Draft_10_2010
第三单元: 繁殖与发展
1.1 .生殖方式有两种：有性和无性。
Unit 3: Reproduction and Development
1.1. There are two types of reproduction: asexual
and sexual.
1.2.细胞分裂有两种: 有丝分裂和减数分裂
1.2. There are two types of cell division: mitosis
and meiosis.
1.3.雄性生殖系统产生精子和雄性激素, 并
且把精子存入雌性生殖道。
1.3. The male reproductive system produces
sperm and male hormones and deposits them
inside the female reproductive tract.
1.4.雌性生殖系统产卵和雌性激素,並且是受
精和胚胎发展的地点
1.4. The female reproductive system produces
eggs and female hormones and is the site of
fertilization and embryonic development.
1.5.受精时，配子结合，形成合子，并且随
后立刻开始胚胎的发展。
1.5. During fertilization, the gametes unite to
form a zygote and embryonic development
begins immediately after it.
Unit Overview
单元大纲
繁殖是生物为维持生命的延续,而产生同种生
物的生命过程。
Reproduction is the life process by which living
things produce other living thing of the same
species to maintain the continuity of life.
无性生殖只需要单亲,就能产生大量基因一模
一样的后代。
Asexual reproduction requires only one parent
and results in large numbers of genetically
identical offspring.
有性生殖需要双亲,并且后代基因与亲代不
同，雌性生殖系统提供体内受精和发展，雄
性生殖系统产生配子,并使配子可以送进雌性
体内受精.
Sexual reproduction involves two parents and
the offspring is genetically different from the
parent cells. Female reproductive system allows
for internal fertilization and development. Male
reproductive system produces gametes and
makes possible the delivery of gametes into
female for fertilization.
受精时，配子结合，形成合子，並且随后立
刻开始胚胎的发展。
During fertilization, the gametes unite to form a
zygote and embryonic development begins
immediately after it.
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 3
Page 1
Draft_10_2010
第三单元：繁殖与发展
Unit 3: Reproduction and Development
1.1．有两种繁殖：无性和有性
1.1 .There are two types of reproduction: asexual
and sexual
Essential Question:
What’s the difference between sexual and asexual
reproduction?
Key Idea:
Asexual reproduction requires only one parent
and results in large numbers of genetically
identical offspring. Sexual reproduction involves
two parents and the offspring is genetically
different from the parent cells.
关键问题：
有性和无性繁殖的差异是什么？
主要观念：
无性繁殖只需要单亲，并且产生大量基因一
模一样的后代。有性生殖需要双亲，并且后
代基因与亲代不同.
词汇：
1. 无性繁殖 2. 有性繁殖 3.二分裂 4.出芽生殖
5.再生 6.孢子生殖 7.营养繁殖 8.融合
9.减数分裂 10.有丝分裂 11.受精 12.合子
13.单细胞 的 14.多细胞的 15.卵 16.精子
17. 孢子
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. asexual reproduction 2. sexual reproduction
3.binary fission 4.budding 5.regeneration
6.sporulation 7.vegetative propagation
8.fusion 9.meiosis 10. mitosis 11.fertilization
12.zygote 13.unicellular 14.multicellular
15.egg 16.sperm 17.spore
摘要：
物种藉繁殖超越个人的壽命，有机体以各样
不同的方式，无性繁殖产生后代，如.二分
裂 ，出芽生殖 ，再生，孢子生殖和营养繁
殖。有性繁殖的过程包括, 减数分裂产生的两
个性细胞（卵 和精子 ）的融合（连接），受
精过程形成一个叫做合子的受精卵。合子再
藉有丝分裂分离，进而发展成新的有机体。
Summary:
Species transcend individual life spans through
reproduction. Organisms that reproduce asexually
produce their offspring in a variety of ways, such
as; binary fission, budding, regeneration,
sporulation and vegetative propagation. The
process of sexual reproduction involves the
fusion (joining) of two sex cell (egg and sperm)
nuclei that were formed during meiosis. The sex
cell nuclei fuse during the process of
fertilization，forming a fertilized egg called the
zygote. The zygote then divides by mitosis and
develops into a new organism
内容：
Content:
Asexual reproduction results from mitotic cell
division(mitosis)and is a type of reproduction
that involves only one parent; the offspring is
genetically identical to the parent. Common types
of asexual reproduction includes:
无性繁殖起因于有丝分裂，只有单亲，后代
跟亲代一模一样，无性繁殖的常见型式包
括：
1. Binary fission—a cell division in which the
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 3
Page 2
Draft_10_2010
1. 二分裂 – 亲代细胞的核物质和细胞浆平均
分裂，并形成一样大小的子细胞; 如：变
形虫，草履虫，细菌。
2. 出芽生殖 – 在单细胞生物中，出芽生殖类
似二分裂，但细胞浆分裂不均，新细胞也
就是芽，接受的部分比较少。如酵母菌就
是。至于多细胞有机体，出芽生殖则由亲
代身体长出的部分，发展成完整的有机
体，如水息。
3. 孢子生殖 – 在许多多细胞的生物，亲代释
出叫做孢子的特化细胞。孢子通常被包在
保护膜里，遇到有利的环境则发展成新个
体。如：面包霉。
nuclear material and the cytoplasm of the
parent cell divide equally and form two
daughter cells of the same size; i.e. ameba,
paramecium, bacteria.
