第三单元：进步主义运动
Unit 3: The Progressive Movement
3.1 镀金时代和政治腐败
3.2 商业和政治的法规
3.3 揭露黑幕者和其他的进步主义者
3.4 进步主义时代的总统
3.5 进步主义时代的妇女和黑人
3.1 The Gilded Age and Political Corruption
3.2 Regulation of Politics and Business
3.3 Muckrakers and other Progressives
3.4 Progressive Era Presidents
3.5 Women and African Americans in the
Progressive Era
单元大纲
十九世纪后期，在工业成长和移民进入的同
时，也产生了许多问题。包括前面所述的大商
业的势力增长，工厂的恶劣工作条件和城市的
恶劣居住条件。
另外，美国的贫富差距增大，民选的政府官员
作了很多非法的事，如盗窃金钱。由于美国享
受着表面的繁华，却有着诸多问题，这个时代
被称为“镀金时代”。
为解决这些问题，来自不同行业的人们开始以
行动要求改革。政府也立法以控制 商业的垄
断。个人和团体对美国的问题采取行动。他们
用各种方法及进行改革。这些人被称为进步主
义者。
在此期间的总统如：罗斯福，塔夫脱和威尔逊
都是进步主义者。他们运用总统的权利解决了
美国的许多问题。
ALBETAC 2010-2011
Bilingual Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
Chinese Simplified Version
Unit Overview
As industrial growth and immigration continued in
the United States in the late 1800s, many problems
were created. The increased power of big
businesses, the poor working for many Americans,
and the poor living conditions in many cities have
already been explained.
In addition, the differences between how the rich
and poor lived in the United States were growing.
Many people elected into government were doing
illegal things, such as stealing money. Because the
United States looked so good to many people but
really had so many problems, this time period was
called the Gilded Age.
To solve many of these problems, different people
started to act to make changes. At times, the
government made laws to control businesses from
becoming too powerful. Individual people and
groups took action to fix what was wrong with the
United States. These individuals and groups used a
variety of methods to bring about change. Those
who took actions to make improvements were
known as Progressives.
During this time period Presidents Theodore
Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow
Wilson were considered Progressives. They used
their power as president to fix many problems the
United States faced.
Page 1
第三单元：进步主义运动
关键问题：镀金时代美国存在哪些问题？
3.1 镀金时代和政治腐败
词汇和词组：
1．镀金时代 2. 豪宅 3. 腐败 4. 贫困 5. 生活方
式 6. 非法 7. 分赃制度 8.贿赂 9. 政界上司
摘要：
工业发展时期有些人发了财，很多穷人却并不
发财。贫富之间生活方式的差距很大（特别是
在城市里）。同时，政府里也有很多问题。有
些政府官员作非法之事；还有些个人用非法手
段赢得选票，进入政府部门。
内容：
Unit 3: The Progressive Movement
Essential Question: What problems existed in
the United States during the Gilded Age?
3.1: The Gilded Age and Political Corruption
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. Gilded Age 2. mansions 3. corruption
4. poverty 5. lifestyle 6. illegal 7. spoils
system 8. bribery 9. political boss
Summary:
As some people gained a lot of wealth during
the period of Industrial Growth, many poor
people did not. There was a large difference in
the way that the rich and the poor lived
(especially in cities). At the same time, there
were problems in the government. Many
people in the government were doing things
that they were not allowed to do and others
were doing things that they were not allowed to
do to get elected into the government.
Content:
南北战争之后的工业化给美国造就了一代富
人。铁路，石油和钢铁大王成了美国的巨富。
其他成功的商业人士也变得非常有钱。这些有
钱人开始在各地建造规模宏大的豪宅。豪宅里
有很多房间，摆设着豪华的家具和价值连城的
艺术品。很多豪宅都模仿欧洲著名的建筑和城
堡。他们有钱，可以使用昂贵的建筑材料如大
理石甚至金子。通常这些有钱的美国人拥有不
止一处住房。他们把这些豪宅当作他们的夏宫
别墅。如今，在新港和罗德岛还能见到这样的
豪宅，按照市价，这些豪宅价值两千万美元。
The period of Industrial Growth after the Civil
War made many Americans rich. The owners
of the railroad, oil, and steel industries became
extremely wealthy. Other successful
businessmen also became very wealthy. As a
result, many of these wealthy Americans built
large mansions with many rooms, and
expensive artwork and furniture. Many of
these homes were made to look like famous
houses and castles of Europe. The wealthy
could afford to build these homes using
expensive materials like marble and gold. In
many cases, these wealthy Americans owned
more than one home. Many of the mansions
used as summer homes can still be seen today
in Newport, Rhode Island. If built today, some
of these homes would cost over $20 million.
