Occupational Employment
Employment outlook: 2000–10
Occupational employment
projections to 2010
Occupations requiring a postsecondary vocational
award or an academic degree, which accounted for 29
percent of all jobs in 2000, will account for 42 percent
of total job growth from 2000 to 2010
Daniel E. Hecker
Daniel E. Hecker is an
economist in the
Office of Occupational Statistics and
Employment Projections, Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
E-mail:
[email protected]
T
otal employment is projected to increase
by 22.2 million jobs over the 2000–10
period, rising to 167.8 million, according
to the latest projections of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. This increase represents about a million more jobs than were added over the previous 10-year period (1990–2000). The projected
15.2-percent increase, however, is less than the
17.1-percent increase of the previous 10-year
period.1 Self employed is projected to grow from
11.5 to 11.7 million, or 1.7 percent.
The economy will continue generating jobs
for workers at all levels of education and training, although growth rates are projected to be
faster, on average, for occupations generally requiring a postsecondary award (a vocational certificate or other award or an associate or higher
degree), than for occupations requiring less
education or training. Most new jobs, however,
will arise in occupations that require only workrelated training (on-the-job training or work
experience in a related occupation), even though
these occupations are projected to grow more
slowly, on average. This reflects the fact that these
occupations accounted for about 7 out of 10 jobs
in 2000.
This article discusses a number of aspects of
the 2000–2010 projections along with related
information:
•
•
•
•
changes in the structure of employment at
the major occupational group level;
the detailed occupations that are projected
to grow fastest as well as those with the
largest numerical increases and decreases,
along with their current educational or
training requirements and earnings;
the total job openings projected to occur
due to growth in the economy and the net
replacement needs resulting from workers
who leave the labor force or transfer to
other occupations; and
the distribution of employment in 2000 and
projected 2000–10 job openings by level
of education or training.
In this article, projected employment is analyzed from two perspectives—percent change
and numerical change—because one can be large
and the other small, depending on the size of
employment in the base year. The following
example, using data for two occupations generally requiring the same level of education—
a bachelor’s degree—serves to illustrate the importance of viewing job outlook from both perspectives. Employment of physician assistants
numbered only 58,000 in 2000, and despite rapid
projected growth over the 2000–10 period (53.5
percent), this occupation will add only 31,000
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
57
Occupational Employment
jobs. In contrast, employment of elementary school teachers, except special education, was 1,532,000 in 2000; while
employment is expected to grow by only 13 percent, the number of new jobs over the 2000–10 period will total 202,000—
nearly 7 times as many as for physician assistants.
Major occupational groups
Among the major occupational groups, employment in the
two largest in 2000—professional and related occupations
and service occupations—will increase the fastest and add
the most jobs from 2000 to 2010. (See table 1.) These major groups, which are on opposite ends of the educational
attainment and earnings spectrum, are expected to provide
more than half of the total job growth from 2000 to 2010.
Employment in transportation and material moving occupations is projected to grow as fast as overall employment; management, business, and financial occupations; construction
and extraction occupations; sales and related occupations;
and installation, maintenance, and repair occupations will
grow somewhat more slowly. The three slowest growing
groups, all under 10 percent, are office and administrative
support occupations; production occupations; and farming,
fishing, and forestry occupations.
As a result of the different growth rates among the major
occupational groups, the occupational distribution of total
employment will change somewhat by the year 2010, but the
relative ranking of the groups by employment size is not expected to change. Professional and related occupations will
continue to rank first, while farming, fishing, and forestry
occupations will continue to rank last. Only two groups will
increase their relative share of employment—professional and
related occupations and service occupations. (See table 1.)
The growth of occupational groups (and occupations) is
determined, in large part, by growth in the industries in which
they are concentrated. For example, professional occupations
are projected to grow the fastest, in large part because they
are concentrated in some fast-growing services industries,
while production occupations are projected to grow more
slowly than overall employment, largely because nearly 3
out of 4 are in the slow growing manufacturing sector.2
The number of management, business, and financial workers is projected to grow by 2.1 million from 2000 to 2010.
Nearly a quarter of all job growth will be in business services industries, where these occupations should grow the
fastest. About 354,000 new jobs are projected for rapidly
growing engineering and management services and 238,000
for finance, insurance, and real estate. Slow growth is projected for government, except State and local education and
hospitals, and for manufacturing, with relatively few new jobs
in each—60,000 and 104,000, respectively.3 Overall pro58
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
jected growth among management, business, and financial
workers also is affected by the decline of farmers and ranchers by 328,000. (See table 2.) Almost all farmers and
ranchers are self-employed, causing self-employment in this
major occupational group to decline. However, because of
growing self-employment in other management, business,
and financial occupations, the overall decline in self-employed is expected to be only 97,000. Excluding farmers and
ranchers, management, business, and financial occupations
are projected to increase 17.2 percent; the self-employed,
excluding farmers and ranchers, is projected to increase 14.6
percent.
Employment in professional and related occupations is
projected to grow faster and add more workers (7 million)
than any other major group. In terms of employment share,
professional and related occupations are expected to experience the largest increase, rising from 18.4 percent of total
employment in 2000 to 20.1 percent in 2010. Three industry
groups—business services; education, public and private; and
health services—each will account for about a fifth of all
growth. Another fifth is projected for the rest of services,
including engineering and management, social, and legal services. Relatively slow growth is projected for government,
except State and local education and hospitals, and for manufacturing, with 235,000 and 176,000 new jobs, respectively.
Nearly three-quarters of the job growth for professional and
related is projected for three subgroups—computer and mathematical occupations; health care practitioners and technical
occupations; and education, training, and library occupations.
A 10.3-percent increase is projected for self-employed professional and related occupations. Most growth among selfemployed is projected for two subgroups—arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations; and computer
and mathematical occupations.
Computer and mathematical occupations are projected to
add the most jobs, 2 million, and grow the fastest among the
eight professional and related occupations subgroups. (See table
2.) The demand for computer-related occupations will continue to increase as a result of the rapid advances in computer technology and the continuing demand for new computer applications, including those for the Internet and
intranets. Three out of five new jobs will be in the rapidly
growing business services industries—primarily in computer
and data processing services, where employment of computer and mathematical occupations is projected to more
than double. In addition, in almost all industries, employment of these workers is projected to grow significantly faster
than the average for all occupations. Self-employed workers
are expected to increase 51.2 percent.
Health care practitioners and technical occupations are
projected to add 1.6 million jobs, as the demand for health
Occupational classification and title changes
These projections reflect the 2000 Standard Occupational
Classification system. The titles and content of major
occupational groups and many detailed occupations in
this article are substantially different than those used in
the 1998–2008 projections presented in the November
1999 issue of the Review. Some major groups have been
renamed, combined, or reorganized. For example, executive, administrative, and managerial occupations has
been renamed management, business, and financial occupations. Technicians have become part of professional
and related occupations, while two major groups—precision production, craft, and repair; and operators, fabricators, and laborers—have been reorganized into four
groups—construction and extraction; installation, maintenance, and repair; production; and transportation and
material moving occupations.
Some individual occupations also have been renamed
or classified within different major groups. For example,
farmers and farm managers, formerly in agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations, now are classified
as agricultural managers within management, business,
and financial occupations. Aircraft pilots and flight engineers, and air traffic controllers, both formerly in
technicians and related support occupations, are classified
under transportation and material moving occupations.
Teacher assistants, formerly in administrative support,
including clerical occupations, now fall under education, training, and library occupations. Landscape,
care services continues to grow rapidly. Nearly 3 out of 4
new jobs for workers in these occupations should be in the
health services industry. Growth will be slower in government, except State and local education and hospitals. Registered nurses, by far the largest occupation in this group, should
account for more than a third of all new jobs. The number of
self-employed workers in this group is projected to decline
somewhat. Self-employed physicians, dentists, and optometrists
are expected to decline, mainly due to the shift of employment into incorporated group practices, while self-employed
chiropractors, registered nurses, and therapists are projected
to grow.
Education, training, and library occupations are projected
to add 1.6 million jobs. This group is projected to grow,
as the school-age population increases, a greater proportion of students are provided with special education, and
classes become smaller. Four out of five new jobs are projected for public and private educational services. The fast-
groundskeeping, nursery, greenhouse, and lawn service
occupations, formerly within agriculture, forestry, fishing,
and related occupations, now are classified as landscaping
and groundskeeping workers within services occupations, under building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations.
Many occupations were added to the 2000 SOC. Table 2
includes nearly 700 detailed occupations, compared with
more than 500 in the previous projections. Some occupations—such as network and computer systems administrators, and meeting and convention planners, are new.
Other occupations have been split into more detailed
components. For example, engineering, natural science,
and computer and information systems managers, in the
1998–2008 projections, comprise three separate management occupations in the 2000–10 projections. Similarly, special education teachers have been split into three
components, according to the level of school in which
they teach—secondary school; middle school; and preschool, kindergarten, and elementary school.
Because of these changes, occupations and occupational groups are not comparable to those in earlier analyses. The 1998–2008 projections were accompanied by
data for the previous 10-year period, 1988–98, showing
employment changes for comparable major occupational
groups. For these 2000–10 projections, it is not possible
to calculate comparable occupational employment
changes for the 1990–2000 period.
est growth (35.6 percent) and 1 new job in 10 is projected
for social services industries.
Community and social services occupations are projected
to add 529,000 jobs and have the second fastest growth among
professional and related occupations. Continued rapid growth
should result, as the elderly population increases rapidly and
as greater efforts are made to provide services for the disabled, the sick, and individuals and families in crisis. More
than 2 out of 5 new jobs should be in the social services
industry. About 93,000 new jobs will be in health services.
Relatively slow growth is projected for government, except
State and local education and hospitals; and in religious organizations, with 85,000 and 58,000 new jobs, respectively.
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
are projected to add 493,000 jobs. About one-fifth of new
jobs are projected for very rapidly growing business services,
which includes advertising and computer and data processing services. One job in eight is projected for amusement
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
59
Occupational Employment
Table 1.
Employment by major occupational group, 2000 and projected 2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Occupational group
Number
Change
Percent distribution
2000
2010
2000
Total, all occupations ....................................................................
145,594
167,754
100.0
Management, business, and financial occupations ...........................
Professional and related occupations ................................................
Service occupations ...........................................................................
Sales and related occupations ...........................................................
Office and administrative support occupations ..................................
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................
Construction and extraction occupations ...........................................
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .............................
Production occupations .....................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations ..............................
15,519
26,758
26,075
15,513
23,882
1,429
7,451
5,820
13,060
10,088
17,635
33,709
31,163
17,365
26,053
1,480
8,439
6,482
13,811
11,618
10.7
18.4
17.9
10.7
16.4
1.0
5.1
4.0
9.0
6.9
Number
Percent
100.0
22,160
15.2
10.5
20.1
18.6
10.4
15.5
.9
5.0
3.9
8.2
6.9
2,115
6,952
5,088
1,852
2,171
51
989
662
750
1,530
13.6
26.0
19.5
11.9
9.1
3.6
13.3
11.4
5.7
15.2
2010
NOTE: Detail may not equal total or 100 percent due to rounding.
and recreation services. Nearly a quarter of all growth should be
for self-employed workers (a 16.5-percent increase). Self-employed writers and authors, photographers, graphic designers,
and musicians and singers should experience the largest increases.
Legal occupations are projected to add 216,000 jobs. Most
growth is projected for the legal services industry, where these
occupations should increase by 38.4 percent. Nearly a quarter of these workers were employed in government, except
State and local education and hospitals in 2000, in which
growth should be much slower, creating only 31,000 new
jobs. Paralegals and legal assistants are projected to grow
the fastest, while lawyers should add the most jobs, 123,000.
The number of self-employed workers in this group is projected to decline, all among lawyers, reflecting the difficulty
in establishing new legal practices.
Architecture and engineering jobs are projected to increase
by 325,000, or 12.5 percent, the slowest growth among the
eight professional and related subgroups. Nearly 3 out of 5
new jobs are projected for the rapidly growing engineering
and management services industry. In the business services
industry, more than 1 new job in 4 is projected, and even
faster growth. In manufacturing industries—which employed
37 percent of these workers in 2000—very slow growth is
expected, with only 35,000 new jobs. A small decline is projected in government, except State and local education and
hospitals. Engineers, the largest occupational subgroup, is
expected to grow 9.4 percent.
Life, physical, and social scientists are projected to add
223,000 jobs. Two out of five new jobs are projected for the
engineering and management services industry, with 42.2
percent growth. This industry includes research and testing
60
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
services. Few new jobs and slow growth are projected in government and manufacturing, where about 2 out of 5 of these
workers were employed in 2000. Self-employed psychologists are projected to add 10,000 jobs.
Employment in service occupations is projected to increase by 5.1 million, the second largest numerical gain and
second highest rate of growth among the major occupational
groups. More than half of the projected growth through 2010
is in the rapidly growing services industry, primarily in health,
business, and social services. Nearly 30 percent of new jobs
will arise in retail trade, primarily in eating and drinking
places. The number of self- employed service workers is projected to increase slowly, with most growth projected for personal care and service occupations.
Of the subgroups making up service occupations, food
preparation and serving related occupations was the largest
in 2000, providing more than 10 million jobs. It also is projected to add the most jobs, about 1.6 million. Nearly 9 of 10
new jobs are projected for retail trade, including eating and
drinking places. Employment should grow more slowly in
health services, and decline slightly in education.
Healthcare support occupations are projected to add 1.1
million jobs, growing the fastest of the services subgroups.
Close to 7 out of 10 new jobs are projected for the health
services industry. Approximately 149,00 new jobs are projected for the social services industry, where growth should
be fastest, at 47.8 percent.
Protective service occupations are expected to grow rapidly,
adding 809,000 jobs. Half of all growth and a 55-percent increase is projected for business services, primarily in miscellaneous business services, which includes detective and guard
services. Two out of 5 new jobs should be in government,
but here growth should be much slower.
Personal care and service occupations are projected to add
856,000 jobs. One-third of the new jobs for workers in these
jobs, and the fastest growth (55.9 percent) are projected in social services. Fourteen percent of new jobs, and very fast growth
are projected for health services. Overall growth is retarded by
a 25-percent decline in the private household sector, where 7
percent of these workers were employed in 2000 and by slow
growth among the self-employed, who made up a quarter of
all workers in this group in 2000. Of the 75,000 projected new
jobs among the self-employed, most should be for hairdressers,
hairstylists, and cosmetologists and child care workers.
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations are projected to add 779,000 jobs with the slowest
growth of the services occupation subgroups. Almost a quarter of new jobs and 42.5-percent growth is projected for the
agriculture, forestry, and fishing services industry, which includes landscape and horticultural services. Another quarter
of new jobs is projected for business services (including building cleaning and maintenance services and personnel supply
services). Slow growth and relatively few new jobs are projected for education and manufacturing, and little or no growth
is projected for the self-employed, who made up 8 percent of
this group in 2000. A 25-percent decline is projected in the
private household sector, where 10 percent of these workers
were employed in 2000. Self-employed first-line supervisors/
managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping
workers are projected to increase 32.3 percent, while selfemployed maids and housekeeping cleaners and janitors and
cleaners should decline.
