Glossary
Intermediate School Level
Social Studies
Glossary
English / Punjabi
Translation of Social Studies terms based
on the Coursework for Social Studies
Grades 6 to 8.
Word-for-word glossaries are used for testing
accommodations for ELL/LEP students
Last Updated: 08/18/09
THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT / THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK / ALBANY, NY 12234
THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT / THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK / ALBANY, NY 12234
Education - P-16
Office of Elementary, Middle, Secondary, and Continuing Education and Office of Higher Education
Office of Bilingual Education and Foreign Language Studies
http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/biling/
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
Regents of the University
MERRYL H. TISCH, Chancellor, B.A., M.A., Ed.D. .......................................................................
MILTON L. COFIELD, Vice Chancellor, B.S., M.B.A., Ph.D. .........................................................
ROBERT M. BENNETT, Chancellor Emeritus, B.A., M.S. ...............................................................
SAUL B. COHEN, B.A., M.A., Ph.D................................................................................................
JAMES C. DAWSON, A.A., B.A., M.S., Ph.D. ................................................................................
ANTHONY S. BOTTAR, B.A., J.D. ...................................................................................................
GERALDINE D. CHAPEY, B.A., M.A., Ed.D. .................................................................................
HARRY PHILLIPS, 3rd, B.A., M.S.F.S. ...........................................................................................
JOSEPH E. BOWMAN, JR., B.A., M.L.S., M.A., M.Ed., Ed.D.........................................................
JAMES R. TALLON, JR., B.A., M.A. ...............................................................................................
ROGER TILLES, B.A., J.D. ................................................................................................................
KAREN BROOKS HOPKINS, B.A., M.F.A........................................................................................
CHARLES R. BENDIT, B.A. .............................................................................................................
BETTY A. ROSA, B.A., M.S. in Ed., M.S. in Ed., M.Ed., Ed.D.....................................................
LESTER W. YOUNG, JR., B.S., M.S., Ed. D. .....................................................................................
CHRISTINE D. CEA, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. ..........................................................................................
WADE S. NORWOOD, B.A. .............................................................................................................
New York
Rochester
Tonawanda
New Rochelle
Plattsburgh
Syracuse
Belle Harbor
Hartsdale
Albany
Binghamton
Great Neck
Brooklyn
Manhattan
Bronx
Oakland Gardens
Staten Island
Rochester
Interim President of the University and Commissioner of Education
CAROLE F. HUXLEY
Senior Deputy Commissioner of Education, P–16
JOHANNA DUNCAN-POITIER
Associate Commissioner for Curriculum and Instructional Support
JEAN STEVENS
Coordinator, Office of Bilingual Education and Foreign language Studies
PEDRO J. RUIZ
Acknowledgements:
The New York State Education Department Glossaries for English Language Learners were reviewed and
updated during the 2008-2009 school year. We would like to thank in these efforts the New York State
Education Department Language BETACs (Spanish, Asian and Haitian Bilingual Education Technical
Assistance Centers), the NYS Office of Curriculum, Instruction and Instructional Technology; the New York
City Department of Education Office of English Language Learners, and the NYC Department of Education
Translation and Interpretation Unit.
The State Education Department does not discriminate on the basis of age, color, religion, creed, disability, marital status, veteran
status, national origin, race, gender, genetic predisposition or carrier status, or sexual orientation in its educational programs,
services and activities. Portions of this publication can be made available in a variety of formats, including brailed, large print or
audio tape, upon request. Inquiries concerning this policy of nondiscrimination should be directed to the Department’s Office for
Diversity, Ethics, and Access, Room 530, Education Building, Albany, NY 12234.