与此同时，成千上百万的美国人处于贫困之
中。城市里的贫民工薪低下，只能住在肮脏，
拥挤的廉价租屋里。城市生活是贫富两重天。
At the same time, millions of Americans were
living in poverty. As already explained, poor
Americans living in cities had low paying jobs
ALBETAC 2010-2011
Bilingual Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
Chinese Simplified Version
Page 2
可是这些差别并不是人人可见。大多数美国人
和外国人只见到富人炫富的生活。因此，这个
时期被称为镀金时代。“镀金”的意思就是在
其他的金属上薄薄地包上一层金子。美国得到
这个绰号的原因就是虽然美国看上去富裕堂
皇， 但近看一下就会发现很多问题。
and could only afford small, dirty, tenement
apartments. The life that the urban poor and
the wealthy experienced was very different.
Unfortunately the difference between the rich
and the poor was not seen by everyone. Most
Americans and people in other countries only
saw the wealth and lifestyle that the rich had.
For this reason, this time period is called the
Gilded Age. Something that is gilded is
covered in a thin layer of gold. Under the gold
is usually a cheaper material. (For example, a
piece of jewelry that is gilded is gold on the
outside, but a cheaper metal on the inside. This
makes it look like it is worth more money than
it really is.) This nickname was given to the
United States because although the country
looked “golden” there were really many
problems if you looked closely.
这段时期的另一个严重问题就是政府的腐化。
政府中的许多人做非法的事；有些人使用非法
手段竞选政府职务。分赃制是造成这些问题的
原因之一。总统当选后，就会把一些职位交给
帮助他竞选的人。这些人不一定都是诚实可靠
的。有些人盗用政府的钱，或使用贿赂来影响
竞选结果等等。 另一些人并没有能力作他们所
给与的工作，只是光拿钱不干活。
Another major problem during this time period
was corruption in the government. Many
people in the government were doing illegal
things and others were doing illegal things to
get elected. Part of the problem was the spoils
system. When a president was elected, he gave
government jobs to the people who helped him
win the election. Sometimes the people who
were given jobs were not honest. Some of
these people stole government money, used
bribery, affected the results of elections, etc.
Others had no skills for the jobs they were
given and were being paid for doing no work.
在一些大城市里，腐败更加普遍。人们担心富
人在选举中有太大的权利。有时，有钱人可以
通过“买官”的手段进入政府部门。在纽约
市，一个有势力的政治老板威廉 Tweed 通过非
法手段得到很多权力。政治老板通常对穷人施
行小恩小惠，给他们所需的食物，工作来获取
权力。穷人受惠之后，就会按照老板的意思投
票。Tweed 在 1860 年代由于在政府里安插了自
己的朋友， 从而从纽约市盗取了一亿美元。这
些朋友在他的帮助下进入政府部门，作为回
报，他们纵容 Tweed 为所欲为。
In some major cities, corruption was very
common. Many people worried that the rich
had a lot of power in elections. In some cases,
people with a lot of money were able to buy
elections or pay to get the people they wanted
elected into the government. In New York
City, a powerful political boss named William
Tweed gained a lot of power in illegal ways.
Political bosses usually gained power by giving
the poor food, jobs, and other things that they
needed. By doing this, these people voted for
whoever the political boss wanted. William
ALBETAC 2010-2011
Bilingual Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
Chinese Simplified Version
Page 3
Tweed was able to steal more than 100 million
dollars from New York City during the 1860s
by keeping his friends in the government.
Because he helped get his friends elected, they
owed him favors and did what he wanted.
复习：
1． 描述十九世纪末期美国富人的生活状
况。
2． 为什么这个时代被称为“镀金时代”？
3． 分赃制如何造成政府的麻烦？
4． 1860 年代，Tweed 如何在纽约市成为有
权势的人？
Review:
1. Describe how some of the very rich people
lived in the United States in the late 1800s.
2. Why was this time period called the Gilded
Age?
3. How did the spoils system cause problems in
the government?
4. How did William Tweed gain a lot of power
in New York City in the 1860s?
ALBETAC 2010-2011
Bilingual Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
Chinese Simplified Version
Page 4
第三单元：进步主义运动
Unit 3: The Progressive Movement
关键问题：十九世纪末期和二十世纪初期， 政
府如何试图解决美国的某些问题？
Essential Question: How did the government try to
fix some of the problems in the United States during
the late 1800s and early 1900s?
3.2: Regulation of Politics and Business
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. Civil Service Commission 2.amendment
3. Sixteenth Amendment
4. Seventeenth Amendment 5. senator
6. bribery 7. regulate
Summary:
3.2: 对政治和企业的规章制度
词汇和词组：
1．公务员委员会 2. 修正案 3. 第十六修正案
4．第十七修正案 5. 参议员 6. 贿赂 7. 规定
摘要：
美国的镀金时代存在的大量社会问题致使政府
开始试图解决这些问题。为制止政府的腐败制
定了新的法律。为限制企业日益增大的势力也
制定了新的法律。虽然新的 法律不能彻底地解
决问题，但是它们显示了政府行动的意愿。
内容：
Because there were many problems in the United
States during the Gilded Age, the government began
to try to fix some of these problems. Some new laws
were made to stop corruption in the government.
