Glossary
Intermediate School Level
Social Studies
Glossary
English / Hindi
Translation of Social Studies terms based
on the Coursework for Social Studies
Grades 6 to 8.
Word-for-word glossaries are used for testing
accommodations for ELL/LEP students
Last Updated: 08/18/09
THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT / THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK / ALBANY, NY 12234
THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT / THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK / ALBANY, NY 12234
Education - P-16
Office of Elementary, Middle, Secondary, and Continuing Education and Office of Higher Education
Office of Bilingual Education and Foreign Language Studies
http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/biling/
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
Regents of the University
MERRYL H. TISCH, Chancellor, B.A., M.A., Ed.D. .......................................................................
MILTON L. COFIELD, Vice Chancellor, B.S., M.B.A., Ph.D. .........................................................
ROBERT M. BENNETT, Chancellor Emeritus, B.A., M.S. ...............................................................
SAUL B. COHEN, B.A., M.A., Ph.D................................................................................................
JAMES C. DAWSON, A.A., B.A., M.S., Ph.D. ................................................................................
ANTHONY S. BOTTAR, B.A., J.D. ...................................................................................................
GERALDINE D. CHAPEY, B.A., M.A., Ed.D. .................................................................................
HARRY PHILLIPS, 3rd, B.A., M.S.F.S. ...........................................................................................
JOSEPH E. BOWMAN, JR., B.A., M.L.S., M.A., M.Ed., Ed.D.........................................................
JAMES R. TALLON, JR., B.A., M.A. ...............................................................................................
ROGER TILLES, B.A., J.D. ................................................................................................................
KAREN BROOKS HOPKINS, B.A., M.F.A........................................................................................
CHARLES R. BENDIT, B.A. .............................................................................................................
BETTY A. ROSA, B.A., M.S. in Ed., M.S. in Ed., M.Ed., Ed.D.....................................................
LESTER W. YOUNG, JR., B.S., M.S., Ed. D. .....................................................................................
CHRISTINE D. CEA, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. ..........................................................................................
WADE S. NORWOOD, B.A. .............................................................................................................
New York
Rochester
Tonawanda
New Rochelle
Plattsburgh
Syracuse
Belle Harbor
Hartsdale
Albany
Binghamton
Great Neck
Brooklyn
Manhattan
Bronx
Oakland Gardens
Staten Island
Rochester
Interim President of the University and Commissioner of Education
CAROLE F. HUXLEY
Senior Deputy Commissioner of Education, P–16
JOHANNA DUNCAN-POITIER
Associate Commissioner for Curriculum and Instructional Support
JEAN STEVENS
Coordinator, Office of Bilingual Education and Foreign language Studies
PEDRO J. RUIZ
Acknowledgements:
The New York State Education Department Glossaries for English Language Learners were reviewed and
updated during the 2008-2009 school year. We would like to thank in these efforts the New York State
Education Department Language BETACs (Spanish, Asian and Haitian Bilingual Education Technical
Assistance Centers), the NYS Office of Curriculum, Instruction and Instructional Technology; the New York
City Department of Education Office of English Language Learners, and the NYC Department of Education
Translation and Interpretation Unit.
The State Education Department does not discriminate on the basis of age, color, religion, creed, disability, marital status, veteran
status, national origin, race, gender, genetic predisposition or carrier status, or sexual orientation in its educational programs,
services and activities. Portions of this publication can be made available in a variety of formats, including brailed, large print or
audio tape, upon request. Inquiries concerning this policy of nondiscrimination should be directed to the Department’s Office for
Diversity, Ethics, and Access, Room 530, Education Building, Albany, NY 12234.
