnings
for a much larger number of detailed occupations.'
This report presents 1981 annual average data on the
number of men and women working full time in each
occupation and on their usual weekly earnings . Earnings data are shown only where wage and salary employment is at least 50,000, because estimates of
earnings derived from a smaller base are considered too
unreliable to publish. For the most part, this allows
earnings comparisons at the Census Bureau's "threedigit" level of classification of occupations .z However,
Nancy F. Rytina is a demographer in the Division of Labor Force
Studies, Bureau of Labor Statistics . Francis W. Horvath of the same
division was responsible for the development of the tables, and Muriel
K. Nelson, also of that division, assisted in the preparation of the
data .
for occupational groupings which did not contain any
three-digit occupation with a sufficiently large employment base, the data are shown for the two-digit occupations, the next higher level of aggregation . The use of
two- as well as three-digit occupations increases the
number of occupations among which earnings can be
compared and also makes possible some comparisons
between men and women that would otherwise have
had to be ignored because there were either too few
men or too few women employed in the occupation .
For example, there are almost no male registered nurses
(a three-digit occupational category), but the earnings of
the sexes can be compared in the two-digit categorynurses, dieticians, and therapists-because the number
of male workers exceeded 50,000 in the larger grouping .
The data in table 1 show the employment and median earnings for 250 two- and three-digit occupations .
These accounted for about 95 percent of the total fulltime wage and salary work force in 1981 . There are
more occupations where men's earnings are shown than
is the case for women (192 for men versus 129 for
women) . This occurs because the number of women
working full time is lower than that of men and they
are more concentrated in fewer occupations.
The 91 occupations for which both men's and women's earnings are shown are predominantly white collar,
the field which employed the majority of full-time
working men and women in 1981 . Forty of these occupations are professional or managerial, and 24 are sales
or clerical . In contrast, just 2 of the 91 occupations are
25
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1982 a Occupational Earnings of Men and Women
Table 1 . Median weekly earnings of wage and salary workers employed full time in occupations with total employment of
50,000 or more, by sex,' 1981 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands]
Total,
both sexes
Occupation
Total
Total' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
Accountants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer specialists . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer programmers . . . . . . . . . . .
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Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aeronautical and astronautical engineers
Chemical engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civil engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical and electronic engineers . . . .
Industrial engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mechanical engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engineers, n.e.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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$289
43,888
$347
28,603
$224
64 .7
39 .5
12,870
960
60
583
345
377
379
428
454
422
7,358
579
57
429
247
439
433
432
488
447
5,512
381
3
154
98
316
308
355
329
71 .8
71 .2
72 .8
73 .6
42 .8
39 .7
5 .0
26 .4
28 .4
540
614
575
505
549
530
540
527
1,392
81
59
182
355
194
233
219
547
619
583
507
555
549
547
530
68
1
5
4
13
28
6
7
371
-
67 .8
-
4 .7
1 .2
7 .8
2 .1
3 .5
12 .6
2 .5
3 .1
299
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. . .
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. . .
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. . .
. . .
. . .
Physicians, dentists, and related practitioners . . .
Pharmacists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physicians, medical and osteopathic . . . . . . . .
Nurses, dieticians, and therapists . . . . . . . . . . . .
Registered nurses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Therapists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health technologists and technicians . . . . . . . . .
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians
Radiologic technologists and technicians . . . . .
Health technologists, n .e.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Religious workers . .
Clergy . . . . . . . .
Social scientists . . .
Economists . . . . .
Psychologists . . .
Social and recreation
Social workers . .
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. .
199
519
60
331
279
146
136
277
53
132
212
419
546
323
320
474
423
467
485
402
149
546
50
earnings
Percent
female
workers
72,491
Lawyers and judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lawyers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Librarians, archivists, and curators . . . . . . . . . . .
Librarians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Life and physical scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biological scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Operations and systems researchers and analysts
Personnel and labor relations workers . . . . . . . .
Weekly
employed
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Foresters and conservationists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total
earnings
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Weekly
employed
1,459
83
64
186
368
222
239
226
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Total
earnings
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Weekly
Ratio
female /
male
earnings
employed
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..
