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第二单元：移民
2.1 移民的原因
2.2 美国生活的调整
2.3 公民权
2.4 城市化和城市生活
单元大纲
美国是一个移民国家。移民是指离开故乡，移
居踏出的人们。最早居住在美国的人就是移
民。移民贯穿着美国历史。纽约市公立学校的
学生很多就是移民或移民的子女。
南北战争以后的一段时期，美国接受了大量的
移民。来自欧洲，亚洲和拉丁美洲的移民们有
着各种原因。很多人来美国是因为他们的国家
里情况很糟糕。另一些人来美国是因为他们听
说美国能给他们提供更好的生活。
对大多数人来说，到美国的旅途是艰辛的。在
美国的生活 也是艰辛的。有时找到好的工作和
住房几乎不可能。不是所有的人都喜欢移民。
适应得好的并成为公民的移民经常会有较好的
生活。
在这个时期，美国的城市开始发生变化。大量
涌进的移民是变化的主要原因。城市的面貌和
人们的生活方式发生了极大的变化。
Unit 2: Immigration
2.1 Reasons for Immigration
2.2 Adjusting to Life in America
2.3 Citizenship
2.4 Urbanization & City Life
Unit Overview
America is a country of immigrants.
Immigrants are people who leave their
homeland and move somewhere else. The very
first people who lived in the United States were
immigrants. Immigration to the United States
has continued throughout its history. Many of
the students in New York City schools are
immigrants or children of immigrants.
During the period after the Civil War, the United
States saw a great increase in immigration.
Many people from Europe, Asia, and Latin
America moved to the United States for many
different reasons. Many chose to come to
America because the conditions in their
homeland were poor. Others chose to make the
journey because they heard stories that the
United States offered a better life.
The trip for most immigrants was difficult.
Unfortunately, life in the United States was also
difficult. Finding a good job and good housing
was sometimes impossible. Immigrants were
not liked by everyone. Those immigrants that fit
in and became citizens often had a better life.
During this time period, cities in the United
States began to change. The great increase in
the number of immigrants was a major cause of
this change. The way people lived and the way
that cities looked changed a great deal.
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第二单元：移民
关键问题：十九世纪后期为什么很多移民来到
美国？
2.1: 移民的原因
Unit 2: Immigration
Essential Question: Why did many immigrants
come to America during the late 1800s?
2.1: Reasons for Immigration
词汇和词组：
1. 推动因素 2. 拉动因素 3.移民 4. 统舱
5．迫害 6．饥馑
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. push factors 2. pull factors
3. immigration 4. steerage
5. persecution 6. famine
Summary:
摘要：
南北战争以后，几百万移民离乡背井来到美
国。很多人来美国的旅程是十分艰辛的。
他们离开故乡的原因各种各样。有人受到美国
机会的吸引，有的想逃离他们在本国遭受的苦
难。
内容：
南北战争之前向美国的移民就开始了。最初的
移民主要来自西欧国家如英国，德国和爱尔
兰。这类移民持续到 1880 年代，直至世界其
他地方的移民开始涌入美国。很多“新”移民
来自西欧和南欧。如匈牙利，俄国，意大利，
希腊和波兰。从亚洲和拉丁美洲的不同国家也
开始有移民来到美国。
很多移民乘船前来美国。贫穷的移民呆在统舱
里。统舱在海轮的底部，经常是拥挤，肮脏和
缺乏空气。欧洲来的移民从纽约的艾力斯岛进
入美国。亚洲来的移民从旧金山的天使岛进入
美国。在这两个地方，移民接受健康检查，他
们的名字被登记成册。
After the end of the Civil War, millions of
immigrants left their home countries and came to
the United States. Many immigrants
experienced a tough journey to the United States.
There were many reasons that these people left
their homes and made the journey to America.
Some immigrants were attracted by what
America had to offer. Other immigrants tried to
escape the hardships they experienced in their
home country.