ENGLISH
HINDI
A
,
abolition
abuses
acculturation
adaptation
advantages
agrarian
Albany Plan of Union
alien
alliance
alliances
Allied powers
amendment
American Federation of Labor
American Railway Union
American Revolution
American system (Clay)
ancestor
ancestor worship
animism
Annapolis Convention
anthropology
Anti-Federalists
appeasement
apportionment
architectural drawings
army
Articles of Confederation
artifacts
assassination
assassinations
Assembly
astronauts
atomic bomb
austerity
mUewyu
nqO;Zogkj
laL—fr le>uk
:ikarj.k
ykHk mBkuk
Hkw laca/kh
la?k dh vyckuh ;kstuk
nwljs xzg ls vk, izk.kh
lgca/k
lgca/kksa
fe= 'kfDr;ka
la'kks/ku
Je dk vejhdh la?k
vejhdh jsy la?k
vejhdh Økafr
vejhdh ra= ¼Dys½
iwoZt
iwoZt iwtk
czg~eokn
,ukWiksfyl lEesyu
kjhj 'kkL=
la?kokn fojks/kh
rqf"Vdj.k
caVokjk
f'kYifo|k fp=dkjh
lsuk
la?kVu ds varfuZ;e
ekuo —fr
o/k
o/kksa
fo/kkulHkk
varfj{k;k=h
v.kq ce
vkRela;e
ENGLISH
HINDI
Lok;Ùkrk
autonomy
Axis powers
Aztecs
v{k 'kfDr;ka
vejhdh bafM;u
ch
B
baby boom
banking
Berlin airlift
Berlin Wall
bicameral
bicameral legislature
blitzkrieg
Bolshevik Revolution
bonds
British North America Act
Buddhism
business
business organization
csch cwe
cSafdx
cfyZu ok;qogu
cfyZu dh nhokj
f}lnuh
f}lnuh fo/kkueaMy
ceckjh
cksy'ksfod Økafr
vkca/k
fczfV'k mÙkj vejhdk vf/kfu;e
ckS)okn
O;kikj
O;kikjh laxBu
lh
C
Camp David Accord
campaign
Canada
Canadian Bill of Rights
canal
Caribbean
categories
Catholics
census reports
Central America
characteristics
checks and balances
chemical warfare
child labor
Christianity
chronological order
dSai MsfoM ds vuqlkj
vfHk;ku
dukMk
dukMk dk vf/kdkj dk dkuwu
ugj
dSfjfc;u
Jsf.k;ka
dSFkfyDl
tula[;k fjiksVZ
e/; vejhdk
fo'ks"krk,a
fu;a=.k o larqyu
jklk;fud ;q)
cky Je
bZlkbZ;r
dkyØe
ENGLISH
chronology
civil service
Civil War
clan
Cold War
collapse
commerce
common good
communism
communist nations
competition
compromise
Compromise of 1850
Confucianism
conscription
Conservation Day
Constitutional Amendments
Constitutional Convention
construction
consumer society
consumption
containment
continental congress
convention
cooperation
corollary
corporation
corruption
cotton
court cases
credit
Cuban missile crisis
cultural diffusion
cultural diversity
cultural identity
HINDI
dkyfu.kZ; 'kkL=
flfoy lsok
x`g ;q)
tkfr
khr ;q)
{k;
okf.kT;
lkekU; vPNk
lkE;okn
lkE;oknh jk"Vª
izfr;ksfxrk
le>kSrk
1850 dk le>kSrk
dUQwf'k;okn
vfuok;Z lSU; HkrhZ
laj{k.k fnol
laoS/kkfud la'kks/ku
laoS/kkfud lEesyu
fuekZ.k
miHkksDrk lekt
miHkksx
fu;af=r j[kuk
egk}hih; jktuhfrd la?k
lEesyu
lg;ksx
ifj.kke
dkiksZjs'ku
Hkz"Vkpkj
dikl
vnkyrh ekeys
m/kkj
D;wckbZ felkby ladV
lkaL—frd folkj
lkaL—frd fHkUurk
lkaL—frd igpku
ENGLISH
cultural patterns
cultural understanding
currency
HINDI
lkaL—frd Lo:i
lkaL—frd le>
eqnzk
Mh
D
debate
Democratic Party
democratic society
depression
depressions
deregulation
direct election of Senators
direct versus indirect election
disabled
disadvantages
disarmament
discrimination
