Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) Soil and Water Science Department
Organization and Project-Level Validation of Historical
Soil Data of the Stormwater Treatment Areas
Final Report
August 2008
Submitted to:
South Florida Water Management District
3301 Gun Club Road
P.O. Box 24680
West Palm Beach, Florida 33416-4680
By:
K. R. Reddy, I. Torres, and E. Dunne
Wetland Biogeochemistry Laboratory
Soil and Water Science Department - IFAS
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611-0510
1 | P a g e 1.0 INTRODUCTION
Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) are key component in the Everglades restoration program
and are critical to achieve long-term water quality goals to reduce nutrient loads to the
Everglades Protection Area. The South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD; District)
has constructed about 40,000 acres of STAs on former agricultural lands at five strategic
locations to reduce nutrient and contaminant loads into the water conservation areas (WCAs)
(Figure 1). In addition, the US Army Corps constructed a sixth STA consisting of about 5,000
acres of wetlands. The District is responsible for operating, maintaining and optimizing the
performance of all 45,000 acres of STAs to retain and store incoming nutrients and
contaminants. The six STAs that are in operation include: STA-1E (2 years) and STA-1W ( 12
years), STA-2 (6 years), STA-3/4 (3 years), STA-5 (6 years), and STA-6 (9 years). The STA
performance, compliance, and optimization is discussed in a recent 2007 report on South Florida
Environment (Pietro et al., 2008). A special issue of Ecological Engineering Journal published
a series of papers describing long-term performance of STA-1W and associated internal
processes that regulate system performance (Reddy et al., 2006).
EAA
WCA-1
HLRB
WCA-2A
WCA-3A
STA Locations
1-W
1-W
1-E
1-E
EAA
WCA-3A
BCNP
55
WCA-1
22
WCA-3B
3/4
3/4
WCA-2A
66
ENP
WCA-3A
Figure 1. Map showing location of stormwater treatment areas in the Everglades Basin.
The STAs are concstructed wetlands that receive stormwater runoff, mainly from the Everglades
Agricultural Area (EAA), but also from some urban areas. The STAs consist of an assemblage
of soil, vegetation, water, microbes, vertebrates and invertebrates. Most STAs are monitored for
water flow, water quality, vegetation composition, and soil characteristics.
2 | P a g e Soils are an especially important component of these systems, as soils provide long-term storage
for nutrients such as phosphorus (P) and in the short-term, ,soil-water nutrient dynamics can
control nutrient concentrations in overlying waters. Soil samples have been collected from the
various STAs during system start-up and on an on-going basis. This was undertaken to initially
characterize soils, in addition to determining changes in soil characteristics during system
operation, respectively. Soil sampling is a major component of the Analysis and Interpretation
Project within the Everglades Protection Area Long-Term Plan for Achieving Water Quality
Goals (Long-Term Plan; LTP). The LTP calls for an inventory of phosphorus storage in each
cell of the STAs, which includes vegetation and soil/sediment components. More information on
the Long-Term Plan can be found at: www.sfwmd.gov/sta.
Soil sampling regimes and chemical analysis have varied during the years, (for example, soils
sampled at different depths, different locations, limited analysis of soil phosphorus pools, and
different collection procedures). The District’s STA Management Division scientists are
currently in the process of developing a research plan and prioritizing research needs. Some of
the priority questions and gaps identified include:
• What is the P storage capacity of soils and floc sediments
• How long will soils store incoming phosphorus
• What forms of P are stored in soils and what kind of P accumulation rates exist for STA
soils and newly accreted sediment
• What are the mechanisms that control long-term P storage, and can these processes be
managed more effectively to increase long-term storage.
To address these questions and gaps, it is necessary to determine what soil information exists to
date. This information can then be used for more effective management of soils within STAs to
store P.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
The overall objectives of this project are to:
1. Compile, organize, and evaluate existing soil datasets
2. If necessary, develop a revised soil sampling program that can be used during system
start-up and continuous monitoring
3. Identify soil biogeochemical indicators that can be used to track changes in soil
characteristics of STAs. These indicators would provide information for more effective
management of soils, to store phosphors on a long-term basis.
3.0 APPROACH
The District staff provided soils data and related information. Data sets varied in format and
content. We have: reviewed and examined data sets and other information; organized the data
sets such that we could summarize and evaluate their usability. We have also developed a soil
sampling program to address both short-term and long-term storage of phosphorus storage by
3 | P a g e soils in STAs. Currently, detailed analysis of data sets are being performed as a part of separate
project.
4.0
EVALUATION OF THE DATA SOURCES
A summary of data is presented below and we also prepared a series of tables and figures.
Tables and figures are presented at the end of the report.
4.1
STA 1W
Soils in STA 1W were sampled most years between 1995 and 2007; however, not all cells were
sampled (Tables 1 and 2). Between 1996 and 1997 cell one was sampled. Different cells were
sampled in different years; number of sites sampled ranged between 6 and 167, which
corresponds to soil sample numbers ranging between 16 and 249, respectively. Soil section
depths varied depending on the year sampled. Up until 1999, soils were sampled in three depth
increments. Starting in 2003, soils were sampled based on floc, soil and peat depths. Sectioning
depths were difficult to interpret and varied from year to year after 2003 (Table 2). The only soil
parameters that were analyzed on all soil samples, in all years, were total P, total carbon (TC),
and total nitrogen (TN).
There was no soil moisture data for soils collected in cell 1 during 1995 (Table 3). Parameters
measured on soils during 2005 and 2006 were bulk density, pH, conductivity, cation exchange
capacity, ash content, chloride, alkalinity, sulfur, silica, total organic carbon, total carbon and
total nutrients. Surface soils (0-5 cm) had greatest concentrations of total phosphorus; whereas,
surface and subsurface (10-30 cm) soils had similar concentrations of total nitrogen. All soils
collected in STA 1W during 1996 and 1997 were typically anaerobic, with little differences
between soil depth (Table 4).
Soil P fractionation was undertaken twice on STA 1W soils (once in 1996 and once in
1999/2000; Table 1). Surface soils (0-5 cm) that were fractionated using the organic P
fractionation scheme had greatest concentrations of readily available P, total labile P, and
microbial biomass P (Table 5). There was no other soil P fractionation data for the remaining
fractions. Surface and subsurface soils of STA 1W (cells 1 and 5) were fractionated using the
inorganic P scheme in 1996 and 1999/2000. Soil porewater P and readily exchangeable P
fractions were similar between soil surface depths and between STA cells. Surface soils had
greatest concentrations of Fe/Al bound P, Ca/Mg bound P, organic P as extracted by NaOH,
residual P and total P (Table 5). No data was available for soil porewater P in soils (soil depth =
0-10 cm) collected from cell 5.
The STA 1W soils (soils collected from cells 1,2,3,4 during 1995 and 1996) were also
characterized for metal content. For both surface and subsurface soils collected in 1995, metal
content was somewhat uniform with depth (Table 6). Soils were collected in cell 1 only during
1996. There maybe an error in this soil dataset. Values for Na, Fe, and K are similar. Also,
values for Mg content in surface soil layers (0-5 cm) seem extremely high in comparison to the
subsurface layers. Further, exchangeable Ca is many times greater than total calcium for these
soils, which suggests possible errors in data set.
4 | P a g e In 1999 (soils collected in STA 1W; cell 1) only soil bulk density was measured, whereas in
1999/2000 soil bulk density, total N, P, and C, total organic C and total calcium were measured
(Table 7). Total calcium was greater in surface soils (0-5 cm) relative to subsurface soils (5-10
cm), while other parameters were similar between soil depths.
During 2003 and 2004, samples of floc, soil (0-10 cm), peat, and unconsolidated peat were
collected (Table 8). Field parameters (depth of water, pH, conductivity, temperature, and
dissolved oxygen) of peat were measured on samples collected from cell 5B in 2004. No other
field parameters were measured on any of the other components (floc, soil, and peat) during
2003 and 2004. The only parameters that were measured on most components (except floc)
were total C, total N and total P. Peat and unconsolidated peat samples had greatest
concentrations relative to all other samples collected. Some field data seem to have errors; for
example, pH had a value of 3.7, temperatures in May were = 5.8-8.4 and conductivity = 10.53.
Further, these parameters have no units. Table 8 shows summary data without these values.
During 2003 various sites within STA 1W were sampled. Sites were sampled for sediment,
unconsolidated peat, peat, and floc. Few sites were sampled; however, some sites did not have a
corresponding site number on the STA specific maps. Also, some sites were labeled as being in
cell 5B; however, they were in cell 5A.
Depth interval of floc samples collected in STA 1W 2003 varied from 4 cm to a depth of 38 cm
(Figure 2). Bulk density of floc samples collected from STA 1W during 2003 ranged between
< 0.05 g/cm3 and 0.15 g/cm3 (Figure 3). The depth interval of the unconsolidated peat layer was
up to 20 cm (Figure 2). The most common depth interval collected was 0-10 cm. During 2003,
sediment and peat samples were also collected. Most samples were sampled to a depth of 10 cm.
However, other sediments were sampled to a depth of 6, 7, 8, and 9 cm (Figure 4).
STA 1W was also sampled for peat and unconsolidated peat between February and May 2004.
There were 85 sites that did not have a sample location map number (Figure 5). Also, there were
some sites labeled suggesting that they were sampled from cell 5B; however, corresponding map
number was in cell 5A.
Similar to the floc, unconsolidated peat and sediment were sampled in 2003, the most common
depth increment of sampled unconsolidated peat and peat in STA 1W during 2004 was 10 cm
(Figure 6). Unconsolidated peat samples were sampled at various depth intervals, ranging from
0-3 cm to 0-12 cm. This was probably due to variability in unconsolidated peat depths. Peat
samples were consistently sampled at 0-10 cm depth, except for few samples which were
sampled at 0-8 cm and 0-14.5 cm (Figure 6). There is no description of unconsolidated peat.
Cells 1, 2, 4, and 5 of STA 1W were sampled for floc, soil, and peat between 2005 and 2007.
Different cells were sampled in different years and terminology of components differs between
years (Table 9). For example, soil and unconsolidated peat were sampled in 2005, whereas in
2006 soil and floc were sampled. In 2007 only one sample of floc was collected. Depending on
year, there were no data for ash free dry weight (AFDW), Ca, and S. Total P concentrations
5 | P a g e were greatest in floc, which was greater than unconsolidated peat, which was greater than soil,
while total nitrogen concentrations were similar between components.
Tables 10-11 shows data on various water quality parameters, which include alkalinity, dissolved
and total metals, redox, fractions of carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen that were measured in 1995
in depth specific soil porewater samples (0-5, 5-10, and 10-30 cm). Field parameters that were
measured in STA 1W cell 5 during 2003 and 2004 included average water depth, secchi depth,
temperature, and conductivity (Table 12).
The water column of cell 5 STA 1W was sampled four times between September 2003 and May
2004 (Table 13). Total P ranged between 0 and 0.1 mg P/ L. Floc and peat samples were also
collected from cell 5 at similar timescales (Table 14). Ash and organic matter content of floc
was only determined on samples collected in April 2004. Parameters that were measured
throughout these sampling events were total P, total C and total N (Table 14). In addition to
water, floc and peat being collected, soil porewater and vegetation were also collected during
these times (Table 15). Soil porewater was collected from floc, peat, and muck (Table 15).
There were no data for floc porewater during April 2004. Total P, total C and total N were
determined on various types of vegetation collected from cell 5, STA 1W.