Employment in sales and related occupations is projected
to increase by 1.9 million workers from 2000 to 2010. The
below-average job growth for sales workers is attributable,
in part, to the increased use of automated sales systems, including those related to electronic business, which decrease
the overall demand for labor.4 More than half of new sales
jobs are projected for the retail trade industry. One of six
new jobs is projected for business services, where employment is projected to grow rapidly (42.1 percent). Much slower
growth, but 147,000 new jobs for sales workers, is expected
in wholesale trade. The number of self-employed sales and
related workers, who made up 13 percent of the group in
2000, is projected to drop slightly. Self-employed securities,
commodities, and services sales agents; retail estate sales
agents; and insurance sales agents are projected to increase,
while retail salespersons; door-to-door sales workers, news
and street vendors, and related workers; and telemarketers
are projected to decline.
Employment in office and administrative support occupations is projected to increase by 2.2 million, but grow
slowly. Business services should have close to half of all job
growth, with a 39.2-percent increase. This sector includes
personnel supply services,, which provides temporary employees to other industries on a contract or fee basis,, and computer and data processing services. Another 40 percent of
new jobs are projected for the rest of the services industries,
primarily health, engineering and management, and legal services. In almost all industries, however, employment of these
workers is projected to grow more slowly than overall employment, due to continued office automation, including that
related to electronic business; and as organizations make
greater use of temporary workers employed by the personnel
supply industry, raising employment in that sector.5 In government, except State and local education and hospitals;
manufacturing; and education, which together employed onequarter of office and administrative support workers in 2000,
employment is projected to decline. Many occupations with
the largest projected job declines, including tellers and word
processors and typists, are in this group. (See table 4.) However, a number of occupations that involve a great deal of
contact with people, such as hotel, motel, and resort desk
clerks and customer service representatives, are less affected
by changing technology, and are projected to grow rapidly.
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations are projected
to grow by 51,000 jobs. The self-employed are projected to
decline 9.1 percent. Self-employed first-line supervisors/managers/contractors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers
are projected to increase, but fishers and related fishing workers and farm workers are projected to decline.
The construction and extraction occupations major group
is projected to add 989,000 jobs, a 13.3-percent increase.
More than 3 out of 5 new jobs are projected for the construction industry. The fastest growth (58.4 percent) is projected for
business services, which should account for almost 10 percent
of new jobs. Most of these jobs are in personnel supply services. A decline of 18,000 is projected for the mining industry—mostly for extraction workers. Self-employed construction and extraction workers are projected to increase 9.4 percent. Most new jobs among the self-employed are for firstline supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers and for painters, construction and maintenance.
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations are
projected to add 662,000 jobs. A 25.3-percent growth rate,
or approximately 1 new job in 5, is projected for the automotive
repair, services, and parking industry. Most growth, however, is
projected to occur in a wide range of other industries. Selfemployed workers in this group are projected to decline
slightly. Self-employed heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers are projected to increase,
but self-employed automotive body repairers and industrial
machinery mechanics are projected to decline.
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
61
Occupational Employment
Production occupations are expected to add about 750,000
jobs, a small increase. In 2000, nearly 3 out of 4 production
workers were employed in manufacturing, but only about a
quarter of new jobs and very slow growth are projected for
this industry. More than half of new jobs are projected for
the business services industry (most in personnel supply services), with growth at 43.5 percent expected. Self-employed
production occupations are projected to decline 13.3 percent.
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers; welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers; and cabinetmakers and bench carpenters
should experience the largest declines.
Transportation and material moving occupations are projected to add 1.5 million jobs. More than 1 out of 3 new jobs
should be in transportation and public utilities, and nearly 3
out of 10 new jobs, and growth of 50.1 percent, should occur
in business services (primarily personnel supply services).
Slower growth is projected for wholesale trade and retail trade,
166,000 and 95,000 jobs, respectively. Little change in employment is projected for these workers in manufacturing,
where 1 out of 6 were employed in 2000. Water transportation occupations are projected to grow slowly, while railroad
occupations will continue their long-term decline. Nearly 2
out of 5 new jobs should be for truck drivers and driver/sales
workers. A small increase in self-employed jobs is projected;
mostly for taxi drivers and chauffeurs and driver/salesworkers.
Detailed occupations
This section focuses in occupations that are the fastest growing, have the largest numeric increases, and have the largest
numeric declines. Data on numeric and percent growth for
nearly 700 detailed occupations are presented in table 2.
The growth rates for detailed occupations range from an
increase of 100 percent for computer software engineers,
applications, to a decline of 61 percent for railroad brake,
signal, and switch operators. Numeric growth ranges from
673,000 additional jobs for combined food preparation and
service occupations, including fast food, to a decline of
328,000 farmers and ranchers. The 30 occupations with the
largest numeric increases account for nearly half of the 22.2
million total increase over the 2000–10 period. (See table 4.)
The 30 occupations that are projected as the fastest growing have growth rates of 36 percent or greater, more than
twice the average for all occupations or faster. (See table 3.)
Eight occupations (five computer-related and three healthrelated) are included in both groups—computer software
engineers, application; computer software engineers, systems software; computer support specialists; network and
computer systems administrators; computer systems analysts; personal and home care aides; medical assistants; and
home health aides. (See table 4.)
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Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
Fastest growing occupations. Of the 30 fastest growing occupations, 17 are health-related and 10 are computer-related
occupations. (See table 3.) The others are special education
teachers, preschool, kindergarten, and elementary school;
fitness trainers and aerobics instructors; and social and human services assistants.
The increasing demand for computer-related occupations
reflects the rapid advances in computer technology and the
continuing development of new computer applications, including the Internet and intranets. Overall, computer specialists, a component of computer and mathematical occupations,
is projected to grow 68.6 percent, and computer and information systems managers, classified within management,
business, and financial occupations, is projected to grow 47.9
percent. (See table 2.) Five computer-related occupations also
are among the occupations with the largest projected numerical job growth.
The two healthcare groups discussed in the previous section—healthcare practitioners and technical occupations, and
—have a combined growth
healthcare support occupations—
rate of 27.9 percent. Rapid growth among health-related occupations reflects an aging population that requires more
health care, a wealthier population that can afford better health
care, and advances in medical technology that permit an
increasing number of health problems to be treated more aggressively. However, job growth among health-related occupations will be limited by efforts to stem the rapid growth of
spending on health care, both by private medical insurers
and by government—to restrict the growth of medicare and
medicaid reimbursements. Even so, continued efforts to control health care costs should stimulate some health-related
occupations on this list (mostly technicians, aides and assistants) to grow even more rapidly than overall health employment. They will assume some duties formerly done by
more highly paid healthcare workers, such as dentists, pharmacists, physicians, and therapists. These occupations include
physician assistants, physical therapist assistants and aides,
occupational therapist assistants and aides, dental assistants,
dental hygienists, and pharmacy technicians. Some healthcare
occupations also will grow more rapidly than overall
healthcare employment, because they are more likely to provide services to the rapidly growing older population. These
include some listed above, such as physical and occupational
therapist assistants and aides and pharmacy technicians, as
well as audiologists and speech-language pathologists. Employment of medical assistants should grow rapidly, because
they are concentrated in rapidly growing outpatient care facilities.
The number of medical records and health information
technicians employed also is expected to grow rapidly due
to the need to maintain records for an increasing number of
medical tests, treatments, and procedures that will undergo
increasing scrutiny by third-party payers, courts, and consumers. Employment of home health aides and of personal
and home care aides (included in this discussion of healthrelated occupations but classified as a personal service
occupation in table 2) also should be stimulated, as the older
population grows and as efforts to contain healthcare costs
continue. The older population is more likely to need inhome health care, as well as personal care and housekeeping
services that these workers provide. In addition, patients of
all ages are being discharged from hospitals and nursing
facilities as early as possible. These aides also provide
care to this rapidly growing group of patients. Employment of mental health and substance abuse social workers
(classified as a community and social services occupation in
table 2) is projected to grow rapidly because of greater
efforts to treat drug abusers and people with mental health
problems. Employment of veterinary technologists and
technicians and veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers, also classified as healthcare occupations,
are projected to grow rapidly as pet owners spend more
on animal care services, including day and overnight boarding, surgery, and intensive care.
Three other occupations also should be among the fastest
growing. Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors are projected to grow rapidly, due to rising interest in personal training and other fitness activities. Special education teachers,
preschool, kindergarten, and elementary school are projected
to grow rapidly due to the growing number of students requiring special education and due to legislation emphasizing
training and employment for individuals with disabilities.
Social and human service assistants also are projected to grow
rapidly as employers attempt to control costs. Social service
agencies are restructuring services and hiring more lowerpaid social and human service assistants instead of social
workers, making these assistants the fastest growing community and social services occupation.
Occupations with the largest job growth. Very large occupations with average or even below-average growth rates
provide many job openings, as do very fast growing ones
with smaller base-year employment. These 30 occupations
are from a much broader range of occupational groups than
are the 30 fastest growing. Five are computer-related and
five are health-related. Four each are in education, training,
and library and in transportation and material moving major
occupation groups, three fall under the category of office and
administrative support, and two each in sales and related,
and in management, business, and financial occupations. Five
are service occupations other than those related to health,
including two in building and grounds cleaning and mainte-
nance occupations and two in food service.
Twenty on the list had employment of at least 1 million in
2000. Of the 10 that had employment of less than a million,
all except accountants and landscaping and groundskeeping
workers have projected growth at least three times as fast as
the 15.2-percent average for all occupations. Five are computer-related occupations; the largest is computer support specialists, with 2000 employment of 505,000. (Computer programmers, the largest computer occupation in 2000, but with
only 16 percent growth, is not on the list.) Six occupations
on the list, all with employment of 1.5 million or more, are
projected to grow more slowly than 15.2 percent.
Registered nurses and nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants, by far the two largest health-related occupations in
2000, also are projected to have more numerical growth than
any other health-related occupations. Home health aides,
medical assistants, and personal and home care aides, all
among the 30 fastest growing, are also on this list. The four
largest education, training, and library occupations in 2000—
postsecondary teachers; teacher assistants; elementary school
teachers, except special education; and secondary school
teachers, except special and vocational education—are projected to have large numbers of job openings. Elementary
teachers, except special education is the only one with below
average employment growth.
Of the four transportation and material moving occupations, laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand
is the only one with below average employment growth.
Packers and packagers; truck drivers, heavy and tractor trailer;
and truck drivers, light and delivery services are projected to
grow approximately 20 percent. Both sales and related occupations—retail salespersons and cashiers, except gaming—
are projected to have below average growth, but in 2000,
each one had employment of more than 3 million. The two
food service occupations—combined food preparation and
serving workers, including fast food and waiters and waitresses—have large base-year employment and faster than
average growth rates.
General and operations managers should grow at about
the same rate as the total for all occupations, while security
guards is projected to grow 35.2 percent, making it the
fastest growing occupation of the 30 on this list that is not
computer or health related. Among building and grounds
cleaning and maintenance occupations, janitors and cleaners
is projected to have more openings than landscaping and
groundskeeping workers, although growth of janitors is much
slower than landscaping and groundskeeping workers, because employment in 2000 was much larger. Of the three
office and administrative support occupations on the list,
customer service representatives and receptionists and information clerks are projected to grow rapidly, while office
Text continues on page 78.
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
63
Occupational Employment
Table 2.
Employment by occupation, 2000 and projected 2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
Occupation
Change
Percent distribution
Number
Percent
100.0
22,160
15.2
57,932
10.7
10.5
2,115
13.6
5,109
7.3
.2
7.1
.3
1,270
74
12.0
20.4
3,330
133
936
135
701
246
455
101
1,144
179
965
641
463
358
513
305
780
535
32
5
2,761
246
271
61
75
330
45
26
331
125
160
179
1,074
5,801
3,320
.5
.1
.4
.1
.2
.1
1.0
.1
.9
.4
.2
.2
.3
.2
.5
.3
.0
.0
1.6
.2
.2
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.2
.1
.1
.1
.7
3.4
2.0
.6
.1
.4
.1
.3
.1
.7
.1
.6
.4
.3
.2
.3
.2
.5
.3
.0
.0
1.6
.1
.2
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.2
.1
.1
.1
.6
3.5
2.0
229
34
168
55
112
27
-318
10
-328
94
150
50
61
23
122
70
1
1
363
28
16
7
6
81
3
1
61
-7
32
30
93
845
479
32.4
34.3
31.5
29.1
32.8
36.3
-21.7
6.0
-25.4
17.2
47.9
16.3
13.4
8.0
18.5
15.0
3.0
30.0
15.2
12.7
6.2
12.7
9.3
32.3
7.6
2.5
22.7
-5.5
24.8
20.2
9.5
17.1
16.8
331
49
244
83
162
38
103
30
74
266
203
100
178
69
223
125
6
2
767
66
57
24
14
123
11
5
105
41
56
55
267
1,779
1,053
17
404
20
237
148
207
194
13
22
424
23
266
135
238
223
15
.0
.3
.0
.2
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.3
.0
.2
.1
.1
.1
.0
5
20
3
29
-13
31
29
2
27.9
4.8
16.8
12.3
-8.7
15.0
15.1
14.3
8
128
7
76
45
54
51
3
140
211
10
490
87
199
204
501
34
827
2,115
976
57
70
60
145
25
107
265
29
152
246
12
578
100
234
244
646
42
960
2,481
1,157
67
80
70
182
27
109
281
33
.1
.1
.0
.3
.1
.1
.1
.3
.0
.6
1.5
.7
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.2
.0
.1
.1
.0
.3
.1
.1
.1
.4
.0
.6
1.5
.7
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.2
.0
12
35
2
88
14
35
40
145
8
133
367
181
10
10
10
37
3
2
16
5
8.9
16.5
18.1
18.0
15.7
17.6
19.4
28.9
23.3
16.1
17.3
18.5
18.0
14.6
16.0
25.5
10.2
2.0
6.1
16.0
48
81
5
183
30
73
79
189
14
343
726
326
26
24
22
57
7
18
69
10
2000
2010
2000
2010
Total, all occupations .....................................................................
145,594
167,754
100.0
Management, business, and financial occupations ...........................
15,519
17,635
Management occupations ................................................................
Administrative services managers .................................................
Advertising, marketing, promotions, public relations, and sales
managers ...............................................................................
Advertising and promotions managers ........................................
Marketing and sales managers ....................................................
Marketing managers ..................................................................
Sales managers .........................................................................
Public relations managers ...........................................................
Agricultural managers ....................................................................
Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers .............................
Farmers and ranchers .................................................................
Chief executives ............................................................................
Computer and information systems managers ..............................
Construction managers ..................................................................
Education administrators ...............................................................
Engineering managers ...................................................................
Financial managers .......................................................................
Food service managers .................................................................
Funeral directors ............................................................................
Gaming managers .........................................................................
General and operations managers ................................................
Human resources managers .........................................................
Industrial production managers .....................................................
Legislators .....................................................................................
Lodging managers .........................................................................
