Glossary
Elementary School Level
Social Studies
Glossary
English / Hindi
Translation of Social Studies terms based
on the Coursework for Social Studies
Grades 3 to 5.
Word-for-word glossaries are used for testing
accommodations for ELL/LEP students
Last Updated: 08/10/09
THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT / THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK / ALBANY, NY 12234
THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT / THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK / ALBANY, NY 12234
Education - P-16
Office of Elementary, Middle, Secondary, and Continuing Education and Office of Higher Education
Office of Bilingual Education and Foreign Language Studies
http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/biling/
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
Regents of the University
MERRYL H. TISCH, Chancellor, B.A., M.A., Ed.D. .......................................................................
MILTON L. COFIELD, Vice Chancellor, B.S., M.B.A., Ph.D. .........................................................
ROBERT M. BENNETT, Chancellor Emeritus, B.A., M.S. ...............................................................
SAUL B. COHEN, B.A., M.A., Ph.D................................................................................................
JAMES C. DAWSON, A.A., B.A., M.S., Ph.D. ................................................................................
ANTHONY S. BOTTAR, B.A., J.D. ...................................................................................................
GERALDINE D. CHAPEY, B.A., M.A., Ed.D. .................................................................................
HARRY PHILLIPS, 3rd, B.A., M.S.F.S. ...........................................................................................
JOSEPH E. BOWMAN, JR., B.A., M.L.S., M.A., M.Ed., Ed.D.........................................................
JAMES R. TALLON, JR., B.A., M.A. ...............................................................................................
ROGER TILLES, B.A., J.D. ................................................................................................................
KAREN BROOKS HOPKINS, B.A., M.F.A........................................................................................
CHARLES R. BENDIT, B.A. .............................................................................................................
BETTY A. ROSA, B.A., M.S. in Ed., M.S. in Ed., M.Ed., Ed.D.....................................................
LESTER W. YOUNG, JR., B.S., M.S., Ed. D. .....................................................................................
CHRISTINE D. CEA, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. ..........................................................................................
WADE S. NORWOOD, B.A. .............................................................................................................
New York
Rochester
Tonawanda
New Rochelle
Plattsburgh
Syracuse
Belle Harbor
Hartsdale
Albany
Binghamton
Great Neck
Brooklyn
Manhattan
Bronx
Oakland Gardens
Staten Island
Rochester
Interim President of the University and Commissioner of Education
CAROLE F. HUXLEY
Senior Deputy Commissioner of Education, P–16
JOHANNA DUNCAN-POITIER
Associate Commissioner for Curriculum and Instructional Support
JEAN STEVENS
Coordinator, Office of Bilingual Education and Foreign language Studies
PEDRO J. RUIZ
Acknowledgements:
The New York State Education Department Glossaries for English Language Learners were reviewed and
updated during the 2008-2009 school year. We would like to thank in these efforts the New York State
Education Department Language BETACs (Spanish, Asian and Haitian Bilingual Education Technical
Assistance Centers), the NYS Office of Curriculum, Instruction and Instructional Technology; the New York
City Department of Education Office of English Language Learners, and the NYC Department of Education
Translation and Interpretation Unit.
The State Education Department does not discriminate on the basis of age, color, religion, creed, disability, marital status, veteran
status, national origin, race, gender, genetic predisposition or carrier status, or sexual orientation in its educational programs,
services and activities. Portions of this publication can be made available in a variety of formats, including brailed, large print or
audio tape, upon request. Inquiries concerning this policy of nondiscrimination should be directed to the Department’s Office for
Diversity, Ethics, and Access, Room 530, Education Building, Albany, NY 12234.