Other new laws were made to limit the power of big
businesses. These new laws did not fix all of the
problems, but it showed that the government was
willing to take action.
Content:
政府要对付的一个重要问题就是政治腐败。为
了制止分赃制引起的腐败，政府成立了一个公
务员委员会。制定了法律要求所有寻求某些政
府职务的人员都必须参加公务员考试。
One of the problems that the government tried to fix
during the Gilded Age was political corruption. In
order to stop some of the problems that the spoils
system caused, the government created the Civil
Service Commission. This was a law that required
people to take a test for some government jobs. This
made sure that only people who had skills did certain
jobs in the government.
在此期间，为了杜绝政府的腐化，如由政治老
板造成的腐败，还产生了其他的变化。这些改
变抑制了政治老板和政府中腐化分子的权力，
而增加了选民的 权力。选民得到选举参加竞选
人士的权力。另一项改变就是选民们可以表决
通过法令或是向政府建议某项法案 的通过。选
民们还有权利罢免贪官污吏。
There were other changes created during this period of
time that tried to stop corruption in government, such
as the corruption caused by political bosses. These
changes gave more power to voters so that the
political bosses and corrupt people in the government
would have less power. Voters were given the power
to choose who would run for election for government.
Another change gave voters the power to vote on
laws. Another gave voters the power to suggest a law
for the government to vote on. One even gave voters
the power to remove a corrupt member of government
from office.
ALBETAC 2010-2011
Bilingual Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
Chinese Simplified Version
Page 5
政府在此期间通过了两项宪法修正案。修正案
The government also passed two amendments to the
Constitution during this time. An amendment is a
就是对宪法的部分修改。第十六修正案产生于 change to a part of the Constitution. The Sixteenth
1913 年。这一修正案造成了一条新的税法，规 Amendment was created in 1913. This amendment
定了富人要比穷人付较多的税。这一税法帮助 created a new tax law that made rich people pay more
taxes than poor people. This was created to help poor
了居住在贫困环境中的穷人。
people who were living in poor conditions.
同年政府还对宪法作了第十七条修正案。这条
修正案允许人民选举参议员。参议院是在华盛
顿负责制定法律的政治人物。在这条修正案之
前，选择参议员的过程时有腐败发生。这条修
正案给予选民权利，杜绝了贿赂和舞弊。
最后，政府为了整治商业中的问题也新立了法
律。政府开始对商业的行为进行规定和控制。
1887 年政府制定了州际贸易法案。这个法案禁
止大铁路公司致使小公司破产的行为。如前所
述，政府在 1888 年制定了舒曼反托拉斯法。
这是判定垄断为非法的第一部法令。两部法令
虽不强大，但是显示了政府不容许富有的有势
力的大企业为所欲为。
复习：
1. 政府为什么设立了公务员委员会？
2．在此期间，政治老板和腐败分子如何失
势？
3．宪法第十六修正案的内容是什么？
4．为什么政府设立了州际贸易委员会？
The government also created the 17th Amendment to
the Constitution during that same year. This
amendment allowed voters to vote for senators.
Senators are members of the government in
Washington D.C. who are in charge of making laws
for the United States. Before this amendment, there
was corruption involved in choosing senators. This
amendment gave power to voters and made it
impossible for bribery to take place.
Finally, the government made new laws that tried to
fix some of the problems in business. The
government began to regulate, or control, what
businesses did. The government made the Interstate
Commerce Act in 1887. This law made it illegal for
large railroad companies to do things that would put
the smaller railroad companies out of business. As
explained before, the government made the Sherman
Antitrust Act in 1888. This was the first law made to
make monopolies illegal. Both of these laws were
weak, but it showed that the government was not
going to let large, rich, powerful businesses do
whatever they wanted anymore.
Review:
1. Why did the government make the Civil Service
Commission?
2. How did political bosses and corrupt people in the
government lose power during this time?
3. What did the 16th Amendment to the Constitution
say?
4. Why did the government make the Interstate
Commerce Commission?
ALBETAC 2010-2011
Bilingual Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
Chinese Simplified Version
Page 6
第三单元：进步主义运动
Unit 3: The Progressive Movement
关键问题：十九世纪末和二十世纪初揭发黑幕的
人和进步主义者如何试图解决一些美国的社会问
题？
Essential Question: How did muckrakers and
Progressives try to fix some of the problems in
the United States during the late 1800s and early
1900s?