Content:
Immigration to the United States began before
the Civil War. The first immigrants mainly
came from countries of Western Europe like
England, Germany, and Ireland. This continued
until the 1880s, when immigrants from other
parts of the world began to come to the United
States. Many of these “new immigrants” came
from Southern and Eastern Europe. These
immigrants came from countries such as
Hungary, Russia, Italy, Greece, and Poland.
Immigrants also began to come to the United
States from different countries in Asia and Latin
America.
Many immigrants came to the United States
from other countries by ship. Poorer immigrants
travelled in the steerage section of the ship. This
section was at the bottom of the boat. It was
usually dirty, crowded, and airless. Immigrants
coming to America from Europe arrived at Ellis
Island in New York. Immigrants coming to
America from Asia arrived at Angel Island in
San Francisco. At both of these locations
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immigrants went through medical inspections
and their names were written down to keep track
of how many immigrants entered the country.
移民来美国的原因多种多样。有人离开祖国因
为那里的生活不好，这就是推动因素。离开祖
国最早，人数最多的移民是爱尔兰人。1840 年
代，由于爱尔兰的马铃薯的歉收造成了大饥
荒。马铃薯是主要的食物和收入。大饥荒饿死
了许多人。欧洲的另一个问题是耕地的缺乏。
有些国家不能给农民足够的工作。在有些国家
人们受到宗教迫害。他们由于宗教信仰的不同
受到攻击，或者因此不能得到工作或拥有土
地。还有些国家发生了战争。战争的危险迫使
人们离开家乡。
有些移民来到美国是因为美国提供了较好生活
的机会。这就是拉动因素。主要的拉动因素是
工厂需要大量工人。许多工厂雇佣非技术工
人，因此移民也有机会找到工作。有时新移民
到美国来与他们的家人团聚。有人为自由来到
美国。还有人积蓄了一些钱到美国的西部购买
土地。
There were many reasons that immigrants came
to the United States. Some immigrants left their
homeland because their life there was not good.
These conditions are known as push factors.
One of the largest and earliest groups of
immigrants to leave their homeland was the
Irish. Beginning in the 1840s, a potato famine
destroyed most of the potato crop in Ireland.
The potato was the main source of food and
money. Many people could not survive.
Another problem in Europe was that farmland
was running out. Also in some countries there
were not enough jobs for farm workers. In other
countries people experienced religious
persecution. This means that people were
sometimes attacked because of the religion they
believed in. Sometimes they could not get a job
or own land because of their religion. In other
countries there were wars going on. The danger
of war convinced some people to leave their
homeland.
Some immigrants left their homeland because
there were opportunities for a better life in
America. These reasons are known as pull
factors. The main pull factor was that factories
needed a lot of workers. Many of these factories
hired unskilled workers, so immigrants had a
good chance of finding a job. Sometimes
immigrants came to the United States to join
family members that already lived in America.
Others came to the United States because
freedom that was offered. Some who had saved
money came to America to buy farmland in the
West.
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复习：
Review:
1．1880 年代的新移民来自世界的什么地方？
1. What part of the world did newer immigrants
of the 1880’s come from?
2．艾里斯岛和天使岛的作用是什么？
3．使人们来到美国的一个推动因素是什么？
4．使人们来到美国的一个拉动因素是什么？
2. What was the purpose of Ellis Island and
Angel Island?
3. What was one push factor that caused
immigrants to come to the United States?
4. What was one pull factor that caused
immigrants to come to the United States?
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第二单元：移民
关键问题：移民适应美国生活为什么有困难？
2.2 适应美国生活
词汇和词组：
1.适应 2. 移民社区 3. 同化 4. 本土主义者 5. 习俗
摘要：
一旦移民来到美国，他们就要寻求生存方法。
许多移民听信了一到美国就能致富的故事， 可
是那不是真实的美国。成功是很困难的。在美
国已有亲戚的幸运移民得到很多帮助，而绝大
多数移民没有那么好运。他们要适应美国的生
活方式才能在美国获得成功。移民要应对不同
的人和不同 的法律，这使得生活在美国更加不
易。
内容：
Unit 2: Immigration
Essential Question: Why was it difficult for many
immigrants to adjust to life in America?