ENGLISH
HINDI
A
A.D.
abilities
absence of government
absentee ballot
accomplishments
achievements
acid rain
across time and place
action plan
activities
adults
aerial photographs
AFL-CIO
Africa
agriculture
Algonquians
alike/different
allegiance
alternative solutions
altiplano
altitude
amendment
American democracy: ideals,
values/principles of
American Revolution, the Americas
Americas
ancestor
Antarctic Circle
Antarctica
anthem
appoint
appointed leaders
appointed office
archaeologists
Arctic Circle
areas
arid
art
artifacts
bZlk Ik'pkr
{kerk,aa
kklu dh vuqifLFfr
vuqifLFkr ernku
izkfIr;ka
miyfC/k;ka
rstkch ckfj'k
le; o LFkku ds ikj
dk;Z ;kstuk
xfrfof/k;ka
o;Ld
ÅapkbZ ls dh xbZ QksVksxzkQh
,,Q,y&lhvkbZvks
vÝhdk
—f"k
mRrj vesfjdk dh bafM;u Hkk"kk,a
ln`';@fHkUu
fu"Bk
oSdfYid lek/kku
e/; nf{k.k vesfjdk dk mPp LFky
ÅapkbZ
la'kks/ku
vejhdh iztkra=% fopkj] ewY;@ds fl)kar
vejhdh Øakfr] vejhdk
vejhdk
iwoZt
,aVkdZfVd ifjeaMy
,aVkdZfVdk
jk"Vªxhr
fu;qDr
fu;qDr usrk
fu;qDr dk;kZy;
iqjkrRoosRrk
vkdZfVd ifjeaMy
{ks=
kq"d
dyk
ekuo —fr
ENGLISH
assembly
assembly line
authority
autobiographies
autobiography
automobiles
availability
avenues of participation
aztecs
HINDI
la;kstu
vlsacyh ykbu
izkf/kdkjh
vkRedFkk,a
vkRedFkk
vkWVkseksckbYl
miyC/krk
lgHkkfxrk ds ekxZ
,tVsDl&vejhdh bafM;u yksx
B
B.C.
backgrounds
barter
basic
basin
Battle of Quebec
battles
before/after
belief
belief system
beliefs
Bill of Rights
biographies
biography
bodies of water
border
Boston Tea Party
boundary
boycott
branches of government
British North America Act
budget
bZlk iwoZ
ik'oZHkwfe
fofue;
vk/kkj
csflu
D;wcsd dk ;q)
;q)
iwoZ@i'pkr
fo'okl
fo'okl ra=
fo'okl
vf/kdkj dk dkuwu
thofu;ka
thouh
ty{s=
lhek
cksLVu Vh ikVhZ
ifjlhek
cfg"dkj
kklu dh 'kk[kk,a
fczfV'k mÙkj vesfjdk vf/kfu;e
ctV
C
cabinet
cable
calendar
campaign
Canada
Canadian Bill of Rights
dkchuk
dscy
fnunf'kZdk
vfHk;ku
dukMk
dukMk dk vf/kdkj dk dkuwu
ENGLISH
canal
capital (state and money)
capital goods
capital resources
capitalism
cardinal directions
cause
celebrate
celebration
celebrations
census
Central America
century
change
checks and balances
child labor
children
Chippewa
choice
choices
citizen
citizenship
civic life
civic values
civil rights
civil rights movement
civil wars
civilization
civilizations
clans
classroom
climate
clothing
collect taxes
colonial
colonial governments
colonies
colonists
colony
Committees of Correspondence
HINDI
ugj
jkt/kkuh@iwath
dPpk eky
iwathxr lalk/ku
iwathokn
dkfMZuy ¼dSFkfyd /keksZins'kd½ fn'kkfunsZ'k
dkj.k
mRlo eukuk
mRlo
mRloksa
tux.kuk
e/; vesfjdk
krkCnh
ifjorZu
fu;a=.k o larqyu
cky Je
cPps
fpisok&vejhdh bafM;u
p;u
p;u
ukxfjd
ukxfjdrk
ukxjh thou
ukxjh ewY;
ukxjh vf/kdkj
ukxfjd vf/kdkj vkanksyu
x`g ;q)
lH;rk
lH;rk,a
tkfr;ka
d{kk d{k
tyok;q
diM+s
lewg dj
mifuos'kh;
mifuos'kh; ljdkj
mifuos'k
mifuos'kd
mifuos'k
i= O;ogkj lfefr
ENGLISH
common good
commonwealth
Commonwealth of Nations
communication
communism
communities
community
community service
compact