Medical and health services managers .........................................
Natural sciences managers ...........................................................
Postmasters and mail superintendents ..........................................
Property, real estate, and community association managers ........
Purchasing managers ....................................................................
Social and community service managers ......................................
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers ......................
All other managers .........................................................................
Business and financial operations occupations ...............................
Business operations specialists .....................................................
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and
athletes ..................................................................................
Buyers and purchasing agents ....................................................
Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products ..........................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products ...................
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators ........
Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators ........................
Insurance appraisers, auto damage ..........................................
Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and
safety, and transportation ......................................................
Cost estimators ............................................................................
Emergency management specialists ...........................................
Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists .........
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists ................
Employment, recruitment, and placement specialists ................
Training and development specialists ........................................
Management analysts ..................................................................
Meeting and convention planners ................................................
All other business operations specialists .....................................
Financial specialists .......................................................................
Accountants and auditors ............................................................
Appraisers and assessors of real estate ......................................
Budget analysts ...........................................................................
Credit analysts .............................................................................
Financial analysts ........................................................................
Financial examiners .....................................................................
Insurance underwriters ................................................................
Loan counselors and officers .......................................................
Loan counselors ........................................................................
10,564
362
11,834
436
707
100
533
190
343
74
1,462
169
1,294
547
313
308
453
282
658
465
32
4
2,398
219
255
54
68
250
42
25
270
132
128
149
981
4,956
2,841
64
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
Total job
openings
due to growth
and net
replacements,
2000-101
Table 2.
Continued—Employment by occupation, 2000 and projected 2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
Occupation
Change
Percent distribution
Number
2000
2010
2000
2010
Percent
Total job
openings
due to growth
and net
replacements,
2000-101
Loan officers ..............................................................................
Personal financial advisors ..........................................................
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents ..........................
Tax preparers ..............................................................................
All other financial specialists ........................................................
236
94
79
69
169
248
126
86
81
216
0.2
.1
.1
.0
.1
0.1
.1
.1
.0
.1
12
32
7
12
47
4.9
34.0
8.3
17.4
28.0
59
43
28
26
81
Professional and related occupations ................................................
26,758
33,709
18.4
20.1
6,952
26.0
12,160
Computer and mathematical occupations .......................................
Computer specialists .....................................................................
Computer programmers ...............................................................
Computer scientists and systems analysts ..................................
Computer and information scientists, research .........................
Computer systems analysts .......................................................
Computer software engineers ......................................................
Computer software engineers, applications ...............................
Computer software engineers, systems software ......................
Computer support specialists ......................................................
Database administrators ..............................................................
Network and computer systems administrators ...........................
Network systems and data communications analysts .................
All other computer specialists ......................................................
Mathematical science occupations ................................................
Mathematical scientists and technicians ......................................
Actuaries ....................................................................................
Mathematicians ..........................................................................
Operations research analysts ....................................................
Statisticians ................................................................................
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations ......................
Architecture and engineering occupations .......................................
Architects, surveyors, and cartographers ......................................
Architects, except naval ...............................................................
Architects, except landscape and naval ....................................
Landscape architects .................................................................
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists ......................
Cartographers and photogrammetrists ......................................
Surveyors ...................................................................................
All other architects, surveyors, and cartographers ......................
Engineers .......................................................................................
Aerospace engineers ...................................................................
Agricultural engineers ..................................................................
Biomedical engineers ..................................................................
Chemical engineers .....................................................................
Civil engineers .............................................................................
Computer hardware engineers ....................................................
Electrical and electronics engineers ............................................
Electrical engineers ...................................................................
Electronics engineers, except computer ....................................
Environmental engineers .............................................................
Industrial engineers, including health and safety .........................
Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers
and inspectors .......................................................................
Industrial engineers ...................................................................
Marine engineers and naval architects ........................................
Materials engineers .....................................................................
Mechanical engineers ..................................................................
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety
engineers ...............................................................................
Nuclear engineers ........................................................................
Petroleum engineers ....................................................................
All other engineers .......................................................................
Drafters, engineering, and mapping technicians ...........................
Drafters ........................................................................................
Architectural and civil drafters ....................................................
Electrical and electronics drafters ..............................................
Mechanical drafters ...................................................................
Engineering technicians, except drafters .....................................
Aerospace engineering and operations technicians ..................
Civil engineering technicians .....................................................
Electrical and electronic engineering technicians ......................
2,993
2,903
585
459
28
431
697
380
317
506
106
229
119
203
89
85
14
4
47
19
5
2,605
196
124
102
22
65
7
58
6
1,465
50
2
7
33
232
60
288
157
130
52
198
4,988
4,894
680
729
39
689
1,361
760
601
996
176
416
211
326
95
90
15
4
51
20
5
2,930
229
150
121
29
71
8
63
8
1,603
57
3
9
34
256
75
319
175
144
66
210
2.1
2.0
.4
.3
.0
.3
.5
.3
.2
.3
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.8
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.2
.1
.1
.0
.1
3.0
2.9
.4
.4
.0
.4
.8
.5
.4
.6
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.7
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.2
.1
.1
.0
.1
1,996
1,991
95
269
11
258
664
380
284
490
70
187
92
123
5
5
1
0
4
0
0
325
33
26
19
7
6
1
5
2
138
7
0
2
1
24
15
31
18
14
14
12
66.7
68.6
16.2
58.6
40.3
59.7
95.4
100.0
89.7
97.0
65.9
81.9
77.5
60.7
5.7
5.9
5.4
-1.9
8.0
2.3
2.7
12.5
17.1
20.7
18.5
31.1
9.2
18.5
8.1
28.5
9.4
13.9
14.8
31.4
4.1
10.2
24.9
10.9
11.3
10.4
26.0
5.9
2,285
2,259
217
309
14
296
711
406
306
512
74
197
97
141
26
25
3
0
19
3
1
868
61
33
25
8
26
3
22
2
432
22
1
4
7
60
23
84
47
37
24
45
44
154
5
33
221
49
161
5
35
251
.0
.1
.0
.0
.2
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
5
7
0
2
29
10.9
4.5
2.1
5.3
13.1
12
33
1
9
94
6
14
9
253
944
213
102
41
70
519
21
94
233
6
14
8
254
1,098
255
123
51
81
582
22
105
258
.0
.0
.0
.2
.6
.1
.1
.0
.0
.4
.0
.1
.2
.0
.0
.0
.2
.7
.2
.1
.0
.0
.3
.0
.1
.2
0
0
-1
1
154
42
21
10
11
62
1
11
25
-1.3
1.8
-7.2
.4
16.3
19.5
20.8
23.3
15.4
12.0
5.6
11.9
10.8
1
3
2
51
375
106
52
22
32
167
5
30
72
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
65
Occupational Employment
Table 2.
Continued—Employment by occupation, 2000 and projected 2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
Occupation
Change
Percent distribution
Number
2000
Electro-mechanical technicians .................................................
Environmental engineering technicians .....................................
Industrial engineering technicians .............................................
Mechanical engineering technicians ..........................................
Surveying and mapping technicians ............................................
All other drafters, engineering, and mapping technicians ............
Life, physical, and social science occupations ................................
Life scientists .................................................................................
Agricultural and food scientists ....................................................
Biological scientists ......................................................................
Conservation scientists and foresters ..........................................
Conservation scientists ..............................................................
Foresters ....................................................................................
Medical scientists .........................................................................
All other life scientists ..................................................................
Physical scientists ..........................................................................
Astronomers and physicists .........................................................
Atmospheric and space scientists ...............................................
Chemists and materials scientists ...............................................
Chemists ....................................................................................
Materials scientists ....................................................................
Environmental scientists and geoscientists .................................
Environmental scientists and specialists, including health ........
Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers ................
Hydrologists ...............................................................................
All other physical scientists ..........................................................
Social scientists and related occupations ......................................
Economists ..................................................................................
Market and survey researchers ...................................................
Market research analysts ...........................................................
Survey researchers ....................................................................
Psychologists ...............................................................................
Social scientists, other .................................................................
Urban and regional planners .......................................................
All other social scientists and related workers .............................
Life, physical, and social science technicians ................................
Agricultural and food science technicians ....................................
Biological technicians ..................................................................
Chemical technicians ...................................................................
Geological and petroleum technicians .........................................
Nuclear technicians .....................................................................
Other life, physical, and social science technicians .....................
Environmental science and protection technicians, including
health .....................................................................................
Forensic science technicians .....................................................
Forest and conservation technicians .........................................
All other life, physical, and social science technicians ...............
Community and social services occupations ...................................
Counselors .....................................................................................
Educational, vocational, and school counselors ..........................
Marriage and family therapists .....................................................
Mental health counselors .............................................................
Rehabilitation counselors .............................................................
Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors ................
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists ..............
Health educators ..........................................................................
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists ............
Social and human service assistants ...........................................
Religious workers ..........................................................................
Clergy ..........................................................................................
Directors, religious activities and education .................................
Social workers ...............................................................................
Child, family, and school social workers ......................................
Medical and public health social workers ....................................
Mental health and substance abuse social workers ....................
All other counselors, social, and religious workers ........................
Legal occupations ............................................................................
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers ............................
Administrative law judges, adjudicators, and hearing officers .....
Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators .......................................
66
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
2010
2000
2010
Percent
Total job
openings
due to growth
and net
replacements,
2000-101
43
18
52
58
55
156
1,164
184
17
73
29
16
12
37
28
239
10
7
92
84
8
97
64
25
8
33
410
22
113
90
23
182
15
30
49
330
18
41
73
10
3
184
50
24
57
66
70
192
1,386
218
19
88
31
18
13
47
33
283
11
8
110
100
9
118
78
30
10
36
492
26
142
112
30
214
17
35
58
393
20
52
84
11
4
221
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.8
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.8
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
6
5
5
8
14
36
223
33
2
15
2
1
1
10
4
44
1
1
18
16
2
21
14
5
2
3
82
4
30
22
8
33
3
5
8
63
3
11
11
1
1
37
14.5
29.1
10.1
13.9
25.3
23.2
19.1
18.1
8.8
21.0
7.7
8.3
7.0
26.5
15.9
18.3
10.5
17.1
19.2
19.1
19.8
21.5
22.3
18.1
25.7
9.4
20.1
18.5
26.4
24.4
34.5
18.1
17.2
16.4
17.1
19.0
15.2
26.4
15.0
6.5
20.7
20.0
15
9
16
20
32
70
559
93
7
42
12
7
5
18
15
124
4
3
47
43
4
52
35
13
5
17
178
9
55
42
13
75
6
12
20
164
7
21
28
3
2
104
27
6
18
133
1,869
465
205
21
67
110
61
398
43
84
271
293
171
121
468
281
104
83
244
1,119
43
14
4
34
7
19
161
2,398
585
257
27
82
136
82
575
53
105
418
338
197
141
609
357
136
116
290
1,335
44
14
6
.0
.0
.0
.1
1.3
.3
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
.3
.0
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.3
.2
.1
.1
.2
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
1.4
.3
.2
.0
.0
.1
.0
.3
.0
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.4
.2
.1
.1
.2
.8
.0
.0
.0
7
1
1
29
529
120
52
6
15
26
21
177
10
20
147
45
26
19
141
76
33
33
46
216
2
0
1
24.5
13.0
3.2
21.7
28.3
25.8
25.3
29.9
21.7
23.6
35.0
44.5
23.5
23.8
54.2
15.4
15.0
15.9
30.1
26.9
31.6
39.1
18.8
19.3
3.8
1.1
27.2
17
3
7
77
846
215
94
11
28
49
34
236
17
33
187
112
73
40
193
107
44
42
89
304
14
4
2
Table 2.
Continued—Employment by occupation, 2000 and projected 2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
Occupation
Change
Percent distribution
Number
2000
Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates ...............................
Lawyers .........................................................................................
Paralegals and legal assistants .....................................................
Miscellaneous legal support workers .............................................
Court reporters .............................................................................
Law clerks ....................................................................................
Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers ................................
All other legal and related workers ................................................
Education, training, and library occupations ....................................
Postsecondary teachers ................................................................
Primary, secondary, and special education teachers ....................
Preschool and kindergarten teachers ..........................................
Preschool teachers, except special education ...........................
Kindergarten teachers, except special education ......................
Elementary and middle school teachers ......................................
Elementary school teachers, except special education .............
Middle school teachers, except special and vocational
education ...............................................................................
Vocational education teachers, middle school ...........................
Secondary school teachers .........................................................
Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational
education ...............................................................................
Vocational education teachers, secondary school .....................
Special education teachers ..........................................................
Special education teachers, preschool, kindergarten, and
elementary school ..................................................................
Special education teachers, middle school ................................
Special education teachers, secondary school ..........................
Other teachers and instructors ......................................................
Adult literacy, remedial education, and GED teachers and
instructors ..............................................................................
Self-enrichment education teachers ............................................
All other teachers, primary, secondary, and adult .......................
Library, museum, training, and other education occupations ........
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians .............................
Librarians .....................................................................................
Library technicians .......................................................................
Teacher assistants .......................................................................
Other education, training, library, and museum workers .............
Audio-visual collections specialists ............................................
Farm and home management advisors .....................................
Instructional coordinators ...........................................................
All other library, museum, training, and other education
workers ..................................................................................
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ...........
Art and design occupations ...........................................................
Artists and related workers ..........................................................
Art directors ...............................................................................
Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators .........
Multi-media artists and animators ..............................................
Designers .....................................................................................
Commercial and industrial designers .........................................
Fashion designers .....................................................................
Floral designers .........................................................................
Graphic designers ......................................................................
Interior designers .......................................................................
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers ..........................
Set and exhibit designers ..........................................................
All other art and design workers ..................................................
Entertainers and performers, sports and related occupations .......
Actors, producers, and directors ..................................................
Actors .........................................................................................
Producers and directors .............................................................
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers ........................
Athletes and sports competitors ................................................
Coaches and scouts ..................................................................
Umpires, referees, and other sports officials .............................
Dancers and choreographers ......................................................
Dancers .....................................................................................
Choreographers .........................................................................