2.2: Adjusting to Life in America
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. adjust 2. immigrant neighborhood
3. assimilate 4. nativists 5. customs
Summary:
Once immigrants made it to America, they had to
find a way to survive. Many immigrants heard
stories that once they arrived in America, they
would become rich. This wasn’t true. Success was
very difficult. Some lucky immigrants had family
already in the United States so they had a lot of
help. Most immigrants were not so lucky. Most
immigrants had to get used to the American way of
life in order to succeed in America. Immigrants
had to also deal with groups of people and laws that
made life for immigrants even harder.
Content:
到美国来的移民要接受三项主要的挑战：找工
作，找住房和适应生活。
There were three main challenges for immigrants
arriving in the United States: finding a job, finding
a home, and fitting in.
大多数来到美国的移民留在城市里。在祖国是
农民的移民很少有足够的钱在美国买土地。城
市里有大量的工厂，所以有很多非技术工种可
干。但是这些工厂的工作条件都很差。很多移
民在血汗工厂里长时间的工作，工资却很低。
Most immigrants arriving in the United States
remained in cities. Immigrants who were farmers
in their homeland rarely had enough money to buy
land in the United States. Since cities were filled
with factories, there were many industrial jobs for
unskilled workers available. Unfortunately the
working conditions of these factories jobs were
terrible. Many immigrants worked long hours in
sweatshops for low pay.
有技术的移民能找到较好的工作。有一些钱
（或能借到钱）的移民可以做小生意。成功的
移民往往是经营出售来自某种故乡产品和食品
的企业。
为了使得生活方便一些，移民们常常聚居在一
起。这是大量从同一国家和地区来的移民居住
Some immigrants who had skills were able to find
better jobs. Others who had money saved (or could
find someone to borrow money from) opened small
businesses. Many times the more successful
businesses were the ones that sold some food or a
product from the immigrants’ homeland.
In order to make life easier, many immigrants
moved to immigrant neighborhoods. This was an
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的地区。这样他们可以说同样的语言，吃到传
统的食品， 庆祝同样的节庆和遵循同样的习
俗。移民们还可以提供工作机会和廉价住房来
相互帮助。
area of a city in which a large number of
immigrants from the same country lived. This
made life easier for immigrants because their own
language was spoken, the holidays and customs
from their homeland were followed, and their
traditional food was eaten. Many times immigrants
from the same country would help each other out
by giving jobs or cheap housing.
要在美国真正获得成功，移民必须适应和接受
美国文化。也就是，他们要学习如何成为美国
人。 不会说英语，不穿像其他美国人的服装，
不了解美国习俗的移民往往更难找到工作并融
入美国社会。有时，长得不像美国人的移民还
会受到攻击。这种情形更容易发生在新移民身
上，因为近代的新移民与老移民和美国人的语
言，长相和习俗都相差很大。有时同化引起家
庭问题。年纪大的移民不喜欢看到年轻人变成
美国人，因为他们害怕失去故乡的文化。
In order to be truly successful in America, many
immigrants were forced to assimilate. This means
that they learned how to be American. Immigrants
who did not know English, did not dress like other
Americans, and did not know American customs
often had a harder time finding jobs and fitting in.
In some cases, immigrants who were so unlike
Americans were attacked. This was truer of the
immigrants who came to the United States later
because often their language, appearance, and
customs were so different from Americans and
earlier immigrants. Sometimes assimilation caused
problems within a family. Many older immigrants
did not like the fact that the younger immigrants
were assimilating because they were afraid of
losing the culture of their homeland.