diseases
doctrine
domestic
domestic policy
draft riots
Dust Bowl
cgl
turkaf=d ny
turkaf=d lekt
eanh
eafn;ka
vfofu;eu
lkalnksa dk izR;{k pquko
izR;{k fo:) vizR;{k pquko
viax
gkfu;ka
fujL=hdj.k
foospu
chekfj;ka
fl)kar
?kjsyw
?kjsyw uhfr
izk:Ik minzo
/kwy dk I;kyk
bZ
E
Eastern Hemisphere
economic development
economies (traditional, command,
market, and mixed)
elastic clause
electoral
emancipation
Emancipation Proclamation
Embargo Act
emergence
empathy
enforce laws
iwohZ; xksyk/kZ
vkfFkZd fodkl
vFkZ O;oLFkk,a ¼ijaijkxr] lekns'k] cktkj o fefJr½
izR;kLFk /kkjk
pquko laca/kh
eqfDr
eqfDr ?kks"k.kk
canjxkg ij vkus dh :dkoV dk vf/kfu;e
ladV
lgkuqHkwfr
dkuwu izorZu
ENGLISH
English
English colonies (New England, Middle
Atlantic, Southern)
Enlightenment
equal rights
equality
Era of Good Feelings
escapism
espionage
Espionage Act of 1917
establishment
ethnic
ethnic backgrounds
ethnic neighborhoods
ethnocentrism
European Union
expansionism
HINDI
vaxzsth
vaxzsth mifuos'k ¼U;w baXySaM] feMy vVykafVd] lnuZ½
Kku izkfIr
lekukf/kdkj
lekurk
izlUurk dk ;qx
iyk;uokn
xqIrpjh
1917 dk xqIrpjh vf/kfu;e
izfr"Bku
tkfr laca/kh
tkfr laca/kh i`"BHkwfe
tkfr laca/kh iM+ksl
viuh laL—fruqlkj nwljh laL—fr dk ewY;kadu
;wjksih; la?k
foLrkjokn
,Q
F
fact/opinion
famine
Far West
farmer
fauna
federal
“federal” (“national”) government
Federal Reserve Act
federal system
federal union
Federalism
Federalist Papers
Federalists
Filipinos
financial institutions
First Continental Congress
flora
rF;@er
vdky
lqnwj if'pe
fdlku
i'kqoxZ
la?kh;
^^la?kh;** ¼^^jk"Vªh;**½ ljdkj
la?kh; vkj{k.k vf/kfu;e
la?kh; iz.kkyh
la?kh; la?k
la?kokn
la?kh; nLrkost
la?kh
fQyhihuh
foÙkh; laLFkku
izFke egk}hih; jktuhfrd la?k
isM+&ikS/ks
ENGLISH
foreign
foreign aid
foreign markets
foreign policy
foreign trade
Fort Sumter
Fourteen Points
franchise
freedom trail
French and Indian War
French Revolution
French-Canadian
frontier
fugitive slave laws
HINDI
fons'k
fons'kh lgk;rk
fons'kh cktkj
fons'k uhfr
fons'k O;kikj
fdyk lqeVsj
pkSng eqn~ns
eqDrka'k
Lora=rk vuqfpUg
Ýkalhlh o bafM;u ;q)
Ýkalhlh Økafr
Ýkalhlh&dukMkbZ
lhekar
HkxksM+k xqyke dkuwu
th
G
gender
genocide
global economy
“Good Neighbor Policy”
graduated income tax
Grange
Great Britain
Great Compromise
Greece
grids
fyax
ujlagkj
oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk
^^vPNk iM+kslh uhfr**
foHkkfxr vk;dj
[kfygku lfgr
xzsV fczVsu
egku le>kSrk
xzhl
<kaps
,p
H
Harlem Renaissance
Haymarket Riot
heroes
heroines
Hinduism
historian
historical analysis
historical developments
holocaust
human dignity
gkysZe fo|k tkxj.k dky
gsekdsZV minzo
uk;d
ukf;dk,a
fganqokn
bfrgklosÙkk
,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k
,sfrgkfld fodkl
;gwfn;ksa dk teZuh esa ujlagkj
ekuoh; xfjek
ENGLISH
human rights violations
HINDI
ekuokf/kdkj mYya?ku
vkbZ
I
identity
illustrate
impact
impacts
impeachment
imperialism
imperialist
incarceration
Incas
income
income tax
India
indigenous development
