Glossary
Elementary School Level
Social Studies
Glossary
English / Punjabi
Translation of Social Studies terms based
on the Coursework for Social Studies
Grades 3 to 5.
Word-for-word glossaries are used for testing
accommodations for ELL/LEP students
Last Updated: 08/10/09
THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT / THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK / ALBANY, NY 12234
THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT / THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK / ALBANY, NY 12234
Education - P-16
Office of Elementary, Middle, Secondary, and Continuing Education and Office of Higher Education
Office of Bilingual Education and Foreign Language Studies
http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/biling/
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
Regents of the University
MERRYL H. TISCH, Chancellor, B.A., M.A., Ed.D. .......................................................................
MILTON L. COFIELD, Vice Chancellor, B.S., M.B.A., Ph.D. .........................................................
ROBERT M. BENNETT, Chancellor Emeritus, B.A., M.S. ...............................................................
SAUL B. COHEN, B.A., M.A., Ph.D................................................................................................
JAMES C. DAWSON, A.A., B.A., M.S., Ph.D. ................................................................................
ANTHONY S. BOTTAR, B.A., J.D. ...................................................................................................
GERALDINE D. CHAPEY, B.A., M.A., Ed.D. .................................................................................
HARRY PHILLIPS, 3rd, B.A., M.S.F.S. ...........................................................................................
JOSEPH E. BOWMAN, JR., B.A., M.L.S., M.A., M.Ed., Ed.D.........................................................
JAMES R. TALLON, JR., B.A., M.A. ...............................................................................................
ROGER TILLES, B.A., J.D. ................................................................................................................
KAREN BROOKS HOPKINS, B.A., M.F.A........................................................................................
CHARLES R. BENDIT, B.A. .............................................................................................................
BETTY A. ROSA, B.A., M.S. in Ed., M.S. in Ed., M.Ed., Ed.D.....................................................
LESTER W. YOUNG, JR., B.S., M.S., Ed. D. .....................................................................................
CHRISTINE D. CEA, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. ..........................................................................................
WADE S. NORWOOD, B.A. .............................................................................................................
New York
Rochester
Tonawanda
New Rochelle
Plattsburgh
Syracuse
Belle Harbor
Hartsdale
Albany
Binghamton
Great Neck
Brooklyn
Manhattan
Bronx
Oakland Gardens
Staten Island
Rochester
Interim President of the University and Commissioner of Education
CAROLE F. HUXLEY
Senior Deputy Commissioner of Education, P–16
JOHANNA DUNCAN-POITIER
Associate Commissioner for Curriculum and Instructional Support
JEAN STEVENS
Coordinator, Office of Bilingual Education and Foreign language Studies
PEDRO J. RUIZ
Acknowledgements:
The New York State Education Department Glossaries for English Language Learners were reviewed and
updated during the 2008-2009 school year. We would like to thank in these efforts the New York State
Education Department Language BETACs (Spanish, Asian and Haitian Bilingual Education Technical
Assistance Centers), the NYS Office of Curriculum, Instruction and Instructional Technology; the New York
City Department of Education Office of English Language Learners, and the NYC Department of Education
Translation and Interpretation Unit.
The State Education Department does not discriminate on the basis of age, color, religion, creed, disability, marital status, veteran
status, national origin, race, gender, genetic predisposition or carrier status, or sexual orientation in its educational programs,
services and activities. Portions of this publication can be made available in a variety of formats, including brailed, large print or
audio tape, upon request. Inquiries concerning this policy of nondiscrimination should be directed to the Department’s Office for
Diversity, Ethics, and Access, Room 530, Education Building, Albany, NY 12234.