4.2
STAs 1E, 2, 3/4, 5, and 6
Beginning in 2002 various STAs (1E, 2, 3/4, 5, and 6) were sampled (Table 17). They were
sampled at different times during sample years, mostly during spring and summer. Sample
numbers collected from each STA ranged between 54 and 324. Core sections of samples
collected varied as soil (0-10 cm), floc and peat were sampled. In some STAs, soil was only
sampled (STA 1E). In others, both floc and soil were collected (STA 2, 5, and 6), while in STA
3/4 soil and peat were sampled. During all sampling events, no field replicates were taken.
Parameters that were measured on all samples at all times were ash, bulk density, total P, C, and
N.
Other parameters were also measured on soils collected in 2002. However, other parameters like
ash content, AFDW, organic matter (LOI), Ca, Fe, and S were measured periodically. For
example, Table 18 reports minimum and maximum values for samples collected from STA 1E
and STA 2, which were sampled in 2003, 2004, and 2007. There is a similar periodic
measurement of parameters (ash content, AFDW, organic matter, water content, pH, Fe, Ca, and
S) on soils collected from STA 3/4 and STA 6 during 2004 and 2007, and 2003, respectively
(Table 19). Terminology that identifies samples includes; peat, 0-10 cm, and floc. For STA 3/4
peat and 0-10 cm were sampled in 2004, while in 2007, floc and 0-10 cm were sampled. Floc
typically (but not always) had greatest total P concentrations. All maximum bounds of total P
concentrations were elevated (> 600 mg kg-1). There was no data for floc total C and total N
(samples collected in STA 6 during 2003). Sulfur was only measured on 0-10 cm samples
collected from STA 6 during 2003.
During 2005 fewer samples (sediment and unconsolidated peat) were collected from STA 1W.
Samples were collected from cell 5A only. However, in 2006, some of the remaining cells (1A,
1B, 4, and 5B) were sampled. Sites were sampled for floc and sediment. Similar to other years,
6 | P a g e the sampling depth interval for floc was varied (Figure 9). Depth intervals ranged between 0 and
20 cm. During 2007, cells 5A, 5B, 2B, some of cell 1B, and cell 4 were sampled (Figure 10).
4.2.1 STA 1E
Sediments were sampled from STA 1E during 2004 and 2007. Not all sites were sampled
(Figure 11). Sites in cell 7, 5, 6, 4N, and 4S were sampled in 2004 and 2007. Cells 1, 2, and 3
were not sampled during 2004 or 2007.
4.2.2 STA 2
Floc and sediments from STA 2 were sampled during 2003 and 2007 (Figure 12 and 13). Most
sites were sampled in Cell 3, whereas a portion of sites were sampled in cells 1 and 2 during
2003 and 2007 (Figure 12). A portion of sites were sampled in 2007 only. In floc and sediment
data sets, there is a discrepancy in the site labeled as C23 (See Figure 13).
Within STA 2 floc was sampled at various depth intervals, which ranged from 0 to 22 cm.
During 2003 and 2007 floc was typically sampled to a depth ranging between 5 and 7 cm,
whereas the sediment was typically sampled to a depth interval of 10 cm (Figures 14 and 16). In
contrast to the floc sampled in STA 1W, floc bulk density in STA 2 was similar between depth
intervals (Figure 15). Floc bulk density ranged between < 0.01 g/cc and about 0.3 g/cc.
However, there were some sediment samples that were not sampled to a depth of 10 cm and
some samples had no depth intervals.
4.2.3 STA 3/4
Most of STA 3/4 sediment and peat samples were sampled during 2004 and 2007; some sites
were only sampled during one year, whereas others were sampled during both years (Figure 18).
Sites in the North West corner of cell 3A were not sampled. Some floc samples were collected
in 2007; these included samples from cell 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B. The number of floc samples
collected and the bulk density of floc varied with depth interval. Floc bulk density was typically
lower than 0.2 g/cc (Figures 19 and 20). Sediment and peat was typically collected to a depth of
10 cm during 2004 and 2007 (Figure 21).
4.2.4 STA 5
Floc and sediments were collected from STA 5 in 2002, 2003, and 2007. All cells were not
sampled (Figures 22 and 23). Cells 3A and 3B were not sampled at all. Some sites were
sampled during 2002 and 2003, whereas other sites were sampled in 2003 only, while other sites
were only sampled in 2002, and 2007. There is no consistency in sampling regime through time.
Bulk density and total P were measured on all samples during all years (Table 20). Ash free dry
weight was measured on all floc samples, and was measured on soils sampled during 2007. Floc
was sampled down to a depth of 21 cm and the bulk density of that floc was somewhat uniform
(Figures 24 and 25). Organic matter (LOI), water content, and pH was only measured on floc
collected during 2003 (Table 20). Iron content was measured in 2003 and 2004, while total C
7 | P a g e and total N were also measured. Sulfur was only measured on samples collected from STA 5
during one sampling event (2003).
4.2.5 STA 6
During 2003 floc and sediment samples were collected from STA 6. Only cells 3 and 5 in the
southern end were sampled (Figure 26). Floc was sampled to a maximum depth of 14 cm;
however, there were 11 depth increments, mostly ranging in 1 cm intervals (Figure 27). Floc
bulk density was typically lower than 1 g/cc (Figure 28).
4.2.6 STA Macrophytes
Vegetation within STAs were also sampled between 1996 and 2004 (Table 21). Sampling was
typically undertaken in spring and or summer of each respective year. Individual STAs were not
sampled each year. For example, STA 1W was sampled during 1996, 1997, 2003 and 2004.
Table 21 also shows that within each STA, various cells were sampled. This varied from one
cell to five cells being sampled. Macrophytic vegetation were generally analyzed for dry weight,
AFDW, total carbon, total phosphorus and total nitrogen. Individual vegetation species were
also identified. Tables 22 to 27 show vegetation type, number of samples collected, and
parameters analyzed (minimum and maximum values), in the various different STAs, between
1996 and 2004.
4.3
Considerations
The District has invested vast amounts of resources in collecting large amounts of soil data.
From our preliminary analysis, we suggest that a detailed analysis of soil data is needed to
interpret and evaluate results for their usability in determining the long-term effectiveness of
phosphorus storage in STA soils. Preliminary findings indicate that:
Nomenclature
• There is a lack of consistency in sample type nomenclature. Various categories are used
such as floc, sediment, soil, peat, and unconsolidated peat. These samples were collected
at various depths.
• Newly accreted soil and inherent soils cannot be identified from datasets. Identifying
newly accreted sediment and inherent soil from each other, is important in determining
accretion rates and long-term phosphorus storages. How much phosphorus has been
stored since operation.
Timescales
• Data collected lacks a consistent timescale.
• Individual STAs were not sampled each year and individual STA cells were sampled
differently between and within each year.
• Soil characteristics measured in the various sample types vary through time. Few
parameters are consistently measured on collected soils.
8 | P a g e Possible Errors
• There is a discrepancy between sampling sites reported in the database and sampling sites
represented on STA specific maps showing soil sampling locations.
• There is some mislabeling of sites on either STA maps and/or within the database. There
are also problems with some measurement units (for example: conductivity of water and
porewater samples).
Sampling
• Soil sampling depths have been inconsistent through time; therefore, it is difficult to
compare changes in soil characteristics at specific depths through time.
• The number of samples collected within STAs and their individual cells were not
consistent through time.
• During sampling events, there is often no evidence of field replicates.
• Within a STA, a sample type may be sampled in one year and not sampled in the next.
However, we observed that overlying layers were. This could be a possible error.
• Many areas of individual cells within respective STAs were not sampled.
• Soils were typically sampled spatially in a grid like fashion within an STA. This grid set
up, does not pertain to vegetative community. This is important, as water quality
management typically pertains to vegetative community type. Depending on vegetative
community type, soil characteristics vary. Therefore, we suggest that future sampling
regimes should be stratified random. For example, within each STA the various
vegetative community types were and should mapped. Within each community type
(strata), soil sampling locations should be randomly located.
• Wetlands such as STAs exhibit a high degree of spatial and temporal heterogeneity in
physical and chemical composition of floc/detrital and soil/sediment layers. Too few
sample numbers and the frequency of sampling in some previous sampling efforts makes
it difficult to assess this variability.
9 | P a g e Table 1. Description of data from STA 1W, with different sampling dates, cells sampled and parameters measured.
STA-1W (ENR)
1995
1995
1996
1996
1996
Mar/Apr
Jan
Jun/Jul
Mar
Oct/Nov
Aug
1/2/3/4
1/2/3/4
1
1
1
36
36
13
17
0-5 cm
0-5 cm
0-5 cm
0-5 cm
1996/1997
1998
1999
1999
1999/2000
1999/2000
Sept/Nov
Jan/Oct/Dec
Oct/Dec
Nov/Dec/Feb
Nov/Feb
1
1/3/4
1/2/3/4
1/2/3/4
5
5
17
16
6
38
6
31
31
0-5 cm
0-5 cm
Plant
0-5 cm
Tissue
5-10 cm
Jul/Aug/Sep/Oct
Months of
Jan
Jan/Feb
June
Jan/Feb/May
sampling
Cells sampled
Number of Sites
Jun/Jul/Sep/Oct
0-5 cm
Plant
Core Sections
5-10 cm
5-10 cm
5-10 cm
5-10 cm
5-10 cm
5-10 cm
5-10 cm
Tissue
0-10 cm
10-30 cm
10-30 cm
10-30 cm
10-30 cm
10-30 cm
10-30 cm
10-30 cm
No
No
No
3 for 2 sites
3 for 3 sites
No
2 for 2 sites
No
No
No
No
108
249
127
45
74
396
16
125
25
62
31
Total (C/N/P)
Pore Water
Pore Water
Total (C/N/P)
Org P Frac
Dry Weight
Only Bulk
BD
BD/TCa
Ions
Analysis
Analysis
Ions
Inorg. P Frac
Total(C/N/P
Density
Total(C/N/P)
Total(C/N/P)
Field
Replicates
Total # samples
Pfrac
Parameters
Redox Potential
Org
Inorg
Excell
ENR_
ENR_
Porewater
Porewater
Wells
Wells
STA1W
File Name
STA1W
SoilQuery
STA1W
ENR_Sediment
STA1W
STA1W
stacell5
Sta1wcell5
SoilQuery
SoilQuery
soilnut
soilsfract
STA1W SoilQuery
SoilQuery
SoilQuery
Redox
See next pages for parameters list and range
10 | P a g e Table 2. Description of data from STA 1W, with different sampling dates, cells sampled and parameters measured.
STA-1W (ENR)
Months of
sampling
Cells
sampled
Number of
Sites
Core
Sections
Replicates
Total #
samples
2003
2003
2004
2004
2004
2004
2005
2006
Aug/Sept
Sept
Feb
Apr
May
Feb/Apr/May
Sept
Nov/Dec
1/2/3/4/5B
5
5
5
5
5B
5A
1/4/5B
112
26
28
120
24
167
14
80
52
Peat
Floc
Peat (0-10)
Floc
Floc
Peat (0-10)
Floc
Peat
(0-10cm)
Uncons
Peat
0-10cm
Uncons
Peat
Soil (0-10)
Floc
(varies)
Soil
(0-10)
Floc
(varies)
3 for 3 sites
3 for 2 sites
3 for 6 sites
3 for 2 sites
3 for 13 sites
2 or 3
2 for 15
sites
2 for 7 sites
58
56
145
56
248
33
201
60
Field Param.
Ash/LOI
Total
(C/N/P)
Total
(C/N/P)
Ash/BD
Total
(C/N/P)
Ash/BD
Total
(C/N/P)
Ash/BD
Some Ca
STA1W
SoilQuery
STA1W
SoilQuery
STA1W
SoilQuery
STA1W
SoilQuery
Soil/Peat
0-10
Floc/Unc
Peat =
varies
Yes for
5B, 3 for 3
sites
244
Parameters
pH/S/Mois
t.