compare/contrast
compass
compromise
compulsory education
computer
confederacy
conflict
conflict resolution
conflicts
congress
conquistador
consequences
conservation
consideration
Constitution of the State of New York
Constitution of the United States
constitutional democracy
consumer
consumers
consumption
consumption of goods
continent
Continental Congress
Continental Divide
continents
contour
contrast
contributions
cooperation
costs
cotton belt
HINDI
lkekU; vPNk
jk"Vªdqy
jk"Vªdqy ns'k
laidZ
lkE;okn
leqnk;
leqnk;
lkeqnkf;d lsok
l?ku
rqyuk djuk@oS"kE;
fn'kklwpd ;a=
le>kSrk
vfuok;Z f'k{kk
lax.kd
laf/k
la?k"kZ
la?k"kZ ladYi
la?k"kksZa
jktuhfrd la?k
dfUDoLVsMj&izkphu Lisfu'k fotsrk
ifj.kke
laj{k.k
fopkj djuk
U;w;kdZ jkT; dk lafo/kku
la;qDr jkT;ksa dk lafo/kku
laoS/kkfud tura=
miHkksDrk
miHkksDrkx.k
miHkksx
eky dk miHkksx
egk}hi
egk}hih; jktuhfrd la?k
egk}hih; caVokjk
egk}hi
ioZr
oS"kE;
;ksxnku
lgdkj
ykxr
dikl iV~Vh&dikl {ks=
ENGLISH
credit
criteria
cultural characteristics
cultural contributions
cultural differences
cultural diffusion
cultural diversity
cultural groups
culture
cultures - characteristics, distriubtion,
complexity of
currency
customs
HINDI
m/kkj
dlkSVh
lkaL—frd fo'ks"krk,a
lkaL—frd ;ksxnku
lkaL—frd varj
lkaL—frd folj.k
lkaL—frd fofHkUurk
lkaL—frd lewg
laL—fr
laL—fr;ka&fo'ks"krk,a] forj.k] dh tfVyrk,a
eqnzk
lhek 'kqYd
D
day
De Witt Clinton
decade
decision
decision-making
decisions
declaration
Declaration of Independence
delta
democracy
Democratic Party
democratic principles
democratic values
developed nations
developing nations
developments
diagram
diagrams
dictatorship
different/same
direction
diseases
display
disputes
distance
distribution
fnu
Ms foV fDyaVu
n'kd
fu.kZ;
fu.kZ;&ysuk
fu.kZ;ksa
?kks"k.kk
Lora=rk dh ?kks"k.kk
MsYVk
tura=
turkaf=d ny
turkaf=d fl)kar
turkaf=d ewY;
fodflr jk"Vª
fodkl'khy jk"Vª
fodkl
vkjs[k
vkjs[kksa
rkuk'kkgh
fofHkUu@leku
funsZ'k
chekfj;ka
izn'kZu
fookn
nwjh
forj.k
ENGLISH
diverse
diversity
document
due process
Dutch colonies
Dutch West India Company
HINDI
vusd
vusdrk
nLrkost
r; izfØ;k
Mp mifuos'k
Mp osLV bafM;k daiuh
E
earn
Earth’s surface
economic
economic capital
economic concepts
economic decision making
economic decisions
economic development
economic factors
economic growth
economic interdependence
economic systems
economics
economies
effects
elect
elected leaders
elected office
election
Ellis Island
emigrants
empathy
employee
employer
encomienda system
encounter
enforce
English colonies
environment
environmental factors
equality
equality of opportunity
dekuk
i`Foh dh lrg
vkfFkZd
vkfFkZd jkt/kkuh
vkfFkZd ladYiuk
vkfFkZd fu.kZ; cukuk
vkfFkZd fu.kZ;
vkfFkZd fodkl
vkfFkZd dkjd
vkfFkZd o`f)
vkfFkZd Lora=rk
vkfFkZd ra=] vFkZra=
vFkZ'kkL=
vFkZ O;oLFkk
ekyeRrk
pquuk
pquk gqvk usrk
pquk gqvk dk;kZy;@in
pquko
bfyl }hi
mRizoklh
lgkuqHkwfr
deZpkjh
fu;ksDrk
,udksfeaMk ra=
lkeuk
cy nsuk
vaxzsth mifuos'k
Ik;kZoj.k
Ik;kZoj.kh; dkjd
lekurk
volj dh lekurk
ENGLISH
era
eras