industrial
industrial power
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Workers of the World
inflation
initiative
institution
integrity
interactions
international
internment
interrelationships
interstate
interstate commerce
interstate highway system
intervention
intolerance
investments
involvement
Irish
igpku
lfp=
izHkko
izHkkoksa
egkfHk;ksx
lkezkT;okn
lkezkT;oknh
ca/ku
badk&nf{k.k vejhdk dh ,d iztkfr
vk;
vk;dj
Hkkjr
Lons'kksRiUu fodkl
m|ksx
vkS|ksfxd 'kfDr
vkS|ksfxd Øakfr
fo'o ds vkS|ksfxd Jfed
eqnzkLQhrh
igy
laLFkku
v[kaMrk
ijLij dk;Z
varjkZ"Vªh;
utjcanh
varj&laca/k
varjkZT;h;
varjkZT;h; okf.kT;
varjkZT;h; gkbZos ra=
gLr{ksi
vlfg".kqrk
fuos'k
'kkfey gksuk
vk;fj'k
ENGLISH
HINDI
bLyke
Islam
isolation
isolationism
Italy
i`FkdRo
izFkdrkokn
bVyh
ts
J
Japanese
Japanese-Americans
Jews
Judaism
judicial review
justice
K
Kansas-Nebraska Act
tkikuh
Kellogg-Briand Pact
dsykWx&czSaM laf/k
kinship
Knights of Labor
Korean War
fj'rsnkjh
tkikuh&vejhdh
;gwnh
;gwnh /keZ
U;kf;d leh{kk
U;k;
ds
dalkl&uscjkLdk vf/kfu;e
Je ;ks)k
dksfj;kbZ ;q)
,y
L
labor markets
Je cktkj
labor union
Jfed laxBu
land bridge
Land Ordinance of 1785
Latin America
latitude
League of Nations
legislation
legislature
leisure activities
life expectancy
limited government
Lincoln-Douglas debate
literature
longitude
Louisiana Purchase
tehuh iqy
1785 dk Hkw v/;kns'k
ykfruh vejhdk
v{kka'k
la;qDr jk"Vª ifj"kn
O;oLFkkiu
fo/kku eaMy
QqlZrh xfrfof/k;ka
thou dh vis{kk
lhfer 'kklu
fyadu&Mxyl cgl
lkfgR;
ns'kka'k
yqbflvkuk [kjhn
ENGLISH
HINDI
oQknkj
loyalists
,e
M
majority rule
cgqla[;d 'kklu
Manhattan Project
eSugV~Vu miØe
Manifest Destiny
manufactured goods
manufacturing
Marshall Plan
Mayas
Mayflower Compact
Memorial Day
mercantilism
Mexican War
Mexicans
Middle Ages
middle class
Midwest
military
minorities
minority
Missouri Compromise
mobile society
mobilization
Monroe Doctrine
monuments
Muckrakers
N
NAACP
lqLi"V fu;fr
NAFTA
uk¶~Vk
narratives
national
national origins
nationalism
Native American Indians
o`rkar
mRikfnr eky
mRiknu
ek'kZy }hi ;kstuk
ek;k&nf{k.k vejhdk dh ,d iztkfr
l?ku es¶~ykoj
Lekjd fnol
O;kikjokn
eSfDldks ;q)
eSfDldUl
e/; ;qx
e/;oxZ
e/;if'pe
lasuk
vYila[;dksa
vYila[;d
felwjh le>kSrk
pfyr lekt
;q) esa izo`Ùk djuk
eksujks fl)kar
Lekjd
izfl) gfLr;ksa dh [kcjsa izdkf'kr djuk
,u
,u,,lhih
jk"Vªh;
jk"Vªh; mn~xe
jk"Vªh;rk
ewy vejhdh bafM;u
ENGLISH
HINDI
NATO
natural boundaries
natural resources
naturalization
navigation
navy
Nazi Germany
Nazi Holocaust
Neolithic Revolution
neutrality
New Deal
newspapers
noninterference (“laissez-faire”)
“normalcy”
Northwest Ordinance
nuclear
nuclear families
nuclear family
nullification
O
oil
ukWVks
Open Door Policy
[kqyk }kj uhfr
opportunity costs
oppression
oral histories
ordinance
Oregon Territory
overpopulation
volj ykxr
izk—frd lhek,a
izk—frd lalk/ku
iz—frdj.k
ukSpkyu
ukSlsuk
ukth teZuh
ukth ujlagkj
ik"kk.kdkyhu Økafr
rVLFkrk
u;k lkSnk
lekpkji=
vgLr{ksi
lkekU; n'kk
mÙkjif'peh v/;kns'k