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Computer systems analysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Women
Men
420
times too
76 .9
25 .1
53
341
60
121
115
58
19
28
52
204
410
70 .7
11 .7
574
512
492
515
514
62
-
219
25
20
219
33
104
160
215
71 .0
70 .9
82 .0
64 .3
21 .5
82 .9
84 .6
20 .9
35 .8
21 .2
24 .5
48 .7
242
74
148
106
39
65
161
55
31
72
495
471
561
344
335
324
324
317
73
25
41
1,062
885
134
350
177
52
83
401
326
331
293
273
286
268
240
80 .9
94 .7
87 .5
84 .2
88 .1
75 .7
23 .2
25 .5
21 .7
90 .9
95 .8
67 .3
68 .5
76 .3
63 .4
53 .5
550
237
314
98
189
1,168
924
199
511
232
82
155
468
463
501
327
332
305
287
295
290
268
579
7
-
407
319
318
363
422
330
20 .7
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268
231
238
133
77
454
357
284
284
461
536
394
295
309
244
220
158
98
38
185
141
286
285
522
580
339
358
25
10
81
36
40
269
216
391
273
286
74 .9
80 .4
79 .9
9 .3
4 .3
34 .0
27 .1
51 .9
59 .3
60 .5
Teachers, college and university, . . . . . . . . . . .
Teachers, except college and university . . . . . .
Adult education teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Elementary schoolteachers . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prekindergarten and kindergarten teachers . .
Secondary schoolteachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Teachers, except college and university, n.e .c .
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438
2,624
54
1,244
143
1,115
69
444
333
394
322
262
351
312
310
864
38
221
4
571
29
485
384
379
387
-
128
1,760
15
1,022
138
545
40
389
311
311
264
321
-
80 .3
80 .9
82 .2
82 .9
-
29 .2
67 .1
27.8
82.2
96 .5
48 .9
58 .0
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1,056
106
319
259
80
224
172
53
348
352
343
387
310
344
375
530
868
76
259
235
80
174
128
53
371
384
364
397
311
383
437
530
188
29
60
25
0
50
43
0
279
277
277
-
75 .3
76 .2
72 .2
-
17 .8
27 .4
18 .8
9 .7
.0
22.3
25.0
0
Vocational and educational counselors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
156
388
77
451
79
336
74 .5
50 .6
Writers, artists, and entertainers . . . . . . . .
Athletes and kindred workers . . . . . . . .
Designers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Editors and reporters . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Painters and sculptors . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Photographers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Public relations men and publicity writers
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.
791
59
176
158
100
52
100
350
254
421
351
297
309
402
525
44
134
86
55
47
56
387
448
382
329
465
266
15
42
72
45
6
44
302
324
-
78 .2
85 .0
-
33 .6
25 .4
23 .9
45 .6
45 .0
11 .5
44 .0
Research workers, not specified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
157
362
96
437
61
307
70 .3
38 .9
Managers and administrators, except farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7,864
5,630
466
2,235
283
60 .8
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.. .. . ..
.. .. . ..
.. .. . ..
.. .. . ..
workers
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Recreation workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engineering and science technicians . . . . . . . . . .
Chemical technicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drafters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical and electronic engineering technicians
Surveyors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engineering and science technicians, n.e .c. . . .
Technicians, except health, engineering, science .
Airplane pilots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radio operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Writers, artists, and entertainers, n.ec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bank officers and financial managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
26
97
56
66
658
139
226
233
363
407
411
316
44
23
42
417
73
-
-
-
514
400
52
33
23
240
66
186
-
-
310
250
-
-
-
60 .2
62 .3
53 .6
58 .9
34 .8
28 .4
36 .5
47 .5
Table 1 . Continued-Median weekly earnings of wage and salary workers employed full time in occupations with total
employment of 50,000 or more, by sex,' 1981 annual averages
[Numbers in thousands]
Total,
both sexes
Occupa tion
Credit and collection managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health administrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inspectors, except construction, public administration . .
Managers and superintendents, building . . . . . . . . . . .
Office managers, n.e .c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Officials and administrators ; public administration, n.e .c .
Officials of lodges, societies, and unions . . . . . . . . . . .
Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e .c. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Restaurant, cafeteria, and bar managers . . . . . . . . . .
Sales managers and department heads, retail trade . .
Sales managers, except retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
School administrators, college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
School administrators, elementary and secondary . . . .
Managers and administrators, n .e .c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
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.
Salesworkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advertising agents and salesworkers . . . . . . .
