Draft_10_2010
第一单元: 科学调查和技术
1.1 科学调查包括提问，观察和推论，实验，
收集和组织数据.科学家企图解决问题时必须依
循一定的步骤，也就是科学方法.
1.2 数据通常涉及实验时完成的尝试或实验的
结果，数据表是使实验时收集的资讯合理化的
第一步。
1.3 构图可以让人看出数据中的走向或模式，
进而迅速做出比较和意见。
Unit 1: Scientific Inquiry and Skills
1.1. Scientific inquiry involves questioning,
observing and inferring, experimenting, collecting
and organizing data, finding evidence and drawing
conclusions, repeating the experiment several
times and peer review. Scientists must follow
certain steps referred to as the scientific method
in their attempt to solve problems.
1.2. Data generally refers to the results of trials, or
tests, completed during experiments. A data table
is an important initial stage in making sense of the
information you will collect while doing an
experiment.
1.3. Constructing a graph allows one to see trends
or patterns in one’s mathematical data and form
opinions and make comparisons quickly.
单元大纲
Unit Overview
第一单元：科学调查和技术
Unit 1: Inquiry and Skills
1.1 科学调查包括提问，观察和推论，实验，
收集和组织数据，找寻证据和作出结论，重复
实验几次和同辈复审。科学家企图解决问题时
必须依循一定的步骤,也就是科学方法
关键问题：
什么是科学方法？
主要观念：
科学方法是科学家为解决问题必须依循的固定
步骤，它们是提出待解决的问题，形成假设，
设计步骤，组织收集的结果或数据，和形成结
论。
词汇：
1.问题 2.假设 3.设计一个步骤
4.数据 5.结论 6.对照组
7.实验组 8.自变量 9.因变量
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 1
1.1 Scientific inquiry involves questioning,
observing and inferring, experimenting, collecting
and organizing data, finding evidence and drawing
conclusions, repeating the experiment several
times and peer review. Scientists must follow
certain steps referred to as the scientific method
in their attempt to solve .
Essential Question:
What is scientific method?
Key Idea:
Scientific methods are certain steps which
scientists must follow to solve problems. They are
forming a problem, forming a hypothesis,
designing a procedure, organizing the results or
data collected, and forming a conclusion
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1.Problem 2.hypothesis 3. Design a procedure
4. Data 5. Conclusion 6. Control group
7. Experimental group 8. Independent variable
9. Dependent variable
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摘要：
1.问题 是正在调查的事件，并以问句形式书
写。
2. 假设是针对问题作出以句子形式书写的可行
的解答。
3. 实验步骤必须有两组：对照组包含除了自变
量（即要测试的因素, 例如：温度对植物生长的
影响））以外的所有实验部分。实验组包含对
照组的所有部分和自变量。
4. 收集的数据包括自变量如何影响因变量。
5. 结论是根据实验数据而决定，并以完整的句
子叙述。
內容:
1. 构架要研究的问题所需的工夫跟做实验
本身常一样多。牵涉到起初研究问题的
调查，包括提问和寻找，解释，并处理
取自各样来源的讯息.
2. 假设是根据科学家先前的研究和观察，
预测可能的实验结果。它普遍用于科学
上决定收集何种数据，并诠释所收集的
数据。
3. 妥善设计的步骤只有一个变量，这个步
骤应明确指出实验要研究的材料和要作
的测量。实验必须有两组。对照组包
含除了自变量（即要测试的因素）
以外的所有实验部分。它用来和拥
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 1
Summary:
1. The problem is what is being investigated and
is written in question form.
2. The hypothesis is a testable possible solution
about the answer to the problem and is a statement
written in a sentence.
3. There must be two groups included in the
experimental procedure. The control group
contains all the parts of the experiment except the
independent variable （which is the factor being
tested。For example, the effect of temperature on
the plant growth). The experimental group
contains all the factors of the control group as well
as the independent variable.
4. The type of data collected involves how the
independent variable influences the dependent
variable.
5. A conclusion is determined from data in an
experiment and is stated as a complete sentence.
Content:
1. The formulation of the problem to be
studied often requires as much work as the
scientific experiment itself. The inquiry
involved in the initial research of the
problem involves asking questions and
locating, interpreting, and processing
information from a variety of sources.
2. Hypothesis is a prediction of the possible
outcome of an experiment based upon prior
research and observation by the scientist.