ENGLISH
PUNJABI
A
A.D.
abilities
absence of government
absentee ballot
accomplishments
achievements
acid rain
across time and place
action plan
activities
adults
aerial photographs
AFL-CIO
Africa
agriculture
Algonquians
alike/different
allegiance
alternative solutions
altiplano
altitude
amendment
American democracy: ideals,
values/principles of
American Revolution, the Americas
Americas
ancestor
Antarctic Circle
Antarctica
anthem
appoint
appointed leaders
appointed office
archaeologists
Arctic Circle
areas
arid
art
artifacts
fJ;th ;zB ftZu
:'rsktK
;oeko dh p/fXnkBh
n?p;/INh p?bN
g{osh
ekw:kph
nwbh toyk
g{ok ;wK ns/ EK
ekoiekoh :'iBk
feqnktK
pkbr
J/fonb s;thoK
J/n?cn?b-;hnkJhU
ncohek
y/shpkVh
n?brkZBe/B;
n;wkB$tZy
d/F-Grsh
t?ebgZe ;wkXkB
n?bNhgbkB'
bzwk
;zF'aXB
nwoheh b'eszsoL nkdoF, w[Zb$f;XKs
nwoheh eqKsh, dk nwohek;
nwohek;
tv/ok
n?INkoefNe uZeo
n?INkoefNe
rhs
fBFfus eoBk
fB:[es B/sk
fB:[es d\so
g[oksB ftfrnkB
nkoefNe uZeo
y/soK
pzio
ebk
fFbgeqsh
ENGLISH
assembly
assembly line
authority
autobiographies
autobiography
automobiles
availability
avenues of participation
aztecs
PUNJABI
n;/Ipbh
n;/I/pbh o'yk
nfXeoD
nksweEktK
nksweEk
nkZN'w'pkJhb
T[gbpZXsk
Gkrhdkoh d/ nt?fBT{
n?}N/e;
B
B.C.
backgrounds
barter
basic
basin
Battle of Quebec
battles
before/after
belief
belief system
beliefs
Bill of Rights
biographies
biography
bodies of water
border
Boston Tea Party
boundary
boycott
branches of government
British North America Act
budget
fJ;k s'I gfjb/
fgS'eV
tNKdok
w{b
p/f;B
e:[p/e dh bVkJh
bVkJh
gfjb/$pkd ftZu
ftFtkF
ftFtkF gQDkbh
ftFtkF
nfXekoK dk fpb
ihtBh
ihtBh
ib XkoktK
;ojd
p';NB Nh gkoNh
;hwk
pkJhekN
;oeko dh FkyktK
fpfofNF T[Zsoh nw/foek n?eN
piN
C
cabinet
cable
calendar
campaign
Canada
Canadian Bill of Rights
wzsoh wzvb
e/pb
e?b/Ivo
w[fjw
eBkvk
nfXekoK dk eB/fvnB fpb
ENGLISH
canal
capital (state and money)
capital goods
capital resources
capitalism
cardinal directions
cause
celebrate
celebration
celebrations
census
Central America
century
change
checks and balances
child labor
children
Chippewa
choice
choices
citizen
citizenship
civic life
civic values
civil rights
civil rights movement
civil wars
civilization
civilizations
clans
classroom
climate
clothing
collect taxes
colonial
colonial governments
colonies
colonists
colony
Committees of Correspondence
PUNJABI
Bjo
okiXkBh iK g{zih
g{zihrs wkb
g{zihrs ;z;kXB
g{zihtkd
w[Zy fBod/F
ekoD
wBkT[Dk
got
got
iBrDBk
;/INQb nw/foek
Fskpdh
pdbBk
u?e ns/ p?b/I;
pkb wid{oh
pZu/
fug/tk
ftebZg, u'D
ftebZgK, u'DK
Bkroe
Bkroesk
Bkroe ihtB
Bkroe wkB
Bkroe nfXekoK
Bkroe nfXeko nKd'bB
roj:[ZX
;Gsk
;GsktK
vpo
iwks ewok
nkp'jtk
egV/ gjBktK
eo ;zrqjD
p;shtkd
p;shtkd ;oekoK
eb'BhnK
eb'fB;N
eb'Bh
gsZokuko dh ew/NhnK
ENGLISH
common good
commonwealth
Commonwealth of Nations
communication
communism
communities
community
community service
compact