Insurance agents, brokers, and underwriters . .
Real estate agents and brokers . . . . . . . . . . .
Stock and bond sales agents . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales representatives, manufacturing industries
Sales representatives, wholesale trade . . . . . .
Salesclerks, retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Salesworkers except clerks, retail trade . . . . .
Salesworkers, services and construction . . . . .
.
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. .
. .
. .
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Clerical and kindred workers . . . . .
Bank tellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Billing clerks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bookkeepers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cashiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Clerical supervisors, n.e .c . . . . . . .
Collectors, billing and accounting .
Counter clerks, except food . . . . .
Dispatchers and starters, vehicle .
Estimators and investigators, n .e.c.
.
.
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.
.
.
Expediters and production controllers . . . . . . . . .
File clerks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators
Library attendants and assistants . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mail carriers, post office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mail handlers, except post office . . . . . . . . . . . .
Messengers and office helpers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office machine operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and peripheral equipment operators
Keypunch operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
. .. .
. ..
. .. .
. .. .
. .. .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
Total
employed
Weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Percent
female
workers
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
. ..
. ..
. ..
. ..
. ..
. ..
. ..
. ..
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
.
.
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. .
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.
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.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
60
200
104
96
444
443
106
260
393
330
353
129
262
3,713
351
431
380
278
313
441
429
390
275
300
540
491
475
431
36
102
93
46
140
324
79
182
227
204
307
88
176
2,984
545
388
423
484
501
453
312
380
566
552
520
481
24
98
10
50
304
120
27
78
166
126
46
41
85
729
357
226
277
337
285
223
216
363
281
65 .5
65 .5
69 .6
62 .9
71 .6
57 .0
69 .9
58 .5
40 .0
49 .0
9 .6
52 .1
68 .5
27 .1
25 .5
30 .0
42 .2
38 .2
13 .0
31 .8
32 .4
19 .6
.
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.
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . ..
. . ..
. . ..
. . ..
. . ..
. . ..
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.
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.
.
.
3,601
100
399
218
123
369
768
1,032
379
169
306
334
341
326
535
434
396
178
288
332
2,412
50
285
100
101
310
686
410
334
112
366
418
402
390
589
473
407
229
305
397
1,189
50
115
118
21
59
82
622
44
56
190
258
270
277
306
303
154
235
52 .0
61 .7
67 .1
70 .9
64 .7
74.3
67.4
59.1
33 .0
50 .0
28 .8
54 .1
17 .1
16 .0
10 .7
60 .3
11 .6
33 .1
.
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. .
. .
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. .
. .
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. .
. .
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.
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.
.
.
14,066
464
123
1,290
712
227
76
252
106
477
233
189
216
227
168
331
233
201
327
319
3,032
28
19
121
106
71
26
59
65
219
328
320
180
460
240
385
394
11,034
436
105
1,169
606
156
50
192
41
258
220
188
209
222
166
291
215
195
256
67.0
69.4
92.0
63.4
81 .3
65.0
78.4
94.0
85.4
90.6
85.1
68.7
65.8
76.2
38.7
54.1
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.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
248
230
183
61
222
138
60
844
506
212
328
192
270
203
406
222
198
238
260
223
148
37
75
9
196
70
47
227
185
11
366
356
408
245
324
342
-
100
192
107
52
26
67
13
616
320
201
275
189
230
197
202
223
232
222
75.2
64.7
82.3
68.8
67.8
-
40.3
83.5
58.5
85.2
11 .7
48.5
21 .7
73.0
63.2
94.8
Payroll and timekeeping clerks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-
163
237
-
80.3
.
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. .
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.
..
. .
.
..
..
. .
. .
..
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Weekly
earnings
Ratio
female /
male
earnings
times 100
Women
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Men
.. . .
.
.. . .
. . . .
.. . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
.. . .
. . . .
.
.
.
.
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.
.
203
256
458
3,199
159
71
2,969
480
333
55
247
400
200
230
260
218
229
247
242
275
172
9
21
1
0
20
376
71
7
407
263
326
-
84
449
3,178
158
71
2,949
104
261
48
382
199
229
260
218
228
205
227
-
93.9
78.2
69.7
-
32.8
98.0
99.3
99.4
100.0
99.3
21 .7
78.4
87.3
.
.
.
.
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. .
. .
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.
.
.