2. Budding—In unicellular organisms,
budding is similar to binary fission, but the
cytoplasm divides unequally, with the new
cell, or bud, receiving the smaller portion;
i.e.yeast. In multicellular organisms,
budding occurs by production of a
multicellular outgrowth from the body of the
parent, which develops into a complete
organism; i.e.hydra.
3. Sporulation—In many multicellular
organisms, single specialized cells called
spores are released by the parent. Spores are
usually enclosed in a protective capsule and
develop into a new individual when
environmental conditions are favorable; i.e.
bread mold.
4. 再生 – 丛生物体发展出失去的部分或整个
新个体。如：海星。
4. Regeneration—the development of lost
parts or the growth of an entire new
organism from a part of the original
organism; i.e. starfish.
5. 营养繁殖 – 一种发生在植物的再生方法，
丛亲代植物的一部分如根，茎，叶发展出
完整的新植物。
5. Vegetative propagation—a type of
regeneration that occurs in plants. Complete
new plants develop from a part of the parent
plant, such as a root, stem, or leaf.
有性生殖是一种涉及双亲，并产生与亲代基
因不同的后代，这个过程包括，藉减数分裂
形成的两个性细胞核（精子和卵子）的结
合，受精过程性细胞结合，形成叫合子的受
精卵。合子再藉有丝分裂发展成新个体。
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 3
Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction
that involves two parents and results in offspring
that are genetically different from either parent.
The process involves the fusion (joining) of two
sex cell(egg and sperm) nuclei that were formed
during meiosis. The sex cell nuclei fuse during
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the process of fertilization forming a fertilized
egg called the zygote. The zygote then divides by
mitosis and develops into a new organism.
複習：
比较两种生殖方法： 无性和有性，并各举一
例。
解答：
藉无性繁殖产生的新生物，无需细胞核的结
合。新的生物体来自单亲的细胞，並且擁有
与单亲一模一样的特性。比如, 草履虫。
有性繁殖包括特化细胞（配子）的产生和它
们的核结合（受精），产生受精卵（合
子），比如，人类。
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 3
Review:
Compare the two methods of reproduction:
asexual and sexual and give one example for
each.
Solution:
Asexual reproduction is the production of new
organisms without the fusion of nuclei. The new
organisms develop from a cell or cells of a single
parent and have characteristics identical to the parent,
i.e. paramecium.
Sexual reproduction involves the production of
specialized cells (gametes and the fusion of their
nuclei(fertilization) producing a fertilized egg
cell(zygote), i.e. human.
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第三单元：繁殖和发展
Unit 3: Reproduction and Development
1.2.有两种细胞分裂：有丝分裂 和减数分裂
1.2．There are two types of cell division: mitosis
and meiosis
关键问题：
有丝分裂和减数分裂的整体事件和遗传结果
有何雌差异？
Essential Question:
What’s the difference between the overall events and
the genetic results of mitosis and meiosis?