Ash/LOI
Total(C/N/
P
Field Param.
Water Qual.
Vegetation
Soil
Total(C/N/P)
Field Param.
Water Qual.
Vegetation
Soil
Total(C/N/P)
Field Param.
Water Qual.
Vegetation
Soil
Total(C/N/P)
Field
Param.
Water
Qual.
Vegetation
Soil
Total(C/N/
P)
Excell
File Name
STA1W
SoilQuery
Data report
trip 2vr 10
Data report trip
4vr 6
Data report
trip 5vr 9
Data report
trip 6vr 2
2007
Mar/Apr/M
ay
1/2/4
5A/5B
11 | P a g e Table 3. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in different soil depths collected in STA1W in 1995 and 1996.
0-5 cm
1995 (Cell 1)
5-10 cm
10-30 cm
0-5 cm
Moisture (%)
No data
No data
No data
82-95
69-88
62-80
BD (g/cc)
0.08-0.25
0.18-0.26
0.20-0.26
0.035-0.20
0.11-0.39
0.19-0.42
pH
6.95-7.56
5.9-7.2
5.5-7.6
6.9-7.8
6.5-7.7
5.5-7.6
SC (umhos/cm)
1240-1650
976-1540
831-2040
614-1190
533-1530
581-1540
CEC (meq/100g)
63-140
89-125
87-170
87-150
61-170
66-170
Ash (%)
10-18
8.8-12.5
8.2-10
10-41
7.1-54
7.4-42
Cl (mg/kg)
840-3600
590-1400
830-1700
470-1900
260-1100
200-1100
Alkalinity (mg/L)
240-380
40-300
30-130
140-440
100-500
48-390
Sulfur (g/kg)
5.8-11.7
4.9-9.3
5.1-6.8
3.2-12.3
2.9-12.4
2.9-10.2
Silica (g/kg)
9.8-56.9
7.6-27.6
6.5-20.4
11.7-91.7
8.7-109
1.5-102
TP (mg/kg)
360-840
180-490
190-290
360-1400
240-620
170-570
TN (g/kg)
25.8-29.8
4.9-9.3
25.8-31.0
21.8-34.4
16-34
20.4-34.5
TC (g/kg)
426-488
457-497
482-499
362-522
298-533
350-537
TOC (g/kg)
412-476
450-485
476-490
251-522
285-543
348-546
Parameters
1996 (Cell 1)
5-10 cm
10-30 cm
12 | P a g e Table 4. Range (minimum and maximum values) of redox pontential and temperature
measured in different soil depths collected in STA1W in 1996/1997.
REDOX Data STA1W Cell 1 (Number of Sites 15)
Parameters
0-5 cm
5-10 cm
10-30 cm
-676-72
-598-40
-593-30
14-28
15-28
18-104
Number of Samples
37
42
36
Missing Data (Redox)
2
0
1
Missing Data (Temperature)
26
28
25
Redox (mV)
Temperature (ºC)
13 | P a g e Table 5. Range (minimum and maximum values) of organic and inorganic P fractionation measured in different soil depths collected
in STA1W in 1996 and 1999/2000.
Parameters (mg/kg)
1996 (Cell 1 only)
0-5 cm
5-10 cm
1999/2000 (Cell 5)
10-30 cm
0-10cm
0-27
9-43
6-49
3-40
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
11-47
0-19
12-226
17-248
19-201
14-133
74-254
0.2-37
No data
Organic P
Readily Available P
(NaHCO3-SRP)
Total Labile P
MBP
1M HCl (SRP)
1M HCl (TP)
0.5 M NaOH TP
0.5M NaOH TP pH = 0.2
Residual-P (Organic Table)
Pore water SRP
Readily exchang-P
(KCl pi – SRP)
Fe Al-P (NaOH pi SRP)
Ca-P (HClpi SRP)
Org P-NaOH (TP-SRP)
Residual-P (Inorganic Table)
TP
0-110
0-79
0-340
6-200
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
1.6-69
8-50
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
Inorganic P - Table
0.2-16
0.8-37
2.6-40
1.8-69
1.2-26
0.8-11
6-81
3.2-320`
10-550
21-737
145-1270
6.7-53
0-170
4.2-160
0-552
127-828
0.5-47
0.7-80
0.7-200
0-275
88-458
4-33
5-244
13-157
133-592
198-884
14 | P a g e Table 6. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in different soil depths collected in STA1W in 1995 and 1996.
1995 (range of Cells 1/2/3/4)
1996 (Cell 1 only)
Parameters
0-5 cm
5-10 cm
10-30 cm
0-5 cm
5-10 cm
10-30 cm
Ca (Total) (g/kg)
29-62
25-37
24-32
10-65
19-130
18-110
Mg(Total) (g/kg)
3.4-4.3
2.5-4.5
1.7-4.0
1900-5500
2.5-5.3
1.8-5.3
Na (Total) (g/kg)
1.5-2.9
1.3-2.3
1.1-4.3
530-2400*
0.6-1.9*
0.7-3*
K(Total) (mg/kg)
300-500
230-410
200-690
530-2400*
0.6-1.9*
0.7-3*
Fe(Total) (mg/kg)
1700-2400
1700-2600
1700-2500
530-2400*
0.6-1.9*
0.7-3*
Al(Total) (mg/kg)
570-1800
900-1600
1100-1700
1100-2800
1100-2700
1-2.8
Mn(Total) (mg/kg)
68-200
68-210
55-210
50-240
70-260
55-200
Ca (Exc) (g/kg)
12-25
10-20
10-20
9000-36000
7.4-23
12-22
Mg(Exc) (g/kg)
2.4-3.6
1.6-3.1
1.1-2.6
1300-4000
1.1-3
0.99-4.1
Na (Exc) (g/kg)
1.4-3.5
1.1-2.3
0.5-3.6
810-2600
0.8-2.6
0.35-2.3
K(Exc) (mg/kg)
150-370
120-230
79-380
110-530
66-290
52-290
Fe(Exc) (mg/kg)
2.1-6.4
1.3-5.9
1.7-7.5
1.8-11
1.3-5.5
2.2-8.1
Al(Exc) (mg/kg)
4.3-7.9
3.8-9.5
4.4-10
3.1-24.0
2.2-9.8
1.3-6.1
Mn(Exc) (mg/kg)
7.9-43
9.7-60
9.3-47
2.8-64
2.8-66
14-65
* Data of Na/Fe/K have the same values for 96, it seems that there is an error that is present in all different spreadsheets that contain this data
15 | P a g e Table 7. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in different soil depths and vegetation collected in STA1W
in 1998, 1999 and 2000.
1998(Cell 1/2/3/4)
1999 (Cell 1/2/3/4)
Parameters
1999(Cell 1 only)
1999/2000 (Cell 5)
Typha spp.
Najas
Ceratophyllum
Typha
spp.
Najas
0-5 cm
5-10 cm
10-30 cm
0-5 cm
5-10 cm
Dry Weight
3.5-9.5
1.3-3.5
0.6-16.8
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
BD (g/cc)
No data
No data
No data
0.04-0.13
0.03-0.76
0.12-0.23
0.17-0.29
0.20-0.29
0.16-0.44
0.20-0.40
TC (g/kg)
347-401
231-355
142-397
380-482
230-499
No data
No data
No data
235-517
365-529
TOC (g/kg)
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
176-531
365-529
22-25
14-21
8.5-24
18-34
12-28
No data
No data
No data
10-34
22-35
TP (mg/kg)
214-450
719-1390
379-878
443-1850
307-1602
No data
No data
No data
252-925
185-1090
TCa (g/kg)
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
24-220
18-98
TN (g/kg)
16 | P a g e Table 8. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in field and different soil depths in STA1W in 2003 and
2004.
2003 (range of Cells 1/2/3/4)
2003 (Cell 5B)
2004 (Cell 5B)
Parameters
Field
Floc
Soil (0-10)
Peat
Uncon.Peat
Field*
Peat
Unconsolid
ate Peat
Depth (water?)
0.05-1.25
0.35-0.85
0.28-0.87
pH
5.59-9.1
Conductivity
773-1190
Temperature
17-29
DO
0.11-13
Ash (%)
8-73
No data
No data
No data
No data
9-83
LOI (%)
27-92
No data
No data
No data
No data
16-91
Moisture (%)
81-97
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
AFDW (%)
No data
36-92
No data
No data
No data
No data
BD
0.02-0.018
0.1-0.5
No data
No data
No data
No data
TC (g/kg)
No data
213-503
240-484
172-483
126-526
141-504
TN (g/kg)
No data
11-36
13-30
22-30
5-35
7-111
TP (mg/kg)
287-1680
150-826
125-824
115-824
219-1202
198-1432
S (g/kg)
No data
3.2-16
No data
No data
No data
No data
* Some field data seem to have errors such as pH = 3.7; Temperature (May) = 5.8-8.4 and conductivity = 10.53
Table 9. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in different soil depths in STA1W in 2005, 2006
and 2007.
17 | P a g e 2005 (Cell 5A)
Parameters
2006(range of Cells 1/4/5B)
2007 (range of Cells 1/2/4/5A/5B)
Soil
0-10 cm
Unconsolidated
Peat
Soil
0-10 cm
Floc
(depth varies)
Soil
0-10 cm
Floc
(1 sample)
Ash (%)
8.6-24.4
10.7-39.9
15.6-58.8
13.3-85.7
9.9-59
45.8
AFDW (%)
No data
No data
55-81
53-78
No data
No data
BD (g/cc)
0.08-0.33
0.19-0.37
0.079-0.64
0.002-0.86
0.17-0.44
0.11
TC (g/kg)
413-500
348-480
161-475
240-421
268-510
300
TN (g/kg)
25.9-33.2
21-29.6
7.4-31.9
17.8-28.8
14-30
19
TP (mg/kg)
142-788
235-856
204-378
514-2510
189-814
971
Ca (g/kg)
No data
No data
56-257
(2 samples)
33-285
26-147
(some samples)
No data
S (mg/kg)
No data
No data
5800
(1-sample)
1000-5800
No data
No data
18 | P a g e Table 10. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in different soil depths pore water in STA1W in 1995.