compare/contrast
compass
compromise
compulsory education
computer
confederacy
conflict
conflict resolution
conflicts
congress
conquistador
consequences
conservation
consideration
Constitution of the State of New York
Constitution of the United States
constitutional democracy
consumer
consumers
consumption
consumption of goods
continent
Continental Congress
Continental Divide
continents
contour
contrast
contributions
cooperation
costs
cotton belt
PUNJABI
b'eK bJh uzrk
okFNowzvb
okFNoK dk okFNowzvb
;zuko
ikshtkd
;w[dkJ/
;w[dkJ/
;w[dkJ/ ;/tk
;wM"sk
s[bBk$nzso
ezgk;
;wM"sk
io{oh f;Zfynk
ezgT{No
oki;zx
;zxoF
;zxoF ;wkXkB
;zxoF
eKro?;
ekZBfe;Nkv'o
Bshi/
;zofynD
ftuko
fBT[ :kZoe oki dk ;zftXkB
nwohek dk ;zftXkB
;z;Ekrs b'eszso
T[gG'rsk
T[gG'rsk
T[gG'r
wkb dh ygs
wjkdhg
eKfNB/INb eKro;
eKfNB/INb ftGkiB
wjkdhg
ekZBNo
nzso
:'rdkB
;j:'r
bkrs
ekZNB p?bB
ENGLISH
credit
criteria
cultural characteristics
cultural contributions
cultural differences
cultural diffusion
cultural diversity
cultural groups
culture
cultures - characteristics, distriubtion,
complexity of
currency
customs
PUNJABI
eq'fvN
wkgdzv
;z;feqse
;z;feqse
;z;feqse
;z;feqse
;z;feqse
;z;feqse
;z;eqsh
bZSD
:'rdkB
nzso
c?bkt
nzso
;w{j
;z;feqshnK - bZSD, ftsoD, ifNbsk
w[dok
gozgoktK
D
day
De Witt Clinton
decade
decision
decision-making
decisions
declaration
Declaration of Independence
delta
democracy
Democratic Party
democratic principles
democratic values
developed nations
developing nations
developments
diagram
diagrams
dictatorship
different/same
direction
diseases
display
disputes
distance
distribution
fdB
v/ftZN efbzNB
dFe
fBoD/
fBoDk b?Dk
fBoD/
x'FDk
;[szsosk dh x'FDk
v?bNk
b'eszso
b'esKsfoe gkoNh
b'esKsfoe f;XKs
b'esKsfoe w[Zb
ftef;s okFNo
ftek;Fhb okFNo
ftek;
nko/y
nko/y
fveN/NofFg
nzso$;wkB
fdFk
fpwkoh
gqdoFB
MrV/
d{oh
ftsoD
ENGLISH
diverse
diversity
document
due process
Dutch colonies
Dutch West India Company
PUNJABI
tZy tZy
tZysk
d;skt/i
pkeh gqfefonk
du eb'BhnK
vu t?;N fJzvhnk ezgBh
E
earn
Earth’s surface
economic
economic capital
economic concepts
economic decision making
economic decisions
economic development
economic factors
economic growth
economic interdependence
economic systems
economics
economies
effects
elect
elected leaders
elected office
election
Ellis Island
emigrants
empathy
employee
employer
encomienda system
encounter
enforce
English colonies
environment
environmental factors
equality
equality of opportunity
ewkT[Dk
Xosh dh ;sj
nkoEe
nkoEe g{zih
nkoEe ntXkoDk
nkoEe fBoDk b?Dk
nkoEe fBoD/
nkoEe ftek;
nkoEe ekoe
nkoEe gqrsh
nkoEe go;go fBoGosk
nkoEe gqDkbh
noE Fk;so
feckfJsh
gqGktK
u[DBk
u[fDnk B/sk
u[fDnk dcso
u'D
n?bh} dQhg
gqtk;h
;wkB[G{sh
eowukoh
fB:'esk
fJBe'fwBvk gqDkbh
dk ;kjwDk eoBk, w[mG/V
bkr{ eoBk
nzrqQih eb'BhnK
tksktoD
tksktoDh ekoe
;wkBsk
nt;o dh ;wkBsk
ENGLISH
era
eras
ethnic
ethnic group