461
168
261
132
801
997
336
264
167
240
407
213
233
227
305
6
20
78
29
184
70
304
419
325
292
156
163
241
54
772
813
267
217
166
239
370
211
222
217
71 .6
88.3
68.3
74.6
33.8
97.0
92.3
40.9
96.4
81 .5
79.5
Craft and kindred workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10,558
352
9,963
360
595
239
66.5
Carpenters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
699
325
689
326
10
-
-
402
210
419
409
337
394
370
136
22
581
121
268
1,587
119
402
420
410
337
409
383
Postal clerks . . . . . . . . . . . .
Receptionists . . . . . . . . . . .
Secretaries . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Secretaries, legal . . . . . .
Secretaries, medical . . . .
Secretaries, n .e.c. . . . . . .
Shipping and receiving clerks
Statistical clerks . . . . . . . . .
Stenographers . . . . . . . . . .
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Stock clerks and storekeepers . . . . . .
Teacher aides, except school monitors
Telephone operators . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ticket, station, and express agents . . .
Typists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous clerical workers . . . . . .
Not specified clerical workers . . . . . .
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Bakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brickmasonsandstonemasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bulldozer operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compositors and typesetters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crane, derrick, and hoist operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Decorators and window dressers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electricians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electric power line and cable installers and repairers . . . . . . .
Excavating, grading, road machine operators; except bulldozer
Blue-collar work supervisors, n .e.c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inspectors, n .e.c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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.
76
87
90
234
401
327
142
274
136
66
591
122
269
1,772
131
40
56
87
90
98
264
401
329
311
20
0
1
44
0
43
10
1
2
186
12
-
-
-
262
5.6
-
26.3
.0
1 .1
-
31 .0
-
64.2
1.4
0
65.2
1 .7
8
7
10.5
9.2
See footnotes at end of table .
27
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1982 * Occupational Earnings of Men and Women
Table 1 . Continued-Median weekly earnings of wage and salary workers employed full time in occupations with total
employment of 50,000 or more, by sex,t 1981 annual averages
[Numbers in thousands]
Total,
both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Women
Men
Weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Weekly
Ratio
female /
Percent
earnings
workers
male
earnings
times too
95
532
358
356
92
512
360
360
4
19
-
-
4 .2
3 .6
.
.
.
.
.
2,888
166
121
137
813
95
958
96
71
83
57
193
326
335
427
295
285
395
346
309
327
336
405
323
2,827
166
116
136
808
88
942
90
66
80
56
187
328
335
429
294
286
401
348
315
331
344
405
325
60
1
5
1
6
7
16
5
4
4
1
6
275
-
83 .9
-
2 .1
6
4 .1
7
7
7 .4
1 .7
5 .2
5 .6
4 .8
1 .8
3.1
. .. . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .
105
443
105
443
0
-
-
.
258
377
156
78
140
180
77
316
75
164
271
404
320
267
381
375
455
412
387
433
10
0
17
1
5
3
0
32
4
5
-
-
Operatives, except transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Assemblers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9,440
1,088
.
.
.
.
782
87
259
51
111
62
Laundry and dry cleaning operatives, n .e.c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Meat cutters and butchers, except manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Job and die setters, metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. . .. . .. .
Machinists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mechanics and repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Air conditioning, heating and refrigeration mechanics . . .
Aircraft mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automobile body repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automobile mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data processing machine repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heavy equipment mechanics, including diesel . . . . . . . .
Household appliance, accessory installers and mechanics
Office machine repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radio and television repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Railroad and car shop mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers . . . . . . . . . . . .
Millwrights
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Molders, metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Painters, construction and maintenance
Plumbers and pipe fitters . . . . . . . . . .
Printing press operators . . . . . . . . . . .
Roofers and slaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sheetmetal workers and tinsmiths . . .
Stationary engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structural metal craftworkers . . . . . . .
Telephone installers and repairers . . .
Telephone line installers and repairers
Tool and die makers . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Bottling and canning operatives .
Checkers, examiners, and inspectors ; manufacturing
Clothing ironers and pressers .
Cutting operatives, n.e.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drillers,earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Filers, polishers, sanders, and buffers . . . . . . . . . . .
Furnac- tenders, smelters, and pourers . . . . . . . . .