3.3 揭发黑幕的和其他进步主义者
3.3: Muckrakers and Other Progressives
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. muckrakers 2. expose 3. public opinion
4. reform
5. Progressives 6. The Jungle
7. How the Other Half Lives
Summary:
词汇和词组：
1. 揭发黑幕者 2. 暴露 3. 公众意见 4. 改革
5. 进步主义者 6. 丛林 7. 另一半人如何生
活？
摘要：
除了政府以外，社会上还有其他人试图帮助解决
美国的问题。最有帮助的人就是被称为揭露黑幕
者的一些作家和记者。他们在报上发表文章或出
版书籍来暴露社会存在的严重问题。还有其他人
用各种方法来帮助解决这些问题。
内容：
揭露黑幕者是帮助解决美国问题的十分重要的一
群人。他们是作家，新闻从业人员，揭露了美国
在那个时代的许多问题。他们希望通过揭露问
题，人们会愤怒并要求改变。揭露黑幕者发表不
断发表的文章改变了公众的意见，促进了许多的
改革。
最著名的揭露黑幕者是辛克莱，在他的小说《丛
林》中，辛克莱描写了肉类加工厂的黑暗和腐
败。他揭露出工厂肮脏的环境，供给美国人的是
有病的和衰老的动物。他描述了死老鼠被混入肉
类，工厂还在肉里添加化学品使它们看上去新
鲜。
ALBETAC 2010-2011
Bilingual Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
Chinese Simplified Version
In addition to the government, there were many
other people who tried to help solve the problems
of the United States. One of the most important
groups of people that helped solve these problems
was the muckrakers. They wrote books and
newspaper articles to show the country how bad
some of these problems were. Many other people
helped solve these problems in a variety of ways.
Content:
One group that was very important in helping to
fix the problems of the United States was the
muckrakers. Muckrakers were journalists and
writers who described many of the problems
facing Americans at this time. They hoped that if
they exposed the problems, people would be
angry and demand change. As more and more
muckrakers published their writings, public
opinion did begin to change. This forced many
reforms to take place.
One of the most famous muckrakers was Upton
Sinclair. In his book The Jungle, Sinclair wrote
about the corruption in the meatpacking industry.
He exposed the fact that the factories were dirty
and that old and sick animals were being used to
make the meat that Americans were eating. He
describes how dead rats were being added to the
meat and many chemicals were being used to
make the meat appear clean.
Page 7
另一位著名的揭露者是李斯。在他的著作：《另
外一半人如何生活》中，李斯描述了城市贫民的
恶劣居住条件，书中还用了许多照片来证明这些
恶劣体条件。塔贝尔揭露的是商业的腐败。她揭
示了标准石油公司这类大企业如何利用不公平的
手段来消除竞争。斯特芬揭露的是政府的腐败。
例如：他揭露了政府里监守自盗的情形。凯利则
揭露了工厂里工人，包括童工的工作条件。
还有其他的进步主义者试图进行改革。他们想改
善人们的生活并解决美国面对的问题。他们针对
的是由工业化和城市化而引起的问题。亚当斯在
芝加哥创立了赫尔收容所。在那里人们可以上课
学习英语和其它技术，玩运动，得到食物和解决
其它需求。许多进步主义者志愿帮助他人寻找工
作和居所。还有些人致力于使城市的孩子都有受
教育的机会。
整体来说，揭露者和进步主义者取得了很多成
功。辛克莱 的书导致了新的法律， 规定了屠宰
工厂必须清洁卫生；李斯的书导致了对租户条件
作出规定的法律。住宅大楼普遍变得安全和清洁
了。街道被铺平和打扫。 污染，垃圾和脏水的
情形都有所改善。由于且居住条件致死的人数也
有所下降。
ALBETAC 2010-2011
Bilingual Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
Chinese Simplified Version
Another famous muckraker was Jacob Riis. In
his book How the Other Half Lives, Riis
describes how bad the living conditions for poor
Americans living in urban areas were. He also
included many pictures to prove just how bad the
living conditions in tenements were.
Ida Tarbell wrote about corruption in business.
She showed how companies like the Standard Oil
Company used unfair business practices to
eliminate competition. Lincoln Steffens wrote
about corruption in government. For example, he
exposed how people in the government stole
money for themselves. Florence Kelley wrote
about the conditions for adults and children
working in factories.
There were other Progressives who tried to bring
about reforms. Progressives were people who
worked to improve the lives of Americans and fix
problems that the United States faced. They
focused on the problems caused by industrial
growth and urbanization. Jane Addams created
the Hull House in Chicago. Hull House was a
place where people could go to classes to learn
English and other skills, play sports, and get food
and other needs. Many Progressives spent their
time helping people find jobs and decent housing.
Some Progressives were responsible for making
education available to more children living in
urban areas.
Overall, muckrakers and Progressives achieved
many successes. Upton Sinclair’s book led to
new laws being passed that regulated
meatpacking factories and required cleaner
conditions. Jacob Riis’ book led to new laws that
regulated conditions in tenements. In general,
buildings began to become safer and cleaner.
Streets were paved and cleaned. Problems such
as pollution, garbage, and dirty water decreased.
The number of people who died due to poor
living conditions decreased.