ethnic
ethnic group
ethnicity
Europe
European encounter and exchanges-of
technologies, plants, animals, diseases
events
exchange
executive
executive branch of government
expansion
exploitation
exploration
explorers
exports
HINDI
;qx
;qx
iztkfr laca/kh
iztkfr lewg
iztkrh;
;wjksi
;wjksih; lkeuk o rduhd fofue;] isM+] Ik'kq] chekfj;ka
?kVuk,a
fofue;
dk;Zdkjh
kklu dh dk;Zdkjh 'kk[kk
foLrkj
kks"k.k
vUos"k.k
vUos"kd
fu;kZr
F
facilities
fact/opinion
factors of production
factory
family
far/near
federal
federal government
festival
festivals
flag
folktale
folktales
food
forced relocation
foreign policy
foreign relations
Fort Orange
foundation
free enterprise
free trade
freedom
lqfo/kk,a
rF;@er
mRiknu ds rF;
dkj[kkuk
ifjokj
nwj@fudV
la?kh;
la?kh; ljdkj
ioZ
ioZ
/ot
yksddFkk
yksddFkk,a
[kk|
ca/kudkjh tykoru
fons'kuhfr
fons'k laca/k
QksVZ vkWjsat
uhao
eqDr m|e
eqDr O;kikj
Lora=rk
ENGLISH
French Canadians
French colonies
frontier
functions of government
fundamental economic questions
fundamental values
future
HINDI
Ýkalhlh dukMkoklh
Ýkalhlh mifuos'k
lhekar
kkldh; xfrfof/k;ka
ewy vkfFkZd iz'u
ewy ewY;
Hkfo";
G
game
gender
generation
geographic characteristics
geographic factors
geographic features
geographic features/areas
geographic information
geography
geological processes
global warming
globe
globes
goods and services - production,
distribution, exchange, consumption of
goods
govern
governance
government
Great Depression
grid
Gross Domestic Product
Gross National Product
groups
growth
Gulf Stream
[ksy
fyax
ih<+h
HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krk,a
HkkSxksfyd dkjd
HkkSxksfyd vk—fr
HkkSxksfyd vk—fr@{ks=
HkkSxksfyd tkudkjh
Hkwxksy
HkkSxksfyd izfØ;k
Xykscy@oSf'od okfeZax
fo'o
fo'oksa
eky o lsok,a&mRiknu] forj.k] fofue;] dk miHkksx
eky
kklu djuk
kklu
ljdkj
egku eanh
<kapk
ldy ?kjsyw mRiknu
ldy jk"Vªh; mRiknu
lewg
o`f)
[kkM+h dh /kkjk
H
habitat
Haudenosaunee
health
hemisphere
izk—frd oklLFky
gkMsukslksuh
LokLF;
xksyk/kZ
ENGLISH
historic events
historical
historical evidence
historical narratives
history
Holidays ( Columbus Day, Election Day,
Veterans Day, Thanksgiving, New Years
Day, Dr. Martin Luther King Day,
Presidents Day, Memorial Day, Flag Day)
home
hopes
House of Representatives
human
human capital
human migration
human migrations
human resources
human rights
human settlements
human systems
HINDI
,sfrgkfld ?kVuk,a
,sfrgkfld
,sfrgkfld lk{;
,sfrgkfld dFkk,a
bfrgkl
NqfV~V;ka ¼dksyacl fnol] pquko fnol] nh?kkZuqHkoh fnol] /kU;okn fnol]
uoo"kZ fnol] MkW- ekfVZu ywFkj fdax fnol] jk"Vªifr fnol] Lekjd fnol]
/ot fnol½
?kj
vk'kk,a
laln
ekuoh;
ekuoh; jkt/kkuh
ekuoh; izokl
ekuoh; izoklksa
ekuo lalk/ku
ekuokf/kdkj
ekuo vkcknh
ekuo O;oLFkk
I
ideals of American democracy
ideas
identity
immigrants
immigration
important
imports
inaugurated confederation
Incas
income
indentured servant
independence
indigenous peoples
individual
individual rights
individual rights to life, liberty, pursuit of
happiness.