主要观念：
所有体细胞（除性细胞外）都由有丝分裂产
生。有丝分裂包括，体细胞先发生一连串复
杂的核变，再产生与母细胞染色 体数目和型
别一模一样的子细胞。有丝分裂也造成多细
胞有机体组织的生长和修复。
Key Idea:
All cells in the body (except sex cells) are
produced by mitosis. Mitosis involves a complex
series of changes in the nuclei of body cells that
produce identical daughter cells with exactly the
same number and type of chromosomes as the
original cells called the parent cells. Mitosis also
results in growth and repair of body tissues in
multicellular organisms.
詞汇:
1.有丝分裂 2.减数分裂 3.间歇期
4.前期 5.中期
6.后期
7.末期 8.染色单体 9.染色体
10.着丝点 11.双股的
12.互换 13.分离 14.融合
15.单套 16.双套 17.同源的
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. mitosis 2.meiosis 3. interphase
4. Prophase 5.metaphase 6.anaphase
7.telophase 8.chromatid 9.chromosome
10 centromere 11.double-stranded
12.crossing-over 13.disjunction 14.synapsis
15.monoploid 16.diploid 17. homologous
摘要:
有丝分裂是核里一连串复杂规则的变化，通
常包含核的整组染色体的复制，并分成两组
一模一样的染色体。
Summary:
减数分裂是一个数目减少的分裂过程，其间
染色体数目减半，并形成含有每对同源染色
体之一的单套（n）的核，这个减数分裂的过
程包括两次单一请楚的分裂。
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 3
Mitosis is an orderly series of complex changes in the
nucleus, normally involving an exact duplication of
the complete set of chromosomes (nuclei) and the
separation of these chromosomes(nuclei) into two
identical sets of chromosomes(nuclei).
Meiosis is a process which involves reduction
division. During this process, the chromosome
number is reduced by one-half and
monoploid(n)nuclei which contain one chromosome
of each homologous pair are formed. The process of
meiosis involves two separate and distinct divisions.
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內容:
（A）有丝分裂的过程
1. 间歇期 –在非 分裂期间，每单股染色
体复制，形成在着丝点相连的双股染
色体。
2. 前期 – 核膜解体，纤维从细胞两极放
射，形成一个叫做纺锤体的构造，双
股染色体卷曲收缩，变成显微镜下可
见。
3. 中期- 在着丝点与纺锤体相连的双股
染色体,往细胞中央平面移动。
4. 后期 -着丝点复制後分开，纺锤丝缩
短，拉开染色单体，再聚在两极，分
开的染色单体变成新细胞的染色体。
5. 末期 – 核模在每组新染色体周围形
成，产生新核，至于细胞浆的分开，
在动物细胞是藉细胞膜陷入，植物细
胞则藉形成细胞板。
(B)第一次减数分裂
1. 复制 -每单股染色体复制，造成一模
一样的姐妹染色单体。
2. 融合是姐妹染色单体的密切配对，形
成四联体(4n)，染色单体彼此纠结，
有时会交换片段，叫做互换。
3. 排列 是同源染色体配对，在细胞中央
的平 面，排成一条线。
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 3
Content:
(A)Process of mitosis:
1. Interphase -Replication of each singlestranded chromosome during the non-dividing
period results in double-stranded
chromosomes which remain attached at a
region called the centromere..
2. Prophase - The nuclear membrane
disintegrates. Fibers radiating from opposite
poles in the cell form a structure called a
spindle. The double-stranded chromosomes
coil and contract, and become visible under
the microscope.
3. Metaphase - The double-stranded
chromosomes become attached to the spindle
fibers at their centromeres and move to the
central plane of the cell.
4. Anaphase - The centromeres replicate and
then separate. The spindle fibers shorten,
pulling the chromatids apart and collecting
them near poles。 The separated chromatids
become the chromosomes of the daughter
cells that are about to form.
5. Telophase – A nuclear membrane forms
around each new set of chromosomes,
forming two new nuclei. The cytoplasm
divides by pinching in of the cell membrane
in animal cells and forming a cell plate in
plant cells.
(B) First Meiotic Division
1. Replication of each single-stranded
chromosome results in the production of a
pair of identical sister chromatids.
4. Synapsis is the intimate pairing of sister
chromatids, resulting in the formation of
tetrads(4n). The chromatids twist around
each other and sometimes exchange
segments. This exchange is called crossingover.
5. Alignment is lining up of homologous pairs
at the central plane of the cell.