Page 8
复习：
1． 揭露者们为什么写书和报纸文章？
2． 辛克莱和李斯在他们的书中写了些什
么？
3． 在这一时期，进步主义者还要解决那两
个问题？
4． 揭露者们在此期间取得了哪些成功？
Review:
1. Why did muckrakers write books and
newspaper articles?
2. What did Upton Sinclair and Jacob Riis write
about in their books?
3. What were two other problems that
Progressives tried to solve during this time?
4. What were two successes that muckrakers and
Progressives achieved during this time?
ALBETAC 2010-2011
Bilingual Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
Chinese Simplified Version
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第三单元：进步主义运动
关键问题：进步主义时代的美国总统如何解决
十九世纪末，二十世纪初的美国问题？
Unit 3: The Progressive Movement
Essential Question: How did the Presidents of
the Progressive Era try to fix some of the
problems in the United States during the late
1800s and early 1900s?
3.4 进步主义时代的总统
3.4: Progressive Era Presidents
词汇和词组：
1．暗杀 2. 解散托拉斯的检察官 3. 公平交易 4.
纯洁食品药品法案 5. 野生世界 6. 保存 7. 进口
8. 关税 9. 收入
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. assassinated 2. trustbuster
3. Square Deal 4. Pure Food and Drug Act
5. wilderness 6. conservation 7. imports
8. tariff 9. income
Summary:
There were three presidents during the early
1900s that had some of the same goals as the
Progressives. While in the White House, they
helped to fix some of the same problems that
muckrakers and Progressives fought to fix.
These three presidents were:
 Theodore Roosevelt (1901 – 1909)
 William Howard Taft (1909 – 1913)
 Woodrow Wilson (1913 – 1921)
Contents:
摘要：
这个阶段美国有三个总统与进步主义者有着同
样的目标。在白宫期间，他们帮助解决了一些
进步主义者争取解决的问题。
三位总统是：
 西奥多 罗斯福 （1901-1909）
 威廉 哈瓦德 塔福特（1909-1913）
 吴周 维尔森（1913-1921）
内容：
西奥多 罗斯福在麦肯林遭到暗杀后继任总统。
按照宪法，如果总统死亡，副总统就任总统。
Theodore Roosevelt took office in 1901 after
President McKinley was assassinated.
According to the Constitution, the vice president
becomes president if the president dies.
罗斯福总统被认为是解散托拉斯的人。他要制
定法令来限制不公平的托拉斯。托拉斯对待工
人很坏，不公平的提高产品价格并获取大量权
利，但他不想去解散一些公平运作并对公众有
益的托拉斯。他首先使用舒曼反托拉斯法，成
功地解散了如标准石油 这样的垄断集团。罗斯
福总统是第一位与工人们站在一边，为他们争
取合理的工资和缩短工作时数的总统。
President Roosevelt was seen as a “trustbuster”.
This meant that he wanted to regulate or break
up trusts that were unfair. These trusts did not
treat workers well, unfairly raised prices and
gained a great deal of power. He did not,
however, want to regulate or break up those
trusts that acted fairly and benefitted the public.
He was the first to use the Sherman Antitrust Act
and was successful in breaking up trusts
including the Standard Oil Company.
President Roosevelt was one of the first
presidents to take the side of workers to help
them get better pay and a shorter workday.
罗斯福承诺美国人民公平的交易。这也就是
Roosevelt promised Americans a Square Deal.
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Chinese Simplified Version
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说，每个美国人都同样的机会取得成功。他要
保证不管是商人，工人还是农人，都有机会赚
钱并过上好日子。要实现这一目标，他要求国
会通过法令来规范各种工业。在 1906 年，通过
了一条法令来限制大铁路公司用降低票价的方
法来挤垮小公司。
同年，通过了纯洁食物和药品的法案。这条法
案的产生就是由于《丛林》一书的揭露。它要
求商家把食品和药品的成分都列在包装外，并
宣布使用不纯或“肮脏”成分为非法。罗斯福
还派遣检查员定期检查肉类工厂，保证人们不
会因食用不好的肉类而致病。
This meant that all Americans should have the
same chance to succeed in life. He wanted to
make sure that business owners, workers,
farmers, etc. all had the chance to make money
and live a happy life. To do this, he asked
Congress to pass new laws that regulated
different industries. In 1906, A law was passed
that made it illegal for big railroad companies
from lowering their prices in order to put smaller
companies out of business.
In that same year, the Pure Food and Drug Act
was passed. This law was created because of
The Jungle and required ingredients to be listed
on food and drug packages and made using
impure or “dirty” ingredients illegal. Roosevelt
also made inspectors go into meatpacking plants
regularly to make sure that the meat being sold
would not make people sick.
最后，罗斯福保护了美国的野生世界。罗斯福
总统担心工业的成长会破坏国家的森林和土
地。他相信环保，保护自然。他要求工厂修补
他们对环境造成的任何破坏。他在全国各地建
立国家公园，任何人不能毁坏。
Finally, Roosevelt helped protect the wilderness
of the United States. President Roosevelt was
afraid that the period of industrial growth was
hurting the country’s forests and land. He
believed in conservation, or protection of nature.