STA 1W – 1995 – Pore Water
Parameters
Mar/Apr (Q2) (range all cells)
Jun/Jul (Q3) (range all cells)
Oct/Nov (Q4) (range all cells)
0-5
5-10
10-30
0-5
5-10
10-30
0-5
5-10
10-30
Alkalinity CaCO3(mg/L)
218-520
88-590
122-654
216-680
90-556
56-580
230-645
220-615
290-664
TOC (mg/L)
31-142
28-266
35-275
34-165
39-244
38-319
33-110
28-95
67-275
DOC (mg/L)
31-139
26-351
34-279
30-176
33-258
35-324
29-110
30-89
70-144
DIC (mg/L)
53-136
45-156
23-193
56-122
15-161
11-181
63-181
56-171
90-199
Cl (mg/L)
165-353
150-346
154-424
183-577
182-530
159-527
148-316
149-286
173-356
NH4 (mg/L)
0.02-3.88
0.02-7.57
0.03-9.6
0.03-16.4
0.07-9.5
0.07-21
1.9-25
2.4-20.8
2.8-22
TDKN (mg/L)
2.03-9.16
1.60-15.6
2.5-19.2
2.2-20
2.4-22.6
2.3-28
3.7-34
4.6-31
6.8-35
NOx (mg/L)
0.004-0.06
0.004-0.42
0.004-0.34
0.004-0.16
0.004-0.05
0.009-0.92
0.009-0.08
0.004-0.08
0.004-0.04
NO2 (mg/L)
0.004-0.02
0.004-0.05
0.004-0.33
0.004-0.03
0.004-0.03
0.004-0.03
0.005-0.03
0.004-0.15
0.004-0.008
TDPO4 (mg/L)
0.03-0.75
0.03-2.61
0.02-2.7
0.02-2.5
0.04-1.9
0.04-3.3
0.46-5.2
0.30-3.7
0.45-4.3
DHP (mg/L)
0.02-0.75
0.02-2.5
0.01-2.6
0.01-2.4
0.03-1.7
0.04-3.8
0.47-4.8
0.30-3.8
0.45-4.3
OPO4 (mg/L)
0.02-0.77
0.02-1.8
0.02-1.9
0-2
0.02-1.4
0.01-3.3
0.37-4.8
0.26-3.5
0.42-4.5
1-46
9-68
6-81
14-69
10-81
23-138
25-88
22-79
44-94
904-2000
786-2120
894-2650
954-2250
760-2060
691-2430
890-1860
830-1960
1110-2200
SO4 (mg/L)
2-69
1-62
1-62
2-53
2.-37
2-38
2-46
2-48
2-36
Sulfide (mg/L)
1-14
1-10
1-10
1-18
1-15
1-11
2-12
1-7
1-6.4
SiO2(mg/L)
LCOND (umhos)
Table continue next page 19 | P a g e Table 10 continued.
STA 1W – 1995 – Pore Water
Mar/Apr (Q2) (range all cells)
Jun/Jul (Q3) ) (range all cells)
0-5
5-10
10-30
0-5
5-10
10-30
0-5
5-10
10-30
Al-Total (µg/L)
10-71
10-380
10-290
10-163
10-176
10-88
16-146
13-132
22-2400
Al - Dissolved (µg/L)
10-45
10-81
10-137
10-29
10-161
10-176
10-22
10-29
10-52
Ca-Total (mg/L)
57-128
57-140
46-130
57-144
56-129
51-129
67-153
59-142
62-144
Ca-Dissolved (mg/L)
58-126
53-136
9-150
53-93
53-116
52-114
65-153
62-141
59-126
Fe-Total (µg/L)
30-1550
30-3230
30-2840
30-1290
30-1340
16-1640
30-504
53-476
138-2320
Fe-Dissolved(µg/L)
30-1550
20-3120
30-4230
30-481
30-726
44-1400
30-434
39-436
56-995
Mg-Total(mg/L)
18-42
12-49
11-48
17-44
12-42
10-39
21-44
19-39
21-45
Mg-Dissolved (mg/L)
17-40
12-45
10-47
16-31
12-40
10-42
20-34
18-31
19-32
Mn-Total (µg/L)
30-438
73-519
68-531
51-494
59-571
69-654
32-343
20-235
72-315
Mn-Dissolved (µg/L)
32-404
53-498
64-564
10-471
49-599
61-596
24-335
21-228
76-300
K Total (mg/L)
1.7-14.4
0.2-30
0.2-32
1.3-12.6
0.1-17
0.09-16.7
7-16
6.6-14.2
5-17
K-Dissolved(mg/L)
2.1-15.2
0.34-30.6
0.09-32.7
2.2-12
0.09-18
0.04-17
7-15
6.9-13.7
4.8-17
Na-Total (mg/L)
84-295
69-286
82-440
92-293
93-285
91-303
83-243
88-243
100-307
Na-Dissolved (umhos)
101-273
77-262
56-396
93-251
93-270
61-332
75-239
85-249
87-294
APA (nmo/min-ml)
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
5-5
5-5
5-5
Redox (mv)
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
pH
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
5.8-7.3
5.6-7.6
5.3-7.3
Parameters
Oct/Nov (Q4) ) (range all cells)
20 | P a g e Table 11. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in different soil depths pore water in STA1W in 1996.
STA 1W – 1996 – Pore Water
January (Q5) (cell 1)
Parameters
March (Q6) (cell 1)
August (Q7) (cell 1)
0-5
5-10
10-30
0-5
5-10
10-30
0-5
5-10
10-30
148-640
152-710
124-708
240-700
240-710
220-710
280-710
280-660
330-690
TOC (mg/L)
19-84
21-114
29-140
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
DOC (mg/L)
19-86
20-230
39-164
37-98
41-92
43-100
95-260
91-230
130-280
DIC (mg/L)
39-190
0-189
41-198
0-137
0-161
0-181
78-183
80-184
99-193
Cl (mg/L)
89-250
103-291
107-359
120-260
110-210
120-230
110-280
120-220
120-280
NH4 (mg/L)
0.3-19
0.1-22
0.3-27
0.2-21
0.8-21
0.1-24
1.6-32
2.2-22
1.6-30
TDKN (mg/L)
1.4-22
1.3-23
3-35
2.5-21
3.6-22
3.5-25
3-31
4.1-20
5.4-32
NOx (mg/L)
0.004-0.59
0.002-1.6
0.004-0.047
0.002-0.22
0.002-0.45
0.002-0.99
0.002-0.11
0.002-0.39
0.002-0.42
NO2 (mg/L)
0.004-0.009
0.001-0.7
0.004-0.013
0.001-0.018
0.001-0.052
0.001-0.16
0.001-0.03
0.001-0.07
0.001-0.46
TDPO4 (mg/L)
0.17-4.2
0.02-3.3
0.18-6.0
0.04-3.1
0.16-2.0
0.01-3.7
0.21-5.6
0.35-3.3
0.001-6
DHP (mg/L)
0.15-4.1
0.22-3.3
0.17-6.0
0.04-3.1
0.16-2.0
0.01-3.6
0.21-5.5
0.36-3.3
0.19-3.1
OPO4 (mg/L)
0.09-3.8
0.02-3.4
0.12-5.8
0.04-3.1
0.2-2.2
0.02-3.8
0.23-5.3
0.37-3.4
0.21-5.6
12-74
12-77
16-81
24-66
24-66
23-64
25-65
27-63
63-80
641-1890
641-1950
641-2260
902-1820
994-1870
953-1850
1000-1850
909-1770
1020-2090
SO4 (mg/L)
2-38
0.2-38
2-26
6-51
0.43-37
1.1-41
1.5-23
0.2-20
0.95-19
Sulfide (mg/L)
1-5.6
1-21
1-2.4
3-14
2-21
2.1-9.4
7-18
4.4-19
3.2-15
Alkalinity CaCO3(mg/L)
SiO2(mg/L)
LCOND (umhos)
Table continue next page
21 | P a g e Table 11 continued.
Parameters
January (Q5) (cell 1)
March (Q6) (cell 1)
August (Q7) (cell 1)
0-5
5-10
10-30
0-5
5-10
10-30
0-5
5-10
10-30
Al-Total (µg/L)
12-274
10-171
27-279
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
Al - Dissolved (µg/L)
10-17
4-23.8
10-55
20-20
20-20
20-40
3-18
4-16
7-30
Ca-Total (mg/L)
48-161
47-149
46-152
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
Ca-Dissolved (mg/L)
48-160
50-148
46-156
56-130
64-140
56-130
67-150
65-140
66-130
Fe-Total (µg/L)
56-464
56-666
177-1180
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
Fe-Dissolved(µg/L)
30-328
19-740
143-985
30-350
30-740
40-940
10-460
19-500
86-770
Mg-Total(mg/L)
13-48
14-42
13-44
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
Mg-Dissolved (mg/L)
13-44
13-44
13-44
19-42
20-44
19-48
22-45
18-44
21-44
Mn-Total (µg/L)
11-392
28-416
53-470
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
Mn-Dissolved (µg/L)
8-364
29-380
64-448
33-330
38-380
47-410
29-350
47-290
61-380
K Total (mg/L)
5-14
4-15
3-18
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
K-Dissolved(mg/L)
5-13
3-15
4-20
0.8-13
3.8-10
1.6-15
5-15
2.8-13
2-17
Na-Total (mg/L)
55-170
56-218
56-272
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
Na-Dissolved (mg/L)
58-220
57-233
65-390
84-230
84-200
88-220
78-260
80-200
85-300
1-2
1-5.2
1-3
1.0-1.8
1-5.2
1-1
1-1.5
1-1
1-9
No data
-597-14
No data
No data
No data
No data
-583-16
-597-14
-504-13
5.9
4.5-9
6.0-8.8
6.5-7.4
6.7-7.4
6.6-7.5
6.6-7.2
6.7-7.2
6.6-7.0
APA (nmo/min-ml)
Redox (mv)
pH
22 | P a g e Table 12. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in field in STA1W Cell 5 in 2003 and 2004.
STA1W – Cell 5
Parameters
September 2003
February 2004
April 2004
May 2004
Average Depth (m)
0.06-64
0.35-0.87
0.28-0.87
0.3-0.8
Secchi (m)
0.08-0.8
0.10-0.75
0.010-0.24
0.15-0.64
Cloud Cover (%)
20-100
No data
No data
No data
Temperature (ºC)
No data
19-24
5.8-26
8-29
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
No data
1-11
0.11-13
0.6-8
pH
No data
6-9
3.8-8.9
7.4-9.8
Conductivity (umhos)
No data
773-930
10-1114
119-1190
Vegetation Cover (%)
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
23 | P a g e Table 13. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in water column of STA1W Cell 5 in 2003
and 2004.
Parameters Soluble Reactive P (mg/L)
Total Dissolved P (mg/L)
Total P (mg/L)
Color (CPU)
NH4+ (mg/L)
NO3- + NO2 (mg/L)
TKN (mg/L)
TN (mg/L)
TSS (mg/L)
NVSS (mg/L)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Temperature (ºC)
pH
Electrical Conductivity (mS/cm3)*
Ca (mg/L)
Mg (mg/L)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/L)
Alkalinity (mgCaCO3/L)
STA1W – Cell 5 September 2003 February 2004 April 2004 May 2004 0.003-0.05
0.02-0.10
0.03-0.24
28-366
0.08-0.3
0.008-0.025
2.5-3.4
2.5-3.4
0.1-51
0.3-9
0.34-32
26-33
6.5-8.7
1.1-11
45-113
28-45
90-145
128-360
0.004-0.05
0.02-0.07
0.03-0.2
112-198
0.03-0.34
0.08-1.1
1.8-4
1.9-4.2
1-65
1.5-36
1-11
19-24
6.4-8.8
773-930
70-91
22-27
22-101
180-222
0.002-0.05
0.01-0.2
0.03-1
180-398
0.04-7.8
0.002-0.2
2.4-13
25-13
2-315
0-1060
0.1-13
6-26
3.7-8.8
9.9-1114
No data
No data
42-450
90-228
0.002-0.05
0.00-0.05
0.02-0.7
187-565
0.02-0.9
0.003-0.08
1.2-26
0.02-26
0.00-955
2-444
0.6-7.7
8-29
7.3-9.8
119-1190
48-227
24-32
78-382
1.5-206
*Electrical Conductivity (mS/cm3) = units are wrong. It should be mS/cm 24 | P a g e Table 14. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in soil samples collected in STA1W Cell 5 in 2003
and 2004.
STA1W – Cell 5
Parameters
2003 - September
2004 - February
2004 - April
2004 - May
Floc
Peat
Floc
Peat
Floc
Floc
Peat
Ash (%)
No data
No data
No data
No data
9-83
No data
No data
LOI (%)
No data
No data
No data
No data
17-91
No data
No data
TC (g/kg)
172-484
239-839
185-504
126-525
141-461
293-545
272-503
TN (g/kg)
22-30
13-35
11-111*
4.7-34
7-28
20-29
15-33
115-823
124-687
197-934
218-785
462-1432
599-1279
241-1201
TP (mg/kg)
* TN seems to have an error for FLOC 2004 February, with a value of 111.