ENGLISH
PUNJABI
A
J/
abolition
abuses
acculturation
adaptation
advantages
agrarian
Albany Plan of Union
alien
alliance
alliances
Allied powers
amendment
American Federation of Labor
American Railway Union
American Revolution
American system (Clay)
ancestor
ancestor worship
animism
Annapolis Convention
anthropology
Anti-Federalists
appeasement
apportionment
architectural drawings
army
Articles of Confederation
artifacts
assassination
assassinations
Assembly
astronauts
atomic bomb
austerity
nzs
d[o tos'I
T[s;z;eoD
XkoD eoBk
bkj/
y/sh ;zpzXh
n?bpkBh gbkB nkZc ;zx
J/fbnB
nbkfJz;
nbkfJz;
nbkJhv T[oik
;zzF'XB
w}d{o dk nwoheh ;zx
nwoheh o/bt/ ;zx
neoheh eqKsh
nwoheh gqDkbh (eb/)
g{oti
g{otiK dh g{ik
n?fBfw;w
n?Bkg'fb; ;wM"sk
n++Eq'g'bkZih
r?o-;zxtkdh
s[FNheoD
nkpzNB
tk;s{ fuZsoekoh
;/Bk
wjk;zxh b/y
nkoNhc?eN
jfsnk
jfsnktK
n;?pbh
n?;Nq'BkZN
n?N'fwe pzp
nkZ;NfoNh
PUNJABI
ENGLISH
nkZN'BkZwh
n?ef;; T[oik
n?}N/e;
autonomy
Axis powers
Aztecs
B
baby boom
banking
Berlin airlift
Berlin Wall
bicameral
bicameral legislature
blitzkrieg
Bolshevik Revolution
bonds
British North America Act
Buddhism
business
business organization
C
Camp David Accord
campaign
Canada
Canadian Bill of Rights
canal
Caribbean
categories
Catholics
census reports
Central America
characteristics
checks and balances
chemical warfare
child labor
Christianity
chronological order
ph
p/ph p{w
p+fezr
pofbB J/nofbcN
pofbB tkb
pkJ/e?wob
pkJ/e?wob e~B
pfbN}oh}
p'bFftZe eqKsh
pKv
fpqfNF T[`so nwoheh n?eN
p[ZX
tgko
tgko ;zrmB
;h
e+g v/ftv n?ekov
nfGnkB
eBkvk
eb/fvnkJh fpb nkZc okJhN
e?Bb
e?ohfpnB
tor
e?E'fbe
iB;zfynk fog'oN
e/Idoh nwohek
bZSD
iKu ns/ F/F
o;k:fBe tkoc/no
pkb w}d{o
Jh;kJh ws
ekbkB[eqfwe
ENGLISH
chronology
civil service
Civil War
clan
Cold War
collapse
commerce
common good
communism
communist nations
competition
compromise
Compromise of 1850
Confucianism
conscription
Conservation Day
Constitutional Amendments
Constitutional Convention
construction
consumer society
consumption
containment
continental congress
convention
cooperation
corollary
corporation
corruption
cotton
court cases
credit
Cuban missile crisis
cultural diffusion
cultural diversity
cultural identity
PUNJABI
ekbkB[eqw
Bkroe ;/tk
f;ftb tko
eb?B
e'bv tko
froBk
ekZwo;
;kfonK bJh uzrk
;wokitkd
;wokitks okFNo
gqsh:'frsk
;wM"sk
1850 bJh ;wM"sk
ezc{fFnfB;w
eB;feqgFB
;oZfynD fdB
;zftXkBe ;zF'XB
;zftXkBe ;wM"sk
fBowkD
T[gG'rsk ;';kJhNh
T[gG'r
ezN?Bw/IN
eKfNB/INb eKro/;
;wM"sk
;j:'r
e'o'boh
fBrw
GqFNkuko
ekZNB
e'oN d/ wkwb/
eq/fvN
feT[pB fw;kJhb ;zeN
;z;feqse fvfcT[}B
;z;feqse tZysk
;z;feqse gSkD
PUNJABI
ENGLISH
cultural patterns
cultural understanding
currency
;z;feqse Bw{B/
;z;feqse ;wM
w[dok
vh
D
debate
Democratic Party
democratic society
depression
depressions
deregulation
direct election of Senators