It’s widely used in science for determining
what data to collect and as a guide for
interpreting the data which is collected.
3. A well designed procedure contains only
one variable. This procedure should clearly
indicate the materials to be studied in the
experiment and the measurements to be
taken. There must be two groups included
in the experimental procedure. The control
group contains all the parts of the
experiment except the independent variable
(which is the factor being tested). It acts as
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有对照组的所有部分外加自变量的
实验组比较。
4. 组织收集的结果和数据可能包括使用数
据报表，图，表和绘图。在实验中处理
变量时，数据必须包括自变量和因变量
的变化。
a basis to compare with the experimental
group which contains all the factors of the
control group as well as the independent
variable.
4. Organizing the results or data collected
may involved the use of data charts,
graphs, tables, or drawings. When a
variable is manipulated in an experiment,
the data must include the changes in the
independent and dependent variables.
5. Using the trends in your experimental data
5. 应用你的实验数据和观察，结论应该试
着回答起初的问题并评估假设中预测的
结果和真正结果间的一致性。
复习：
范例問題 1：
你被指派设计一个实验，决定光线对蕃茄树生
长的影响，你的设计务要：
--陈述要试验的假设
--指明实验的自变量
--描述要收集的数据
解答 1：
and your experimental observations, the
conclusion should try to answer the
original problem and be able to assess the
correspondence between the predicted
result contained in the hypothesis and the
actual results.
Review:
Sample Question 1:
You have been assigned to design an experiment
to determine the effects of light on the growth of
tomato plants. In your experimental design be sure
to :
--state one hypothesis to be tested
--identify the independent variable in the
experiment
--describe the type of data to be collected
范例问题 2：
Solution 1:
Hypothesis: More light (example, more hours of
light or brighter light) makes plants grow more
(example，taller or have more leaves or have
bigger leaves).
Independent variable (the thing you change): light.
A valid experiment can only have one independent
variable (example, light).
Data (what you measure): height of plants or
number of leaves or size of leaves.
Sample question 2
你是莴苣公司研究部门的主管，你的公司在实
验用水耕技术种莴苣，水耕技术包括在温室含
You are the head of the research division of the Leafy
Lettuce Company. Your company is experimenting
with growing lettuce using hydroponic
假设： 增加光线（例如延长光照或用强光）使
植物长得更好（例如更高或叶子更多，更大）
自变量（你要改变的）：光线。一个有效的实
验只有一个自变量（例如光线）。
数据(你要测量的)：植物的高度或叶子的数
目，大小。
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 1
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生长液的容器里种植物。不用土壤，公司用的
生长液包含水，氮，和磷。公司要知道是否处
方加铁会改进莴苣的生长。
--敘述新实验中要测试的假设
--陈述对照组与实验组的处理有何不同
--敘述应该收集哪种数据。
technology. Hydroponic technology involves
growing plants in containers of growth solution in
a greenhouse. No soil is used. The growth solution
that the company uses contains water, nitrogen,
and phosphorus. The company wants to know if
adding iron to this formula will improve lettuce
growth.



state a hypothesis to be tested in the new
experiment
state how the control group will be treated
differently from the experimental group
state what type of data should be collected.
解答 2
Solution 2:
生长液处方加铁会促进莴苣的生长。（注意：
假设以敘述的方式书写，而不是问句。）
The addition of iron to the growth formula will
improve the growth of the lettuce. (Note that the
hypothesis is phrased as a statement, not a
question.)
The experimental or variable group would
receive the iron added to its growth solution, while
the control group would not.
实验组的生长液加铁，对照组则不加。
收集的数据应包括自变量（生长液的种类）如
何影响因变量（莴苣的生长），实验者要收集
正确的测量数据，如莴苣多长几公分，或重了
几公克。
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 1
The type of data collected involves how the
independent variable (the kind of growth
solution) influences the dependent variable
which is the growth of the lettuce. The
experimenter would want to collect precise
measurement data, such as how much more the
lettuce grew in cm. or gained weight in grams
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第一单元：科学调查和技术
Unit 1: Scientific Inquiry and Skills
1.2 数据通常涉及实验时完成的尝试或试验的
步。
1.2. Data generally refers to the results of trials, or
tests, completed during experiments. A data table
is an important initial stage in making sense of the
information you will collect while doing an
experiment
关键问题：
Essential Question:
1.2.如何建构数据表？
1.2. How to construct a data table?
主要观念：
Key Idea:
数据表用来记录数字资料，并将所关察的结果
以适当的栏目排列。
A data table is used to record numerical data. The
information is organized by arranging observations
in columns with appropriate headings.