ethnicity
Europe
European encounter and exchanges-of
technologies, plants, animals, diseases
events
exchange
executive
executive branch of government
expansion
exploitation
exploration
explorers
exports
PUNJABI
i[r
i[rK
iksh, r?o-fJ;kJh
iksh ;w[j
iksh, wB[zyiksh
:{o'g
:{o'fgnkJh n?BekT[INo ns/ seBheK, g"fXnK, ikBto,
fpwkohnK dh pdbh
nt;o, xNBk
ndbk pdbh eoBk
ekoiekoh
;oeko dh ekioekoh Fkyk
c?bk
F'FD
y'i
y'ih
fBo:ks
F
facilities
fact/opinion
factors of production
factory
family
far/near
federal
federal government
festival
festivals
flag
folktale
folktales
food
forced relocation
foreign policy
foreign relations
Fort Orange
foundation
free enterprise
free trade
;[ftXktK
ekoe$ftuko
T[sgkdB d/ ekoe
c?eNoh
gotko
d[o$gk;
;zxh
;zzxh ;oeko
fsT[jko
fsT[jkoK
Mzvk
c'beN/b
c'beN/b;
G'iD
ipod;sh nzsoD
ftd/F fBsh
ftd/F ;zpzX
febk ;zsoh
;z;EK
w[es T[Xw
w[es tgko
ENGLISH
freedom
French Canadians
French colonies
frontier
functions of government
fundamental economic questions
fundamental values
future
PUNJABI
;[szsosk
co?Iu eB/fvnB;
co?Iu eb'fBnK
;hwk
;oeko d/ ezw
w[b nkoEe ;tkb
w{b wkB
GftZy
G
game
gender
generation
geographic characteristics
geographic factors
geographic features
geographic features/areas
geographic information
geography
geological processes
global warming
globe
globes
y/v
fbzr
ghVh
G[r'be
G{r'be
G{rbe
G[r'be
G{r'be
G{r'b
G{r'be
rb'pb
rb'p
rb'p
goods and services - production,
distribution, exchange, consumption of
wkb ns/ ;/tktK - T[sgkdB, ftsoD, b?Dd/D, T[gG'r
goods
govern
governance
government
Great Depression
grid
Gross Domestic Product
Gross National Product
groups
growth
Gulf Stream
wkb
gjpzX eoBk, oki eoBk
nfXeko, FkFB gqDkbh
;oeko
t?Fte wzdh
ikbh, frqv
;eb xo/b{ T[sgkd
;eb okFNoh T[sgkd
;w[j
ftek;
rbc ;Nqhw
ftF/FsktK
ekoe
bZSD
bZSD$y/so
ikDekoh
gqfeqnk
tkofwzr
H
habitat
Haudenosaunee
health
fBtk;
j'v/BU;'Bh
;/js
ENGLISH
PUNJABI
hemisphere
historic events
historical
historical evidence
historical narratives
history
r'bkoX
fJsjk;e xNBk
fJsjk;e
fJsjk;e gowkD
fJsjk;e eEk
fJsjk;
Holidays ( Columbus Day, Election Day,
Veterans Day, Thanksgiving, New Years
Day, Dr. Martin Luther King Day,
Presidents Day, Memorial Day, Flag Day)
S[Nh (e'bzp; v/, fJb/eFB v/, t/N/oz; v/,
Xze;frftzr, fB:{ fJno v/, vkZH wkofNB b{Eo fezr
v/, go/;hv/IN v/, w/w'fonb v/, cb/r v/)
home
hopes
House of Representatives
human
human capital
human migration
human migrations
human resources
human rights
human settlements
human systems
xo
T[zwhd
b'e ;Gk
wBz[y
wBz[y g{zih
wB[zy gotk;B
wB[zy gotk;B
wB[zy ;z;kXB
wB[zyh nfXnko
wB[zyh pzd'p;s
wB[zyh gqDkbh
I
ideals of American democracy
ideas
identity
immigrants
immigration
important
imports
inaugurated confederation
Incas
income
indentured servant
independence
indigenous peoples
individual
individual rights
individual rights to life, liberty, pursuit of
happiness.