direct versus indirect election
disabled
disadvantages
disarmament
discrimination
diseases
doctrine
domestic
domestic policy
draft riots
Dust Bowl
E
Eastern Hemisphere
economic development
GkFD
b'esKsfoe gkoNh
b'esKsfoe ;';kJhNh
sBkn
sBkn
ftfB:wB
;hB/No d/ gosZy u'D
gosZy pBkw r?o gosZy u'D
n;woEs
B[e;kB
fv;kowkw/IN
G/dGkt
fpwkohnK
vkZeNqhB
xo/b{
xo/b{ gkoNh
vqkcN dzr/
v;N pkT[b
Jh
g{oth r'bkoX
nkoEe ftek;
economies (traditional, command,
market, and mixed)
noEftt;Ek (gozgokrs, ewKv, wkoe/N ns/ fwFos)
elastic clause
electoral
emancipation
Emancipation Proclamation
Embargo Act
emergence
empathy
fJbk;fNe Xkok
u'D
fJw+f;g/FB
fJw+f;g/FB gq'eb/w/FB
n+pkor' n?eN
ngksekb
n+g?Eh
PUNJABI
ENGLISH
enforce laws
English
e~B bkr{ eoBk
nzrq/ih
English colonies (New England, Middle
Atlantic, Southern)
nzrq/ih eb'BhnK (fBT[ fJzrb+v, fwvb n?NbKfNe, dfyZDh)
Enlightenment
equal rights
equality
Era of Good Feelings
escapism
espionage
Espionage Act of 1917
establishment
ethnic
ethnic backgrounds
ethnic neighborhoods
ethnocentrism
European Union
expansionism
n?BbkJhNBw/IN
pokpo nfXeko
;wkBsk
uzrh GktBktK dh ;dh
S[ZgDk
n?;fgnB/}
1917 dk n?;fgnB/}
;EkgBk
ikshJ/
ikshJ/ fgS'eV
ikshJ/ r[nKYh
n?EB';/IfNq;w
:{o'fgnkJh
n?e;g?BFfB}w
F
fact/opinion
famine
Far West
farmer
fauna
federal
“federal” (“national”) government
Federal Reserve Act
federal system
federal union
Federalism
Federalist Papers
Federalists
Filipinos
financial institutions
First Continental Congress
n?c
sZE$ws
c/wkJhB
d{o gfSZw ftZu
fe;kB
c"Bk
;zxh
@@;zxh## (@@okFNoh##) ;oeko
;zxh nkwdB n?eN
;zxh gqDkbh
;zxh JhekJh
;zxsk
;zxh ekriks
;zx ;zpzXh
fcbhfgB'
ftZsh ;z;EktK
gfjbh eKNhB/INb eKro/;
PUNJABI
ENGLISH
flora
foreign
foreign aid
foreign markets
foreign policy
foreign trade
Fort Sumter
Fourteen Points
franchise
freedom trail
French and Indian War
French Revolution
French-Canadian
frontier
fugitive slave laws
cb'ok
ftd/Fh
ftd/Fh wdd
ftd/Fh piko
ftd/Fh Bhsh
ftd/Fh tgko
c'oN ;wNo
u'dK fpzd[
cq?BukJh}
;[szsosk Nq/b
cqK;h;h ns/ Gkosh :[ZX
cqK;h;h eqKsh
cqK;h;h-eB/fvnkJh
cqzBhno
fcT[rhfNt r[bkw e~B
ih
G
gender
genocide
global economy
“Good Neighbor Policy”
graduated income tax
Grange
Great Britain
Great Compromise
Greece
grids
fbzr
fiB';kJhv
rb'pb noEftt;Ek
@@uzrk r[nKYh Bhsh##
rq?i{J/N nkwdB eo
rqK}
rq/N fpqN/B
rq/N ;wM"sk
:{BkB
frqv
n?u
H
Harlem Renaissance
Haymarket Riot
heroes
heroines
Hinduism
historian
historical analysis
jkobw Btu/sBk
j/wkoe/N dzr/
fjo'
fjo'fJB
fjzd{sk
fj;N'fonB
fJshjk;e ftFb/FD
ENGLISH
historical developments
holocaust
human dignity
human rights violations
I
identity
illustrate
impact
impacts
impeachment
imperialism
imperialist
incarceration
Incas
income
income tax
India
indigenous development
industrial
industrial power
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Workers of the World