25 | P a g e Table 15. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in soil pore water collected in
STA1W Cell 5 in 2003 and 2004.
STA1W – Cell 5
September 2003
February 2004
April 2004
May 2004
Parameters
Floc
Peat
Floc
Peat
Floc
Muck
Peat
Ca (mg/L)
80-140
14-111
81-11
No data
No data
71-114
62-105
Mg (mg/L)
34-47
3-35
20-37
No data
No data
32-46
22-35
SRP (mg/L)
0.02-0.43
0.004-1.4
0.01-0.6
0.03-0.13
No data
0.003-0.2
0.02-2.3
NH4+ (mg/L)
1.6-14
3-15
1.6-9
0.13-12
No data
1-11
0.8-19
NO3- (mg/L)
0.003-0.02
0.003-0.01
0.02-0.03
0.02-0.15
No data
0.005-0.2
0.005-0.02
SO4-2 (mg/L)
4-24
6-22
1.4-92
34-38
No data
42-169
1-52
TKN (mg/L)
5-19
9-22
1.2-8
1.8-18
No data
5-14
7-34
0.05-0.5
0.15-0.5
0.06-0.7
0.06-0.5
No data
0.04-0.5
0.2-3
TP (mg/L)
26 | P a g e Table 16. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in vegetation collected in
STA1W Cell 5 in 2003 and 2004.
2003 (STA1W – Cell 5)
Plant Species
2003 September
Ceratophyllum
Hydrilla
Hydrocotille
Najas
Water Hyacinth
Water Lettuce
2004 February
Ceratophyllum
Hydrilla
Najas
2004 April
Ceratophyllum
Hydrilla
Najas
2004 May
Ceratophyllum
Hydrilla
Najas
Number of
Samples
Wet Weight
(kg/m2)
Dry Weight
(kg/m2)
TC (g/kg)
TN (g/kg)
TP (mg/kg)
2
17
1
6
3
1
0.11-0.37
0.11-22
0.34
1.4-11
7.4-27
6.4
0.01-0.02
0.01-1.6
0.01
0.12-0.75
0.4-1.8
0.2
274-278
223-472
307
238-317
361-386
325
23-27
14-41
20
22-26
11-30
20
2509-2509
847-4070
1677
1988-3392
2270-7911
1956
9
22
4
0.03-0.082
0.000-1.63
0.82-1.27
0.001-0.075
0.005-0.16
0.072-0.124
311-380
274-415
251-305
28-39
20-36
24-26
1605-5634
1370-5511
1011-2687
34
128
1
0.04-4.6
0.01-34
4.4
0.005-0.39
0.0001-2.7
0.41
254-360
248-441
337
18-35
19-38
27
1175-3602
832-3081
1314
4
26
5
0.07-0.4
0.02-10
1.8-8
0.004-0.18
0.001-18
0.12-0.89
282-340
267-344
279-352
25-34
22-37
21-29
1798-2817
1638-4291
544-2533
27 | P a g e Table 17. Description of data from STA 1E, 2, 3/4 , 5 and 6 with different sampling dates, cells sampled and parameters measured.
1E
Date
Months of
sampling
Cells
sampled
Number of
Sites
Core
Sections
Field
Replicates
Total #
samples
2
Excel File
Name
5
6
2004
2007
2003
2007
2004
2007
2002
2003
2007
2003
Dec
Apr
Jun/Jul
Jan/Feb
Jun/Jul
Feb/Mar
Aug
Jul/Aug
Feb
Aug
3/4N
4S/5/6/7
4N/4S
5/6/7
1/2/3
1/2/3
1A/1B/2A
2B/3A/3B
1A/1B/2A
2B/3A/3B
1A/1B
2A/2B
1A/1B
2A/2B
1A/1B
2A/2B
5/3
97
80
74
115
324
289
58
109
81
31
0-10 cm
0-10 cm
Soil 0-10 cm
Floc (varies)
Soil 0-10 cm
Floc (varies)
0-10 cm
Soil/Peat
Soil 0-10 cm
Floc (varies)
Peat 0-10 cm
Floc (varies)
Soil 0-10 cm
Floc (varies)
Soil 0-10 cm
Floc (varies)
Soil 0-10
Floc (varies)
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
97
92
147
178
324
319
117
217
96
54
Ash/BD/
Total(C/N/P)
Ash/BD/pH
Fe/S/LOI
Total(C/N/P)
STA6
SoilQuery
STA6
SoilQuery
Ash/BD/Ca
Ash/BD/Ca
Total(C/N/P) Total(C/N/P)
Parameters
STA
3/4
STA1E
SoilQuery
STA1E
SoilQuery
Ash/BD/
Ash/BD/
Ash/BD/
Ash/BD/
Ash/BD/
Ash/BD/
Fe/S/LOI
Fe/S/LOI
Fe/Ca
Fe/AFDW
Fe/pH /LOI
Total(C/N/P)
Total(C/N/P) Total(C/N/P) Total(C/N/P)
Total(C/N/P) Total(C/N/P)
STA2
SoilQuery
STA2
SoilQuery
STA3/4
SoilQuery
STA3/4
SoilQuery
STA5
SoilQuery
STA5
SoilQuery
See next pages for parameters list and range
28 | P a g e Table 18. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in soil samples collected in STA1E and STA 2 in 2003,
2004 and 2007.
STA-1E
Parameters
STA-2
2004
2007
2003
2007
0-10
0-10
Floc
0-10
Floc
0-10
Ash (%)
15-99.9
17-100
No data
19-89
No data
No data
AFDW (%)
No data
No data
12-80
No data
No data
No data
BD (g/cc)
0.2-1.7
0.18-1.5
0.01-0.61
0.13-0.43
0.06-0.26
0.12-0.61
LOI (%)
No data
No data
20-88
No data
No data
No data
Ca (mg/kg)
130-6800
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
Fe (mg/kg)
240-6000
No data
No data
No data
1100-9100
No data
TC (g/kg)
9-497
5-446
No data
156-519
161-483
185-500
TN (g/kg)
0.7-33
0.6-30
No data
5.8-37
63-275
14-36
TP (mg/kg)
15-4810
10-1230
222-3362
151-5400
391-1330
204-1690
S (mg/kg)
No data
No data
No data
No data
100-13300
No data
29 | P a g e Table 19. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in soil samples collected in STA3/4 and STA 6 in 2003,
2004 and 2007.
STA-3/4
Parameters
Ash (%)
AFDW (%)
BD (g/cc)
LOI (%)
Water (%)
pH
Fe (g/kg)
Ca (g/kg)
TC (g/kg)
TN (g/kg)
TP (mg/kg)
S (mg/kg)
STA-6
2004
2007
2003
Peat
0-10
Floc
0-10
Floc
0-10
12-75
No data
0.20-0.73
No data
No data
No data
3-23
17-140
145-470
9-31
218-3620
No data
13-90
No data
0.13-0.88
No data
No data
No data
2.1-22
19-250
74-927
6-60
180-1790
No data
34-70
No data
0.05-0.21
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
227-395
14-27
761-1410
No data
13-87
No data
0.09-0.70
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
72-502
6-32
170-2110
No data
12-80
No data
0.01-0.14
20-88
69-97
7.13-7.67
No data
No data
No data
No data
482-3636
No data
No data
2-86
0.16-1.00
No data
No data
No data
1.1-8
No data
145-461
11-34
40-1190
600-14000
30 | P a g e Table 20. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in soil samples collected in STA5 in 2003, 2004 and 2007.
STA - 5
2003
2002
Parameters
2007
Floc
Peat 0-10
Floc
Soil 0-10
Floc
Soil 0-10
No data
No data
9-61
No data
14-92
11-98
7-89
No data
14-92
No data
11-92
11-98
BD (g/cc)
0.01-0.30
0.15-1.20
0.01-1.30
0.01-1.20
0.15-0.74
0.07-1.10
LOI (%)
No data
No data
39-91
No data
No data
No data
Water (%)
No data
No data
39-91
No data
No data
No data
pH
No data
No data
5.5-7.6
No data
No data
No data
Fe (g/kg)
2-28
1-7
No data
0.5-7.2
No data
No data
TC (g/kg)
80-480
20-494
No data
16-498
46-489
18-491
TN (g/kg)
6-41
2-34
No data
1-39
2.7-34
1.4-34
TP (mg/kg)
168-3040
24-1350
29-2249
29-2235
271-2270
51-2720
S (mg/kg)
No data
No data
No data
300-9200
No data
No data
Ash (%)
AFDW (%)
31 | P a g e Table 21. Description of data from Macrophyte Data with different sampling dates, STA and cells sampled and parameters measured.
Macrophyte Data (ERDP_Macrophyte_Query)
Date
1996/1997
2002
2003
2003
2003
2003
2004
STA 1W
STA 5
STA 1W
STA 2
STA 5
STA6
STA1W
Feb/Apr/Jun/Jun
Aug/Sept/Dec
October
Aug/Sept
Jun/Jul
Jul/Aug
Aug
Jan/Feb
Apr/May
Cells
sampled
1
1A/1B
2A/2B
1/2/3/4/5B
1/2/3
1A/1B
2A/2B
3/5
5B
Number of
Sites
3
43
86
43
98
31
121
379
129
202
108
248
60
361
Spp/Cellulose/K
Lignin/TCA/TC
TOC/TN/TP
Spp/AFDW
TC/TN/TP
Spp
AFDW/DW
TC/TN/TP
Spp
AFDW/DW
TC/TN/TP
Spp
AFDW/DW
TC/TN/TP
Spp
AFDW/DW
TC/TN/TP
Spp
AFDW/DW
TC/TN/TP
STA
Months of
sampling
Total #
samples
Parameter
s
Excel File
Name
ERDP_Macrophyte_Query
See next pages for parameters list and range
32 | P a g e Table 22. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in vegetation collected in STA1W Cell 1 in 1996/1997.
1996/1997 (STA1W – Cell 1)
Vegetation
Number of
Samples
Cellulose
K
Lignin
TCA
TOC
TN
(g/kg)
TP
(mg/kg)
Eichhornia crassipes
92
17-49
260-45000
3-41
14-68
361-463
9-34
430-3600
Pistia stratiotes
89
16-43
210-37000
3-38
12-83
293-478
18-43
585-3720
SAV
76
9-33
110-170000
3-35
24-31
159-465
16-58
1210-5300
Typha spp.
124
28-57
150-2600
4-32
4.4-27
248-495
4-26
5-7510
33 | P a g e Table 23. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in vegetation collected in STA5 in 2002.
2002 (STA5 – Cells 1A/1B/2A/2B)
Vegetation
Number of
Samples
AFDW (%)
TC (g/kg)
TN (g/kg)
TP (mg/kg)
Eichhornia crassipes
4
80-90
339-394
14-22
2410-3420
Ludwigia repens
1
92
433
19
2690
Panicum hemitomon
1
92
435
20
2030
Polygonun spp.
14
88-96
413-460
13-24
1220-2590
Pistia stratiotes
20
69-81
314-371
18-30
2900-7200
SAV
10
72-83
322-385
31-38
2640-8020
Typha spp.
79
84-95
360-478
9-25
645-5310
34 | P a g e Table 24. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in vegetation collected in STA1W in 2003.