nwoheh b'eszso d/ nkdoF
ftuko
fgSkD
nkgotk;
nkgotk;B
wjsZtg{oD
nk:ks
F[o{ ehsk frnk wjk;zx
fJze?;
nkwdBh
nB[pzX ehsk frnk B"eo
;[szsosk
d/;h b'e
ftnesh
fBZih nfXeko
ihtB, ;[szsosk, y[Fh dk fBih nfXeko
ENGLISH
individuals
industrial expansion
industrial growth
industrial growth/expansion
Industrial Revolution
industrialization
industry
inhabitants
interdependence
interdependent
international organizations
interpret law
interpret laws
interpretations
Inuits
invention
inventions
Iroquois
Iroquois Confederacy
irrigation
issues
isthmus
PUNJABI
ftnesh
T[d:'re c?bk
T[d:'re ftek;
T[d:'re ftek;$c?bk
T[d:'re eqKsh
T[d:'rheoB
T[d:'r
fBtk;h
go;go fBoGo
go;go fBoGosk
nzsookFNoh ;zrmB
fJzNogo/N eB{zB
fJzNogo/N eB{zB
nB[tkd
fJB[fJN
y'i
y'i
fJo'e';
fJo'e'; oki;zx
f;zukJh
wkwb/
fJEw;
J
judgments
judicial
judicial branch of government
judicial branch
junta
jury
jury service
justice
fBnK
fBnK ;zpzXh
;oeko dh fBnK ;zpzXh Fkyk
fBnK ;zpzXh Fkyk
i[Bsk
i{oh
i{oh ;/tk
fBnkJ/
K
pkb ftjko
kindergarten
L
labor
labor force
labor movement
labor union
wid{o
wid{o Fesh
wid{o nkBd'bB
wid{o ;zx
ENGLISH
land formations
land masses
languages
Latin America
latitude
laws
laws/rules
leaders
League of Nations
learn
legal
legends
legislative branch
legislative branch of government
legislature
liberty
library
library resources
life
lifestyle
like/dislike
limited
limited resources
limited/unlimited
local
local government
local region
location
lock
locomotive
long ago
longhouse
longitude
loyalist
loyalty
PUNJABI
G{wh fBowkD
G{wh dk N[eVk
GkFktK
b?fNB nw/foek
neFKF
eB[zB
eB[zB$fB:w
B/sk
bhr nkZc B/FB;
f;yDk
eB{zBh
b'e eEk otkfJs,
e~Bh Fky
;oeko dh e~Bh Fky
ftXkB ;Gk
nkikdh
g[;sekb/
g[;sekb/ ;z;kXB
ihtB
ihtBF?bh
g;zd$Bkg;zd
;hws
;hws ;z;kXB
;hws$n;hws
;EkZBe
;EkZBe ;oeko
;EkZBe y/soh
EK
skbk
ubBFhb
pj[s ;wK gfjbK
bKrjkT[;
bKfrfNT[v
tckdko
tckdkoh
M
maize
majority rule
make laws
wZek
pj[sk oki
e~B pDkU
ENGLISH
manor
manufacture
manufacturing
maps
markets
mass starvation
Mayas
Mayflower Compact
megalopolis
member
memorials
merchant
meridians
midwest
migration
migration/immigration
millenium
millennia
mining
minority rights, respect for
minutemen
Mississippi River
modernization
modify
monarchy
money
months
monument
monuments
motives
movement of people and goods
multicultural
myself
myths
PUNJABI
w?Bo
fBowkD
fBowkD eoBk
BeF/
piko
G[Zy/ b'e
wkfJnk;
w/cbkto ekZwg?eN
w/rkb'g'fb;
w+po
w/w'fonb
tgkoh
w/ohfvnB
fwvt?;N
gqtk;B
gqtk;B-nktk;
100 ;kb
fwb/fBnk
yBB
nbZg ;zfyne nfXeko, ;BwkB
wkJhfBT[Nw?B
fw;hf;Zgh Bdh
nkX[fBeheoD
;zF'XB
w'Bkoeh
o{gJ/
wjhB/
;wkoe
;wkoe
gq/oDk
b'eK ns/ ;wkB b? ikDk
pj[ ;z;feqse
w+
fwEe
N
NAFTA
nation
national
national level of governments
n?BJ/n?cNhJ/
okFNo
okFNoh
;oeko d/ okFNoh gZXo
ENGLISH
nation-state
Native American Indian
Native American Indians
natural resources
near/far
needs
neighborhood
neutral
New Amsterdam
New Netherlands
northwest passage
now
nuclear family
PUNJABI
okFNo-oki
okFNoh nwoheh Gkosh
okFNoh nwoheh Gkosh
e[dosh ;z;kXB
Bidhe$d{o
b'VK
r[nKY
fBTNqb
fBT[n?w;Nov?w
fBT[Bhdob+v;
T[sogfSZwh g?;i
j[D
gowkD{ gfotko
O
UJ/n?;
uh}K
wjk;kro
nbZgszsohJ/
w"e/ dh bkrs
w"fye fJshjk;
j'o
OAS
objects
oceans
oligarchy
opportunity cost
oral history
others
P
parallel
parallels
parent
Parliament