inflation
initiative
institution
integrity
interactions
international
internment
interrelationships
interstate
interstate commerce
interstate highway system
intervention
PUNJABI
fJshjk;e ftek;
j'b'ekZ;N
wB[Zyh ;BwkB
wB[Zyh nfXekoK dh T[bzxDk
nkJh
gSkD
fw;kb
gqGkt
gqGkt
nfG:'r
;wokitkd
;wokitkdh
fJBeko;/okFB
fJek;
nkwdB
nkwdB eo
Gkos
d/Fh ftek;
T[d:'re
T[d:'re T[oik
T[d:'re eqKsh
d[Bhnk d/ T[d:'re w}d{o
fJBcb/FB
F[o{nks
;z;Ek
fJeZm
go;gfoe feqnk
nzsookFNoh
fJBNoBw/IN
nzso ;zzpzX
fJzNo-;N/N
fJzNo ;N/N ekZwo;
fJzNo ;N/N okiwkor f;;Nw
dyb
PUNJABI
ENGLISH
r?o-podkFs
fBt/F
Fw{bhns
nkJhfoF
fJ;bkw
ftbrB
ftbrBsk
fJNbh
intolerance
investments
involvement
Irish
Islam
isolation
isolationism
Italy
i/
J
Japanese
Japanese-Americans
Jews
Judaism
judicial review
justice
ikgkBh
ikgkBh-nwoheh
fiT{
i[vkfJ}w
fBnK ;whfynk
fBnK
e/
K
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Kellogg-Briand Pact
kinship
Knights of Labor
Korean War
e?B;k;-B/pok;ek n?eN
e?bkZr-fpqnKv g?eN
feBfFg
w}d{oK d/ oZfyne
e'ohnkJh :[ZX
n?b
L
labor markets
labor union
land bridge
Land Ordinance of 1785
Latin America
latitude
League of Nations
legislation
legislature
leisure activities
w}d{o pkiko
w}dPo JhekJh
G{wh dk g[Zb
1785 dk G{wh nkovhB//I;
b/fNB nwohek
b?fNfNT[v
bhr nkZc B/FB;
e~B
e~Bh
wB'oziB ;orowhnK
PUNJABI
ENGLISH
life expectancy
limited government
Lincoln-Douglas debate
literature
longitude
Louisiana Purchase
loyalists
ihtB s'I ng/fynk
;hws ;oeko
fBeB-vrb; fvp/N
;kfjZs
bKfrfNT[v
b'T[f;nkBk yohd
bkZnfb;N
n?w
M
majority rule
Manhattan Project
Manifest Destiny
manufactured goods
manufacturing
Marshall Plan
Mayas
Mayflower Compact
Memorial Day
mercantilism
Mexican War
Mexicans
Middle Ages
middle class
Midwest
military
minorities
minority
Missouri Compromise
mobile society
mobilization
Monroe Doctrine
monuments
Muckrakers
w?i'foNh fB:w
w?Bj?NB gq'i?eN
w?Bhc?;N v?;fNBh
fBofws ;wkB
fBowkD eoBk
wkoFB :'iBk
wkfJnk;
w/cbkto ekZwg?eN
w/w'fonb fdB
woe+Nhfb}w
w?ef;eB :[ZX
w?ef;eB
fwvb J/fi;
fwvb ebk;
fwvt?;N
fwbhNoh
nbZg;zfyne
nbZg;zfyne
fw;"oh ;wM"sk
w'pkJhb ;';kJhNh
rshFhbsk
wkZBokZJ/ vkZeNqhB
w'B[w/IN
wZeo/eo;
n?B
N
NAACP
n?BJ/J/;hgh
ENGLISH
NAFTA
narratives
national
national origins
nationalism
Native American Indians
NATO
natural boundaries
natural resources
naturalization
navigation
navy
Nazi Germany
Nazi Holocaust
Neolithic Revolution
neutrality
New Deal
newspapers
noninterference (“laissez-faire”)
“normalcy”
Northwest Ordinance
nuclear
nuclear families
nuclear family
nullification
O
oil
Open Door Policy
opportunity costs
oppression
oral histories
ordinance
Oregon Territory
overpopulation
PUNJABI
n?BJ/n?cNhJ/
fgS'eV
okFNoh
okFNoh w{b
okFNotkd
okFNoh nwoheh Gkosh
n?BJ/NhU
e[dosh ;hwktK
e[dosh ;z;kXB
e[dosheoD
B/thr/FB
ib ;/Bk
Bk}h iowBh