ukfHkdh;
ukfHkdh; ifjokj
ukfHkdh; ifjokj
fu"Qyhdj.k
vks
rsy
mRihM+u
ekSf[kd bfrgkl
v/;kns'k
vksjsxkWu jkT;{ks=
vfrtula[;k
ih
P
Panama Canal
iukek ugj
Parliament
laln
patriots
patroonship system
peace
ns'kHkDr
isVªwuf'ki iz.kkyh
kkafr
ENGLISH
peacekeeping
perceptions
periodizations
persecution
Persian Gulf War
perspective
pioneers
plantation
plantation system
pledge of allegiance
policy
political boundaries
political parties
political power
politics
popular vote
population
Populist movement
postwar
Poughkeepsie Convention
poverty
preamble
precedent
Preindustrial Age
President’s cabinet
primary elections
primary sources
principles
privileges
proclamation
productivity
profit
progressive
Progressive leaders
prohibition
HINDI
kkafr cuk, j[kuk
cks/k
vof/kdj.k
ck/kk
bZjkuh [kkM+h ;q)
ifjizs{;
vxz.kh
o`{kkjksi.k
o`{kkjksi.k iz.kkyh
fu"Bk dh izfrKk djuk
uhfr
jktuhfrd lhek,a
jktuhfrd ny
jktuhfrd 'kfDr
jktuhfr
yksdfiz; er
tula[;k
lkekU;tu vkanksyu
;q) Ik'pkr
iksQdhilh lEesyu
xjhch
izLrkouk
n`"Vkar
vkS|ksfxdhdj.k iwoZ dky
jk"Vªifr dk dkchuk
izkFfed pquko
izkFfed lzksr
fl)kar
fo'ks"kkf/kdkj
?kks"k.kk
mRikndrk
ykHk
izxfr'khy
izxfr'khy usrk
u'kkcanh
ENGLISH
HINDI
propaganda
prosperity
protests
psychology
Puritans
pursuit of happiness
Q
Quakers
izpkj
Quebec Act
D;wcsd vf/kfu;e
Quota Act
fu;rka'k vf/kfu;e
le`f)
fojks/k
euksfoKku
I;wjhVUl ¼,d bZlkbZ iaFk½
vkuUn dh [kkst
D;w
'kkafr lfefr ds lnL;
vkj
R
racial
tkfr fo'ks"krk
racial discrimination
tkfr Hksn
racism
railroads
ratification
rationing
recall
recall election
reconstruction
reductions
referendum
reform
reform movement
regulation
reliability
relief
Renaissance
reparation
reparations
representation
repression
“Republican” government
Republican Party
uLyokn
jsyekxZ
laiqf"V
jk'ku O;oLFkk
okil cqykuk
pquko okil cqykuk
iqu%fuekZ.k
dVkSrh
tuer laxzg
lq/kkj
lq/kkj vkanksyu
fofu;eu
fo'oluh;rk
lgk;rk
fo|k tkxj.k dky
{kfriwfrZ
{kfriwfrZ;ka
izfrfuf/kRo
fujks/k
^^fjifCydu** ljdkj
fjifCydu ny
ENGLISH
HINDI
resignation
restrict
rights of the minority
river civilizations (Mesopotamia, Egypt,
China, Indus Valley)
Rome
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt’s Executive Order 8802
Roosevelt’s Treaty of Portsmouth
S
scandals
R;kxi=
scholars
LdkWyj
scientific
sculpture
secession
Second Continental Congress
secondary sources
sectional
sedition
Sedition Act of 1918
segregation
self-government
Senate
separation of powers
separatism
settlement houses
sharecropping
Shay’s Rebellion
shelter
Sherman Antitrust Act
significance
skilled workers
social commentary
oSKkfud
izfrca/k yxkuk
vYila[;d vf/kdkj
unh lH;rk,a ¼eslksiksVsfe;k] felz] phu] fla/kq ?kkVh½
jkse
:tosYV ifj.kke
:tosYV dk dk;Zdkjh vkns'k 8802
:tosYV dh iksVZLekmFk laf/k
,l
LdSaMy
izfrek
ikFkZD;
f}rh; egk}hih; jktuhfrd la?k
xkSM+ lzksr
[kaM laca/kh
jktnzksg
1918 dk jktnzksg vf/kfu;e
vyxko
Lo&'kklu
laln
kfDr dk i`FkDdj.k
i`FkDdj.kokn
O;oLFkk vkokl
caVkbZ
'ks dk fonzksgh
vkJ;