individuals
industrial expansion
vejhdh iztkra= ds vkn'kZ
fopkj
igpku
vkizoklh
vkizokl
egRoiw.Zk
vk;kr
vfHk"ksfdr la?kVu
badk&nf{k.k vejhdk dh ,d iztkfr
vk;
nLrkosth@ca/kqvk ukSdj
Lora=rk
Lons'kksRiUu yksx
O;fDrxr
O;fDrxr vf/kdkj
thou] Lora=rk] izlUurk ikuss ds O;fDrxr vf/kdkj
O;fDr
vkS|ksfxd foLrkj
ENGLISH
industrial growth
industrial growth/expansion
Industrial Revolution
industrialization
industry
inhabitants
interdependence
interdependent
international organizations
interpret law
interpret laws
interpretations
Inuits
invention
inventions
Iroquois
Iroquois Confederacy
irrigation
issues
isthmus
HINDI
vkS|ksfxd o`f)
vkS|ksfxd o`f)@foLrkj
vkS|ksfxd Økafr
vkS|ksfxdhdj.k
m|ksx
fuoklh
vU;ksU;
vU;ksU;h
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
dkuwu dh O;k[;k djuk
dkuwuksa dh O;k[;k djuk
O;k[;k,a
mRrj dukMk vkfn ds ewy fuoklh
vkfo"dkj
vkfo"dkj
vejhdh bafM;u
vejhdh bafM;u laf/k
flapkbZ
ekeys
la;ksxHkwfe
J
judgments
judicial
judicial branch of government
judicial branch
junta
jury
jury service
justice
QSlys
U;kf;d
kklu dh U;kf;d 'kk[kk
U;kf;d 'kk[kk
rkuk'kkg lfefr
T;wjh
T;wjh lsok
U;k;
K
f'k'kqlnu
kindergarten
L
labor
labor force
labor movement
labor union
land formations
land masses
Je
Je 'kfDr
Jfed vkanksyu
Jfed laxBu
Hkw fojpuk
O;kid Hkwfe
ENGLISH
languages
Latin America
latitude
laws
laws/rules
leaders
League of Nations
learn
legal
legends
legislative branch
legislative branch of government
legislature
liberty
library
library resources
life
lifestyle
like/dislike
limited
limited resources
limited/unlimited
local
local government
local region
location
lock
locomotive
long ago
longhouse
longitude
loyalist
loyalty
HINDI
Hkk"kk
ykrhuh vejhdk
v{kka'k
dkuwu
dkuwu@fu;e
usrk
la;qDr jk"Vª ifj"kn
lh[kuk
dkuwuh
mik[;ku
fo/kk;h 'kk[kk
ljdkj dh fo/kk;h 'kk[kk
fo/kku eaMy
Lora=rk
iqLrdky;
iqLrdky; lalk/ku
thou
thou'kSyh
ilan@ukialn
lhfer
lhfer lalk/ku
lhfer@vlhfer
LFkkuh;
LFkkuh; 'kklu
LFkkuh; {ks=
vofLFkfr
rkyk
yksdkseksfVo@pyu'khy
cgqr igys
ykaxgkml
ns'kka'k
oQknkj
oQknkjh
M
maize
majority rule
make laws
manor
manufacture
eDdk
cgqla[;d 'kklu
dkuwu cukuk
tehankjh
mRiknd
ENGLISH
manufacturing
maps
markets
mass starvation
Mayas
Mayflower Compact
megalopolis
member
memorials
merchant
meridians
midwest
migration
migration/immigration
millenium
millennia
mining
minority rights, respect for
minutemen
Mississippi River