2010
2000
2010
Percent
Total job
openings
due to growth
and net
replacements,
2000-101
24
681
188
98
18
31
48
109
8,260
1,344
4,284
597
423
175
2,122
1,532
24
803
251
106
21
35
49
131
9,831
1,659
4,995
707
507
200
2,381
1,734
0.0
.5
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
5.7
.9
2.9
.4
.3
.1
1.5
1.1
0.0
.5
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
5.9
1.0
3.0
.4
.3
.1
1.4
1.0
0
123
62
8
3
4
0
22
1,571
315
711
110
85
25
260
202
1.1
18.0
33.2
7.7
16.2
13.2
1.0
20.2
19.0
23.5
16.6
18.4
20.0
14.5
12.2
13.2
7
168
74
17
5
7
5
32
3,356
682
1,663
184
137
47
742
551
570
20
1,113
625
22
1,314
.4
.0
.8
.4
.0
.8
55
3
201
9.6
13.1
18.1
184
7
540
1,004
109
453
1,190
123
592
.7
.1
.3
.7
.1
.4
187
15
140
18.6
13.4
30.9
492
48
197
234
96
123
901
320
119
153
1,076
.2
.1
.1
.6
.2
.1
.1
.6
86
23
30
175
36.8
24.4
24.6
19.4
116
35
46
266
67
186
648
1,731
21
149
109
1,262
190
11
11
81
80
220
776
2,101
24
160
130
1,562
225
13
11
101
.0
.1
.4
1.2
.0
.1
.1
.9
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.5
1.3
.0
.1
.1
.9
.1
.0
.0
.1
13
34
128
370
3
10
21
301
35
2
1
20
19.4
18.5
19.7
21.4
11.9
7.0
19.5
23.9
18.2
13.6
6.1
25.0
20
53
193
745
7
41
70
565
62
3
2
32
87
2,371
750
147
47
31
69
492
50
16
102
190
46
76
12
112
626
158
99
58
129
18
99
11
26
15
11
99
2,864
903
176
56
35
85
596
62
19
118
241
54
88
15
130
763
200
126
74
153
22
117
14
30
18
12
.1
1.6
.5
.1
.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.1
.4
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
1.7
.5
.1
.0
.0
.1
.4
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.1
.5
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
12
493
153
29
10
4
15
104
12
3
15
51
8
12
3
19
136
42
26
16
24
4
17
3
4
3
2
14.0
20.8
20.3
20.0
21.1
13.4
22.2
21.2
23.8
20.3
14.9
26.7
17.4
15.9
27.0
16.8
21.8
26.9
26.7
27.1
18.7
22.5
17.6
22.7
16.3
17.3
14.9
25
947
251
60
19
10
30
154
17
5
26
70
13
20
4
37
257
73
46
27
50
7
37
5
9
6
4
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
67
Occupational Employment
Table 2.
Continued—Employment by occupation, 2000 and projected 2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
Occupation
Change
Percent distribution
Number
2000
Musicians, singers, and related workers ......................................
Music directors and composers .................................................
Musicians and singers ...............................................................
All other entertainers and performers, sports and related
workers ..................................................................................
Media and communication occupations .........................................
Announcers ..................................................................................
News analysts, reporters and correspondents ............................
Public relations specialists ...........................................................
Writers and editors .......................................................................
Editors ........................................................................................
Technical writers ........................................................................
Writers and authors ...................................................................
Miscellaneous media and communications workers ....................
Interpreters and translators ........................................................
All other media and communication workers .............................
Media and communication equipment occupations .......................
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio
operators ................................................................................
Audio and video equipment technicians ....................................
Broadcast technicians ................................................................
Radio operators .........................................................................
Sound engineering technicians ..................................................
Photographers .............................................................................
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and
editors ....................................................................................
Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture ...........
Film and video editors ................................................................
All other media and communication equipment workers .............
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations ........................
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners .................................
Chiropractors ...............................................................................
Dentists ........................................................................................
Dietitians and nutritionists ............................................................
Optometrists ................................................................................
Pharmacists .................................................................................
Physicians and surgeons .............................................................
Physician assistants ....................................................................
Podiatrists ....................................................................................
Registered nurses ........................................................................
Therapists ....................................................................................
Audiologists ...............................................................................
Occupational therapists .............................................................
Physical therapists .....................................................................
Radiation therapists ...................................................................
Recreational therapists ..............................................................
Respiratory therapists ................................................................
Speech-language pathologists ..................................................
Veterinarians ................................................................................
All other health diagnosing and treating practitioners ..................
Other health professionals and technicians ...................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians ........................
Medical and clinical laboratory technologists .............................
Medical and clinical laboratory technicians ................................
Dental hygienists .........................................................................
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians ........................
Cardiovascular technologists and technicians ...........................
Diagnostic medical sonographers ..............................................
Nuclear medicine technologists .................................................
Radiologic technologists and technicians ..................................
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics ........................
Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians
Dietetic technicians ....................................................................
Pharmacy technicians ................................................................
Psychiatric technicians ..............................................................
Respiratory therapy technicians ................................................
Surgical technologists ................................................................
Veterinary technologists and technicians ..................................
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses ......................
Medical records and health information technicians ....................
68
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
2010
2000
2010
Percent
Total job
openings
due to growth
and net
replacements,
2000-101
240
50
191
285
56
229
0.2
.0
.1
0.2
.0
.1
45
6
38
18.7
13.1
20.1
90
16
74
74
703
71
78
137
305
122
57
126
112
22
90
291
95
856
68
80
186
385
149
74
162
137
27
110
342
.1
.5
.0
.1
.1
.2
.1
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.2
.1
.5
.0
.0
.1
.2
.1
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.2
21
153
-4
2
49
80
27
17
36
25
5
20
51
28.3
21.8
-5.5
2.8
36.1
26.3
22.6
29.6
28.4
22.4
23.8
22.1
17.5
35
315
11
27
73
158
67
34
57
47
9
37
124
87
37
36
3
11
131
99
43
40
3
13
153
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
12
6
4
0
2
22
14.0
16.8
10.2
6.2
19.0
17.0
38
17
14
1
5
48
43
27
16
31
6,379
3,921
50
152
49
31
217
598
58
18
2,194
439
13
78
132
16
29
83
88
59
57
2,457
295
148
147
147
257
39
33
18
167
172
417
26
190
54
27
71
49
700
136
53
33
20
36
7,978
4,888
62
161
56
37
270
705
89
20
2,755
584
19
105
176
19
32
112
122
77
71
3,090
348
174
175
201
322
52
41
22
206
226
551
33
259
59
36
96
69
842
202
.0
.0
.0
.0
4.4
2.7
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
.4
.0
.0
1.5
.3
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
1.7
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.3
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
4.8
2.9
.0
.1
.0
.0
.2
.4
.1
.0
1.6
.3
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
1.8
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.3
.0
.2
.0
.0
.1
.0
.5
.1
11
7
4
6
1,599
966
12
9
7
6
53
107
31
3
561
145
6
27
44
4
2
29
34
19
14
633
53
25
28
54
65
14
9
4
39
54
134
7
69
5
9
25
19
142
66
25.8
25.8
25.8
18.1
25.1
24.6
23.4
5.7
15.2
18.7
24.3
17.9
53.5
14.2
25.6
33.2
44.7
33.9
33.3
22.8
8.6
34.8
39.2
31.8
24.8
25.7
18.0
17.0
19.0
37.1
25.2
34.9
26.1
22.4
23.1
31.3
32.2
27.6
36.4
8.5
34.6
34.7
39.3
20.3
49.0
19
12
7
19
2,995
1,773
21
43
21
12
118
196
43
6
1,004
255
9
46
77
7
10
50
57
29
26
1,222
122
60
62
76
121
22
16
8
75
97
242
14
118
19
16
43
32
322
97
Table 2.
Continued—Employment by occupation, 2000 and projected 2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
Occupation
Change
Percent distribution
Number
2000
2010
2000
2010
Percent
Total job
openings
due to growth
and net
replacements,
2000-101
Opticians, dispensing ...................................................................
Other health practitioners and technical workers .........................
Athletic trainers ..........................................................................
Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians ......
Orthotists and prosthetists .........................................................
All other health practitioners and technical workers ..................
68
266
15
35
5
212
81
317
17
40
6
253
0.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.1
0.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.2
13
50
3
5
1
42
19.0
19.0
18.5
15.0
17.3
19.7
25
119
6
14
2
96
Service occupations ...........................................................................
26,075
31,163
17.9
18.6
5,088
19.5
13,505
Healthcare support occupations ......................................................
Dental assistants ...........................................................................
Massage therapists ........................................................................
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides .................................
Home health aides .......................................................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants .....................................
Psychiatric aides ..........................................................................
Occupational therapist assistants and aides .................................
Occupational therapist assistants ................................................
Occupational therapist aides .......................................................
Physical therapist assistants and aides .........................................
Physical therapist assistants ........................................................
Physical therapist aides ...............................................................
Medical assistants and other healthcare support occupations ......
Medical assistants .......................................................................
Medical equipment preparers ......................................................
Medical transcriptionists ..............................................................
Pharmacy aides ...........................................................................
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers ..............
All other healthcare support workers ...........................................
Protective service occupations ........................................................
First-line supervisors/managers, protective service workers .........
First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers ..............
First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention
workers ..................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives ............
First-line supervisors/managers of protective service workers,
except police, fire and corrections .........................................
Fire fighters ....................................................................................
Fire inspectors ...............................................................................
Law enforcement workers ..............................................................
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers .......................................
Bailiffs ........................................................................................
Correctional officers and jailers .................................................
Detectives and criminal investigators ..........................................
Fish and game wardens ..............................................................
Parking enforcement workers ......................................................
Police and sheriff"s patrol officers ...............................................
Transit and railroad police ...........................................................
Other protective service workers ...................................................
Animal control workers ................................................................
Crossing guards ...........................................................................
Private detectives and investigators ............................................
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers .......................
Gaming surveillance officers and gaming investigators .............
Security guards ..........................................................................
All other protective service workers .............................................
Food preparation and serving related occupations ..........................
Supervisors, food preparation and serving workers ......................
Chefs and head cooks .................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving
workers ..................................................................................
Cooks and food preparation workers .............................................
Cooks ...........................................................................................
Cooks, fast food .........................................................................
Cooks, institution and cafeteria ..................................................
Cooks, private household ..........................................................
Cooks, restaurant ......................................................................
Cooks, short order .....................................................................
Food preparation workers ............................................................
Food and beverage serving workers .............................................
3,196
247
34
2,053
615
1,373
65
25
17
9
80
44
36
757
329
33
102
57
55
181
3,087
273
30
4,264
339
45
2,676
907
1,697
73
35
23
12
116
64
53
1,052
516
39
132
68
77
219
3,896
319
38
2.2
.2
.0
1.4
.4
.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.5
.2
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
2.1
.2
.0
2.5
.2
.0
1.6
.5
1.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.6
.3
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
2.3
.2
.0
1,067
92
10
623
291
323
9
10
7
4
36
20
17
295
187
6
30
11
22
38
809
46
9
33.4
37.2
30.4
30.4
47.3
23.5
13.2
41.5
39.7
45.2
45.5
44.8
46.3
39.0
57.0
18.2
29.8
19.5
39.8
21.1
26.2
16.7
29.6
1,612
136
18
885
370
498
17
18
11
6
60
33
27
496
274
15
57
26
37
86
1,677
122
14
62
121
66
136
.0
.1
.0
.1
4
16
7.2
13.1
24
48
61
258
13
1,150
427
14
414
93
8
9
607
6
1,394
9
74
39
1,117
11
1,106
156
10,140
788
139
78
280
15
1,445
563
15
548
108
9
10
748
7
1,837
10
81
48
1,509
13
1,497
190
11,717
882
151
.0
.2
.0
.8
.3
.0
.3
.1
.0
.0
.4
.0
1.0
.0
.1
.0
.8
.0
.8
.1
7.0
.5
.1
.0
.2
.0
.9
.3
.0
.3
.1
.0
.0
.4
.0
1.1
.0
.0
.0
.9
.0
.9
.1
7.0
.5
.1
17
23
2
295
136
2
134
15
1
1
141
1
443
1
6
9
393
2
391
34
1,577
95
12
27.1
8.9
15.1
25.6
31.8
12.5
32.4
16.4
11.4
13.2
23.2
16.5
31.8
12.8
8.7
23.5
35.2
16.8
35.4
21.7
15.6
12.1
9.0
35
90
5
551
240
5
235
36
2
2
269
2
910
8
32
20
698
5
693
153
6,256
301
55
649
2,709
1,864
522
465
5
668
205
844
5,201
731
3,041
2,054
518
500
4
813
219
988
6,384
.4
1.9
1.3
.4
.3
.0
.5
.1
.6
3.6
.4
1.8
1.2
.3
.3
.0
.5
.1
.6
3.8
83
333
190
-4
35
-1
145
14
143
1,182
12.7
12.3
10.2
-.7
7.6
-18.0
21.7
6.8
16.9
22.7
246
1,193
725
148
167
1
335
72
469
4,218
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
69
Occupational Employment
Table 2.
Continued—Employment by occupation, 2000 and projected 2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
Occupation
Change
Percent distribution
Number
2000
Bartenders ...................................................................................
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast
food ........................................................................................
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop
Food servers, nonrestaurant ........................................................
Waiters and waitresses ................................................................
Other food preparation and serving related workers .....................
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers ......
Dishwashers ................................................................................
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop .........
All other food preparation and serving related workers ...............
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ........
Supervisors, building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
workers ..................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial
workers ..................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service,
and groundskeeping workers .................................................
Building cleaning workers ..............................................................
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping
cleaners .................................................................................
Maids and housekeeping cleaners ..............................................
Grounds maintenance workers ......................................................
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers .................................
Pesticide handlers, sprayers, and applicators, vegetation ...........
Tree trimmers and pruners ..........................................................
Pest control workers ......................................................................
All other building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers
Personal care and service occupations ...........................................
First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers ........
Animal care and service workers ...................................................
Animal trainers .............................................................................
Nonfarm animal caretakers ..........................................................
Child care workers .........................................................................
Entertainment attendants and related workers .............................
Motion picture projectionists ........................................................
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers .................................
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers .....
Amusement and recreation attendants ......................................
Costume, locker room and other attendants ..............................
Funeral service workers .................................................................
Embalmers ...................................................................................
Funeral attendants .......................................................................
Gaming occupations ......................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers, gaming workers .......................
Gaming supervisors ...................................................................
Slot key persons ........................................................................
Gaming services workers ............................................................
Gaming and sports book writers and runners ............................
Gaming dealers .........................................................................
All other gaming service workers .................................................
Personal appearance workers .......................................................
Barbers ........................................................................................
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists .............................
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers ..............................
Manicurists and pedicurists .......................................................
Shampooers ..............................................................................
Skin care specialists ..................................................................
Personal and home care aides ......................................................
Recreation and fitness workers .....................................................
Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors .....................................
Recreation workers ......................................................................
Residential advisors .......................................................................
Transportation, tourism, and lodging attendants ...........................
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges ................................
Baggage porters and bellhops ...................................................
Concierges .................................................................................
Tour and travel guides .................................................................
Transportation attendants ............................................................
Flight attendants ........................................................................