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4. 4n 姐妹染色单体配对分离，并延着纺
锤丝向细胞两极移动，造成 2n 姐妹
染色单体。
5. 细胞浆的分开，形成两个请楚的细
胞，里面有代表原来细胞染色体的每
对姐妹染色单体。
(C)第二次减数分裂
1. 连在纺锤丝中央，成对的双套姐妹染
色单体在细胞赤道板. 排成一条线。
2. 姐妹染色单体的着丝点复制
3. 单股染色体延着纺锤丝向细胞两极移
动。
4. 藉细胞浆的分开，两个细胞分裂，并
且各 产 生两个只有单套染色体的子细
胞（一共四个）
6. Disjunction of the sister chromatid pairs and
their subsequent movement along the spindle
fibers toward opposite ends of the cell, results
in 2n sister chromatids.
7. Cytoplasmic division in which two distinct
cells are produced each with a pair of sister
chromatids representing an original
chromosome(2n).
(C)Second meiotic division
1. Alignment of pair of sister chromatids(2n or
diploid) in the middle of the spindle fibers at
the equatorial plane of the cell.
2. Replication of the centromeres of the sister
chromatids.
3. Migration of single-stranded chromosomes
along the spindle fibers toward opposite ends
of the cell.
4. Cytoplasmic division in which the two
distinct cells divide and produce two
additional distinct cells(total of 4 cells) each
with a single set of chromosomes(or
monoploid).
复习:
比较有丝分裂 和减数分裂的整体事件和遗传
结果有何差异。
Review：
Compare and contrast the overall events and the
genetic results of meiosis and mitosis.
解答：
1. 有丝分裂造成两个新细胞，减数分裂
则造成四个新细胞。
2. 有丝分裂中两个新细胞都有和原细胞
一模一样的染色体数目，减数分裂的
四个新细胞则只有原细胞一半的染色
体数。
3. 有丝分裂子细胞和母细胞一模一样，
减数分裂则不同。
4. 有丝分裂 只有一次细胞分裂，减数分
裂则有两次。
5. 有丝分裂 是一种无性生殖，减数分裂
则是有性生殖。
Solution:
1. Mitosis results in two new cells, meiosis in
four.
2. Each of the two new cells in mitosis has the
same chromosome number as the original
cell. Each of the four new cells in meiosis has
one-half the number of chromosomes as the
original cell.
3. Daughter cells are identical as parent cell in
mitosis, but different in meiosis.
4. There is only one cell division in mitosis, but
two in meiosis.
5. Mitosis is a form of asexual reproduction.
Meiosis is a form of sexual reproduction.
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 3
Page 7
Draft_10_2010
第三单元: 繁殖和发展
Unit 3：Reproduction and Development
1.3 雄性生殖系统产生精子和雄性激素, 并且 1.3. The male reproductive system produces
sperm and male hormones and deposits them
把精子存入雌性生殖道。
inside the female reproductive tract.
关键问题:
雄性生殖系统的两个主要功能是什么？
Essential Question：
主要观念:
雄性生殖系统进行两个主要功能：
1. 精子细胞的产生
2. 这些细胞的存放入雌性生殖道。
Key Idea：
词汇:
1.睾丸 2.阴囊 3.尿道 4.阴茎
5.精液 6.雄性激素
7.管道
8.第二性征 9.精子
10.配子
Vocabulary & Phrases：
1.testes 2.scrotum 3.urethra 4.penis
5.semen 6.testosterone 7.duct
8.secondary sex characteristics 9.sperm
10.gamete
摘要:
1. 精子的制造发生在温度低于正常体温
一到二度的阴囊内的睾丸，这为精子
的制造和储存，提供合适的环境。
Summary：
2. 精子从睾丸经过输精管到尿道。
3. 尿道是包含在阴茎内的管子。
4. 阴茎是为着体内受精的构造。
5. 腺体分泌液体，提供精子运输的环
境，这个液体和精子细胞构成精液。
6. 除了产生精子外，睾丸也能产生控制
精子细胞成熟，及发展第二性征的雄
性荷尔蒙。
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 3
What are the two main functions of the male
reproductive system?
The male reproductive system performs two major
functions:
1. the production of sperm cells
2. the deposition of these cells within the female
reproductive tract.