2003 (STA1W – Cells 1A/1B/2A/2B)
Vegetation
Number of
AFDW (%)
DW
TC (g/kg)
TN (g/kg)
TP (mg/kg)
Samples
Alligator Weed
Bacopa
Cattail Above Dead
Cattail Above Live
Cattail Bellow
Grass
Hydrocotyle
Hydrocotyle and Vine
Leather Fern
Ludwigia
Pontederia
Sagitaria
SAV
Smartweed
Water Hyacinth
Water Lettuce
Species Name
Ceratophyllum demersum
Eichhornia crassipes
Hydrilla verticillata
Najas guadalupensis
Pistia stratiotes
Other
2
1
29
25
31
2
6
1
1
1
4
1
17
3
13
12
85-90
85
85-95
86-93
86-93
83-88
82-88
86
90
87
83-90
82
30-80
88-90
78-87
57-78
11-13
0.99
5-212
19-343
1-191
21-103
3-62
62
11
108
64-185
20
1.5-495
8-111
5-258
1-194
410-411
405
409-476
400-458
394-479
423-425
385-421
419
409
422
408-454
403
203-409
431-443
343-404
306-358
13-19
14
5-26
6-12
6-19
21-25
14-31
24
15
18
15-18
25
16-41
17-19
12-21
15-30
1340-1990
1510
232-2660
410-2110
565-3170
2020-3830
1270-3680
3950
1270
1580
814-1660
3760
1360-6110
1780-2410
1420-4320
2080-6510
6
3
35
7
1
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
No data
1-344
338-1860
9-1616
120-748
No data
182
321-273
361-386
223-472
237-337
262
324
23-30
11-30
13-41
22-27
21
20
2509-1759
2270-7911
833-4070
1314-3392
2402
1956
35 | P a g e Table 25. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in vegetation collected in STA5 in 2003.
2003 (STA5 – Cells 1A/1B/2A/2B)
Vegetation
Number of
Samples
AFDW (%)
DW
TC (g/kg)
TN (g/kg)
TP (mg/kg)
Alligator Weed
9
87-92
36-692
412-466
10-22
975-2660
Alligator Weed +Mixed Grass
1
88
18
414
16
2670
Cattail Above Dead
51
90-96
4-442
408-564
6-241
340-2520
Cattail Above Live
56
85-93
3-320
400-464
7-22
966-4240
Cattail Bellow
55
81-94
3-94
367-459
8-263
635-4490
Grass
6
91-95
13-303
439-473
14-26
1230-2020
Hydrochloa
1
94
97
466
16
848
Maiden Cane
1
95
54
462
17
2140
Nuphar
2
80-88
23-36
373-425
16-28
2900-3960
Nymphaea
1
83
8
421
26
4880
SAV
36
43-82
6-288
281-457
13-39
1450-13700
Scirpus Above Live
2
90-93
6-23
428-438
9-12
622-1480
Scirpus Below
2
93-94
2-4
445-450
12-15
960-1910
Water Lettuce
28
69-81
0.3-129
332-385
16-34
1280-8870
36 | P a g e Table 26. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in vegetation collected in STA2 in 2003.
2003 (STA2 – Cells 1/2/3)
Vegetation
Number of
Samples
AFDW (%)
DW
TC (g/kg)
TN (g/kg)
TP (mg/kg)
Blue Maiden Cane
2
80-93
17-66
394-437
8-12
405-715
Cattail Above Dead
12
84-94
2-206
370-478
6-15
278-1160
Cattail Above Live
8
87-92
9-381
420-614
7-14
532-1610
Cattail Bellow
12
84-93
1-111
330-485
7-26
392-6360
Cattail Bellow Ground
1
88
74
351
19
1020
Grass
1
91
377
503
14
864
Mermaid Weed
2
83-86
29-62
427-431
10-11
558-610
Pontederia
1
88
11
459
23
2420
Sagitaria
1
88
71
444
14
1330
SAV
52
19-88
3-258
182-451
6-27
370-3390
Sawgrass Above Dead
5
78-95
12-55
426-499
7-15
178-930
Sawgrass Above Live
6
93-97
17-140
472-511
5-12
326-2560
Sawgrass Below
4
93-95
10-46
469-494
7-8
552-1390
Spikerush
1
89
51
463
20
510
37 | P a g e Table 27. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in vegetation collected in STA6 in 2003.
2003 (STA6 – Cells 3/5)
Vegetation
Number of
Samples
AFDW (%)
DW
TC (g/kg)
TN (g/kg)
TP (mg/kg)
Alligator Weed
5
85-95
10-162
398-463
13-18
460-1060
Alligator Weed +Mixed Grass
1
89
71
440
12
620
Cattail Above Dead
7
91-94
3-202
439-472
6-16
300-1800
Cattail Above Live
8
87-94
2-172
353-471
9-17
940-2120
Cattail Bellow
6
83-90
8-76
378-471
8-15
1040-3060
Grass
11
92-96
27-803
428-464
9-15
360-1170
Pontederia
4
80-85
28-87
391-417
14-20
1590-3430
SAV
4
25-86
0.4-134
195-415
9-31
450-1610
Sawgrass Above Dead
3
93-95
39-55
468-475
7-10
330-470
Sawgrass Above Live
5
96-98
82-260
471-484
5-8
278-455
Sawgrass Below
5
93-96
51-238
461-471
5-11
380-1180
Smartweed
2
83-86
174-264
395-419
143-167
1250-1250
38 | P a g e Table 28. Range (minimum and maximum values) of parameters measured in vegetation collected in STA1W in 2004.
2004 (STA1W – Cells 5B)
Vegetation
Number of
Samples
DW
Wet Weight
TC (g/kg)
TN (g/kg)
TP (mg/kg)
Ceratophyllum demersum
56
1-1043
31-7969
254-401
18-43
1174-5634
Hydrilla verticillata
290
-697-18388
6-34400
247-441
16-163
1262-5511
Najas guadalupensis
9
80-892
817-8000
250-351
20-28
544-2686
Pistia stratiotes
6
2-587
72-10800
304-326
22-32
No data
39 | P a g e Sites not marked not sampled Sediment Floc Peat Unconsolidated Peat Fig. 1: Map of STA 1W with sampling locations 2003 for SEDIMENT, FLOC, PEAT and UNCONSOLIDATE PEAT samples.
40 | P a g e 11
STA1W 2003
10
9
Floc
Unconsolidated Peat
Number of samples
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0-4 0-6 0-8 0-9 0-10 0-11 0-12 0-13 0-14 0-15 0-16 0-17 0-18 0-19 0-20 0-21 0-22 0-23 0-24 0-25 0-26 0-27 0-28 0-29 0-32 0-36 0-38
Depth Interval (cm)
Fig. 2: Distribution of the number of FLOC samples in each depth interval sampled in STA 1W, 2003. 41
0.25
STA 1W 2003 Floc
Bulk Density (g/cc)
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0-4 0-6 0-8 0-9 0-10 0-11 0-12 0-13 0-14 0-15 0-16 0-17 0-18 0-19 0-20 0-21 0-22 0-23 0-24 0-25 0-26 0-27 0-28 0-29 0-32 0-36 0-38
Depth Interval (cm)
Fig. 3: Distribution of the bulk density values of FLOC in each depth interval sampled in STA 1W, 2003. Bars represent ± one standard deviation. 42
90
STA1W 2003
80
Number of samples
70
Sediment
Peat
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0-6
0-7
0-8
0-9
0-10
Depth Interval (cm)
Fig. 4: Distribution of the number of SEDIMENT and PEAT samples in each depth interval sampled in STA 1W, 2003.
43
STA 1W ‐ 2004 Sites not marked not sampled February – Unconsolidated and Peat April – Unconsolidated Peat May – Peat Fig. 5: Map of STA 1W with sampling locations 2004 for PEAT and UNCONSOLIDATE PEAT samples. 85 sites that do not have a number in map, sites marked in bold are present in cell 5A and not in cell 5B: C5B_1, C5B_2, C5B_3, C5B_4, C5B_5, C5B_6, C5B_7, C5B_8, C5B_9, C5B_10, C5B_11, C5B_12, C5B_120, C5B_13, C5B_14, C5B_15, C5B_16, C5B_17, C5B_18, C5B_19, C5B_20, C5B_21, C5B_22, C5B_23, C5B_24, C5B_25, C5B_26, C5B_27, C5B_28, C5B_29, C5B_30, C5B_31, C5B_32, C5B_33, C5B_34, C5B_35, C5B_36, C5B_37, C5B_38, C5B_39, C5B_40, C5B_41, C5B_42, C5B_43, C5B_44, C5B_45, C5B_46, C5B_47, C5B_48, C5B_49, C5B_50, 44
C5B_51, C5B_52, C5B_53, C5B_54, C5B_55, C5B_56, C5B_57, C5B_58, C5B_59, C5B_60, C5B_73, C5B_74, C5B_75, C5B_76, C5B_77, C5B_78, C5B_79, C5B_92, C5B_93, C5B_94, C5B_95, C5B_96, C5B_97, C5B_98, C5B_99, C5B_100, C5B_111, C5B_112, C5B_113, C5B_114, C5B_115, C5B_117, C5B_118, C5B_119. 30
STA1W 2004
Number of samples
Unconsolidated Peat
Peat
20
10
0
0-3
0-5
0-6
0-7
0-8
0-8.5
0-9
0-9.5
0-10
0-11
0-12
0-14.5
Depth Interval (cm)
Fig. 6: Distribution of the number of PEAT and UNCONSOLIDATE PEAT samples in each depth interval sampled in STA 1W, 2004. 45
STA 1W ‐ 2005 Sediment Unconsolidated Peat Sites not marked not sampled
Fig. 7: Map of STA 1W with sampling locations 2005 for SEDIMENT and UNCONSOLIDATE PEAT samples. 46
STA 1W ‐ 2006 Sediment Floc Sites not marked not sampled
Fig. 8: Map of STA 1W with sampling locations 2006 for SEDIMENT and FLOC samples. 47
12
STA 1W 2006 Floc
10
Number of Samples
8
6
4
2
0
0-0.5
0-1
0-1.5
0-2
0-2.5
0-3
0-4
0-5
0-5.5
0-6
0-6.5
0-8.5
0-16
0-20
Depth Interval (cm)
Fig. 9: Distribution of the number of FLOC samples in each depth interval sampled in STA 1W, 2006. 48
STA 1W ‐ 2007 Sediment Floc Sites not marked not sampled
Fig. 10: Map of STA 1W with sampling locations 2007 for SEDIMENT and FLOC samples. 49
STA 1E Sampled in 2004 only Sampled in 2004 and 2007 Sites not marked not sampled Fig. 11: Map of STA 1E with sampling locations 2004 and 2007 for SEDIMENT samples. 50
Sampled in 2003 only STA 2 Sampled in 2003 and 2007 B280
Sampled in 2007 only Sites not marked not sampled Fig. 12: Map of STA 2 with sampling locations of 2003 and 2007 for SEDIMENT samples. 51
Sampled in 2003 only Sampled in 2003 and 2007 There is a site in the data set named C23 in cell 3 for the 2003 sampling (Floc and sediment). Not sure if there was a name change to C400 in 2007 sampling, as this site is not present in the map, and there is no C23 in 2007 sampling neither C400 in 2003 sampling. STA 2 Sampled in 2007 only Sites not marked not sampled Fig. 13: Map of STA 2 with sampling locations of 2003 and 2007 for FLOC samples 52
B280
Number of samples
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
FLOC
2003
2007
All Years
0-1
0-2
0-3 0-3.5 0-4 0-4.5 0-5
0-6
0-7 0-7.5 0-8 0-8.5 0-9 0-10 0-11 0-12 0-14 0-15 0-17 0-22
Depth Interval (cm)
Fig. 14: Distribution of the number of FLOC samples in each depth interval of STA 2. 0.70
0.60
Bulk Density (g/cc)
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0-1
0-2
0-3 0-3.5 0-4 0-4.5 0-5
0-6
0-7 0-7.5 0-8 0-8.5 0-9
Depth Interval (cm)
0-10 0-11 0-12 0-14 0-15 0-17 0-22
Fig. 15: Distribution of the bulk density values of FLOC samples in each depth interval of STA 2 for all years combined (2003 and 2007). Bars represent ± one standard deviation. 53
160
150
Number of Samples
140
130
Sediment
120
110
2003
2007
All Years
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
No
Depth
0-3
0-4
0-5
0-6
0-7
0-8
0-8.5
0-9
0-9.25
0-9.5
0-10
0-12
Depth interval (cm)
Fig. 16: Distribution of the number of SEDIMENT samples in each sectioned depth interval of STA 2. 54
STA 3/4 Sampled in 2004 only Sampled in 2007 only Sampled in 2004 and 2007 Sites not marked not sampled Fig. 17: Map of STA 3/4 with sampling locations of 2004 and 2007 for SEDIMENT or PEAT samples 55
Sampled in 2007 only Sites not marked not sampled Fig. 18: Map of STA 3/4 with sampling locations of 2004 and 2007 for FLOC samples 56
STA 3/4
7
Number of samples
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0-2
0-3
0-4
0-5
0-7
0-8
0-9
0-10 0-11 0-12 0-13 0-16
Depth Interval (cm)
Fig. 19: Distribution of the number of FLOC samples in each depth interval of STA 3/4 for both 2004 and 2007 sampling. STA 3/4
Bulk Density (g/cc)
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0-2
0-3
0-4
0-5
0-7
0-8
0-9
0-10 0-11 0-12 0-13 0-16
Depth Interval (cm)
Fig. 20: Distribution of the bulk density values of FLOC samples in each depth interval of STA 3/4 for all years combined (2004 and 2007). Bars represent ± one standard deviation. . 57
350
STA 3/4
Number of Samples
300
2004
2007
250
200
150
100
50
0
0-5
0-5.5
0-6
0-7
0-7.5
0-8
0-8.5
0-9
0-10