70
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
2010
2000
2010
Percent
Total job
openings
due to growth
and net
replacements,
2000-101
387
439
0.3
0.3
52
13.4
204
2,206
421
205
1,983
1,442
431
525
343
143
5,549
2,879
482
238
2,347
1,410
402
483
388
137
6,328
1.5
.3
.1
1.4
1.0
.3
.4
.2
.1
3.8
1.7
.3
.1
1.4
.8
.2
.3
.2
.1
3.8
673
61
34
364
-33
-29
-42
45
-7
779
30.5
14.4
16.4
18.3
-2.3
-6.7
-8.0
13.0
-4.6
14.0
2,023
387
124
1,479
543
145
197
147
54
1,912
378
441
.3
.3
63
16.7
131
219
250
.2
.1
31
14.2
91
159
3,981
191
4,381
.1
2.7
.1
2.6
32
400
20.1
10.1
41
1,179
2,348
1,633
973
894
27
52
58
159
4,103
125
145
15
131
1,193
344
11
112
221
197
24
33
7
26
167
46
31
14
100
12
88
21
790
73
636
81
40
20
21
414
427
158
269
44
259
68
51
18
44
147
124
2,665
1,716
1,245
1,154
30
61
71
190
4,959
144
176
17
159
1,319
421
8
124
289
260
28
38
7
31
211
55
37
18
131
15
116
25
880
64
718
97
51
22
24
672
545
222
323
55
300
78
57
20
48
174
147
1.6
1.1
.7
.6
.0
.0
.0
.1
2.8
.1
.1
.0
.1
.8
.2
.0
.1
.2
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
.5
.0
.4
.1
.0
.0
.0
.3
.3
.1
.2
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
1.6
1.0
.7
.7
.0
.0
.0
.1
3.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.8
.3
.0
.1
.2
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
.5
.0
.4
.1
.0
.0
.0
.4
.3
.1
.2
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
317
83
272
260
4
8
13
31
856
19
31
3
28
127
77
-3
12
68
64
5
5
0
5
44
9
6
3
31
3
28
4
90
-8
82
16
11
3
3
258
118
64
54
11
41
9
6
3
4
27
23
13.5
5.1
27.9
29.0
13.6
16.3
22.1
19.6
20.9
15.1
21.2
18.4
21.6
10.6
22.5
-27.0
11.0
30.9
32.4
19.1
13.8
-.6
17.8
26.5
20.0
18.4
23.3
31.1
21.6
32.4
18.7
11.4
-11.5
13.0
19.8
26.5
13.2
13.3
62.5
27.6
40.3
20.1
24.0
15.7
13.4
12.6
15.7
9.5
18.6
18.4
741
438
516
484
10
22
24
63
2,047
53
61
5
56
531
247
3
102
142
130
13
12
2
11
98
22
15
7
65
7
59
11
294
21
238
36
21
7
8
322
206
97
110
21
128
33
24
9
18
78
65
Table 2.
Continued—Employment by occupation, 2000 and projected 2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
Occupation
Change
Percent distribution
Number
2000
2010
2000
2010
Percent
Total job
openings
due to growth
and net
replacements,
2000-101
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and
baggage porters .....................................................................
All other personal care and service workers ..................................
23
163
27
198
0.0
.1
0.0
.1
5
35
20.0
21.7
12
72
Sales and related occupations ...........................................................
15,513
17,365
10.7
10.4
1,852
11.9
6,712
Advertising sales agents ..................................................................
Cashiers ...........................................................................................
Cashiers, except gaming ...............................................................
Gaming change persons and booth cashiers ................................
Counter and rental clerks .................................................................
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related
workers ..................................................................................
Insurance sales agents ....................................................................
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters ..............................
Demonstrators and product promoters ..........................................
Models ...........................................................................................
Parts salespersons ..........................................................................
Real estate brokers and sales agents .............................................
Real estate brokers ........................................................................
Real estate sales agents ...............................................................
Retail salespersons .........................................................................
Sales engineers ...............................................................................
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing .....................
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical
and scientific products ...........................................................
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except
technical and scientific products ............................................
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents .........
Supervisors, sales workers ..............................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers .................
First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers ..........
Telemarketers ..................................................................................
Travel agents ...................................................................................
All other sales and related workers ..................................................
155
3,363
3,325
38
423
196
3,851
3,799
52
506
.1
2.3
2.3
.0
.3
.1
2.3
2.3
.0
.3
41
488
474
14
82
26.3
14.5
14.2
36.1
19.4
72
2,013
1,982
31
274
166
378
121
118
4
260
432
93
339
4,109
85
1,821
156
390
152
147
5
248
473
102
371
4,619
100
1,932
.1
.3
.1
.1
.0
.2
.3
.1
.2
2.8
.1
1.3
.1
.2
.1
.1
.0
.1
.3
.1
.2
2.8
.1
1.2
-10
13
30
29
1
-12
41
9
32
510
15
111
-6.2
3.3
24.9
24.9
26.0
-4.4
9.5
9.6
9.5
12.4
17.7
6.1
42
109
70
68
2
77
116
25
91
2,073
37
606
396
426
.3
.3
30
7.5
137
1,425
367
2,504
2,072
432
572
135
621
1,507
449
2,697
2,240
457
699
139
758
1.0
.3
1.7
1.4
.3
.4
.1
.4
.9
.3
1.6
1.3
.3
.4
.1
.5
82
82
193
168
25
127
4
137
5.7
22.3
7.7
8.1
5.8
22.2
3.2
22.0
469
112
556
467
89
244
37
273
Office and administrative support occupations ..................................
23,882
26,053
16.4
15.5
2,171
9.1
7,667
First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative
support workers .....................................................................
Communications equipment operators ............................................
Switchboard operators, including answering service .....................
Telephone operators ......................................................................
All other communications equipment operators .............................
Financial, information, and record clerks .........................................
Financial clerks ..............................................................................
Bill and account collectors ...........................................................
Billing and posting clerks and machine operators .......................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks .............................
Gaming cage workers ..................................................................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ....................................................
Procurement clerks ......................................................................
Tellers ..........................................................................................
Information and record clerks ........................................................
Brokerage clerks ..........................................................................
Correspondence clerks ................................................................
Court, municipal, and license clerks ............................................
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks ......................................
Customer service representatives ...............................................
Eligibility interviewers, government programs .............................
File clerks .....................................................................................
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks ............................................
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping ....
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan .......................................
Library assistants, clerical ............................................................
Loan interviewers and clerks .......................................................
New accounts clerks ....................................................................
Order clerks .................................................................................
Receptionists and information clerks ...........................................
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks ...
1,392
339
259
54
26
9,006
3,696
400
506
1,991
22
201
76
499
5,099
70
38
105
86
1,946
117
288
177
177
154
98
139
87
348
1,078
191
1,522
273
218
35
20
10,178
3,821
502
549
2,030
27
206
67
440
6,105
69
42
117
90
2,577
106
314
236
211
205
118
101
89
277
1,334
219
1.0
.2
.2
.0
.0
6.2
2.5
.3
.3
1.4
.0
.1
.1
.3
3.5
.0
.0
.1
.1
1.3
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.7
.1
.9
.2
.1
.0
.0
6.1
2.3
.3
.3
1.2
.0
.1
.0
.3
3.6
.0
.0
.1
.1
1.5
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.8
.1
130
-65
-41
-19
-6
1,172
126
101
43
39
6
5
-9
-59
1,006
-1
3
13
4
631
-11
26
59
34
51
19
-38
2
-71
256
28
9.4
-19.3
-15.7
-35.3
-21.8
13.0
3.4
25.3
8.5
2.0
25.2
2.3
-12.2
-11.8
19.7
-1.4
9.1
12.0
4.1
32.4
-9.3
9.1
33.4
19.3
33.4
19.7
-27.6
2.7
-20.4
23.7
14.5
399
101
77
16
9
3,237
1,121
201
167
417
15
63
17
240
2,047
9
15
29
11
796
34
118
136
74
84
63
9
21
74
493
79
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
71
Occupational Employment
Table 2.
Continued—Employment by occupation, 2000 and projected 2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
Occupation
Change
Percent distribution
Number
2000
All other financial, information, and record clerks ..........................
Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing
occupations ............................................................................
Cargo and freight agents ...............................................................
Couriers and Messengers ..............................................................
Dispatchers ....................................................................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance .........................
Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers ......................................
Meter readers, utilities ...................................................................
Postal service workers ...................................................................
Postal service clerks ....................................................................
Postal service mail carriers ..........................................................
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing
machine operators .................................................................
Production, planning, and expediting clerks ..................................
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks ............................................
Stock clerks and order fillers ..........................................................
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping ....
All other material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and
distributing workers ................................................................
Secretaries, administrative assistants, and other office support
occupations ............................................................................
Computer operators .......................................................................
Data entry and information processing workers ............................
Data entry keyers .........................................................................
Word processors and typists .......................................................
Desktop publishers ........................................................................
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks ..............................
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service .....
Office clerks, general .....................................................................
Office machine operators, except computer ..................................
Proofreaders and copy markers ....................................................
Secretaries and administrative assistants .....................................
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants ...................
Legal secretaries .........................................................................
Medical secretaries ......................................................................
Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive .......................
Statistical assistants ......................................................................
All other secretaries, administrative assistants, and other office
support workers .....................................................................
2010
2000
2010
Percent
Total job
openings
due to growth
and net
replacements,
2000-101
211
252
0.1
0.2
41
19.3
69
4,238
60
141
254
168
86
49
688
74
324
4,579
65
135
304
206
98
36
683
76
332
2.9
.0
.1
.2
.1
.1
.0
.5
.1
.2
2.7
.0
.1
.2
.1
.1
.0
.4
.0
.2
341
5
-5
50
37
12
-13
-5
2
8
8.1
8.3
-3.9
19.6
22.2
14.5
-26.0
-.7
2.4
2.4
1,530
17
38
92
65
27
12
187
18
106
289
332
890
1,679
83
275
391
973
1,821
98
.2
.2
.6
1.2
.1
.2
.2
.6
1.1
.1
-14
60
83
142
15
-4.9
17.9
9.3
8.5
17.9
63
115
262
740
35
63
73
.0
.0
10
15.5
32
8,908
194
806
509
297
38
289
188
2,705
84
35
3,902
1,445
279
314
1,864
21
9,500
161
774
534
240
63
231
207
3,135
68
33
4,167
1,612
336
373
1,846
22
6.1
.1
.6
.3
.2
.0
.2
.1
1.9
.1
.0
2.7
1.0
.2
.2
1.3
.0
5.7
.1
.5
.3
.1
.0
.1
.1
1.9
.0
.0
2.5
1.0
.2
.2
1.1
.0
592
-33
-32
25
-57
25
-58
19
430
-16
-2
265
167
57
60
-18
0
6.6
-17.1
-3.9
4.9
-19.1
66.7
-20.2
9.9
15.9
-18.8
-5.5
6.8
11.5
20.3
19.0
-1.0
2.1
2,400
35
165
106
60
32
50
74
949
29
13
946
412
104
113
317
2
645
639
.4
.4
-6
-.9
104
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................
1,429
1,480
1.0
.9
51
3.6
485
First-line supervisors/managers/contractors of farming, fishing,
and forestry workers ..............................................................
Agricultural workers .........................................................................
Agricultural inspectors ...................................................................
Farmworkers ..................................................................................
Graders and sorters, agricultural products ....................................
Fishers and fishing vessel operators ...............................................
Forest, conservation, and logging workers ......................................
Forest and conservation workers ...................................................
Logging workers ............................................................................
Fallers ..........................................................................................
Logging equipment operators ......................................................
Log graders and scalers ..............................................................
All other farming, fishing, and forestry workers ................................
100
987
15
909
63
53
90
21
69
13
47
8
199
113
1,024
16
939
69
46
88
22
66
12
46
8
209
.1
.7
.0
.6
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.6
.0
.6
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
13
37
1
30
6
-6
-2
1
-2
-1
-1
0
10
13.0
3.7
6.6
3.3
9.1
-12.2
-1.8
3.9
-3.5
-8.7
-2.0
-4.0
4.9
21
359
5
334
20
17
19
6
13
3
9
2
70
Construction and extraction occupations ...........................................
7,451
8,439
5.1
5.0
989
13.3
2,469
First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and
extraction workers ..................................................................
Construction trades and related workers .........................................
Boilermakers ..................................................................................
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons .............................
Brickmasons and blockmasons ...................................................
Stonemasons ...............................................................................
Carpenters .....................................................................................
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers .................................
Carpet installers ...........................................................................
792
6,466
27
158
144
14
1,204
167
76
923
7,328
28
179
162
17
1,302
189
84
.5
4.4
.0
.1
.1
.0
.8
.1
.1
.6
4.4
.0
.1
.1
.0
.8
.1
.1
131
862
1
21
18
3
98
22
8
16.5
13.3
2.1
13.2
12.5
20.8
8.2
13.2
10.5
311
2,086
8
50
45
5
302
50
21
72
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
Table 2.
Continued—Employment by occupation, 2000 and projected 2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
Occupation
Change
Percent distribution
Number
2000
Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles ........................
Floor sanders and finishers .........................................................
Tile and marble setters ................................................................
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers ...........
Cement masons and concrete finishers ......................................
Terrazzo workers and finishers ....................................................
Construction laborers .....................................................................
Construction equipment operators .................................................
Operating engineers and other construction equipment
operators ................................................................................
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators .................
Pile-driver operators ....................................................................
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers ........................
Drywall and ceiling tile installers ..................................................
Tapers ..........................................................................................
Electricians ....................................................................................
Glaziers ..........................................................................................
Insulation workers ..........................................................................
Painters, construction and maintenance ........................................
Paperhangers ................................................................................
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters ........................
Pipelayers ....................................................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters ........................................
Plasterers and stucco masons .......................................................
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers ................................................
Roofers ..........................................................................................
Sheet metal workers ......................................................................
Structural iron and steel workers ...................................................
Helpers, construction trades ..........................................................
Helpers-Brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and
marble setters ........................................................................
Helpers-Carpenters .....................................................................
Helpers-Electricians .....................................................................
Helpers-Painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons
Helpers-Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters ........
Helpers-Roofers ...........................................................................
All other helpers, construction trades ..........................................
Other construction and related workers .........................................
Construction and building inspectors ...........................................
Elevator installers and repairers ..................................................
Fence erectors .............................................................................
Hazardous materials removal workers ........................................
Highway maintenance workers ....................................................
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators .............
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners ............................
All other construction and related workers ...................................
Extraction workers ...........................................................................
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and
mining ....................................................................................
Derrick operators, oil and gas ......................................................
Rotary drill operators, oil and gas ................................................
Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining .................................
Earth drillers, except oil and gas ....................................................
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters ......
Helpers-Extraction workers ............................................................
Mining machine operators .............................................................
Continuous mining machine operators ........................................
Miscellaneous mining machine operators ....................................
Roustabouts, oil and gas ...............................................................
All other extraction workers ...........................................................
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .............................
First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and
repairers .................................................................................
Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and
repairers .................................................................................
Avionics technicians ......................................................................
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers ............
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers ...........................