Bk}h j'b'ek;N
fBUfbfEe eqKsh
fBT[NqfbNh
BthI vhb
;wkuko gZso
r?o - d]b (@@b?;?}-c/no##)
@@BkZow?b;h##
T[so gfSwh nkZovhB/I;
gowkD{
gowkD{ gfotko
gowkD{ gfotko
ewh
U
s/b
UgB v'o gkZfb;h
w"ek bkrs
i[bw
w"fye fJshjk;
nkZovhB/I;
UforkZB gqd/F
tkX{ iB;zfynk
ENGLISH
PUNJABI
P
gh
Panama Canal
Parliament
patriots
patroonship system
peace
peacekeeping
perceptions
periodizations
persecution
Persian Gulf War
perspective
pioneers
plantation
plantation system
pledge of allegiance
policy
political boundaries
political parties
political power
politics
popular vote
population
Populist movement
postwar
Poughkeepsie Convention
poverty
preamble
precedent
Preindustrial Age
President’s cabinet
primary elections
primary sources
principles
privileges
gBkwk e?Bb
gkofbnkw/IN
d/FGrs
d/FGrsh gqDkbh
FKsh
FKsh pDkJ/ oZyDk
gfofdqF
fwnkdheoD
d[Zy
gko;'h rbc :[ZX
gfofdqF
wkordoFB
gbKN/FB
gbKN/FB gqDkbh
nXHBsk dk tuB
gkZfb;h
okiBhse ;hwktK
okiBhse gkoNhnK
okiBhse skes
okiBhsh
wFj{o t'N
iB;zfynk
gkZg[fb;N eqKsh
g';Ntko
g'cehg;h ;wM"sak
rohph
fbZfys ;zftXkB
fdqFNks
g{ot-T[d:'fre ;wK
okFNogsh dh e?phB/N
wZy u'D
w[Zy ;q's
f;XKs
yk; nfXeko
PUNJABI
ENGLISH
proclamation
productivity
profit
progressive
Progressive leaders
prohibition
propaganda
prosperity
protests
psychology
Puritans
pursuit of happiness
fJFsjko
T[sgkdesk
bkj/
gqrshFhb
gqrshFhb B/sk
wBkjh
gq'g?r+vk
;fwqXh
tuB
wkB;esk
fgT[ohNB
y[Fh dk y[Fh
eh:{
Q
e[n?eo
feT[p?e n?eN
e'Nk n?eN
Quakers
Quebec Act
Quota Act
nko
R
racial
racial discrimination
racism
railroads
ratification
rationing
recall
recall election
reconstruction
reductions
referendum
reform
reform movement
regulation
reliability
relief
Renaissance
ikshJ/
ikshJ/ G/dGkt
ikshtkd
o/b o'V
fBFuk
o?FfBzr
foekZb
foekZb u'D
g[Bo-fBowkD
eN"shnK
o?co?Bvw
;[Xko
;[Xko eqKsh
ftfB:w
Go';/ :'rsk
nokw
Btu/sBk
PUNJABI
ENGLISH
reparation
reparations
representation
repression
“Republican” government
Republican Party
resignation
restrict
rights of the minority
river civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt,
China, Indus Valley)
Rome
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt’s Executive Order 8802
Roosevelt’s Treaty of Portsmouth
S
scandals
scholars
scientific
sculpture
secession
Second Continental Congress
secondary sources
sectional
sedition
Sedition Act of 1918
segregation
self-government
Senate
separation of powers
separatism
settlement houses
sharecropping
Shay’s Rebellion
shelter
fog?o/FB
fog?o/FB
gqshfBXhst
dpkt
@@rDszso## ;oeko
rDszso gkoNh
fsnkrgZso
gqskpzXs
nbZg;zfyne nfXeko
Bdh Bkroesk (w/;'g'Nkfwnk, fw;o, uhB, fJzv; t?bh)
o'w
o{;t?bN eo'boh
o{;t?bN dh ekiekoh eqw 8802
o{;t?bN d/ g'oN;wkT[E ;zXh
n?;
ngtkd
ftfdnkoEh
ftfrnkBe
w{[osh pDkT[D dh ebkekoh
nbr j'Dk
;?ezv ezNhB/INb eKro;
d{i/ ;kXB
ftGkrh
dzrk
1918 dk dzrk n?eN
ftS'Vk