词汇：
1.标题 2.影响 3.栏目抬头
4.由小而大的顺序
摘要：
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1.title 2 . effect 3.column heading
4.increasing order
Summary:
结果,数据表是合理化实验所收集的资讯的第一
1.标题必须指出自变量和因变量的关系，例
如：肥料浓度（自变量）对植物生长（因变
量）的影响。
2.栏目抬头包括因变量和自变量，它们也可包
括尝试或实验设置的数目或其他讯息。
3.栏目抬头需要指出测量的单位
4.自变量一般以由小而大的顺序记录。
5.因变量则顺应自变量而记录。
1. Title the table in a way that relates the
independent variable to the dependent
variable. For example: The Effect of
Fertilizer Concentration (the independent
variable) on Plant Growth (the dependent
variable).
2. Column headings include the dependent
and independent variables. They may also
include trial or setup numbers or other
information.
3. Column headings need to indicate units of
measurement.
4. The independent variable is typically
recorded in increasing order.
5. The dependent variable is recorded to
correspond with the independent variable.
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 1
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內容：
Content:
每个实验都包括为日后研究和解释而記录的观
察，这个观察叫数据，数据常以数据表的形式
记录，，这种安排便于有系统地记录观察。数
据表通常有标明的栏目和成排调查中所预期产
生的不同项目的数据。
Every laboratory investigation involves
observations that must be recorded for later
study and interpretation. The recorded
observations of an investigation are called
data. Data is very often recorded in a data
table, which is a form that has been specially
set up to make it easy to record the
observations in a systematic way. A data table
usually has labeled columns and rows for the
various items of data that the investigation is
expected to produce.
数据表用以组织并目视实验中的观察，下面是
一个实验数据表的例子。
Data tables are used to organize and visualize
the observations of an experiment. The
following is an example of an experiment and
the resulting data table:
实验
Experiment
有个学生进行实验，決定光合作用中光线強度
的影响。因为氧是光合作用的废物，所以比较
光合作用产生的氧量，就可以决定光线的影
响。
A student performs an experiment to determine
the relative effects of light intensity during
photosynthesis. Oxygen (O2)is a waste product
of photosynthesis. Therefore, by comparing the
amount of O2 produced during the experiment
by photosynthesis, the effect of light may be
determined.
所有其他情况像土壤，水，二氧化碳保持一
样，只有每颗植物的光度（变量）不一样，给
A 植物少量的光，B 植物大量的光，关察五天
并记录如下：
With all other conditions, such as soil, water,
and available carbon dioxide being the same,
only the light intensity (variable) is different
for each plant, .Plant A is given only a low
level of light, and plant B is given a high level
of light. Over a five day period, the following
observations are recorded.
第一天— A 植物产生生 10 毫升的氧，B
植物产生生 20 毫升的氧.
第二天— A 植物产生生 12 毫升的氧，B
植物产生生 22 毫升的氧.
第三天— A 植物产生生 8 毫升的氧，B 植
物产生生 18 毫升的氧.
第四天— A 植物产生生 10 毫升的氧，B
植物产生生 22 毫升的氧.
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 1
Day 1 – Plant A produces 10 mL of O2, and
plant B produces 20 mL of O2.
Day 2 – Plant A produces 12 mL of O2, and
plant B produces 22 mL of O2.
Day 3 - Plant A produces 8 mL of O2, and
plant B produces 18 mL of O2.
Day 4 - Plant A produces 10 mL of O2, and
plant B produces 22 mL of O2.
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第五天— A 植物产生生 12 毫升的氧，B
植物产生生 24 毫升的氧
Day 5 - Plant A produces 12 mL of O2, and
plant B produces 24 mL of O2.
实验数据表如右
A data table for the experiment may look like
this (below).
DATA TABLE
AMOUNT OF OXYGEN RELEASED
释放的氧量
PLANT A
注意：以表格形式组织数据，将观察以清晰
简明的顺序记录下来，易于解读和作图。
PLANT B
DAY DAILY
TOTAL
DAILY
TOTAL
1
10 mL
10 mL
20 mL
20 mL
2
12 mL
22 mL
22 mL
42 mL
3
8 mL
30 mL
18 mL
60 mL
4
10 mL
40 mL
22 mL
82 mL
5
12 mL
52 mL
24 mL
106 mL
Note: Organizing data in a table form puts the
observations in a clear and concise order, easy to
read and graph.