2010
2000
2010
Percent
Total job
openings
due to growth
and net
replacements,
2000-101
23
14
54
166
162
3
791
416
27
16
62
171
167
4
926
450
0.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.5
.3
0.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.6
.3
4
2
8
5
5
0
135
34
15.8
14.7
15.6
3.0
3.0
2.0
17.0
8.1
8
4
17
19
19
0
207
123
357
55
4
188
143
44
698
49
53
491
27
568
65
503
54
27
158
224
84
450
382
63
5
205
157
48
819
56
60
585
32
627
73
554
61
32
188
275
99
510
.2
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.5
.0
.0
.3
.0
.4
.0
.3
.0
.0
.1
.2
.1
.3
.2
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.5
.0
.0
.3
.0
.4
.0
.3
.0
.0
.1
.2
.1
.3
25
8
1
17
13
4
120
7
7
94
5
59
8
51
6
5
31
51
15
60
6.9
15.5
14.0
9.1
9.4
8.3
17.3
14.8
13.6
19.1
20.2
10.4
11.9
10.2
11.9
17.5
19.4
23.0
18.4
13.3
103
19
1
35
27
8
251
16
23
180
10
153
19
134
16
8
67
98
24
283
58
101
114
27
86
23
41
465
75
23
29
37
151
12
15
123
193
66
108
129
30
96
28
53
534
86
27
30
49
159
9
18
156
189
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.3
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.3
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
.1
8
7
15
3
10
5
12
69
11
4
1
12
8
-3
3
33
-4
14.1
6.6
13.3
12.9
11.5
19.3
29.1
14.8
15.0
17.2
4.6
32.8
5.2
-26.1
16.5
26.7
-2.1
37
57
72
17
53
16
32
162
28
11
6
23
31
3
6
54
72
45
16
18
11
24
5
37
22
10
12
41
19
44
16
17
11
27
5
38
19
8
11
40
17
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
-2
0
-1
0
3
0
1
-3
-1
-2
-2
-2
-3.5
.1
-8.0
-1.2
12.6
1.9
2.4
-12.9
-13.4
-12.5
-4.2
-10.7
16
6
6
4
8
2
18
8
3
4
14
7
5,820
6,482
4.0
3.9
662
11.4
1,944
442
513
.3
.3
71
16.0
186
683
16
172
37
726
17
197
40
.5
.0
.1
.0
.4
.0
.1
.0
43
2
24
3
6.3
9.8
14.2
7.9
178
5
43
11
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
73
Occupational Employment
Table 2.
Continued—Employment by occupation, 2000 and projected 2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
Occupation
Change
Percent distribution
Number
2000
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation
equipment ..............................................................................
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility ...............
Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial
equipment ..............................................................................
Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation,
and relay ................................................................................
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles .......
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and
repairers .................................................................................
Radio mechanics .........................................................................
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except
line installers ..........................................................................
Security and fire alarm systems installers .....................................
All other electrical and electronic equipment mechanics,
installers, and repairers .........................................................
Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians ...................................
Automotive body and related repairers ..........................................
Automotive glass installers and repairers ......................................
Automotive service technicians and mechanics ............................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists ................
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and
mechanics ..............................................................................
Farm equipment mechanics ........................................................
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines .................
Rail car repairers .........................................................................
Small engine mechanics ................................................................
Motorboat mechanics ..................................................................
Motorcycle mechanics .................................................................
Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics ....
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics,
installers, and repairers .........................................................
Bicycle repairers ..........................................................................
Recreational vehicle service technicians .....................................
Tire repairers and changers .........................................................
All other vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers,
and repairers ..........................................................................
Other installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .................
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers
Control and valve installers and repairers .....................................
Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical
door ........................................................................................
Mechanical door repairers ...........................................................
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and
installers .................................................................................
Helpers-Installation, maintenance, and repair workers ..................
Home appliance repairers ..............................................................
Industrial machinery mechanics ....................................................
Line installers and repairers ...........................................................
Electrical power-line installers and repairers ...............................
Telecommunications line installers and repairers ........................
Locksmiths and safe repairers .......................................................
Maintenance and repair workers, general .....................................
Maintenance workers, machinery ..................................................
Manufactured building and mobile home installers ........................
Millwrights ......................................................................................
Precision instrument and equipment repairers ..............................
Camera and photographic equipment repairers ..........................
Medical equipment repairers .......................................................
Musical instrument repairers and tuners ......................................
Watch repairers ...........................................................................
All other precision instrument and equipment repairers ..............
Riggers ..........................................................................................
All other installation, maintenance, and repair workers .................
Production occupations .....................................................................
74
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
2010
2000
2010
Percent
Total job
openings
due to growth
and net
replacements,
2000-101
14
108
15
116
0.0
.1
0.0
.1
2
8
13.6
7.3
4
30
90
98
.1
.1
8
9.2
26
18
13
37
18
15
30
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0
2
-7
-2.3
15.6
-17.9
4
5
7
196
7
188
5
.1
.0
.1
.0
-7
-2
-3.8
-24.2
37
1
189
44
183
54
.1
.0
.1
.0
-6
10
-3.1
23.4
36
18
48
1,931
158
199
22
840
285
54
2,218
184
219
24
991
326
.0
1.3
.1
.1
.0
.6
.2
.0
1.3
.1
.1
.0
.6
.2
6
286
26
20
2
151
40
13.4
14.8
16.7
10.2
10.5
18.0
14.2
17
778
60
69
8
349
114
185
41
130
14
73
25
14
33
203
42
148
13
79
27
16
36
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
17
0
18
-1
6
2
1
3
9.4
.9
14.0
-7.6
8.6
9.0
8.6
8.2
66
11
52
4
24
9
5
11
170
9
12
89
192
10
15
95
.1
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.1
22
2
3
6
13.2
17.7
25.4
6.8
87
5
8
40
60
2,764
37
46
72
3,026
44
48
.0
1.9
.0
.0
.0
1.8
.0
.0
12
262
7
2
19.6
9.5
18.5
5.2
35
802
15
17
34
11
35
13
.0
.0
.0
.0
1
1
2.7
12.7
12
5
243
145
43
198
263
99
164
23
1,251
114
17
72
63
7
28
7
5
15
20
228
297
172
46
205
317
108
209
25
1,310
120
20
75
69
7
33
8
6
16
22
254
.2
.1
.0
.1
.2
.1
.1
.0
.9
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.2
.1
.0
.1
.2
.1
.1
.0
.8
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
54
27
3
7
54
9
45
2
59
7
3
3
6
0
4
1
0
1
2
26
22.3
18.5
6.2
3.4
20.7
9.3
27.6
8.7
4.7
5.8
19.1
3.9
9.7
-2.1
14.9
9.4
6.2
6.8
10.1
11.5
79
101
11
60
118
41
76
10
221
37
7
25
22
2
11
2
2
5
6
73
13,060
13,811
9.0
8.2
750
5.7
3,932
Table 2.
Continued—Employment by occupation, 2000 and projected 2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
Occupation
Change
Percent distribution
Number
2000
First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating
workers ..................................................................................
Assemblers and fabricators .............................................................
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers ......
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers ............
Coil winders, tapers, and finishers ...............................................
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers ..........................
Electromechanical equipment assemblers ..................................
Engine and other machine assemblers .........................................
Structural metal fabricators and fitters ...........................................
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators ....................................
Fiberglass laminators and fabricators ..........................................
Team assemblers ........................................................................
Timing device assemblers, adjusters, and calibrators .................
All other assemblers and fabricators ...........................................
Food processing occupations ..........................................................
Bakers ............................................................................................
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers ....
Butchers and meat cutters ...........................................................
Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers ................................
Slaughterers and meat packers ...................................................
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine
operators and tenders ............................................................
Food batchmakers .........................................................................
Food cooking machine operators and tenders ..............................
All other food processing workers ..................................................
Metal workers and plastic workers ...................................................
Computer control programmers and operators ..............................
Computer-controlled machine tool operators, metal and plastic ..
Numerical tool and process control programmers .......................
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and
tenders, metal and plastic ......................................................
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic ....................................................................
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic ....................................................................
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and
plastic .....................................................................................
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters,
operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ..............................
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal
and plastic ..............................................................................
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic ....................................................................
Lay-out workers, metal and plastic ................................................
Machinists ......................................................................................
Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders ...............................
Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders ..............................
Pourers and casters, metal ..........................................................
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic ....................................................................
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic ....................
Model makers, metal and plastic .................................................
Patternmakers, metal and plastic ................................................
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic ....................................................................
Foundry mold and coremakers ....................................................
Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic ...............................................
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and
plastic .....................................................................................
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic ....................................................................
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and
plastic .....................................................................................
Tool and die makers ......................................................................
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners .............................................
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers .......................................
Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers .....................................
2010
2000
2010
Percent
Total job
openings
due to growth
and net
replacements,
2000-101
819
2,653
20
508
56
379
73
67
101
1,957
48
1,458
12
439
760
160
411
141
148
122
827
2,824
23
492
61
355
76
72
120
2,117
53
1,545
12
507
783
187
415
128
162
125
0.6
1.8
.0
.3
.0
.3
.1
.0
.1
1.3
.0
1.0
.0
.3
.5
.1
.3
.1
.1
.1
0.5
1.7
.0
.3
.0
.2
.0
.0
.1
1.3
.0
.9
.0
.3
.5
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
9
171
3
-16
5
-24
3
5
20
160
5
87
0
68
23
27
5
-13
14
3
1.0
6.5
14.2
-3.1
8.2
-6.3
4.5
7.1
19.5
8.2
11.4
5.9
2.5
15.4
3.0
16.8
1.2
-8.9
9.5
2.6
224
702
8
138
19
97
22
18
35
503
14
342
2
144
214
52
117
34
50
33
18
66
37
69
2,907
186
162
24
17
67
37
61
3,156
222
194
28
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.9
.1
.1
.0
-2
1
0
-8
249
36
32
4
-9.0
1.4
.6
-11.6
8.6
19.3
19.7
16.6
4
17
7
17
994
102
89
12
372
357
.3
.2
-15
-4.0
73
71
68
.0
.0
-3
-4.5
23
126
143
.1
.1
17
13.5
45
54
59
.0
.0
5
9.1
22
145
156
.1
.1
11
7.3
46
43
49
.0
.0
6
13.4
14
84
18
430
40
24
16
78
17
469
43
26
18
.1
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
-6
-1
39
3
2
1
-7.4
-6.0
9.1
7.2
7.4
6.9
33
5
127
14
8
6
34
19
11
9
32
18
10
8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
-2
-1
0
-1
-6.7
-5.6
-3.2
-8.4
11
5
3
2
235
59
252
59
.2
.0
.2
.0
17
-1
7.0
-1.2
65
12
176
193
.1
.1
17
9.8
53
105
121
.1
.1
15
14.7
32
65
72
.0
.0
7
10.2
20
49
130
29
521
446
50
132
27
618
532
.0
.1
.0
.4
.3
.0
.1
.0
.4
.3
1
3
-2
97
86
1.4
2.2
-7.7
18.7
19.3
17
35
8
244
211
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
75
Occupational Employment
Table 2.
Continued—Employment by occupation, 2000 and projected 2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
Occupation
Change
Percent distribution
Number
2000
Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and
tenders ...................................................................................
All other metal workers and plastic workers ..................................
Plant and system operators .............................................................
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers .....................
Nuclear power reactor operators .................................................
Power distributors and dispatchers ..............................................
Power plant operators ..................................................................
Stationary engineers and boiler operators .....................................
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators ......
Miscellaneous plant and system operators ....................................
Chemical plant and system operators .........................................
Gas plant operators .....................................................................
Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and
gaugers ..................................................................................
All other plant and system operators ...........................................
Printing occupations ........................................................................
Bookbinders and bindery workers .................................................
Bindery workers ...........................................................................
Bookbinders .................................................................................
Job printers ....................................................................................
Prepress technicians and workers .................................................
Printing machine operators ............................................................
All other printing workers ...............................................................
Textile, apparel, and furnishings occupations ..................................
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders,
synthetic and glass fibers ......................................................
Fabric and apparel patternmakers .................................................
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers .................................................
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials ..........................
Sewing machine operators ............................................................
Shoe and leather workers and repairers ........................................
Shoe machine operators and tenders ............................................
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers .................................................
Sewers, hand ...............................................................................
Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers ..................................
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders ......
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders ................
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and
tenders ...................................................................................
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters,
operators, and tenders ...........................................................
Upholsterers ..................................................................................
All other textile, apparel, and furnishings workers .........................
Woodworkers ...................................................................................
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters ...........................................
Furniture finishers ..........................................................................
Model makers and patternmakers, wood .......................................
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood ................
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except
sawing ....................................................................................
All other woodworkers ...................................................................
Other production occupations ..........................................................
Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders .................
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders .....
Chemical equipment operators and tenders ................................
Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine
setters, operators, and tenders ..............................................
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and
tenders ...................................................................................
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders ................
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers .........
Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators,
and tenders ............................................................................
Grinding and polishing workers, hand .........................................
Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders ....
Cutting workers ..............................................................................
Cutters and trimmers, hand .........................................................
Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders .......
Etchers and engravers ...................................................................
76
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
2010
2000
2010
Percent
Total job
openings
due to growth
and net
replacements,
2000-101
74
150
368
55
4
15
36
57
88
167
71
12
86
174
384
55
4
14
37
56
104
168
69
11
0.1
.1
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
0.1
.1
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
11
25
16
0
0
-1
1
-1
16
1
-2
-1
15.1
16.4
4.4
-.4
-3.4
-5.1
1.8
-1.3
18.1
.6
-3.3
-6.3
32
54
133
17
1
4
11
16
44
56
22
4
35
49
534
115
105
10
56
107
222
34
1,317
34
54
543
124
113
10
59
90
234
35
1,285
.0
.0
.4
.1
.1
.0
.0
.1
.2
.0
.9
.0
.0
.3
.1
.1
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.8
-1
6
8
9
8
1
4
-17
12
1
-32
-4.1
11.4
1.6
7.4
7.3
8.2
6.4
-15.6
5.5
2.0
-2.4
11
20
160
39
36
3
18
26
68
9
301
41
15
236
110
399
19
9
101
43
58
37
38
44
14
263
112
348
15
4
91
40
51
41
35
.0
.0
.2
.1
.3
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.1
.2
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
2
-1
27
2
-51
-4
-5
-9
-3
-7
4
-2
5.7
-5.4
11.4
1.7
-12.9
-21.4
-53.6
-9.3
-6.6
-11.4
10.8
-6.5
13
5
89
17
42
7
1
22
9
13
11
6
70
68
.0
.0
-2
-2.4
11
90
58
95
409
159
45
10
57
86
53
112
446
175
49
12
64
.1
.0
.1
.3
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.3
.1
.0
.0
.0
-4
-6
17
37
16
4
2
7
-4.4
-9.5
18.0
9.0
9.8
8.4
16.0
11.7
19
19
36
187
66
22
6
29
103
35
3,293
36
100
61
108
38
3,563
38
110
70
.1
.0
2.3
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
2.1
.0
.1
.0
5
4
269
2
10
9
5.3
10.6
8.2
6.7
9.9
14.9
47
18
1,017
11
33
23
39
40
.0
.0
1
2.2
10
20
7
202
17
7
222
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
-3
0
21
-14.2
-1.3
10.3
5
1
65
44
49
109
115
32
83
15
49
55
118
117
33
84
16
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
4
7
10
2
1
1
2
9.8
13.7
9.0
1.8
2.2
1.7
11.1
14
17
33
23
6
16
5
Table 2.
Continued—Employment by occupation, 2000 and projected 2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
Occupation
Change
Percent distribution
Number
2000
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters,
operators, and tenders ...........................................................
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders .........