participatory skills
past
past/present
patriot
patriotism
patriotisms
patriots
patroon
people
person
perspectives
Peter Stuyvesant
petition
;wkBKso
;wkBKso
wK-fgU
;z;d
Gkr b?D d/ e"Fb
G{s
G{s$toswkB
d/FGrs
d/FGrsh
d/FGrsh
d/FGrs
g?No{B
b'e
pzdk
gfofdqF
ghNo ;N[t/;zs
:kfuek
ENGLISH
physical
physical characteristics
physical environment
physical feature
physical features
physical map
physical setting
physical systems
places
plan
pledge
Pledge of Allegiance
points of view
political
political boundaries
political map
political party
political power
political systems
pollution
population
population density
population distribution
population movement - rural to urban to
suburban - 20th century
power
practices
prairies
Preamble to the Constitution
present
president
Prime Meridian
Prime Minister
principles of democracy
problem solving
problems
producers
production
productivity
products
PUNJABI
G"fse
G"fse bZSD
G"fse wkj"b
G"fse ftF/Fsk
G"fse ftF/FsktK
G"fse BeFk
G"fse ;?fNzr
G"fse gqDkbhnK
EKtK
:'iBk
tuB
fBFmk dk tuB
fdqF d/ fpzd[
okiBhse
okiBhse ;hwktK
okiBhse BeF/
okiBhes gkoNh
okiBhse skes
okiBhse gqDkbhnK
gqd{FD
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iB;zfynk ;xBsk
iB;zfynk ftsoD
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gq/:oh
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w"{}d
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gqXkB wzsoh
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go/FkBhnK
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T[sgkdesk
T[sgkd
ENGLISH
profit
projects
property
protect
protests
province
public benefit
public education
purpose of government
pursuit of happiness
PUNJABI
bkj/
gq'i?eN
;zgsh
pZukT[Dk
fto'X
gqKs
iBsZe bkj/
iBsZe f;Zfynk
;oeko d/ T[d/F
y[FhGok ;wK
Q
wksoktK
quantities
R
race
radios
railroad
rain forest
raw material
reason
receipts
recycling
reference books
reform
region
regions
relationships
relief (physical) map
religion
religious
renewable resource
repeal
representation
representative
representatives
republic
Republican Party
reservation
resources
respect
iksh
o/vhU
o/bo'V
po;ksh izrb
eZuk wkb
ekoB
o;hdK
oh;kJhefbzr
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]/so
]//so
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nokw (G"fse BeFk)
Xow
Xkowe
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oZd eoBk
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gqshfBZX
gqshfBZX
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rDszso gkoNh
;zofynD
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ENGLISH
responsibilities
revolution
Richard Nicholls
rights
Robert Fulton
role
roles
roles of citizens
roots of American culture
rules
rural
rural to urban to suburban migration
PUNJABI
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eqKsh
fouov fBe'b;
nfXeko
okZpoN c[bNB
G{fwek
G{fwek
BkrfoeK dh G{fwektK
nwoheh ;z;feqsh dh iVK
ek":d/
g/Iv{
g/Iv{ s'I Fjoh s'I T[g-Fjoh gqtk;B
S
sachem
safeguarding individual liberties
safety
same/different
satellite-produced images
satisfy
scale
scarce resources
scarcity
school
science and technology
scientific/technological exchanges and
connections
seaways
secondary source
security
self
selling
Senate of the United States
separatists
services