'keZu ,aVhVªLV ¼,dkf/kdkj fu;a=.k½ vf/kfu;e
izfr"Bk
dq'ky Jfed
lkekftd O;k[;k
ENGLISH
HINDI
social sciences (anthropology,
economics, geography, history, political
science, psychology, and sociology)
lekt foKku ¼'kjhj 'kkL=] vFkZ'kkL=] Hkwxksy] bfrgkl] jktuhfr foKku]
euksfoKku o lekt 'kkL=½+B464
social scientific method
lkekftd oSKkfud rjhdk
social security
lkekftd lqj{kk
socialism
Socialist Party
sociology
soup kitchens
Southwest
Soviet Union
Spanish-American War
spatial organization
sphere of influence
spiritual beliefs
“spoils system”
Stamp Act
standard of living
state's rights
states’ rights
status quo
statutes
steel
stock market
stock market crash
strategy
sub-Saharan Africa
suffrage
Supreme Court decision
T
Tammany Hall
lektokn
tariff
nj lwph
tariffs
nj lwph
lektoknh ny
lekt'kkL=
yaxj
nf{k.kif'pe
lksfo;r la?k
Lisuh&vejhdh ;q)
LFkkfud laxBu
izHkko {ks=
vk/;kfRed fo'okl
ny ds yksxksa dk Hkyk djus dk ra=
LVSai vf/kfu;e
thou Lrj
jkT; ds vf/kdkj
jkT;ksa ds vf/kdkj
;FkkiwoZ
dkuwu
QkSykn
ks;j cktkj
ks;j cktkj <guk
j.kuhfr
mi&lgkjk vÝhdk
erkf/kdkj
mPpre U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ;
Vh
Hkz"V jktuhfrd ny
ENGLISH
HINDI
tax
temperance
territorial expansion
territory
three-fifths compromise
timeframes
totalitarian
totalitarian societies
Townsend Plan
trade
treaties (Citizen Genet, Jay, and
Pinckney)
treaty
trends
triangular trade
tribe
Truman Doctrine
trust
trusts
Tweed Ring
U
underground railroad
dj
unemployment
csdkjh
Union
unionize
United Nations
United Nations Universal Declaration of
Human Rights
V
Versailles Treaty
la?k
Veterans Day
nh?kkZuqHkoh fnol
veto
Vietnam War
village
fu"ks/kkf/kdkj
la;e ifjferrk
jkT; foLrkj
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rhu&iapkbZ le>kSrk
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O;kikj
laf/k;ka ¼flfVtu tsusV] ts o fiaduh½
laf/k
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f=i{kh; O;kikj
tutkfr
VªweSu fl)kar
fo'okl
fo'oklksa
Åuh xksyk
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Hkwfexr jsyekxZ
la?khdj.k
la;qDr jk"Vª
la;qDr jk"Vª dk tkxfrd ekuokf/kdkj ?kks"k.kki=
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olsZYl laf/k
fo;ruke ;q)
xkao
W
MCY;w
ENGLISH
HINDI
wage
etnwjh
wages
etnwfj;ka
Wagner Act
war bonds
War of 1812
Warsaw Pact
waterway
Western Hemisphere
westward expansion
westward migration
Whiskey Rebellion
white collar
white-collar employees
women’s rights
women’s suffrage
workforce
working conditions
Works Progress Administration
World Court
world power
World War I
World War II
worldviews
Y
Yalta Conference
ostuj vf/kfu;e
“yellow journalism”
;q) ca/ku
1812 dk ;q)
okjlk laf/k
tyekxZ
if'peh xksyk/kZ
if'peh foLrkj
if'peh izokl
fOgLdh Økafrdkjh
lQsn dkWyj
lQsn dkWyj deZpkjh
efgykf/kdkj
efgyk erkf/kdkj
dk;Z'kfDr
dk;Z fLFkfr;ka
dk;Z izxfr iz'kklu
fo'o vnkyr
fo'o 'kfDr
fo'o ;q) 1
fo'o ;q) 2
fo'o n`f"V;ka
okbZ
;kYVk lEesyu
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