He wanted industries to repair any damage to the
environment that it caused. He created parks
throughout the country that could not be
destroyed.
威廉塔夫特 1909 年成为总统。他也赞成进步主
义者的目标。比起罗斯福总统，他解散了更多
的托拉斯。他帮助工人们建立安全的生产条
件。他把政府工作人员的工作时间定为八小
时。塔夫特总统不赞成童工，他要求消灭童工
制度。
William Howard Taft became president in 1909.
President Taft also was in favor of Progressive
goals. He broke up even more trusts than
Roosevelt. He also helped workers by helping
their working conditions become safer. He
reduced the working day for government
workers to 8 hours. President Taft did not
approve of child labor and wanted it to end.
吴周 维尔逊 1913 年成为总统。他也致力于解决
托拉斯。他要美国的市场增加竞争。为此，他
要求国会减免进口（从外国买进的商品）税。
也叫关税。如果关税低，美国企业就会增加竞
争力。他还要求国会通过法令，将迫使竞争对
手破产的行径列为非法。威尔逊总统还签署了
Woodrow Wilson became president in 1913. He
too worked to break up trusts. He wanted to
increase the amount of competition in the United
States. To do this, he asked Congress to lower
the tax on imports (goods bought from other
countries). This tax is known as a tariff. If the
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Bilingual Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
Chinese Simplified Version
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限制垄断的法令。
tariff is lower, there would be more competition
for American businesses from other countries.
He also asked Congress to pass a law that made
it illegal for companies to take actions that
would put their competition out of business. He
then signed a law that more strongly regulated
monopolies.
最后，威尔逊 总统签署了税法，迫使富人比穷
人纳更多的税。
Finally, President Wilson passed an income tax
that forced richer Americans to pay more than
poorer ones.
复习：
Review:
1. 罗斯福总统要解除什么样的托拉斯？
2. 罗斯福总统的“公平交易”是什么意
思？
3. 塔夫特总统的两个成功是什么？
4. 威尔逊总统如何增加美国企业的竞争？
1. What kind of trusts did President Roosevelt
want to break up?
2. What did President Roosevelt mean by a
“Square Deal”?
3. What were two successes of President Taft?
4. How did President Wilson try to increase
competition in American business?
ALBETAC 2010-2011
Bilingual Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
Chinese Simplified Version
Page 12
第三单元：进步主义运动
关键问题：进步主义时代如何影响了美国妇女
和黑人的生活？
3.5: 在进步主义时代的妇女和黑人
词汇和词组：
1．低等 2. 社会工作者 3. 专业人士 4. 社交俱乐
部 5. 选举权 6. 歧视 7. 全美妇女选举权协会
8. 第十九修正案 9. 全国有色人种协进会
摘要：
在进步主义时期需要解决的另一个问题是妇女
和黑人的权利问题。这两个人群仍被看作没有
白人男人的重要。妇女不能得到和男人一样的
权利和工作。黑人在南北战争后得到解放，但
是他们的生活并没有得到很大改善。在这个时
期，他们也采取了行动来改变自己的生活。
内容：
Unit 3: The Progressive Movement
Essential Question: How did the Progressive
Era affect the lives of women and African
Americans?
3.5: Women and African Americans in the
Progressive Era
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. inferior 2. social worker 3. professionals
4. social clubs 5. suffrage 6.discrimination
7. National American Woman Suffrage
Association 8. 19th Amendment
9. National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People
Summary:
Another problem that began to be solved during
the Progressive Era was the rights of women and
African Americans. Both of these groups were
still seen as less important than white men.
Women were not given the same rights and jobs
as men. African Americans were freed from
slavery after the Civil War, but their lives did not
improve greatly. Both groups took action to
improve their lives during this time period.
Content:
虽然第十五修正案规定了黑人的选举权，却 没
有给妇女同样的权利。南北战争后，妇女仍被
看作低人一等。 她们是家庭主妇，在家照顾孩
子，或者做一些较不重要的工作，并支付比男
人少的工资。
Although the 15th Amendment to the
Constitution gave African American men the
right to vote, it did not give women the same
right. In the years after the Civil War, women
were still seen as inferior to men. Many were
housewives, took care of children, or had jobs
that were less important and paid less than the
ones that men had.
1800 年代后期，较多的妇女得到受教育的机
会。在 1870 年至 1910 年间，从大学毕业的妇
女人数翻了一倍。新的教育使得妇女得到过去
仅由男人干的工作。妇女成为律师，医生，社
会工作者，教师和其他专业人士。妇女也开始
加入一些社交俱乐部。在这些地方，妇女聚会
来讨论他们读的书和世界大事。
In the late 1800s, more women began to get an
education. The number of women who
graduated college doubled between 1870 and
1910. This new education allowed women to
gain jobs that were usually only for men.