Helpers-Production workers ..........................................................
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers ....................
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers ...........................
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory workers ......................
Dental laboratory technicians ......................................................
Medical appliance technicians .....................................................
Ophthalmic laboratory technicians ...............................................
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic ..............
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders ...................
Painting workers ............................................................................
Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and
tenders ...................................................................................
Painters, transportation equipment ..............................................
Painting, coating, and decorating workers ...................................
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders ..................
Photographic process workers and processing machine
operators ................................................................................
Photographic process workers ....................................................
Photographic processing machine operators ..............................
Semiconductor processors ............................................................
Tire builders ...................................................................................
All other production workers ..........................................................
2010
2000
2010
Percent
Total job
openings
due to growth
and net
replacements,
2000-101
73
33
525
602
43
88
43
13
32
42
379
195
80
34
587
591
44
95
46
15
34
45
433
223
0.1
.0
.4
.4
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.1
0.0
.0
.3
.4
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.1
7
1
62
-11
1
7
3
2
2
3
54
28
9.0
3.2
11.9
-1.9
1.3
7.9
6.3
19.0
5.7
7.4
14.4
14.5
24
10
194
133
12
31
14
6
11
14
138
72
108
49
38
123
121
57
45
116
.1
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.1
13
9
7
-7
11.9
17.5
17.9
-5.4
37
19
15
24
76
26
50
52
18
549
77
24
53
69
20
619
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
2
-2
4
17
2
70
2.2
-8.2
7.6
32.4
8.6
12.7
23
7
17
26
5
168
Transportation and material moving occupations ..............................
10,088
11,618
6.9
6.9
1,530
15.2
3,949
Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers ...............
Aircraft cargo handling supervisors ...............................................
First-line supervisors/managers of helpers, laborers, and material
movers, hand .........................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of transportation and
material-moving machine and vehicle operators ...................
Air transportation occupations .........................................................
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers ..................................................
Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers ..................................
Commercial pilots ........................................................................
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists .................
Air traffic controllers .....................................................................
Airfield operations specialists ......................................................
All other air transportation workers ................................................
Motor vehicle operators ...................................................................
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical
technicians .............................................................................
Bus drivers .....................................................................................
Bus drivers, school ......................................................................
Bus drivers, transit and intercity ...................................................
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers ...........................................
Driver/sales workers ....................................................................
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer ........................................
Truck drivers, light or delivery services ........................................
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs ...........................................................
All other motor vehicle operators ...................................................
Rail transportation occupations .......................................................
Locomotive engineers and firers ....................................................
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators .................................
Railroad conductors and yardmasters ...........................................
Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers ......................
All other rail transportation workers ...............................................
Water transportation occupations ....................................................
Sailors and marine oilers ...............................................................
Ship and boat captains and operators ...........................................
Ship engineers ...............................................................................
All other water transportation workers ...........................................
Related transportation occupations .................................................
Bridge and lock tenders .................................................................
Parking lot attendants ....................................................................
Service station attendants .............................................................
Traffic technicians ..........................................................................
357
10
427
13
.2
.0
.3
.0
70
3
19.7
27.7
147
5
153
182
.1
.1
29
18.9
62
194
166
117
98
19
31
27
5
17
4,237
233
186
129
104
24
35
29
6
22
4,982
.1
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.9
.1
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.0
39
20
11
6
5
3
2
1
5
745
19.9
12.2
9.8
6.4
26.9
10.2
7.2
27.1
32.2
17.6
80
68
38
29
10
17
13
3
13
1,398
15
666
481
185
3,268
402
1,749
1,117
176
112
115
37
22
45
4
7
70
32
25
9
5
309
4
117
112
4
20
754
537
217
3,857
430
2,095
1,331
219
132
94
38
9
36
4
7
74
33
26
9
5
341
4
140
110
5
.0
.5
.3
.1
2.2
.3
1.2
.8
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.4
.3
.1
2.3
.3
1.2
.8
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.1
.1
.0
5
88
56
32
589
29
346
215
43
20
-21
1
-13
-8
0
0
3
2
1
0
0
32
-1
23
-2
1
33.7
13.2
11.6
17.4
18.0
7.1
19.8
19.2
24.4
18.2
-18.5
2.3
-60.8
-18.9
-4.5
-4.1
4.4
4.9
3.4
5.8
4.2
10.4
-19.1
19.8
-1.7
14.1
6
257
178
79
1,038
84
586
368
57
39
52
18
10
20
2
3
27
12
9
3
2
139
2
43
57
2
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
77
Occupational Employment
Table 2.
Continued—Employment by occupation, 2000 and projected 2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
Occupation
Change
Percent distribution
Number
2000
Transportation inspectors ..............................................................
All other related transportation workers .........................................
Material moving occupations ...........................................................
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment ..............................................
Conveyor operators and tenders ...................................................
Crane and tower operators ............................................................
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators ..............
Hoist and winch operators .............................................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators .............................................
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand ................
Machine feeders and offbearers ....................................................
Packers and packagers, hand .......................................................
Pumping station operators .............................................................
Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators ..................
Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers ................................
Wellhead pumpers .......................................................................
Refuse and recyclable material collectors .....................................
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders ...................................................
All other material moving workers ..................................................
25
46
4,833
322
63
55
76
9
635
2,084
182
1,091
32
7
14
12
124
19
142
2010
28
54
5,514
382
71
59
88
10
707
2,373
159
1,300
32
7
15
11
145
21
165
2000
2010
0.0
.0
3.3
.2
.0
.0
.1
.0
.4
1.4
.1
.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
0.0
.0
3.3
.2
.0
.0
.1
.0
.4
1.4
.1
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
3
8
681
60
8
5
11
1
72
289
-22
210
0
0
1
-1
21
3
23
Percent
11.3
17.9
14.1
18.8
13.3
8.6
14.8
8.3
11.3
13.9
-12.3
19.3
0.0
4.8
4.8
-8.5
16.6
13.5
16.4
Total job
openings
due to growth
and net
replacements,
2000-101
9
26
2,118
183
26
21
34
3
160
985
63
488
10
2
5
3
75
8
62
1 Total job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero and
total job openings equal net replacements.
NOTE: Detail may not equal total or 100 percent due to rounding.
clerks, general, with employment of 2.7 million, is projected
to experience only average growth.
Declining occupations. This section of the article focuses
just on those occupations with the largest numerical job declines, because many detailed occupations with the fastest
rates of decline are very small and, consequently, the resulting employment declines are not very significant in terms
of the total economy. (See table 5.) Fourteen of the occupations with the largest declines are office and administrative
support, seven are production, and three are service—two,
food service and one, barbers. Two are sales and two are
railroad transportation; others are wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products and farmers and ranchers. Changes
in technology or business practices will reduce the demand
for most of the 30 occupations.
The use of computer technology will reduce demand for
word processors and typists; tellers; loan interviewers and
clerks; secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive;
switchboard operators, including answering service; and other
office and administrative support occupations. Machine feeders and offbearers, prepress technicians and workers, electrical and electronic equipment assemblers, and most other production occupations on this list also are affected by advances
in technology, such as faster machines, more automated pro78
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
cesses, and better product designs that simplify assembly.
Parts salespersons; procurement clerks; order clerks; wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products; and postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators should decline, as electronic business automates some
of the functions they perform.6
Farmers and ranchers; dishwashers; railroad brake, signal, and switch operators; and meter readers, utilities also
will decline as a result of improved technology. Farmers and
ranchers also will be affected by farm consolidation. Declining industry employment is the major cause of projected
employment declines for sewing machine operators and railroad conductors and yardmasters, while butchers and
meatcutters continues to decline, as work is shifted from
retail trade, where most meatcutters are employed, to food
processing plants. Dining room and cafeteria attendants and
bartenders’ helpers are expected to decline, as waiters and
waitresses and bartenders assume more of their duties. Barbers will probably decline because of the large number of
retirements and the small number of cosmetology graduates
seeking barbers’ licenses.
Earnings and the most significant source of education or
training differ considerably among occupations in the three
groups just discussed. (See exhibit 1 for a description of the
education or training categories used in this article.) Of the
Table 3.
Fastest growing occupations, 2000–2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Change
Occupation
2000
2010
Number
Percent
Quartile
rank by
2000
median
annual
earnings1
Most significant source of education or training
Computer software engineers, applications ........................
Computer support specialists ..............................................
Computer software engineers, systems software ...............
Network and computer systems administrators ..................
Network systems and data communications analysts ........
Desktop publishers .............................................................
Database administrators .....................................................
Personal and home care aides ...........................................
Computer systems analysts ................................................
Medical assistants ...............................................................
380
506
317
229
119
38
106
414
431
329
760
996
601
416
211
63
176
672
689
516
380
490
284
187
92
25
70
258
258
187
100
97
90
82
77
67
66
62
60
57
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
4
1
3
Bachelor’s degree
Associate degree
Bachelor’s degree
Bachelor’s degree
Bachelor’s degree
Postsecondary vocational award
Bachelor’s degree
Short-term on-the-job training
Bachelor’s degree
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Social and human service assistants ..................................
Physician assistants ............................................................
Medical records and health information technicians ...........
Computer and information systems managers ...................
Home health aides ..............................................................
Physical therapist aides ......................................................
Occupational therapist aides ...............................................
Physical therapist assistants ...............................................
Audiologists .........................................................................
Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors ............................
271
58
136
313
615
36
9
44
13
158
418
89
202
463
907
53
12
64
19
222
147
31
66
150
291
17
4
20
6
64
54
53
49
48
47
46
45
45
45
40
3
1
3
1
4
3
3
2
1
3
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Bachelor’s degree
Associate degree
Bachelor’s or higher degree, plus work experience
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Associate degree
Master’s degree
Postsecondary vocational award
Computer and information scientists, research ...................
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers .....
Occupational therapist assistants .......................................
Veterinary technologists and technicians ............................
Speech-language pathologists ............................................
Mental health and substance abuse social workers ...........
Dental assistants .................................................................
Dental hygienists .................................................................
Special education teachers, preschool, kindergarten, and
elementary school ...................................................
Pharmacy technicians .........................................................
28
55
17
49
88
83
247
147
39
77
23
69
122
116
339
201
11
22
7
19
34
33
92
54
40
40
40
39
39
39
37
37
1
4
2
3
1
2
2
1
Doctoral degree
Short-term on-the-job training
Associate degree
Associate degree
Master’s degree
Master’s degree
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Associate degree
234
190
320
259
86
69
37
36
1
3
Bachelor’s degree
Moderate-term on-the-job training
1 The quartile rankings of Occupational Employment Statistics annual earnings data
are presented in the following categories: 1=very high ($39,700 and over), 2=high
($25,760 to $39,660), 3=low ($18,500 to $25,760), and 4=very low (up to $18,490). The
30 fastest growing occupations, 21 generally require a
postsecondary degree or other award, compared with 11 of
those with the largest numerical job growth and 2 of those
with the largest numerical declines. Of the fastest growing
occupations, 13 are concentrated in the first earnings quartile
and 8 in the third earnings quartile; of those with the largest
numeric increases, 10 are in the first and 11 in the fourth
quartile; and of the largest declines, 10 are in the second and
14 are in the third quartile.
Total job openings
In addition to occupational employment growth, another aspect of the demand for workers is the need to replace workers who leave their jobs to enter other occupations, retire, or
leave the labor force for other reasons. Job openings result-
rankings were based on quartiles using one-fourth of total employment to define each
quartile. Earnings are for wage and salary workers.
ing from replacement needs are very important, because, in
most occupations, they exceed those that are the result of
employment growth. Even occupations that are projected to
decline provide some job openings, for example, farmers and
ranchers and wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products. (See table 2, pp. 64–78.)
The measure of replacement needs is complex because
of the continuous movement of workers into and out of
occupations. The replacement needs cited in this article
are based on the net change in employment (entrants minus separations) in each age cohort over the projection
period. Although this measure understates the total number
of job openings in an occupation, it best represents the job
openings for new labor force entrants over the projection
period.7
Over the 2000–10 period, more job openings are expected
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
79
Occupational Employment
Table 4.
Occupations with the largest job growth, 2000–2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Change
Occupation
2000
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including
fast food ..................................................................
Customer service representatives ......................................
Registered nurses ...............................................................
Retail salespersons .............................................................
Computer support specialists ..............................................
Cashiers, except gaming ....................................................
Office clerks, general ..........................................................
Security guards ...................................................................
Computer software engineers, applications ........................
Waiters and waitresses .......................................................
General and operations managers .....................................
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer ...............................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants ............................
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping
cleaners ..................................................................
Postsecondary teachers .....................................................
Teacher assistants ..............................................................
Home health aides ..............................................................
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand .....
Computer software engineers, systems software ...............
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers ........................
Personal and home care aides ...........................................
Computer systems analysts ................................................
Receptionists and information clerks ..................................
Truck drivers, light or delivery services ...............................
Packers and packagers, hand ............................................
Elementary school teachers, except special education ......
Medical assistants ...............................................................
Network and computer systems administrators ..................
Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational
education ................................................................
Accountants and auditors ...................................................
2010
Most significant source of education or training
2,879
2,577
2,755
4,619
996
3,799
3,135
1,497
760
2,347
673
631
561
510
490
474
430
391
380
364
30
32
26
12
97
14
16
35
100
18
4
3
1
4
2
4
3
4
1
4
Short-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Associate degree
Short-term on-the-job training
Associate degree
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Bachelor’s degree
Short-term on-the-job training
2,398
1,749
1,373
2,761
2,095
1,697
363
346
323
15
20
24
1
2
3
Bachelor’s or higher degree, plus work experience
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
2,348
1,344
1,262
615
2,084
317
894
2,665
1,659
1,562
907
2,373
601
1,154
317
315
301
291
289
284
260
13
23
24
47
14
90
29
4
1
4
4
3
1
4
Short-term on-the-job training
Doctoral degree
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Bachelor’s degree
Short-term on-the-job training
414
431
1,078
1,117
1,091
1,532
329
229
672
689
1,334
1,331
1,300
1,734
516
416
258
258
256
215
210
202
187
187
62
60
24
19
19
13
57
82
4
1
3
3
4
1
3
1
Short-term on-the-job training
Bachelor’s degree
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Bachelor’s degree
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Bachelor’s degree
1,004
976
1,190
1,157
187
181
19
19
1
1
Bachelor’s degree
Bachelor’s degree
to result from replacement needs (35.8 million) than from
employment growth in the economy (22.2 million). Service
occupations are projected to have the largest number of total
job openings, 13.5 million. Large occupations characterized
by relatively low pay and limited training requirements, such
as food preparation and service occupations, generate numerous job openings due to replacement needs. Even within
service occupations, however, rapidly growing healthcare
support occupations should generate more openings from job
growth than from replacement needs.