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Garage workers and gas station attendants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Meat cutters and butchers, manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,775
515
298
297
3,664
573
265
164
226
393
223
374
358
20
180
50
73
60
348
252
393
246
376
126
150
166
316
38
141
413
283
204
269
260
77
190
124
301
267
312
322
258
217
88
279
179
251
19.2
$187
205
62 .9
69 .0
38 .8
52.7
423
67
79
0
38
2
219
153
185
-
63 .1
73 .3
-
54 .1
77 .0
30 .5
0
34 .2
3 .2
325
88
10
151
-
-
69 .8
6 .7
413
287
226
282
5
3
303
22
193
-
85 .4
-
1 .9
3 .8
61 .5
15 .1
296
44
115
95
43
317
325
327
-
42
12
14
5
11
-
-
31
204
62
-
181
287
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
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.
. . .
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. . .
. .
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. .
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.
. . ..
. . ..
. . ..
. . . .
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.
265
79
493
146
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. . ..
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. . ..
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339
56
129
100
54
Punch and stamping press operatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sawyers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
105
118
292
204
72
107
316
208
71
82
261
83
123
678
56
154
342
200
207
194
334
237
20
81
101
26
54
643
31
342
229
219
338
-
328
724
150
251
232
271
241
480
101
281
262
311
. .. . .. .
. .. . .. .
produce
. . . . . . .
Photographic process workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Precision machine operatives . . . . . . .
Drill press operatives . . . . . . . . . . .
Grinding machine operatives . . . . . .
Lathe and milling machine operatives
Precision machine operatives, n.e .c.
. . . .
. . . .
. .. .
.. .
. .. .
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Sewers and stitchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shoernaking machine operatives .
Furnace tenders and stokers, except metal
Textile operatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spinners, twisters, and winders . . . . . . .
Textile operatives, n .e.c. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Welders and flame cutters . . . . . . . . . . . .
Winding operatives, n .e.c. .
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Machine operatives, miscellaneous specified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Machine operatives, not specified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous operatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not specified operatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
734
1,261
230
157
273
33
24
908
-
20
12
26
36
33
10
-
-
-
-
-
5.5
29 .5
52 .2
12 .4
21 .4
10.9
5.0
20.4
-
31 .4
8.5
147
186
189
180
-
81 .3
82.1
-
73.2
1 .2
61 .7
68.7
56.1
5 .2
44 .6
202
185
-
71 .9
70 .5
-
710
156
309
353
206
87
244
48
-
39 .2
-
-
52
1
161
57
69
35
25
-
3.9
0
10.9
1 .3
3.6
1 .7
0
10.1
5.3
3.0
-
66 .8
96.7
28 .0
26 .5
33 .7
32 .0
. .. . .. . .. . ..
. .. . . . .. . .. .
.
. .. . . . .. . .. .
2,792
173
446
373
303
298
274
284
2,656
124
421
352
307
331
280
284
136
48
25
21
237
-
77 .2
-
4 .9
27 .7
5 .6
5 .6
Truckdrivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,560
314
1,528
315
32
-
-
2 .1
238
223
250
2,893
50
642
244
223
252
335
0
11
Transport equipment operatives . . .
Bus drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delivery and route workers . . . .
Forklift and tow motor operatives
. . . .
. . . .
.. . .
. . .
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.
. .
. .
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.
Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonfarm laborers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .. . .. . .. .
Carpenters' helpers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction laborers, except carpenters' helpers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
28
242
236
51
-
0
-
42
.
.
.
.
. ..
. ..
and
. . .
.
.
.
.
275
404
329
266
385
375
455
417
384
436
10
253
.
.
.
.
Mine operatives, n .e.c. . . . . . . . . . .
Mixing operatives . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Packers and wrappers, except meat
Painters, manufactured articles . . .
.
.
.
.
248
376
139
77
135
178
77
284
71
159
-
52
112
3,227
50 .
654
240
104
246
8
-
193
-
-
79.3
-
7.1
10.4
.0
1 .7
Table t . Continued-Median weekly earnings of wage and salary workers employed full time in occupations with total
employment of 50,000 or more, by sex,1 1981 annual averages
[Numbers in thousands]
Total,
both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Freight and material handlers . . . . . . . . . . . .
Garbage collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gardeners and groundskeepers,except farm
Timber cutting and logging workers . . . . . . .
Stock handlers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners . . .
Warehouse laborers, n.e .c . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous laborers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Not specified laborers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farmworkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farm laborers, wage workers . . . . . . . . . . .
Service workers, except private household . . . .
Cleaning service workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lodging quarters cleaners, except private .
Building interior cleaners, n .e.c. . . . . . . . . .
Janitors and sextons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food service workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bartenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waiters' assistants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cooks, except private household . . . . . . .
Dishwashers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food counter and fountain workers . . . . . .
Waiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food service workers, ne .c., except private
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
.. . . . . . .
household
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.
.
Weekly
earnings
Total
employed
earnings
Ratio
female /
male
earnings
times 100
Women
Weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Weekly
Percent
female
workers
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.
641
62
349
55
522
124
267
168
241
259
189
200
246
212
220
267
297
245
579
60
332
55
372
103
253
155
215
266
189
202
246
228
220
270
308
246
62
2
16
0
149
21
15
12
26
207
185
-
78 .0
81 .2
-
9 .7
3 .2
4 .6
0
28 .5
16 .9
5 .6
7 .1
10.8
. .. . .. ..
. .. . .. ..
. . . . .. ..
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. . . . . . ..
household
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729
701
6,990
1,651
99
559
993
1,987
170
70
764
105
107
532
239
176
174
196
200
142
184
219
162
195
143
171
135
141
150
165
641
614
3,475
1,106
5
253
848
770
94
57
375
73
15
79
76
180
178
238
222
213
225
186
212
144
202
136
200
178
88
86
3,515
544
94
306
145
1,216
76
13
389
32
91
453
163
146
146
170
168
141
168
188
148
179
148
140
144
160
81 .1
82 .3
71 .3
75 .6
79 .2
83 .6
79 .7
84 .4
73 .4
72 .0
90.0
12 .1
12 .3
50.3
32 .9
94 .9
54 .7
14 .6
61 .2
44 .7
18.6
50.9
30.5
85.0
85 .1
68.2
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1,415
97
220
832
263
624
88
83
191
96
188
183
209
172
227
191
182
151
179
219
178
3
38
130
6
207
49
11
29
32
216
203
224
-
1,237
95
182
701
256
417
39
72
163
64
185
182
201
167
227
179
145
172
205
85.4
82.2
80.0
-
87.4
97.9
82.7
84.3
97.3
66.8
44.3
86.7
85.3
66.7
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1,313
218
500
508
70
315
148
315
362
232
363
324
107
80
1,214
216
436
481
66
17
4
322
364
236
368
325
--
100
3
64
27
4
298
144
226
214
104
79
70.3
90.7
-
7.6
1 .4
12.8
5.3
5.7
94.6
97.3
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. .
. .
Health service workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dental assistants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health aides, except nursing . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nursing aides, orderlies and attendants . . . . .
Practical nurses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal service workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Attendants, recreation and amusement . . . . .
Child-care workers, except private household
Hairdressers and cosmetologists . . . . . . . . .
Housekeepers, except private household . . . .
Protective service workers . .
Firefighters . . . . . . . . . . .
Guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Police and detectives . . . .
Sheriffs and bailiffs . . . . .
Private household workers . . .
Child-care workers, private
Men
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Maids and servants, private household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
110
'Excludes any earnings from self-employment.
'Data for "total" refer to all full-time workers, including those in occupations not shown .
in the crafts category, largely because men made up the
overwhelming majority (95 percent) of all full-time
craftworkers .
Ranking occupations
To illustrate the occupational earnings differences between men and women, the occupations in table 1 were
ranked from high to low on the basis of male earnings,
female earnings, the ratio of women's to men's earnings,
and the percentage of female workers in each occupation . (See tables 2 to 5.) For each criterion the top 20
occupations are ranked . The rankings by male and female earnings are approximate because the earnings in
very closely ranked occupations are often not statistically different.' In addition, the occupations appearing in
the female earnings ranking contain more two-digit occupations than the male earnings ranking because wom-
126
9
--
101
124
-
91 .8
NOTE : Not elsewhere classified is abbreviated n .e .c. Dashes indicate earnings not shown
where base is less than 50,000.
en are concentrated in fewer occupations, and in many
occupations their number is less than 50,000. Of course,
the ranking by the sex-earnings ratio includes just those
occupations in which both men's and women's earnings
are reported in table 1. Lastly, the occupations ranked
by the percent of females employed are based on all occupations in table 1.