1. Sperm production occurs in the testes located in
the scrotum where the temperature is 1-2
degrees Celsius cooler than normal body
temperature. This provides the optimum
temperature for sperm production and storage.
2. From the testes, sperm move through the sperm
duct and the urethra.
3. The urethra is a tube contained within the
penis.
4. The penis is a structural adaptation for internal
fertilization.
5. Glands secrete a liquid as a transport medium
for the sperm. This liquid and the sperm cells
constitute semen.
6. In addition to producing sperm, the testes also
produce the male sex hormone, testosterone
which regulates the maturation of sperm and the
development of secondary sex characteristics.
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內容:
1. 睾丸产生雄性配子或精子，它们位在
叫做阴囊的身体外囊，它的温度低于
正常体温一到二度，为精子的制造和
储存，提供合适的环境。
2. 管道是一连串让精子从睾丸到阴茎内
尿道的通道，阴茎是为了将精子存放
入雌性生殖道的构造（体内受精）
3. 分泌物 – 腺体分泌不同的液体进入管
道，它提供精子适当的碱性环境，及
葡萄糖作能量。它们也提供可让精子
游泳的液体环境，以适应陆地的生
活。
4. 精液是液体和精子的混合物，精子排
出身体的过程叫射精。
5. 荷尔蒙。睾丸产生能控制发展第二性
征如长出鬍鬚，声音低沉的雄性荷尔
蒙。
.
复习：
1. 睾丸的功能是什么？
2. 雄性荷尔蒙的功能是什么？
3. 睾丸位在哪里？为什么？
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 3
Content:
1. Testes produce the male gametes, or sperm.
They are located in an outpocketing of the
body wall called the scrotum. Its temperature
is 1 or 2 degrees Celsius lower than normal
body temperature, providing optimum
environment for production and storage of
sperm.
2. Ducts are a series of tubes which furnish a
passageway for sperm from the testes to the
urethra in the penis. The penis is adapted for
depositing sperm in the female reproductive
tract (internal fertilization).
3. Secretion. Glands secrete various fluids into
the ducts. The fluids provide the sperm with
the proper alkaline pH(basic environment)
and supply glucose for energy. They also
provide a liquid medium in which the sperm
can swim, an adaptation for life on land.
4. Semen is the mixture of fluids and sperm.
The process by which sperm pass out of the
body is known as ejaculation.
5. Hormones. The testes produce male sex
hormones, which regulate the development of
secondary sex characteristics, such as beard
development and lowering of voice pitch.
Review:
1. What are the functions of the testes?
2. What is the function of testosterone?
3. Where are the testes located in the human
male? Why?
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解答：
1. 睾丸能产生精子细胞，及雄性荷
尔蒙。
2. 雄性荷尔蒙负责雄性的第二性征
如体毛，肌肉发展，声音低沉。
3. 睾丸位在阴囊，在体腔外，它的
温度略低于身体其他部分的温
度，低温对精子的制造和储存最
好。
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 3
Solution:
1. The testes produce sperm cells and the
male sex hormone testosterone.
2. Testosterone is responsible for the
secondary sex characteristics of males,
such as body hair, muscle development,
and deep voice.
3. The testes are located in the scrotum,
which is outside the body cavity. The
scrotum keeps the testes at a temperature
slightly lower than the rest of the body.
This lower temperature is best for the
production and storage of sperm.
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第三单元: 繁殖和发展
Unit 3：Reproduction and Development
1.4 雌性生殖系统产卵且是受精和胚胎发展的地
1.4 The female reproductive system produces
eggs and is the site of fertilization and
embryonic development
点。
关键问题:
雌性生殖系统的主要功能是什么？
Essential Question:
主要观念:
雌性生殖系统产生卵和导致第二性征如乳房发
展，体型改变和长出体毛的雌性激素，它也是受
精和胚胎发展之处。
Key Idea:
词汇:
1.卵 2．输卵管 3.子宫
4.子宫颈 5.阴道 6.雌性激素
7.怀孕激素 8.胚胎 9.月经週期
10.排卵 11.滤泡 12.月经
13.黄体素 14.植入
Vocabulary & Phrases：
1.ovary
2.oviduct
3.uterus
4.cervix 5.vagina 6.estrogen
7.progesterone 8.embryo 9.menstrual cycle
10.ovulation 11.follicle 12.menstruation
13.corpus luteum 14.implantation
What are the main functions of the female
reproductive system?