Women became lawyers, doctors, social
workers, teachers and other professionals.
Women also began to join social clubs. In these
social clubs women met to discuss books, world
events, etc.
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Bilingual Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
Chinese Simplified Version
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新的工作和社交俱乐部使许多妇女成为进步主
义者。妇女为反对童工， 反对政府腐化，清洁
和安全的工作环境，工人的较高报酬等而战
斗。她们争取的最重要的权利就是妇女的选举
权。
These new jobs and social clubs convinced many
women to become Progressives. Women fought
against child labor, for ending corruption in
government, for cleaner and safer working
conditions, higher wages for workers, etc. The
biggest reform that they fought for was women’s
suffrage, or the right of women to vote.
1890 年，苏珊安东尼和伊丽莎白斯坦顿创建了
全美妇女选举权委员会。这一组织拥有许多成
员。她们组织示威游行，绝食斗争等方法来争
取对妇女的选举权的支持。最重要的行动就是
1917 年在白宫前 的示威。逐渐地，从西部的一
些州开始，妇女开始享有选举权。最终，在
1920 年，第十九修正案被通过。这个法令让所
有妇女拥有选举权。
In 1890, the National American Woman
Suffrage Association was created by Susan B.
Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. This
group had many members and organized
parades, protests, hunger strikes and other
demonstrations to gain support for women’s
suffrage. Their most famous act was protesting
in front of the White House in 1917. Little by
little, women began to get the right to vote in
some states, mostly in the west. Finally, in 1920
the Nineteenth Amendment was passed. This
law gave all women the right to vote.
美国黑人在南北战争结束时取得了一些权利，
但随着时间 的推移，他们失去了当时得到的权
利。大部分黑人只能得到低薪工作。他们在有
些社区租不到房子。在南部，黑人还遭受暴
力。在整个美国，黑人都受到歧视。
在此期间，有几位黑人进步主义者取得了影
响。埃达威尔士是位新闻人员，她攥文揭露了
对黑人的暴力行为。伯克华盛顿鼓励黑人参加
工作并为自己存款。华盛顿认为，有了钱，黑
人才能逐渐得到权力去要求平等的待遇。杜波
伊斯要黑人为反对种族歧视而斗争。他认为耐
心等待平等是不明智的。与其他进步主义者一
起，他创立了全国有色人种促进会。至今这个
组织仍在为争取黑人的平等权益而斗争。
ALBETAC 2010-2011
Bilingual Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
Chinese Simplified Version
African Americans gained some rights after the
Civil War ended, but as time went one, they lost
much of what they had gained. Most African
Americans could only get low paying jobs.
Some African Americans could not rent homes
in certain neighborhoods. In the South, there
was violence against African Americans.
Throughout the country, African Americans
faced discrimination.
Several African American Progressives gained
some power during this time. Ida Wells was a
journalist who wrote articles speaking out
against the violence against African Americans.
Booker T. Washington encouraged African
Americans to work and save money. By gaining
money, Washington said, African Americans
could gain enough power over time to demand
equality. W.E.B. DuBois wanted African
Americans to fight against discrimination. He
did not think it was wise to be patient and wait
for equality. Along with other Progressives, he
formed the National Association for the
Page 14
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
This organization, which still exists today,
fought for equal rights for African Americans.
但是，在此阶段，黑人得到的很少。大多数进
步主义者关注着国家面临的其他问题，而很少
注意黑人的需要和权利。
复习：
1． 南北战争后，妇女的生活有哪些改善？
Even still, African American gained very little
during this time period. Most Progressive
focused on the other problems facing the country
and paid little attention to the needs and rights of
African Americans.
Review:
1. How did the lives of some women begin to
change after the Civil War?
2． 妇女进步主义者解决了哪些问题？
3． 妇女为争取选举权作了些什么？
4． 南北战争后，黑人遇到哪些问题？
5． 一些进步主义者作了哪些事来改善黑人
的生活？
2. What problems did women Progressive try to
solve?
3. What did women do to try to get the right to
vote?
4. What problems did African Americans face
after the Civil War?
5. What did some Progressives do to try to
improve the lives of African Americans?
ALBETAC 2010-2011
Bilingual Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
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Page 15
答案：
Answer Key:
3.1
3.1
1. 富人居住在豪宅里。这些豪宅拥有很多
房间，有价值昂贵的艺术品和家具。它
们往往是用贵重建材，模仿欧洲的古堡
和住房建成的。
2. 虽然国家犹如镀金，美国实际上存在许
多问题。如果近看，你会发现许多人过
的日子并不好。
3. 不合格或是不诚实的人得到了政府的工
作。这造成了政府的腐败。
4. 他给穷人食物和工作，以期他们投票给
他的兄弟。当他的朋友们得到了政府职
位，他就对他们有恩了。
3.2
1. The rich lived in mansions with many rooms
and expensive artwork and furniture. Many
homes were made to look like the houses and
castles in Europe and were made of expensive
materials.