modernization
modify
monarchy
money
months
monument
monuments
motives
movement of people and goods
multicultural
myself
myths
HINDI
mRiknu
uD'ks
cktkj
O;kid Hkq[kejh
ek;k&nf{k.k vejhdk dh ,d iztkfr
l?ku es¶~ykoj
l?ku cLrh
lnL;
Lekjd
O;kikjh
ns'kkarj js[kk,a
e/; if'pe
izokl
izokl@vkizokl
lglzkCnh
lglzkCnh
[kuu
vYila[;d vf/kdkj] ds fy, lEEkku
,d feuV esa rS;kj gksus okyk vejhdh lSfud
fefllhih unh
vk/kqfudhdj.k
:ikarfjr
jkt'kkgh
iSlk
eghus
Lekjd
Lekjd
/;s;
yksxksa o eky dk vkanksyu
cgq laL—fr
eSa Lo;a
feFkd
N
NAFTA
nation
national
national level of governments
nation-state
Native American Indian
uk¶~rk
jk"Vª
jk"Vªh;
kklu dk jk"Vªh; Lrj
jk"Vª&jkT;
ewy vejhdh bafM;u
ENGLISH
Native American Indians
natural resources
near/far
needs
neighborhood
neutral
New Amsterdam
New Netherlands
northwest passage
now
nuclear family
HINDI
ewy vejhdh bafM;Ul
izk—frd lalk/ku
fudV@nwj
vko';d
iM+ksl
rVLFk
U;w ,ELVjMe
U;w uhnjySaM~l
mÙkj if'peh ekxZ
vc
y?kq ifjokj
O
vks,,l
OAS
objects
oceans
oligarchy
opportunity cost
oral history
others
mn~ns';
egklkxj
vYitu 'kkflr jkT;
volj ewY;
ekSf[kd bfrgkl
vU;
P
parallel
parallels
parent
Parliament
participatory skills
past
past/present
patriot
patriotism
patriotisms
patriots
patroon
people
person
perspectives
Peter Stuyvesant
petition
physical
physical characteristics
lekarj
laekarj
vfHkHkkod
laln
lgHkkxh dkS'ky
foxr
foxr@orZeku
ns'kHkDr
ns'kHkfDr
ns'kHkfDr;ka
ns'kHkDr
iSVªwu
yksx
O;fDr
ifjizs{;
ihVj LVw;oslsaV
;kfpdk
kkjhfjd
kkjhfjd fo'ks"krk,a
ENGLISH
physical environment
physical feature
physical features
physical map
physical setting
physical systems
places
plan
pledge
Pledge of Allegiance
points of view
political
political boundaries
political map
political party
political power
political systems
pollution
population
population density
population distribution
population movement - rural to urban to
suburban - 20th century
power
practices
prairies
Preamble to the Constitution
present
president
Prime Meridian
Prime Minister
principles of democracy
problem solving
problems
producers
production
productivity
products
profit
projects
HINDI
kkjhfjd Ik;kZoj.k
kkjhfjd vk—fr
kkjhfjd vk—fr;ka
kkjhfjd uD'kk
kkjhfjd lek;kstu
kkjhfjd iz.kkyh
LFkku
;kstuk
izfrKk djuk
fu"Bk dh izfrKk djuk
n`f"Vdks.k
jktuhfrd
jktuhfrd lhek
jktuhfrd uD'kk
jktuhfrd ny
jktuhfrd 'kfDr
jktuhfrd ra=
iznw"k.k
tula[;k
tula[;k ?kuRo
tula[;k forj.k