复习：
Review:
范例问题 1:有人研究咖啡对心跳的影响，正常
Sample Question 1: A study was conducted to
discover the effects of coffee on heart rate in
adults. Normal heart rate in adults, without any
coffee, is 65 beats per minute.
成人心跳是每分鐘 65 下。
研究结果显示，一杯咖啡可增加心跳到 72 下，
两杯增加到 75 下，三杯到 78 ，四杯到 82 。
1.设计一表，记录研究结果，记得涵盖所有的
尝试和其结果。
2.这个表格合适的标题是什么？
3.敘述喝咖啡和心跳的关系。
解答 1：如右
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 1
The results of this study showed that 1 cup of
coffee increases heart rate to 72 beats/min, 2 cups
increases it to 75b/m, 3 cups to 78 b/m, and 4 cups
to 82b/m.
1. Design a table to record the results of the
study. Remember to include columns for
all the trials and their results.
2. What is an appropriate title for this table?
3. State the relationship between coffee
consumption and heart rate.
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Solution 1.
# of cups of
coffee
Heart rate (beats/min)
心跳速率
咖啡的杯数
0
65
1
72
2
75
3
78
4
82
1.咖啡对心跳的影响
2.喝的咖啡愈多，心跳愈快。
1. The effect of coffee on heart rate
范例问题 2：有人研究温度对金鱼呼吸速率的
影响，呼吸速率以每分钟鳃盖的启闭为准，收
集的数据如右下：
2. The more coffee consumed, the higher the
heart rate.
Sample 2: An investigation was performed to
determine the effect of temperature on the
respiratory rate of a goldfish. The respiratory rate
was measured by the number of gill cover
movements per minute. The following data were
collected.
Data
60 gill cover movements at 23 C
57 gill cover movements at 25 C
15 gill cover movements at 10 C
25 gill cover movements at 15 C
30 gill cover movements at 18 C
问题：按温度递增的顺序，丛上而下，填满右
25 gill cover movements at 27 C
下列数据表。
Question: Complete both columns of the data
table so that the temperatures are increasing from
the top to the bottom of the data table below.
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 1
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Temperature
温度(C)
Gill Cover Movements
Per Minute
每分鐘鳃盖的启闭
解答
Solution
Temperature
Gill Cover Movements Per Minute
温度(C)
每分鐘鳃盖的启闭
10
15
18
23
25
27
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 1
15
25
30
60
57
25
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第一单元：科学调查和技术
Unit 1: Inquiry and Skills
1.3.构图可以让人看出数据中的走向或模式，
进而迅速做出比较和意见。
1.3. Constructing a graph allows one to see
trends or patterns in one’s mathematical data and
form opinions and make comparisons quickly.
Essential Question:
What is the technique for constructing a graph?
Key Idea:
关键问题：
描绘图的技术是什么？
1.3. 主要观念：
1.3.数据表中的资料可以用图形组织并呈现，
因它以生动图解的方式显示关系，故比数据表
更好。
1.3. The raw data recorded on the data table may be
词汇：
1.线图
2.插补
3.轴
4.刻度
5.条形图
摘要：
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. line graph
2. extrapolation
3. axis
4. Scale
5. bar graph
Summary:
线图用来显示两个变量间的关系，自变量放在
水平轴（X 轴），因变量放在纵轴（Y 轴）两
个轴的值都始于左下方的零，并延着右上方增
加
A line graph is used to show relationships
between two variables. One variable, called the
independent variable, is placed along the
horizontal (bottom), or X axis. The other
variable, the dependent variable, is placed on the
vertical (side), or Y Axis. The values for both
axes start at zero at the lower left and values
increase going to the right or going up.
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 1
organized and presented in the form of a graph.
Graphs are often superior to tables as a method of
presentation because they show relationships in a
vivid, pictorial manner.