The female reproductive system produces eggs and
female hormones responsible for the secondary sex
characteristics such as development of breasts,
changes in body form and growth of body hair. It is
also the site of fertilization and embryonic
development.
摘要：
Summary:
Female Reproductive System Structures
雌性生殖系统的构造
1. ovary -- (females have two of these) -1．卵巢 - （雌性有两个）-产生雌性配子或 produce female gametes or eggs and the
hormones: estrogen and progesterone. These
卵和荷尔蒙：雌性激素和怀孕激素。这
些荷尔蒙，週期性的交互反应，叫月经
週期。除了怀孕或失调，它平均每 28 天
重复一次。
hormones interact in a cyclic pattern called the
menstrual cycle. This pattern of events repeats
itself on average every 28 days unless a pregnancy
or other disruption occurs.
2. oviduct (fallopian tube)
-- carries the egg away from the ovary
-- internal fertilization normally occurs here
3.
uterus -- implantation and development of
3．子宫 – 出生前胚胎的植入和发展在此
the embryo and fetus before birth occurs here
4．阴道或产道 – 精子的入口和婴儿出生的出 4. vagina or birth canal -- entry point for
sperm from the male and exit tube for the baby
口。
when it is born.
2．输卵管 – 将卵带离卵巢
--体内受精通常发生在此
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 3
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內容:
Content:
月经週期
1． 滤泡期(平均为 期 10-14 天)
。卵的产生发生在卵巢里叫做滤泡的小腔
。扩大的滤泡产生女性荷尔蒙，引起子宫膜
变厚，预备胚胎的植入
Menstrual Cycle Stages
1. follicle stage (10-14 days average duration)

production of ova/eggs occurs in tiny
cavities in the ovary called follicles
 enlarging follicle produces estrogen
which causes the uterus to get ready for
embryo implantation (uterus thickens
its lining)
2. ovulation (1 day)
 follicle enlarges and ruptures ovary
wall
 egg is released to the oviduct (usually
only 1 is released at a time)
3. corpus luteum stage (10 -14 days average
duration)

yellow tissue fills the follicle after
ovulation called the corpus luteum
 "yellow body" secretes progesterone
which maintains the thickness of the
uterus in case a pregnancy occurs
4.menstruation (3-5 days average duration)
. Corpus luteum begins to shrink,
progesterone production decreases, and
thickened lining of uterine tissue breaks
down. The tissue together with some
blood is discharged.
2.排卵（1 天）
。滤泡扩大並突破卵巢壁
。卵被释放到输卵管（通常一次释放一
个）
1. 黄体素期（平均为 期 10-14 天）
。排卵后叫做黄体素的黄色组织充满滤
泡
。“黄体”分泌怀孕激素维持子宫的厚
度，以备一旦怀孕之需
2. 月经（平均为 期 3-5 天）
黄体素开始萎缩，怀孕激素的产生减
少，增厚的子宫内壁瓦解，组织和血一
起排出。
复习:
1. 卵巢的功能是什么？
2. 雌激素的功能是什么？
3. 简述月经週期每个时期发生的事件，並
且多久？
Review:
1. What are the functions of the ovaries?
2. What are the functions of estrogen?
3. Briefly describe the events of each stage of
the menstrual cycle. Approximately how long
is each stage?
解答：
1. 卵巢产生卵并且分泌雌性激素。
2. 雌性激素负责雌性的第二性征，比如：乳房
发育，骨盆扩张。雌性激素也在月经週期中
扮演重要角色。
Solution:
1. The ovaries produce eggs and also secrete
the female sex hormone estrogen.
2. Estrogen is responsible for the female
secondary sex characteristics, such as
breasts and broadened pelvis. Estrogen
also plays a large role in the menstrual
cycle.
3. 滤泡期为时十天左右，卵巢的一个滤泡发展
3. Follicle stage lasts about 10 days. One of
成熟，子宫内膜变厚，充满粘液和血管。
the follicles in the ovary develops and
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 3
Page 12
Draft_10_2010
排卵期一天内发生，滤泡破裂，释放卵进入
输卵管。
黄体素期为时十四天，破裂的滤泡发展成黄
体素，它会产生怀孕激素，进一步刺激子宫
内膜的变厚。
月经週期为时大约三至五天，如果卵没受
精，怀孕激素的分泌减少，子宫内膜解体，
组织和血从身体排出。
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 3
matures. The lining of the uterus thickens
with mucus and a rich supply of blood
vessels.