0-11
0-12
0-14
Depth Interval (cm)
Fig. 21: Distribution of the number of SEDIMENT/PEAT/No definition of samples in each depth interval of STA 3/4 for both 2004 and 2007 sampling. 58
Sampled in 2002 and 2003 Sampled in 2003 only
Sampled in 2007 only
Sampled in 2002 and 2007 Sampled in 2003 and 2007
Sampled in 2002, 2003 and 2007
Fig. 22: Map of STA 5 with sampling locations of 2002, 2003 and 2007 for SEDIMENT samples. 59
Sites not marked not sampled Sampled in 2002 only and 2003 Sampled in 2003 only
Sampled in 2002, 2003 and 2007
Sampled in 2003 and 2007
Sites not marked not sampled Fig. 23: Map of STA 5 with sampling locations of 2002, 2003 and 2007 for FLOC samples. 60
30
STA 5
Number of Samples
25
2002
2003
2007
All
20
15
10
5
0
0-1
0-2
0-3
0-4
0-5
0-6
0-7
0-8
0-9
0-10 0-11 0-12 0-13 0-14 0-15 0-16 0-17 0-21
Depth Interval (cm)
Fig. 24: Distribution of the number of FLOC samples in each depth interval of STA 5 for 2002, 2003 and 2007 sampling. 61
0.30
STA 5
Bulk Density (g/cc)
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0-1
0-2
0-3
0-4
0-5
0-6
0-7
0-8
0-9
0-10
0-11
0-12
0-13
0-14
0-15
0-16
0-17
0-21
-0.05
Depth Interval (cm)
Fig. 25: Distribution of the bulk density values of FLOC samples in each depth interval of STA 5 for all years combined (2002, 2003 and 2007). Bars represent ± one standard deviation. 62
Sediment Floc Sites not marked not sampled Fig. 26: Map of STA 6 with sampling locations of 2003 for FLOC and SEDIMENT samples. 63
6
STA 6
Number of Samples
5
4
3
2
1
0
0-4
0-5
0-6
0-7
0-8
0-9
0-10
0-11
0-12
0-13
0-14
Depth Interval (cm)
Fig. 27: Distribution of the number of FLOC samples in each depth interval of STA 6 for 2003 sampling. 0.18
STA 6
0.16
Bulk Density (g/cc)
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0-4
0-5
0-6
0-7
0-8
0-9
0-10
0-11
0-12
0-13
0-14
Depth Interval (cm)
Fig. 28: Distribution of the bulk density values of FLOC samples in each depth interval of STA 6 for 2003 sampling. Bars represent ± one standard deviation. 64
STA 1W Sampled in 2003 Sampled in 2004
Sites not marked not sampled
Sites that do not have a number in map: C5B_7, C5B_8, CB_13, C5B_15, C5B_21, C5B_22, C5B_23, C5B_30, C5B_37, C5B_38, C5B_45, C5B_52, C5B_60. 3D, 4D
Fig. 29: Map of STA 1W with sampling locations of 2003 and 2004 for MACROPHYTE samples. 65
STA 2 ‐ 2003 Sampled in 2003
Sites not marked not sampled Fig. 29: Map of STA 2 with sampling locations of 2003 for MACROPHYTE samples. 66
STA 5 Sampled in 2002 Sampled in 2003
Sites not marked not sampled
Fig. 30: Map of STA 5 with sampling locations of 2002 and 2003 f for MACROPHYTE samples. 67
STA 5 Sampled in 2003 Sites not marked not sampled
Fig. 31: Map of STA 6 with sampling locations of 2002 and 2003 for MACROPHYTE samples. 68
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) Soil and Water Science Department
Redesign of the Soil Sampling Program for the
Stormwater Treatment Areas
Final Report
Submitted to:
South Florida Water Management District
3301 Gun Club Road
P.O. Box 24680
West Palm Beach, Florida 33416-4680
By:
K. R. Reddy, E. Dunne, M. W. Clark, and J. Jawitz
Wetland Biogeochemistry Laboratory
Soil and Water Science Department - IFAS
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611-0510
69
REVISED SOIL SAMPLING PROGRAM
1.0
Introduction
The development of effective methodologies for STA monitoring requires an
understanding of ecosystem structure and function. However, given the high monetary
cost of environmental monitoring, time, human resources, and funding, methods
developed should be simple and efficient, yet scientifically rigorous, ecologically
meaningful and applicable to management . One of the most attractive approaches to
developing scientifically rigorous methods is based on using physical, chemical, or
biological properties and/or processes as indicators to determine long-term sustainability
of STAs in improving water quality.
Biogeochemical processes provide direct inference on ecological change at a
fundamental
level that affects all species utilizing STA ecosystems. Changes at higher trophic levels,
such as a decline or shift in plant communities, may be due to factors that affect only a
small portion of the biota, whereas changes in biogeochemical processes signify an
alternating biota. Thus, it is critical to evaluate the water and soil ecosystem components
of STAs in an integrated framework by linking processes and associated biogeochemical
indicators to describe the structure and function of an STA. Biogeochemical processes
are sensitive and reliable indicators of STA condition, but measurements can be timeconsuming and expensive. However, measurement of concentrations of certain chemical
substrates, intermediates, and end products of ecologically important potent
biogeochemical processes (such as sediment accrual) can provide rapid and inexpensive
indicators of process rates. Relationships between indicators and processes may provide
more reliable estimates of ecosystem health for assessment at landscape levels.
Several soil/floc biogeochemical parameters can be used as causal and response
indicators that can help evaluate long-term effectiveness of STAs to store water,
nutrients and contaminants. Some of these parameters are already used in current
sampling regimes of STAs. Causal variables are parameters that can affect biological,
chemical, and physical characteristics of wetland soils and overlying water quality.
Response indicators are the biogeochemical parameters and associated processes that are
influenced by causal indicators such as incoming nutrient loads, and extreme events
(drought, fire, and hurricanes). However, with time some of the response indicators such
as total P enrichment in soils can become causal indicators for some biogeochemical
processes. Before an effective biogeochemical parameter(s) is selected to evaluate
STAs, one must identify wetland components that respond rapidly to system changes, but
can also be used to provide information on long-term system changes.
Excessive nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) loads can increase nutrient concentrations
in receiving wetland water column, detritus/floc, and underlying soil. The wetland water
column responds rapidly to incoming nutrient loads, as compared to detritus/floc and
70
soils. Nutrient enrichment of water, detritus/floc, and soils can, in turn affect microbial,
periphyton, and submerged, floating, and emergent vegetation communities.
Floc/detritus and soil components function as major storages of essential nutrients, which
can integrate long-term and to some extent short-term effects.
Based on our evaluation of the current data sets and monitoring programs, we suggest
that systematic monitoring of key soil physico-chemical parameters is needed to
determine short-term changes and long-term effectiveness of STAs to maintain desired
effluent water quality. The past and to some extent the current monitoring program does
not provide adequate soils data of key parameters for STA evaluation. We offer a revised
monitoring program which includes: soil/floc sampling procedures, locations and/or
methods of selecting locations, frequency and/or method of selecting frequency of
sampling, list of physical, chemical, and biological parameters potentially needed to
assess short and long-term changes, and a general guidance for review and evaluating soil
datasets. We also include some field guidance on identifying and sampling floc layers in
both emergent and submerged aquatic (SAV) wetland cells.
2.0 Sampling Locations
2.1
Spatial sampling
Objective of this sampling is to obtain an accurate estimate of nutrient storages in floc
and soils in space. In addition, these data can also be used to determine long-term spatial
patterns (and if similar locations are sampled regularly, temporal patterns) in physicochemical properties of floc and soils. Number of sampling locations may vary for each of
the STAs (depends on area of STA and existing spatial heterogeneity in floc/soil
properties). The number of samples required per STA or ecosystem type within an STA
needs to be area weighted. Therefore, larger areas will need more samples relative to
smaller areas; a power analyses of existing data may help address this. Further, we
suggest a stratified random sampling approach within each STA. Each strata would be an
ecosystem type i.e. cattail stand, SAV dominated zone, area of open water within an
STA. Within each strata, floc and soils should be randomly sampled. Using geostatistics
tools, nutrient and contaminant storage could be estimated for each ecosystem type and
ultimately whole STAs. For each sampling location, GPS coordinates must be recorded,
floc, soil samples taken along with other ancillary field data.
Frequency of sampling: For new STAs – 0 and subsequent sampling once every 5 years.
For STAs currently in operation – sampling should be conducted to establish uniform
base-line data across all STAs. After initial base-line sampling, subsequent spatial
sampling can be performed once every 5 years.
STA components to be sampled: floc (depth recorded), 0-10, 10-30 cm soil. At select
location, determine the soil depth to bedrock. Triplicate soil cores should be taken at
10% of the stations. Biogeochemical parameters to be measured are listed in Table 1.
2.2
Temporal sampling
71
Objective of this sampling is to capture temporal dynamics (changes through time) of
floc/soil biogeochemical parameters that can potentially regulate surface water quality
and long-term stability of stored nutrients in floc and underlying soil layers. For
example, are nutrient storages increasing or decreasing through time; do nutrient
gradients become more pronounced through time. Establish sampling transects at some
or at all previous floc soil sampling stations (along hydrologic flow paths) in each cell of
the STA. Number of stations to be sampled along each transect should be based on size
and shape of each cell in the STA. Power analyses of existing data would help quantify
number of samples needed.
Frequency of sampling: Once a year. For select biogeochemical parameters, once every
3 months for one year. Conduct temporal sampling at least two times during a 5 year
period.