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内容：
1.3a.线图
线图用来比较不同组的相关数据或预测没有直
接测量的数据。这可能包括沿着斜坡向上或向
下延伸的插补法，线图也用来预测两点间的数
据，使用这些技术的範例如左。
一个人可以用这个图决定胃蛋白酶
(gastric protease)和肠蛋白酶
（intestinal protease）在酸碱度 5 时作
用相等。也可以决定肠蛋白酶(intestinal
protease)在酸碱度 12 时停止作用
1.3b.设计线图的技术:
1.指出要作图的变量
自变量-实验者操作的变量
-在 x 轴（水平轴）上作图
因变量-随自变量改变的因素
-在 y 轴（纵轴）上作图
2.决定轴的刻度
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 1
Content：
1.3a.Line Graphs
Line graphs are used to compare different sets
of related data or to "predict" data that is not
directly measured. This may involve the
extrapolation by extending the graph along
the slope above or below the plotted data on
the graph. Line graphs may be also used to
predict data between two plotted points on the
graph. Some samples uses of these techniques
are illustrated in the graph below.
One could use the graph above to determine
the relative rates of activity of gastric protease
and intestinal protease are equal at pH 5.0.
One could also determine that the activity of
intestinal protease stops at a pH of 12.
1.3b.Technique for Constructing a Line
Graph:
1. Identify the variables to be plotted
independent variable -- the variable
manipulated by the experimenter
--is plotted on the x-axis (horizontal axis)
dependent variable -- the factor responding
to changes in the independent variable
-- is plotted on the y-axis (vertical axis)
2．Determine the scale of the axes
-- determine each axis individually
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-分别决定每个轴
-用要作图的最大值除以格数取得近似值。
-图应该占满空间
3. 记数并标明每个轴适宜的单位
4. 在图上用点画出每个数据。
-- may easily be determined by taking the
largest value to be plotted and dividing by
the number of blocks and then rounding up
to the nearest convenient number
-- the graph should be spread to occupy the
most available space
3． Number and label each axis indicating
the appropriate units。
4. Plot each data value on the graph with a
point.
5. Draw a line that best fits the data points.
5.画出最适合数据点的线
-除非有数据支持，不要把数据点和原点联接
-尽可能画出最合适的所有作图点的线
-- do not connect data points to the origin
unless there is data to support this
-- if possible, do the graph of experimental
data as a "best fit" line for the points which
have been plotted.
6.提出指明跟图有关的标题
6. Provide a title which clearly indicates
what the graph is about.
7.如果图有不只一组数据，要图示注明不同
的线代表什么？
7. If the graph has more than one set of data,
provide a key to indicate what is represented
by the different lines.
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 1
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1.3c.条形图提供另一种组织数据的方式。它
容许测量不同项目，再作比较。直柱图类似
条形图，但只比较一个变量。直柱图容许将
数据分门别类，正如左图。
Medium 中等
Phenotype 表现型
1.3c. Bar graphs provide another way of
organizing data. It allows the taking of several
measurements of different items and then making
a comparison of them. A histogram is similar to
a bar graph, but only involves one variable which
is compared. A histogram allows the sorting of
data by categories, as in the example below:
Population frequency 群数
复习：
有个学生在研究测量不同酸碱度时，酶的相
对活性。他收集了下列数据：
Review:
酸碱度 2，酶的活性 10;
A student was working on an investigation to
measure the relative activity of an enzyme at
various pH values. He collected the following
data:
酸碱度 8, 酶的活性 50;
pH 2, enzyme activity 10;
酸碱度 12, 酶的活性 10;
pH 8, enzyme activity 50;
酸碱度 4, 酶的活性 20;
pH 12, enzyme activity 10;
酸碱度 6, 酶的活性 40;
pH 4, enzyme activity 20;
酸碱度 10, 酶的活性 40.
pH 6, enzyme activity 40;
a.在数据表各栏标记合适的标题。
pH10, enzyme activity 40.
b.按酸碱度递增的方式将数据
a.
Label each column of the Data Table with
an appropriate heading,
填入两栏。
b.
Fill in two columns so that the pH values
are increasing.
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 1
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Draft_10_2010
c. 用你预备的数据表，依照下列说明建构
一图：
--在每个轴标记合适的刻度
--标出每个数据点并连起来
c.
Using the information in the Data Table
you prepared, construct a graph, following the
directions below:
--Label and make an appropriate scale on
each axis.
--Plot the data and connect the points.
解答：
如右
Solution
The relationship between Ph and enzyme
activity
酸碱度和酶的活性的关系
Ph（酸碱度）
ALBETAC Bilingual Study Notes
Living Environment - High School Unit 1
Enzyme activity
（酶的话性）
2
10
4
20
6
40
8
50
10
40
12
10
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