tula[;k lapyu&xkao ls uxj ls miuxj&20oha lnh
kfDr
vH;kl
mÙkjh vejhdk ds ?kkl ds eSnku
lafo/kku dh izLrkouk
orZeku
jk"Vªifr
iz/kku ns'kkarj js[kk
iz/kku ea=h
tura= ds fl)kar
leL;k lek/kku
leL;k,a
fuekZrkx.k
fuekZ.k
mRikndrk
mRikn
ykHk
miØe
ENGLISH
property
protect
protests
province
public benefit
public education
purpose of government
pursuit of happiness
HINDI
laifÙk
lqj{kk
fojks/k
izkar
lkoZtfud ykHk
lkoZtfud f'k{kk
kklu dk mn~ns';
vkuUn dh [kkst
Q
ek=k,a
quantities
R
race
radios
railroad
rain forest
raw material
reason
receipts
recycling
reference books
reform
region
regions
relationships
relief (physical) map
religion
religious
renewable resource
repeal
representation
representative
representatives
republic
Republican Party
reservation
resources
respect
responsibilities
revolution
nkSM+
jsfM;ksl
jsyekxZ
cjlkrh ou
dPpk eky
dkj.k
jlhn
iqu%izfØ;k
lanHkZ xzaFk
lq/kkj
{ks=
{ks=ksa
fj'rs
lgk;rk ¼'kkjhfjd½ uD'kk
/keZ
/kkfeZd
iqu%uohdj.k;kssX; lalk/ku
fujLr djuk
izfrfuf/kRo
izfrfuf/k
izfrfuf/kx.k
iztkrkaf=d jkT;
iztkrkaf=d ny
vkj{k.k
lalk/ku
lEeku
ftEesnkfj;ka
Økafr
ENGLISH
Richard Nicholls
rights
Robert Fulton
role
roles
roles of citizens
roots of American culture
rules
rural
rural to urban to suburban migration
HINDI
fjpMZ fudksyl
vf/kdkj
jkWcVZ QqyVu
Hkwfedk
Hkwfedk,a
ukxfjdksa dh Hkwfedk,a
vejhdh laL—fr dh tM+sa
fu;e
xzkeh.k
xkao ls uxj ls miuxj izokl
S
sachem
safeguarding individual liberties
safety
same/different
satellite-produced images
satisfy
scale
scarce resources
scarcity
school
science and technology
scientific/technological exchanges and
connections
seaways
secondary source
security
self
selling
Senate of the United States
separatists
services
settle
settlement
settlements
settler
shape
shelter
similarities/differences
slave
lpse&vejhdh vkfnokfl;ksa dk ljnkj
O;fDrxr Lora=rk dks lqjf{kr j[kuk
lqj{kk
ogh@fHkUu
mixzg fufeZr fp=
larks"k
iSekuk
nqyZHk lalk/ku
nqyZHkrk
ikB'kkyk
foKku o rduhd
oSKkfud@rduhdh fofue; o tqM+ko
leqnzh ekxZ
xkSM+ lzksr
lqj{kk
Lo
fcØh
la;qDr jkT;ksa dh fo/kkf;dk
vyxkooknh
lsok,a
O;oLFkk djuk
O;oLFkk
O;oLFkk,a
O;oLFkkid
vkdkj
vkJ;
lekurk,a@fofHkUurk,a
nkl
ENGLISH
slave trade
slavery
social
social/cultural changes and connections
socialism
societies
society
solutions
solving problems
songs
Sons of Liberty
South America
Spanish colonies
spatial organization
speeches
standard of living