;t?-;oeko
;hB/N
FeshnK dk nbr j'Dk
nbrkttkd
;?Nbw/IN xo
F/noeo'fgzr
;?*} o/p/fbnB
FoD
ENGLISH
Sherman Antitrust Act
significance
skilled workers
social commentary
social sciences (anthropology,
economics, geography, history, political
science, psychology, and sociology)
social scientific method
social security
socialism
Socialist Party
sociology
soup kitchens
Southwest
Soviet Union
Spanish-American War
spatial organization
sphere of influence
spiritual beliefs
“spoils system”
Stamp Act
standard of living
state's rights
states’ rights
status quo
statutes
steel
stock market
stock market crash
strategy
sub-Saharan Africa
suffrage
Supreme Court decision
T
Tammany Hall
PUNJABI
F/ow?B n?INhNoF n?eN
wjst
i'r eowukoh
;wkie fNgZDh
;wkie ftfrnkB (wB{zy ftfrnkB, noEFk;so, G[r'b,
fJsjk;, okiB?se ftfrnkB, wB'ftfrnkB ns/
;wkiFk;so)
;wkie ftfrnkBe sohek
;wkie ;[oZfynk
;wki szso
;'fFnkfbFN gkoNh
;wki ftfrnkB
;{g o;'Jhxo
dZyDgZSw
;'ftns :{BhnB
;g/fBF-nw/foeh :{ZX
;EkZBe ;zrmB
dpkt uZeo
Xkowe ftFtk;
**ftrkV gqDkbh**
;N?Iw n?eN
ihD dk ;Zso
oki d/ nfXeko
oki nfXeko
gfjbh fijh ;ZfEsh
eBz{B
;Nhb
;N'e wkofeN
;N'e wkofeN ftZr froktN
ekoiBhsh
T[[g-;jkoB ncqhek
wZs nfXeko
;{gohw e'oN fBoD/
Nh
N?wBh jkb
PUNJABI
ENGLISH
tariff
tariffs
tax
temperance
territorial expansion
territory
three-fifths compromise
timeframes
totalitarian
totalitarian societies
Townsend Plan
trade
treaties (Citizen Genet, Jay, and
Pinckney)
treaty
trends
triangular trade
tribe
Truman Doctrine
trust
trusts
Tweed Ring
do ;{uh
do ;{uh
eo
goj/i
okFNoh c?bk
y/so
shik-gzitk ;wM"sk
;wK;{uh
N'NbfJN/fonB
N'NbfJN/fonB ;';kfJNh
NkT{B;?Iv gbkB
tgko
;[bjBkwk (f;NhiB i?B/N, i/ ns/ fgzeB/)
;[bjBkwk
gotosh
fse'Bk tgko
iBiksh
No{w?B vkZeNohB
ftFtk;
ftFtk;
Nthv fozr
:{{
U
underground railroad
unemployment
Union
unionize
United Nations
G{whrs o/bo'v
p/o[irko
iE/pzdh
iE/pzdh pDkT[Dk
;zi[rs okFNo
United Nations Universal Declaration of
Human Rights
wB{zy nfXekoK dh ;zi[rs okFNo dh t?Fte x'FDk
th
V
Versailles Treaty
Veterans Day
veto
Vietnam War
to;/b; NqhNh
t/Noz; v/
thN'
ftnsBkw tko
PUNJABI
ENGLISH
fgzv
village
vpbh:{
W
wage
wages
Wagner Act
war bonds
War of 1812
Warsaw Pact
waterway
Western Hemisphere
westward expansion
westward migration
Whiskey Rebellion
white collar
white-collar employees
women’s rights
women’s suffrage
workforce
working conditions
Works Progress Administration
World Court
world power
World War I
World War II
worldviews
wid{oh
wid{oh
t/rBo n?eN
:{ZX p'Iv
1812 dk :{ZX
tko;kn g?eN
Bhjo
gZSwh j?w;c/no
gZSwh dh soc c?bk
gZSw tb gotk;B
th;eh ohp/fbnB
fuZNk ekbo
fuZN/-ekbo eowukoh
n"osK d/ nfXeko
n"osK dk wZs nfXeko
ezwFesh
ezw dFktK
ezw soZeh gqpzX
ftFt ndkbs
ftFt Fesh
ftFt :{ZX 1
ftFt :{ZX 2
ftFtdoFNh
tkJh
Y
Yalta Conference
“yellow journalism”
:kbsk ;zw/bB
**:/b' gsoekfosk**