Ovulation stage happens in one day.
Follicle bursts, releasing egg into oviduct.
Corpus luteum stage lasts for 14 days.
Burst follicle develops into corpus
luteum, which produces progesterone.
Progesterone stimulates further thickening
of uterine lining.
Menstruation stage lasts about 3-5 days.
If egg is not fertilized. Progesterone
secretion decreases, and uterine lining
degenerates. Tissue and blood are
discharged from body.
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第三单元: 繁殖和发展
1.5 受精时，配子结合形成合子后，胚胎的发
展立刻开始。
关键问题:
胚胎如何形成并发展？
Unit 3：Reproduction and Development
1.5 During fertilization, the gametes unite to form a
zygote and embryonic development begins immediately
after it.
Essential Question:
How is an embryo formed and developed?
主要观念:
受精后，合子藉有丝分裂重复分裂，这个过
程的早期没有生长发生，叫做卵裂。生长和
分化产生一个成型的胚胎，这就是发展。
Key Idea:
词汇:
1. 卵裂 2. 形成原肠胚 3.分化
4. 囊胚 5. 胎盘 6. 胚胎
1. 胎儿 8. 脐带 9.羊水
Vocabulary & Phrases：
1. Cleavage 2. Gastrulation 3.differentiation
4.blastula 5. Placenta 6. embryo
7.fetus 8. umbilical cord 9.amniotic fluid
摘要：
1. 卵裂—合子重复分裂，产生只有单層
细胞厚的中空的球体，叫做囊胚。分
裂期间，细胞不会生长，所以囊胚的
大小和最初的合子一样大。
Summary:
2. 形成原肠胚—囊胚的一边凹入，形成
原肠胚，其外層叫外胚层，内層叫内
胚层，在内胚层和外胚层中间形成的
第三層叫做中胚層
3. 分化 –三層细胞分化成动物不同的组
织和器官。
4. 生长—起因于细胞数目和大小的增加
After fertilization the zygote divides repeatedly by mitotic
division. The early stages of this process, in which no growth
occurs, is called cleavage. Growth and differentiation,
producing a fully-formed embryo, is called development.
1. Cleavage-- Repeated cell division of the zygote
produces a hollow ball with a single layer of cells,
called the blastula. Cells do not grow between
divisions, so the blastula is about the same size as the
original zygote.
2. Gastrulation-- One side of the blastula becomes
indented, forming the gastrula. The outer layer is called
the ectoderm; the inner layer is the endoderm. A third
layer of cells, called the mesoderm, forms between the
ectoderm and the endoderm.
3. Differentiation—The cells of the three layers
differentiate into various tissue and organs of the
animal.
4. Growth –results from an increase in the number of cells
as well as an increase in cell size.
内容:
起初的发展和分化
Content:
Initial Development and Differentiation
丛配子的产生，到受精，到发展都是循序渐
进。合子含有生物生长，发展乃至繁殖所需
的所有资讯。
The processes of gamete production, fertilization, and
development follow an orderly sequence of events.
Zygotes contain all the information necessary for
growth, development, and eventual reproduction of the
organism.