stars and stripes
state
state government
Statue of Liberty
steamboat
steamboats
stock market
stories
strategy
strengths
strike
student rights
suburban
suburbs
subways
suffrage
supply and demand
supply and demand 4 symbols
Supreme Court
surplus
symbolize
symbols
systems
HINDI
nkl O;kikj
nklrk
lkekftd
lkekftd@lkaL—frd ifjorZu o tqM+ko
lektokn
lektksa
lekt
lek/kku
leL;kvksa dk lek/kku
xhr
Lora=rk ds iq=
nf{k.k vejhdk
Lisu ds mifuos'k
LFkkfud laxBu
Hkk"k.k
thou Lrj
rkjs o ifV~V;ka
jkT;
jkT; ljdkj
Lora=rk dh izfrek
Hkki ls pyus okyh uko
Hkki ls pyus okyh ukosa
ksvj cktkj
dgkfu;ka
j.kuhfr
kfDr
gM+rky
Nk= vf/kdkj
miuxjh;
miuxj
Hkwry ekxZ
erkf/kdkj
ekax o iwfrZ
izrhdksa ds fy, ekax o iwfrZ
mPpre U;k;ky;
vfrfjDr
izrhdkRed
izrhd
O;oLFkk
ENGLISH
HINDI
T
tables
tariff
tax
taxes
teach
teacher
technological
technologies - exchanges of
technology
telegraph
television
tenant farmer
themes
then/now
time
time zones
timeline
today
tolerance
tomorrow
tools
towpath
trade
traditions
traffic lights
trains
traitor
transmit
transportation
transportation revolution
treaty
trends
tribe
tributaries
Tropic of Capricorn
Tropic of Cancer
trucks
truth
estsa
nj lwph
dj
djksa
fl[kkuk
f'k{kd
rduhdh
rduhd&fofue;
rduhd dk
rkj
nwjn'kZu
cVkbZnkj
fo"k;&oLrq
rc@vc
le;
le; {ks=
le;js[kk
vkt
lfg".kqrk
dy ¼vkus okyk½
vkStkj
unh ;k ugj ds lkFk okyk ekxZ
O;kikj
ijaijk,a
VªSfQd ykbV~l
jsyxkfM+;ka
ns'knzksgh
lapkfjr djuk
ifjogu
ifjogu Økafr
laf/k
#>ku
tutkfr
lgk;d ufn;ka
edj v;uo`r
ddZ v;uo`r
Vªdsa
lR;
ENGLISH
HINDI
VwaMªk
tundra
turning points
turnpike
eksM+
;k=k dj olwyh QkVd
U
unify
unions
unique
unite
United Nations
United States of America
unlimited
unlimited needs and wants
up/down
urban
urbanization
uses of geography
,d:Ik djuk
laxBu
vuqie
feykuk
la;qDr jk"Vª
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk
vlhfer
vlhfer vko';drk,a o dkeuk,a
Åij@uhps
uxjh
uxjhdj.k
Hkwxksy ds mi;ksx
V
ewY;
values
veteran
veto
village
vote
voting
nh?kkZuqHkoh
fu"ks/kkf/kdkj
xkao
er
ernku
W
MCY;w
wampum
wants
war
war strategy
water masses
weaknesses
week
Western Hemisphere
westward expansion
wigwam
work
worker
world bank
world in spatial terms
euds
dkeuk,a
;q)
;q)d j.kuhfr
ty lewg
detksfj;ka
lIrkg
if'peh xksyk/kZ
if'peh foLrkj
[kaHkksa ij cuk xqacn
dk;Z
deZpkjh
fo'o cSad
LFkku laca/kh fu;eksa esa fo'o
ENGLISH
HINDI
ys[ku
writings
Y
year
yesterday
o"kZ
dy ¼chrk gqvk½