STA components to be sampled: floc (depth recorded) and 0-10 and 10-30 cm of soil.
Triplicate cores at all benchmark sites (see Section 5.1.3). Biogeochemical parameters
for measurement are listed in Table 1.
2.2.1
Benchmark sites
The objective of this sampling is to conduct detailed studies to determine rates of select
biogeochemical processes that regulate surface water quality and long-term stability of
stored nutrients in floc and soil. Data developed can be used in ecological forecasting
models and trend analyses to predict effectiveness of STAs through time and into the
future, based on current information. Benchmark sites could be established along
transects (as described above).
Frequency of sampling: Once every month (during select years) to capture temporal
patterns in biogeochemical processes and parameters
STA components to be sampled: floc (depth recorded), 0-10, 10-30 cm soil.
Triplicate cores at all stations
Biogeochemical parameters to be measured are listed in Table 1.
3.0 Field Sampling Methods
It is critical that floc/soil coring methods are standardized. To maintain consistency
within and between sampling events, the District staff and consultants involved in soil
sampling should be trained in soil coring. The major challenge is to identify boundary
layers between floc and underlying soil (recently accreted material that forms soil and
native soil). We recommend, a small group of District staff and consultants with
experience in wetland soil coring to undertake and conduct a field demonstration to
develop an agreed criteria for differentiating boundary layers and what constitutes the
different components. Post consensus, it would be important that a standard operating
procedure be developed.
72
This demonstration study should be conducted in all STAs and ecosystem types that
typically occur in STAs. A typical soil core obtained from wetlands is shown in Figure
1. Current sampling conducted in STAs probably uses similar approaches. Obtaining
soil cores using consistent methods is critical to accurately estimate nutrient inventory for
STAs.
The following steps in sampling soil cores are recommended.
•
•
•
•
•
Floc consists of unconsolidated material including detrital matter, algal and microbial
mats, and resuspended material.
The depth of floc can vary depending on location
and hydrology.
00- cm
Record floc depth and quantitatively transfer
material into storage containers. Total weight of
this material is critical to determine bulk density.
Detrital
Section remaining soil cores to defined depths and
Floc
transfer the material into storage containers.
0- cm
Total wet weight of all components of soil core
should be recorded.
Soil
10 cm
Figure 1. Intact soil core obtained from Water
Conservation Area 2a (S. Newman, SFWMD)
4.0 Monitoring of soil/floc biogeochemical indicators
Soil/Floc biogeochemical indicator levels are determined based on ease of measurement
and ability to respond to change. We describe two levels of indicators, with Level I
indicators being easily measurable, while Level II indicators providing more scientific
rigor and are used to support the validity of easily measurable indicators (Figure 2 and
Table 1). Figure 2 provides a conceptual model to develop indicators and model
parameters, which can be integrated into hydro-biogeochemical models to help evaluate
STA performance and predict long-term sustainability. For routine monitoring of STAs,
only Level I indicators are needed. Level I soil/floc indicators are easy to measure, and
many of them have been routinely used for monitoring STAs in the past (Table 1). Level
II indicators and associated processes are relatively complex and difficult to measure;
however, many of these indicators are now also being measured in some STAs. Level II
indicators provide process level information that enables a better understanding of
nutrient loading effects, stability of stored nutrients on soil processes, and how ecosystem
functions change due to changes in environmental conditions. We suggest that Level II
indicators and associated processes be measured at select sites.
73
We propose that floc/soil biogeochemical parameters are monitored at both levels to
capture spatial and temporal dynamics and to improve ecosystem understanding to
increase the effective management of floc and soils to store phosphorus.
Primary Data
Monitor
Indicators
STA
Performance
Evaluation
Level I
Analyze
Data
Identify
Indicators
Level II
Model
Parameters
Hydro-Biogeochemical/
Statistical Models
Figure 2. Schematic showing conceptual model that helps develop indicators and model
parameters to determine long-term effectiveness of STAs.
74
Table 1. Potential floc/soil indicators for assessing effectiveness of STAs (* denotes
minimum data required for each site).
Level I – Floc/Soil
[Indicators]
Soil bulk density*
Soil pH and Eh
Organic matter content*
Total nitrogen*
Total phosphorus*
Total carbon*
Total sulfur*
C:N:P:S ratios
Extractable phosphorus
(HCl and Water ext. P)
Extractable ammonium
Level II - Floc/Soil
[Indicators]
Microbial biomass carbon,
nitrogen, phosphorus, and
sulfur
Enzyme activities
Soil porewater nutrients
(phosphorus, ammonium, and
sulfate)
Phosphorus fractionation (P
forms)
Organic nitrogen
Organic and inorganic sulfur
Single point phosphate sorption
isotherm
Oxalate extractable metals
Total mercury
Pesticides
Emerging organic contaminants
(SAV and periphyton cells)
Soil organic matter and plant
litter-Ligno-cellulose index
(LCI)
Level II – Floc/Soil
[Processes]
Soil oxygen demand
Soil-water nutrient exchange rates
Organic matter accretion rates
Equilibrium phosphorus
concentration (EPCo)
Phosphorus sorption coefficients
Phosphorus sorption maximum
Detrital decomposition –litter bag
Microbial respiration (aerobic and
anaerobic)
Potentially mineralizable nitrogen,
phosphorus, and sulfur
Nitrification potential
Denitrification potential
Iron reduction
Sulfate reduction
Methanogenesis
Methyl mercury
Stable isotopes
Soil mineralogical composition
Spatial
The following Level I indicators should be monitored in space at various locations within
an STA or ecosystem type within an STA to capture spatial variability in floc/soil
nutrient storage. See section 2.1 for details on soil and floc sampling.
Table 2. Level I indicators that would be helpful to determine nutrient storage in floc and
soil on an areal basis in different ecosystem types within STAs.
Level I – Floc/Soil [Indicators]
Frequency of monitoring
Soil bulk density
0 and once every 5 years there after
Organic matter content
0 and once every 5 years there after
Total nitrogen
0 and once every 5 years there after
Total phosphorus
0 and once every 5 years there after
Total carbon
0 and once every 5 years there after
Total sulfur
0 and once every 5 years there after
75
Temporal
The following Level I indicators should be monitored (as they change more often) along
established transects sampling stations or stations that are sampled reularly. See section
2.1 for details on soil and floc sampling. Total number of sampling stations selected
should represent approximately 20% of the long-term spatial sampling program (see
section 2.1)
Table 3. Level I indicators to capture temporal variability of floc and soil biogeochemical
properties in STAs.
Level I – Floc/Soil [Indicators]
Soil bulk density
Organic matter content (LOI)
Total nitrogen
Total phosphorus
Total carbon
Total sulfur
HCl- extractable P, Al, Fe, Ca,
Mg
Water extractable P
KCl-extractable ammonium N
Soil pH
Frequency of monitoring
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 3 months, and once every quarter for one year, and
once every two years there after.
0, 3 months, and once every quarter for one year, and
once every two years there after.
0, 3 months, and once every quarter for one year, and
once every two years there after.
Benchmark sites
All benchmark sites should be part of regularly sampled sites. The following Level I
indicators should be monitored in main STA ecosystem types such as open water, SAV
dominated, and emergent marsh. See section 2.1 for details on soil and floc sampling.
Table 4. Level I indicators to capture temporal variability of floc and soil biogeochemical
properties in STAs.
Level I – Floc/Soil [Indicators]
Soil bulk density
Organic matter content
Total nitrogen
Total phosphorus
Total carbon
Total sulfur
Frequency of monitoring
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
76
HCl- extractable P, Al, Fe, Ca,
Mg
Melich III –extractable P
KCl-extractable ammonium N
Soil pH and Eh
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 3 months, and once every quarter for one year, and
once every two years there after.
0, 3 months, and once every quarter for one year, and
once every two years there after.
0, 3 months, and once every quarter for one year, and
once every two years there after.
The following Level II parameters should also be monitored at select, regularly sampled
sites. See section 2.1 for details on soil and floc sampling.
Table 5. Level II indicators to capture temporal variability of floc and soil
biogeochemical properties in STAs.
Level II – Floc/Soil [Indicators]
Microbial biomass C, N, P, and S
Enzyme activities
Phosphorus fractionation (P-forms)
Organic nitrogen
Organic and inorganic sulfur
Oxalate extractable metals
Single point P sorption isotherm
Organic matter-lignocellulose
index
Total mercury
Pesticides
Emerging contaminants
Stable isotopes
Soil P minerals
Soil porewater nutrients (SRP,
ammonium, and sulfate)
Frequency of monitoring
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 1, and 2 years and once every 2 years there after
0, 2 years and once every 5 years there after (if
needed)
0, 2 years and once every 5 years there after (if
needed)
0, 2 years and once every 5 years there after (if
needed)
0, 2 years and once every 5 years there after (if
needed)
0, 5 years and once every 5 years there after (if
needed)
0, 3 months, and once every quarter for one year,
and once every two years there after.
Table 6. Level II processes measured at benchmark sites to capture temporal variability
of floc and soil biogeochemical properties in STAs.
Level II – Floc/Soil [Processes]
Soil oxygen demand
Frequency of monitoring
0, 2 and 5 years and once every 5 years there
after
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Nutrient fluxes
Organic matter accretion rates
Phosphorus sorption – partition
coefficients, EPC0, sorption maxima
Detrital decomposition-Litterbag
Microbial respiration (aerobic and
aerobic)
Potentially mineralizable nitrogen,
phosphorus, and sulfur
Nitrification and denitrification
potential
Iron and sulfate reduction
Methanogenesis
Methyl mercury
0, 2 and 5 years and once every 5 years there
after
0, 2 and 5 years and once every 5 years there
after
0, 2 and 5 years and once every 5 years there
after
0, 2 and 5 years and once every 5 years there
after
0, 2 and 5 years and once every 5 years there
after
0, 2 and 5 years and once every 5 years there
after
0, 2 and 5 years and once every 5 years there
after
0, 2 and 5 years and once every 5 years there
after
0, 2 and 5 years and once every 5 years there
after
0, 2 and 5 years and once every 5 years there
after
During 2nd year or after year 2, we recommend these processes be measured once every 3
months to capture variability at greater resolution. This can be done at limited number of
sites. It is not critical to conduct these short-term studies in all STAs.
Table 7. Level II indicators measured at benchmark sites to capture temporal variability
of floc and soil biogeochemical properties in STAs.
Level II – Floc/Soil [Processes]
Soil oxygen demand
Nutrient fluxes
Organic matter accretion rates
Phosphorus sorption – partition
coefficients, EPC0, sorption maxima
Detrital decomposition-Litterbag
Microbial respiration (aerobic and aerobic)
Potentially mineralizable nitrogen,
phosphorus, and sulfur
Nitrification and denitrification potential
Iron and sulfate reduction
Methanogenesis
Methyl mercury
Frequency of monitoring
0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for one year
0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for one year
0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for one year
0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for one year
0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for one year
0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for one year
0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for one year
0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for one year
0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for one year
0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for one year
0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for one year
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5.0
Data Analysis
The selection of biogeochemical processes and indicator values, appropriate sampling
design, data collection and statistical/geostatistical and mechanistic methods to analyze
floc and soil STA data are inherently linked. Components of a STA floc/soil monitoring
program should include: (1) objectives/hypotheses (expected outcomes), (2) data
collection/sampling, (3) statistical methods/mechanistic models, (4) results: assessment
of magnitude / accuracy / precision / distribution / variability / relationships between
indicators, (5) interpreting indicator values and how they can help guide applied STA
ecosystem management to increase long-term storage of phosphorus in STAs.
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