由一个细胞组成的受精卵，也就是合子，藉
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 3
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有丝分裂快速分裂，形成早期发展的人体胚
胎。受精和这种早期的有丝分裂发生在输卵
管。初期胚胎沿着输卵管往下移动，并在子
宫壁完成大部分的发展。
胎盘是母体和胎儿组织的结合体，以便两者
物质的交换。生命所需的物质如食物和氧气
通过胎盘扩散到胎儿体内，胎儿产生的废物
则扩散到母体。脐带是胎儿的构造，含有血
管，以便在两者之间运送物质。羊水围绕着
胚胎，帮助减少震盪，以便一旦母体受到震
动或伤害时，可以保护胎儿免受机械性伤
害。
胚胎最终发展成有三層细胞的构造，叫做原
肠胚，它又将分化形成特化的细胞。分化是
指细胞展开不同的工作，从而发展为成熟中
的生物体的特定组织，例如发展中的囊胚的
外 層会发展为成熟人体的皮肤和神经细统，
大部分多细胞生物都要进行类似形式的发展
和分化。
胎儿的发展
发展是一个高度规则的过程，在叫做原肠胚
的一小撮细胞形成后，组织就开始形成。在
人类，基本器官的胚胎发展，发生在怀孕的
早期，人类发展的头三个月，器官开始形
成。当看得出人形构造时，胚胎就叫胎儿，
在第六个月结束时，所有的器官和特征已经
发展，最后三个月期间，器官和特征进一步
发展，以备出生后，发挥功能。
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 3
The zygote, which is a fertilized egg consisting of one
cell, will begin to divide rapidly by mitosis forming the
early developing human embryo. Fertilization and the
initial stages of this mitotic cell division occur in the
oviduct. The early embryo is migrates down the
fallopian tube and completes most of its development in
the wall of the uterus.
The placenta is a combination of maternal and fetal
tissue which allows for the exchange of materials with
the fetus and mother. Needed materials such as food
and oxygen diffuse through the placenta to the fetus,
while wastes from the fetus diffuse to the mother. The
umbilical cord is a fetal structure containing blood
vessels which allows materials to be carried between the
fetus and placenta in both directions. The amniotic
fluid surrounds the fetus and helps to provide a shock
absorber to protect the fetus against mechanical injury in
the event the mother is shaken or injured in some
manner.
The embryo will eventually develop into a three cell
layered structure. This structure is called a gastrula
and will eventually differentiate to form the specialized
cells. Differentiation means that the cells will develop
specific jobs and develop into specific tissues in the
maturing organism. An example of this is that the outer
cell layer of the developing gastrula will develop into
the skin and nervous system of a mature human
organisms. Most multicellular animals undergo a
similar pattern of development and differentiation.
Fetal Development
Development is a highly regulated process After this
small cluster of cells called the gastrula forms in
humans, tissues begin to form. In humans, the
embryonic development of essential organs occurs in early stages of
pregnancy. During the first three months of human
development, organs begin to form. The human
embryo is usually referred to as a fetus when human
like features become visible in its structure. All organs
and body features are developed by the end of the sixth
month. During the last three months of pregnancy,
organs and features develop well enough to function
after birth.
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胚胎（或胎儿）可能遭到来自基因错误或母
体暴露在特别环境的危险，比如:饮食不足，
使用酒精，烟草，毒品，其他毒素，或者感
染。
复习:
5. 描述从合子到含有三层细胞的
原肠胚的发展
6. 卵裂之后，胚胎如何改变？
7. 什么控制胚胎的生长和发展？
The embryo (or fetus) may encounter risks from faults in
its genes and from its mother's exposure to
environmental factors such as inadequate diet, use of
alcohol, tobacco, drugs, other toxins, or infections.
Review：
1. Describe development from the zygote through the
three-layered gastrula.
2. How does the embryo change during cleavage?
3. What controls embryonic growth and development?
解答：
1. 合子重复进行细胞分裂叫做卵裂，当
细胞继续分裂时，球体中心变空，这
个由单层细胞组成的空心球叫做囊
胚，跟着它的一边凹入，形成原肠
胚。
Solution:
1. The zygote undergoes repeated cell divisions called
cleavage. As the cells continue to divide, the center
of the ball becomes hollow. The hollow ball, made up
of a single layer of cells, is called blastula which is
followed by the indentation of one side, resulting in
the formation of the gastrula.
2. 卵裂时，合子重复进行细胞分裂，产
生由单层细胞组成的空心球，叫做囊
胚。分裂中间，细胞不会长大，所以
现在叫做囊胚的胚胎，大约只有起初
合子的大小。
3. 被认知为生长因素的化学物质通知细
胞开始或停止生长，移动或长到某一
点，开始分化。
2. During cleavage, repeated cell division of the zygote
produces a hollow ball with a single layer of cells,
called the blastula. Cells do not grow between
divisions, so the embryo called blastula now is
about the same size as the original zygote.
3. Chemical substances known as growth factors signal
the cells to start or stop growing, to migrate or grow
to a certain point to differentiate.
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 3
Page 16