Male earnings ranks. Not surprisingly, the most highly
paid occupations for men are from the professional and
managerial groups . (See table 2.) Nineteen of the 20 are
in one of these groupings. The only exception is "stock
and bonds, sales agents," which is classified in the sales
category .
Within the professional group, engineering specialties
clearly stand out in the ranking, accounting for 7 of the
top 20 occupations . The median usual weekly earnings
29
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW April 1982 . Occupational Earnings of Men and Women
Table 2. Occupations with highest median weekly
earnings for men employed full time in wage and salary
work,' 1981 annual averages
Occupational title
Aerospace and astronautical engineers . . . .
Stock and bond sales agents . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemical engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Economists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lawyers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales managers, except retail trade . . . . . . .
Physicians, medical and osteopathic . . . . . . .
Electrical and electronics engineers . . . . . . .
School administrators, college and university
Industrial engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Male eamings
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Table 3 . Occupations with highest median weekly
earnings for women employed full time in wage
and salary work,' 1981 annual averages
Occupational title
Female eamings
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$619
589
583
580
574
566
561
555
552
549
Mechanical engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
547
Health administrators . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engineers, not elsewhere classified . .
Airplane pilots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
School administrators, elementary and
545
530
530
520
Life and physical scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health administrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Public administration officials and administrators, not elsewhere classified
Vocational and educational counselors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Registered nurses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personnel and labor relations workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
357
357
337
336
331
330
514
514
507
Editors and reporters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Secondary schoolteachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Librarians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
324
321
318
Computer systems analysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. . .. . . .
.. . .. . . .
.. . .. . . .
secondary
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. . ..
. . ..
. . ..
. . ..
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Operations and systems researchers and analysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bank officers and financial managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personnel and labor relations workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civil engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
546
515
'Excludes any earnings from self-employment.
2Occupations listed are those in which male employment was 50,000 or more in 1981 .
of men in those specialties ranged from $619 for aerospace and astronautical engineers to $507 for civil engineers. The high ranking of engineers occurs partly
because the data are restricted to wage and salary
workers and exclude some of the most highly paid
workers in occupations where self-employment is quite
common, for example, lawyers and physicians . Nonetheless, although restricted only to the wage and salary
portion, the median usual weekly earnings of lawyers
($574) and physicians ($561) were in the upper half of
the ranking.
The top 20 also included a number of technical and
administrative occupations. Among the former are economists, airplane pilots, and two very high growth occupations, computer systems analysts, and operations and
systems researchers and analysts . Among the latter occupations are school administrators at the college, secondary, and elementary levels; health administrators;
and bank officers and financial managers .
Female earnings ranks. Much like the situation for men,
the most highly paid occupations for women are in the
professional and managerial categories . (See table 3.)
The median usual weekly earnings in the top 20 occupations for women ranged from a high of $422 for operations and systems researchers and analysts to $318 for
librarians. Many of the occupations appearing in the female ranking are the same or similar to those which appear in the male ranking. Among these (in addition to
operations and systems researchers and analysts) are
lawyers, engineers, physicians, dentists and related practitioners, social scientists, health administrators, elementary and secondary school administrators, computer
systems analysts, and personnel and labor relations
30
Operations and systems researchers and analysts
Computer systems analysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lawyers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physicians, dentists, and related practitioners . . .
Social scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Teachers, college and university . . . . . . . . . . . .
Postal clerks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ticket, station, and express agents . . . . . . . . . . .
School administrators, elementary and secondary
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$422
420
407
401
391
389
382
371
370
363
Computer programmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
329
'Excludes any earnings from self-employment .
2Occupations listed are those in which female employment was 50,000 or more in 1981 .
workers. This suggests that the most highly paid occupations for women are about the same as those for men .
However, the earnings of women in these occupations
do not approach the earnings of men. The $422 median
usual weekly earnings of female operations and systems
researchers and analysts, for example, would place just
above the pay of electricians for men, an occupation
which is well below the top 20 on the male ranking.
The pay for women librarians is just above that of men
working as precision machine operatives, a classification
which is in the bottom third of the male earnings ranking.
Table 4. Occupations of full-time wage and salary
workers with highest ratios of women's to men's median
weekly earnings,' 1981 annual averages
Ratio female/male
earnings times 100
Occupational title
Postal clerks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cashiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Guards and watchmen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food service workers, not elsewhere classified, excluding
private household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ticket, station, and express agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians . . . . . . .
Therapists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Packers and wrappers, except meat and produce . . . . . .
Editors and reporters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bartenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mechanics and repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Janitors and sextons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Secondary schoolteachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mail handlers, except post office . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farm laborers, wage workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Elementary schoolteachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants . . . . . . .
Textile operatives, not elsewhere classified . . . . .
Operations and systems researchers and analysts
Counter clerks, except food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . .. .
. . .. .
. . .. .
93.9
92.0
90.7
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90.0
88.3
88.1
87.5
85.4
85.0
. ..
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84.4
83.9
83.6
82.9
82.3
82.3
82.2
82 .2
82 .1
82 .0
81 .3
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'Excludes any earnings from self-employment .
2Occupations listed are those in which both male and female employment was 50,000 or
more in 1981 .
Table 5.
Occupations with highest percentage of female
workers in full-time wage and salary work,t 1981 annual
averages
Occupational title2
Percent female
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100.0
99.4
99.3
98.0
Practical nurses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Child-care workers, private household . . .
Teachers aides, except school monitors . .
Sewers and stitchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prekindergarten and kindergarten teachers
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97.3
97.3
97.0
96.7
96.5
Typists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Registered nurses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lodging quarters cleaners, except private household
Keypunch operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bank tellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telephone operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maids and servants, private household . . . . . . . . . .
Bookkeepers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stenographers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Child-care workers, except private household . . . . .
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Secretaries, medical . . . .
Secretaries, legal . . . . .
Secretaries, not elsewhere
Receptionists . . . . . . . . .
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classified
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Dental assistants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97.9
96.4
95.8
94.9
94 .8
94.0
92.3
91 .8
90.6
87 .3
86.7
'Excludes self-employed workers.
2Occupations listed are those in which female employment was 50,000 or more in 1981 .
Occupations which do not appear in the top male
earnings rankings but appear in the top female rankings
highlight other aspects of variation between men's and
women's occupational earnings . Public sector employment is typical of several of the occupations which rank
high in terms of female earnings . These include postal
clerks, public administration officials and administrators
(not elsewhere classified), vocational and educational
counselors, and secondary schoolteachers . Elementary
and secondary school administrators is the only public
sector occupation which also appears in the top 20 occupations in terms of men's earnings . Postal clerks
ranked well below the top 20 for men . And as indicated
in table 4, some of the highly paid public sector occupations for women are characterized by relatively high ratios of women's to men's earnings . Among postal
clerks, women's earnings averaged almost 94 percent of
men's. And a sex-earnings ratio of more than 80 percent is reported for secondary schoolteachers . This suggests that while the public sector may not offer the
most highly paid employment, it may well afford women more equal opportunities than are found elsewhere.
Another characteristic of occupations ranking high in
terms of female earnings is that they typically do not
rank among those with the largest percentages of female
workers. (See table 5.) The occupation of registered
nurse, for example, is the only one which had both a
high percentage of female workers (96 percent) and also
ranked among the most highly paid occupations for
women. (Compare table 3 with table 5.) Most of the occupations in which 90 percent of the workers or more
are women are in the clerical category . By contrast, the
very highly paid occupations, professional and managerial, are male-dominated . Women's earnings, much like
men's, are highest in these occupations.
Q
FOOTNOTES
'See Earl F. Mellor, Technical Description of the Quarterly Data on
Weekly Earnings from the Current Population Survey, Bulletin 2113,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, January 1982.
'The Census Bureau classifies occupations on the basis of one-,
two-, and three-digit groupings. The one-digit classification is the least
detailed and consists of the major occupation groups, for example,
professional, technical, and kindred workers; managers and administrators, except farm ; and salesworkers . The three-digit classification is
the most detailed . It includes specific occupations such as account-
ants, architects, aerospace and astronautical engineers, and civil engineers, all of whom come under the one-digit professional grouping.
The two-digit classification is more detailed than the one-digit scheme
and contains a number of broad occupations such as engineers and
secretaries, under which are found such three-digit occupations as
aerospace and astronautical engineers, or civil engineers, and legal
secretaries, medical secretaries, and so forth.
' The magnitude of the standard errors on occupational earnings
ranged from roughly $10 to $30 at the .10 significance level.