The only major group with fewer openings from replacement needs than from employment growth is professional
and related occupations, the fastest growing. Even within
professional and related occupations, however, replacement
Monthly Labor Review
Percent
2,206
1,946
2,194
4,109
506
3,325
2,705
1,106
380
1,983
1 The quartile rankings of Occupational Employment Statistics annual earnings data
are presented in the following categories: 1=very high ($39,700 and over), 2=high
($25,760 to $39,660), 3=low ($18,500 to $25,760), and 4=very low (up to $18,490). The
80
Number
Quartile
rank by
2000
median
annual
earnings1
November 2001
rankings were based on quartiles using one-fourth of total employment to define each
quartile. Earnings are for wage and salary workers.
openings should exceed growth openings in the three slowest growing groups—architecture and engineering occupations; education, training, and library occupations; and life,
physical, and social science occupations.
Education or training categories and earnings
While the education and training requirements of the
workforce continue to increase, in 2000, only 21 percent of
jobs were in occupations generally requiring a bachelor’s degree or more education. (See table 6.) However, these jobs
will account for 29 percent of total job growth from 2000 to
2010. Occupations generally requiring a postsecondary vocational award or an associate degree, which accounted for 8
Table 5.
Occupations with the largest job decline, 2000–2010
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Change
Occupation
2000
Farmers and ranchers .........................................................
Order clerks ........................................................................
Tellers .................................................................................
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks ...................
Word processors and typists ...............................................
Sewing machine operators .................................................
Dishwashers .......................................................................
Switchboard operators, including answering service ..........
Loan interviewers and clerks ..............................................
Computer operators ............................................................
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender
helpers ....................................................................
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers .................
Machine feeders and offbearers .........................................
Telephone operators ...........................................................
Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive ..............
Prepress technicians and workers ......................................
Office machine operators, except computer .......................
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic ................................
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing
machine operators ..................................................
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators ......................
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products ............
Meter readers, utilities .........................................................
Butchers and meat cutters ..................................................
Parts salespersons .............................................................
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers ..........
Eligibility interviewers, government programs .....................
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and
related workers .......................................................
Procurement clerks .............................................................
Railroad conductors and yardmasters ................................
Barbers ...............................................................................
2010
Number
Percent
Quartile
rank by
2000
median
annual
earnings1
Most significant source of education or training
1,294
348
499
289
297
399
525
259
139
194
965
277
440
231
240
348
483
218
101
161
-328
-71
-59
-58
-57
-51
-42
-41
-38
-33
-25
-20
-12
-20
-19
-13
-8
-16
-28
-17
2
3
3
2
3
4
4
3
2
2
Long-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
431
379
182
54
1,864
107
84
402
355
159
35
1,846
90
68
-29
-24
-22
-19
-18
-17
-16
-7
-6
-12
-35
-1
-16
-19
4
3
3
2
3
2
3
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Long-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
372
357
-15
-4
3
Moderate-term on-the-job training
289
22
275
9
-14
-13
-5
-61
2
2
Short-term on-the-job training
Work experience in a related occupation
148
49
141
260
602
117
135
36
128
248
591
106
-13
-13
-13
-12
-11
-11
-9
-26
-9
-4
-2
-9
2
2
3
3
3
2
Bachelor’s degree
Short-term on-the-job training
Long-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
166
76
45
73
156
67
36
64
-10
-9
-8
-8
-6
-12
-19
-12
3
2
2
4
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Work experience in a related occupation
Postsecondary vocational award
1 The quartile rankings of Occupational Employment Statistics annual earnings data
are presented in the following categories: 1=very high ($39,700 and over), 2=high
($25,760 to $39,660), 3=low ($18,500 to $25,760), and 4=very low (up to $18,490). The
percent of all jobs in 2000, will account for 13 percent of the
job growth over the 2000–10 period. Occupations generally
requiring only work-related training, which accounted for 71
percent of all jobs in 2000, will account for 58 percent of the
job growth over the 2000–10 period. (See exhibit 1 for definitions of categories.)
All seven categories generally requiring a postsecondary
award are projected to have faster-than-average employment
growth over the 2000–10 period. These categories are made
up mostly of professional and related occupations, projected
to grow the fastest, along with a number of faster-than-average growing management, business, and financial occupations. All four work-related training categories are expected
rankings were based on quartiles using one-fourth of total employment to define each
quartile. Earnings are for wage and salary workers.
to have slower growth. These categories include many slow
growing or declining production, office and administrative
support, and other occupations.
The largest education and training category, short-term
on-the job training, with 53 million workers in 2000, accounted for 37 percent of total employment and is projected
to account for 35 percent of job growth. It is the fastest growing of the four categories requiring work-related training, and
includes large faster-than-average-growing occupations
such as security guards, teacher assistants, and combined food
preparation and serving workers, including fast food. More
than half of the 30 occupations with the largest numerical
job growth fall into this category. These workers had the low-
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
81
Occupational Employment
Exhibit 1.
Most significant source of education or training
Occupations are classified into one of eleven categories
listed below according to these principles:
•
An occupation is placed into the category that best
describes the education or training needed by most
workers to become fully qualified.
Work-related training
•
Postsecondary awards, if generally needed for entry
into the occupation, take precedence over work-related
training even though additional skills or experience
may be needed for a worker to become fully qualified.
Work experience in a related occupation. Many occupations requiring work experience are first-line supervisors/managers of service, sales and related, production, or other occupations, or are management
occupations.
•
The length of time an average worker generally needs
to become fully qualified through a combination of
on-the-job training and experience is used to categorize occupations in which a postsecondary award generally is not needed for entry.
Long-term on-the-job training. More than 12 months
of on-the-job training or combined work experience
and formal classroom instruction are needed for workers to develop the skills necessary to be fully qualified. This category includes formal and informal apprenticeships that may last up to 5 years. Long-term
on-the-job training also includes intensive occupation-specific, employer-sponsored programs that
workers must successfully complete. These include
fire and police academies and schools for air traffic
controllers and flight attendants. In other occupations—insurance sales and securities sales, for example—trainees take formal courses, often provided
on the job site, to prepare for the required licensing
exams. Individuals undergoing training generally are
considered to be employed in the occupation. Also
included in this category is the development of a natural ability—such as that possessed by musicians, athletes, actors, and other entertainers—that must be
cultivated over several years, frequently in a nonwork
setting.
Postsecondary awards
First professional degree. Completion of the degree
usually requires at least 3 years of full-time academic
study beyond a bachelor’s degree.
Doctoral degree. Completion of a Ph.D. or other doctoral degree usually requires at least 3 years of fulltime academic study beyond a bachelor’s degree.
Master’s degree. Completion of the degree usually requires 1 or 2 years of full-time academic study beyond a bachelor’s degree.
Bachelor’s or higher degree, plus work experience.
Most occupations in this category are management
occupations. All require experience in a related nonmanagement position for which a bachelor’s or higher
degree is usually required.
Bachelor’s degree. Completion of the degree generally requires at least 4 years, but not more than 5
years, of full-time academic study.
Associate degree. Completion of the degree usually
requires at least 2 years of full-time academic study.
82
Postsecondary vocational award. Some programs last
only a few weeks while others may last more than a
year. Programs lead to a certificate or other award
but not a degree.
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
Moderate-term on-the-job training. Skills needed to
be fully qualified can be acquired during 1 to 12
months of combined on-the-job experience and informal training.
Short-term on-the-job training. Skills needed to be fully
qualified can be acquired during a short demonstration of job duties or during 1 month or less of on-thejob experience or instruction.
Table 6.
Employment and total job openings, 2000–2010, and 2000 average annual earnings
by education or training category
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Most significant source of education or
training
Number
Total job openings
due to growth and net
replacements, 2000-101
Change
Percent distribution
2000
mean
annual
earnings2
Number
Percent
distribution
Percent
Number
Percent
distribution
100.0
22,160
100.0
15.2
57,932
100.0
$33,089
20.7
1.4
1.0
1.0
21.8
1.4
1.1
1.0
6,484
370
353
333
29.3
1.7
1.6
1.5
21.6
18.2
23.7
23.4
12,130
691
760
634
20.9
1.2
1.3
1.1
56,553
91,424
52,146
43,842
8,741
21,807
5.0
12.2
5.2
13.0
1,422
4,006
6.4
18.1
19.4
22.5
2,741
7,304
4.7
12.6
69,967
48,440
11,761
5,083
6,678
14,600
6,710
7,891
8.1
3.5
4.6
8.7
4.0
4.7
2,839
1,626
1,213
12.8
7.3
5.5
24.1
32.0
18.2
5,383
2,608
2,775
9.3
4.5
4.8
35,701
41,488
31,296
103,760
10,456
12,435
27,671
53,198
116,597
11,559
13,373
30,794
60,871
71.3
7.2
8.5
19.0
36.5
69.5
6.9
8.0
18.4
36.3
12,837
1,102
938
3,123
7,673
57.9
5.0
4.2
14.1
34.6
12.4
10.5
7.5
11.3
14.4
40,419
3,180
3,737
8,767
24,735
69.8
5.5
6.5
15.1
42.7
25,993
40,881
33,125
29,069
19,799
2000
2010
2000
2010
Total, all occupations ...........................
145,594
167,754
100.0
Bachelor’s or higher degree ......................
First professional degree ........................
Doctoral degree ......................................
Master’s degree ......................................
Bachelor’s or higher degree, plus work
experience ....................................
Bachelor’s degree ...................................
30,072
2,034
1,492
1,426
36,556
2,404
1,845
1,759
7,319
17,801
Associate degree or postsecondary
vocational award ...........................
Associate degree ....................................
Postsecondary vocational award ............
Work-related training .................................
Work experience in a related occupation
Long-term on-the-job training ..................
Moderate-term on-the-job training ..........
Short-term on-the-job training .................
1 Total job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net
replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are zero
and total job openings equal net replacements.
est earnings of any education and training group in 2000—
60 percent as much as the mean for all wage and salary workers.
Occupations generally requiring moderate-term on-the-job
training, including medical assistants and painters, construction and maintenance, accounted for 28 million workers, or
19 percent of total employment in 2000, and are projected to
account for 14 percent of new jobs. These workers earned 88
percent as much as the mean for all wage and salary workers
in 2000.
The long-term on-the-job training category is projected
to grow the slowest. It accounted for 8.5 percent of total
employment in 2000, but should account for only 4.2 percent of new jobs. It includes slow growing occupations, such
as carpenters, and declining ones, such as butchers and
meatcutters, and farmers and ranchers. These workers earned
the mean for all workers in 2000. An additional 7.2 percent
were employed in occupations requiring experience in another occupation that generally did not require postsecondary
education or training; these are projected to account for 5
percent of new jobs. Most workers in these occupations are
first-line supervisors or managers, so it is not surprising that
they earned 24 percent more than the mean for all workers.
The postsecondary vocational award category accounted
2 Earnings are for wage and salary workers.
NOTE: Detail may not equal total or 100 percent due to rounding.
for 4.6 percent of total employment in 2000 and should
account for 5.5 percent of new jobs. This group includes automobile service technicians and mechanics; licensed practical nurses; and hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists.
They earned 95 percent as much as the mean for all workers
in 2000. Occupations generally requiring an associate degree is the fastest growing group; it includes computer support specialists, paralegals and legal assistants, and many fastgrowing health occupations. It accounted for 3.5 percent of
all jobs in the base year but is expected to account for 7.3
percent of total growth. More than two-fifths of the workers
in this group are registered nurses.8
The bachelor’s degree category accounted for 12 percent
of all workers in 2000 and is projected to account for 18
percent of job growth. Most computer occupations are in this
group. In addition, jobs in which workers generally need
experience in another occupation requiring at least a
bachelor’s degree before getting their current job accounted
for another 5 percent of all workers in 2000 and should account for 6.4 percent of job growth. Almost all workers in
this category were in management, business, and financial
occupations. Many of the fastest growing occupations and
those with the largest projected numerical increases require
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
83
Occupational Employment
a bachelor’s degree. Mean earnings of occupations generally
requiring a bachelor’s degree were 46 percent more than the
mean for all wage and salary workers and for those in occupations generally requiring work experience plus a bachelor’s
or higher degree, 111 percent more.
About 3.4 percent of workers are employed in occupations that generally require more education than a bachelor’s
degree, including those requiring a first professional degree
(1.4 percent), doctoral degree (1 percent), or master’s degree (1 percent). Together, these three categories are projected to account for 4.8 percent of job growth. The first
professional degree category, which includes lawyers, physicians and surgeons, and pharmacists, had the highest average earnings of any group in 2000—2.8 times as much as the
mean for all wage and salary workers. The doctoral degree
category earned 58 percent more than the mean; most workers in this group are postsecondary teachers. Those in the master’s
degree category earned 32 percent more than the mean, not as
much as occupations requiring a bachelor’s. This group includes
librarians and several counseling occupations.
The share of total job openings resulting from both employment growth and net replacement needs in each of the
education and training categories differs from job openings
resulting from employment growth alone. In general, occupations requiring the least amount of education and training
account for a greater share of net replacement needs—and
total job openings—because workers in them have less job
attachment than workers in other occupations. While occupations requiring a postsecondary vocational award or an
academic degree should generate 42 percent of jobs from
growth alone, they should generate only 30 percent of total
job openings. Occupations requiring work-related training
should generate 58 percent of openings due to growth, but
70 percent of total openings.
Notes
These projections were completed prior to the tragic events of September
11. BLS will continue to review its projections and, as the long-term economic consequences of September 11 become clearer, will incorporate
these effects in subsequent releases of the occupational outlook. (See box
on page 3.)
1
Occupational projections presented in this article provide information to those interested in labor market issues. They also provide the background for analyses of future employment opportunities described in the
forthcoming 2002–03 Occupational Outlook Handbook. The Internet version of this edition of the Handbook, which will be accessible at http://
www
.bls.gov/emp, is expected to be available in December 2001; the
www.bls.gov/emp,
print version of the 2002–03 Handbook, BLS Bulletin 2540, should be
available in early 2002. Job outlook information in the 2002-03 Handbook will use the projections presented in each of the articles in this issue
of the Monthly Labor Review. For a description of the methodology used
to develop employment projections, see BLS Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2490 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 1997), pp. 122–29.
2
Service industries include health, engineering and management, social, and computer and data processing services. Services industries, with
businesses that supply services to a wide variety of other businesses and
to individuals, are projected to grow by 27.1 percent, overall, and account
for 61.9 percent of all new jobs over the 2000–10 period.
84
Monthly Labor Review
November 2001
3
Services industries in this article include State and local government
hospitals and public education. In the article on industry employment by
Jay Berman (this issue, pp. 39–56), workers in State and local government hospitals and public education are included in the estimates of government employment.
4
See Daniel E. Hecker, “Employment impact of electronic business,”
Monthly Labor Review, May 2001, p. 6.
5
Ibid., p. 5.
6
Ibid.
7
Net separations do not count all movements of workers out of an occupation, which is a measure termed total separations. For example, an
opening caused by a worker who stops working for a period and then gets
another job in his or her previous occupation would be counted in the
measure of total separations but not net separations. See the discussion on
the uses of replacement needs information developed in Occupational
Projections and Training Data, Bulletin 2542 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, forthcoming).
8
While most nurses currently get their training in associate degree programs, a considerable number have a bachelor’s degree, which indicates
that there is some overlapping of educational requirements among the
groups.