settle
settlement
settlements
settler
shape
shelter
;?u/w
ftneshrs ;zszsosk ~ pZukT[Dk
;[oZfynk
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;zs[FN
g?wkBk
n;XkoD ;z;kXB
n;XkoD
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ftfrnkBe$seBheh n?e;u/Ii ns/ ;zgoe
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;[oZfynk
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t/uDk
nwohek d/ ;/B?N
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;/tktK
fBgNkok
;Ekgs j'Dk
;Ekgs j'Dk
;Ekgs eoB tkbk
nkeko
gBkj
ENGLISH
similarities/differences
slave
slave trade
slavery
social
social/cultural changes and connections
socialism
societies
society
solutions
solving problems
songs
Sons of Liberty
South America
Spanish colonies
spatial organization
speeches
standard of living
stars and stripes
state
state government
Statue of Liberty
steamboat
steamboats
stock market
stories
strategy
strengths
strike
student rights
suburban
suburbs
subways
suffrage
supply and demand
supply and demand 4 symbols
Supreme Court
surplus
symbolize
symbols
PUNJABI
n;wkBsktK$nzso
r[bkw
rbkwK dk tgko
r[bkwh
;wkie
;wkie$;z;feqse pdbkT[ ns/ ;zgoe
;wkiesk
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;';kJhNh
jb
go/FkBhnK jb eoBk
rhs
;[szsok d/ g[Zso
dfyZD nwohek
;g/Bh eb'BhnK
nkekFhJ/ ;zrmB
GkFD
ihtB wkBe
sko/ ns/ behoK
okiJ/
oki ;oeko
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;Nhwp'N
;Nhwp'N
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ejkDhnK
oDBhsh
skes
;NqkJhe
ftfdnkoEh nfXeko
T[g-Fjoh
;pop
;pt/
;co/}
nkg{osh ns/ wzr
nkg{osh ns/ wzr 4 gqshe
;[gqhw e'oN
pus
gqshe
gqshe
ENGLISH
PUNJABI
gqDkbhnK
systems
T
tables
tariff
tax
taxes
teach
teacher
technological
technologies - exchanges of
technology
telegraph
television
tenant farmer
themes
then/now
time
time zones
timeline
today
tolerance
tomorrow
tools
towpath
trade
traditions
traffic lights
trains
traitor
transmit
transportation
transportation revolution
treaty
trends
tribe
tributaries
Tropic of Capricorn
Tropic of Cancer
trucks
N/pb
F[be
eo
eo
f;ZykT[Dk
nfXnkgZe
seBheh
seBheh - n?e;u/Ii
seBheh
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N/fbft}B
feokJ/dko fe;kB
ftFk
fco$j[D/
;wK
;wK i'B
NkJhwbkJhB
nZi
podkFs
eZb
T[geoD
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tgko
gozgoktK
:ksk:ks bkJhNK
Nq/B
ftFtk;xksh
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gohtjB
gohtjB eqKsh
NqhNh
gqftosh
iBiksh
;jk:e
Nqkfge nkZc e?gohekoB
Nqkfge nkZc e+;o
Nqe
ENGLISH
PUNJABI
;Zu
N[zvok
NofBzzr gkfJzN
NoBgkJhe
truth
tundra
turning points
turnpike
U
unify
unions
unique
unite
United Nations
United States of America
unlimited
unlimited needs and wants
up/down
urban
urbanization
uses of geography
fJZe eoBk
;zx
p/i'V
fJZemk
;z:[es okFNo
nwohek
n;hws
n;hws b'VK ns/ ukjsK
T[s/$EZb/
Fjoh
FjoheoD
G{r'b dk tos'I
V
w[Zb
nB[Gth
t/N'
fgzv
ws
t'fNzr
values
veteran
veto
village
vote
voting
W
wampum
wants
war
war strategy
water masses
weaknesses
week
Western Hemisphere
westward expansion
wigwam
work
worker
world bank
t?wgw
ukjsK
izr
izr dh oDBhsh
ib Gzvko
ewi'ohnK
ewi'o
gfSZwh r'bkoX
gfSwh ft;sko
ftrt?w
ezw
eowukoh
ftFt p?Ie
ENGLISH
world in spatial terms
writings
PUNJABI
]/soh FpdK ftZu d[Bhnk
fbZysK
Y
year
yesterday
toQK
phfsnk fdB