2. Although the country looked golden, there
were many problems in the United States. If
you looked closely, you would see that many
people were not living a good life.
3. Many government jobs were given to people
who were not qualified or honest. That led to
corruption in the government.
4. He gave jobs and food to the poor so that
they would vote for his friends. When his
friends were in the government, they would
owe Boss Tweed favors.
3.2
1． 想得到政府工作的人必须通过考试以保
证他们具有工作所需的技能。
2． 产生了赋予选民更多的权利， 同时剥夺
政治老板的变化。如：选民可以决定获
选人，而不是政治老板。选民还可以对
法律的增减，弹劾腐败分子等政治事务
投票表决。
3． 这一修正案创立了新的税法，迫使富人
比穷人纳较多的税。
4． 这一法案为整顿铁路公司而立。 它制止
大公司的扩张和垄断。
1. People who wanted government jobs had to
pass a test to make sure that only people who
had skills did certain jobs in the government.
2. Changes were made to give the voters more
power and take power away from political
bosses. For example, voters chose who would
try to win elections, not political bosses.
Voters got the power to vote on laws, remove
corrupt members of the government, etc.
3. This amendment created a new tax law that
made rich people pay more taxes than poor
people.
4. This law was made to regulate railroad
companies. It stopped them from becoming
too large and too powerful and to stop
monopolies from forming.
3.3
3.3
1. 他们要揭露美国存在的许多问题。他们希望
当人们了解这些问题的存在，他们会要求改
变。
1. They wanted to expose the problems that
existed in the United States. They hoped that
if people found out about these problems, more
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Bilingual Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
Chinese Simplified Version
Page 16
2. 厄普敦辛克莱描写了肉类加工厂 的恶劣
和肮脏 的环境。李斯描写了大城市里的
恶劣居住环境。
3. 其他进步主义者为反对企业和政府的腐
化，恶劣的工作环境和童工作斗争。
4. 通过了有关工厂和住房的法律。城市的
居民得到受教育， 工作 的机会和其他的
帮助。
3.4
people would want them solved.
2. Upton Sinclair wrote about the dirty
conditions in the meatpacking factories. Jacob
Riis wrote about the poor living conditions in
the urban cities of America.
3. Other Progressives fought against corruption
in business and government, poor working
conditions, child labor, etc.
4. Laws were passed that regulated factory and
living conditions. Some poor people living in
cities were given education, jobs, and other
support.
3.4
1． 他要破除企业托拉斯，这些企业不善待
工人，无理提价并得到太多的权利。
2． 他希望所有美国人都有成功的机会。他
希望不论贫富，人们都能过上幸福的生
活。
3． 他解散了托拉斯，改进了工作条件，减
少了政府机构的工作时数并开始为反对
童工斗争。
4． 他降低了进口税，要求国会通过法令，
使得迫使竞争对手破产的行为为非法；
并通过了有力限制垄断的法令。
3.5
1. He wanted to break up bad trusts that did not
treat workers well, unfairly raised prices and
gained too much power.
2. He wanted all Americans to have the same
chance to succeed in life. He wanted to make
sure both the rich and poor were able to lead
happy lives.
3. He broke up trusts, improved working
conditions, reduced the work day for
government workers and started to fight child
labor.
4. He lowered the tax on imports. He also
asked Congress to pass a law that made it
illegal for businesses to take actions that would
put their competition out of business and a law
that more strongly regulated monopolies.
3.5
1. 妇女开始受到教育，得到专业工作，还
成立了社交俱乐部。
1. Women began to get an education, get more
professional jobs, and create social clubs.
2. 他们试图解决童工问题， 政府腐败和不
良工作环境问题。她们还争取妇女的选
举权。
2. They tried to solve the problems of child
labor, corruption in government, poor working
conditions, etc. They also fought to get
suffrage for women.
3. 她们组织了游行，绝食，集会等形式的
示威活动。她们还在白宫外面机会示
威。
ALBETAC 2010-2011
Bilingual Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
Chinese Simplified Version
3. They organized parades, protests, hunger
strikes and other demonstrations. They also
protested outside of the White House.
Page 17
4. 他们失去了一些在南北战争以后获取的
权利。在住房和工作方面他们都受到歧
视。他们有时受到暴力。
4. They lost some of the rights that they gained
after the Civil War. They faced discrimination
when trying to get homes and jobs. They also
were sometimes the victims of violence.
5. 有些进步主义者揭露黑人受到的迫害。
另一些人认为黑人应该努力挣钱并储蓄
来得到权利。还有些人认为黑人应对种
族歧视进行斗争。
5. Some Progressive wrote articles protesting
how badly African Americans were treated.
Others said that African Americans should
work and save money to gain power. Others
said that African Americans should fight
against discrimination.
ALBETAC 2010-2011
Bilingual Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
Chinese Simplified Version
Page 18