来到美国的移民人数的增长使得一些人不高
兴，这也造成了新移民的更大困难。民族主义
者就是一些要求降低来美移民人数的人。他们
认为美国应是美国人的。他们不喜欢不同的宗
教，语言和习俗来到美国。
1882 年发布的排华法案是一部重要的限制移民
的法案。这个法案禁止任何中国工人进入美
国。这是首次政府限制某一国家的移民，但这
不是最后一次。
Another hardship for immigrants was that some
people were angered by the number of immigrants
that arrived in the United States. Nativists are
people who wanted to reduce the number of
immigrants who came into the United States. They
wanted the United States to be a country for
Americans. Nativists did not like the different
religions, languages, and customs that were coming
into the United States.
One famous law that limited immigration was the
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. This law stopped
all Chinese workers from entering the United
States. This was the first time that the government
limited immigrants from one country, but it would
not be the last.
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复习：
1. 来到美国后，移民们一般能找到什么工
作？
2. 为什么移民们喜欢聚居在一起？
3. 为什么移民们要同化于美国文化？
Review:
1. What kind of jobs did most immigrants get when
they arrived in the United States?
2. Why did many immigrants move to immigrant
neighborhoods?
3. Why did many immigrants assimilate?
4. 民族主义者相信什么？
4. What the nativists believe?
5. “排华法案”是什么？
5. What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?
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第二单元：移民
关键问题：成为美国公民意味着什么？
2.3 公民权
词汇和词组：
1．公民 2. 公民权 3. 合法居留 4. 归化入籍 5.
宪法 6. 审判 7. 责任 8. 税收 9. 大陪审团
摘要：
1800 年代，1900 年代甚至今天来到美国的移
民都还不是公民。公民是合法居住在一个国
家，宣誓对国家效忠并遵守国家的法律的人。
相对的，国家赋予公民以权力并保护公民。
内容：
Unit 2: Immigration
Essential Question: What does it mean to be a
citizen of the United States of America?
2.3: Citizenship
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. citizen 2. citizenship 3. resident alien
4. naturalization 5. Constitution 6. trial
7. responsibilities 8. taxes 9. jury
Summary:
Immigrants who came to the United States in
the late 1800s, early 1900s, and even today are
not citizens. A citizen is a person who legally
lives in a country and promises to be loyal to
that country and follow the laws. In return, a
citizen is given rights and is protected by the
government of that country.
Content:
合法来到一个国家的移民是合法居留。十八世
纪和十九世纪通过艾里斯岛和天使岛来美国的
都是合法移民。现在美国有些未得到政府批准
的移民是非法移民。
Immigrants who come to the country legally are
called resident aliens. Immigrants who entered
the United States through Ellis Island and
Angel Island in the late 1800s and early 1900s
were legal immigrants. Today there are many
illegal immigrants who come into the United
States without permission of the government.
出生在美国的人自动成为美国公民。不在美国
出生而愿意成为公民的人要通过归化程序。归
化程序有几个步骤。第一是要合法进入美国。
第二必须在美国居住五年。五年满了就可以申
请公民权。申请人要通过英文考试和美国历史
和美国政府的考试。（十八岁以下的移民当他
们的父母成为公民时也成为公民。）
Anyone who is born in the United States
becomes a citizen automatically. A person who
is not born in the United States and would like
to become a citizen must go through
naturalization. The process of naturalization
has a few steps. First you must enter the United
States legally. Then you must live in the United
States for 5 years. After five years, you can
apply for citizenship. You must be able to pass
an English test and a test on American history
and government. (An immigrant under 18 years
old becomes a citizen when his/her parents
become a citizen.)
作为美国公民有许多好处。一旦成为公民，人
们就会有公民的权利并得到政府的保护。美国
宪法给与公民言论自由，宗教自由， 投票的
权利，得到公正的裁判的权利以及其他权利。
There are many benefits of being a citizen of
the United States. Once a person becomes a
citizen, he/she is given rights and protection by
the government. The Constitution of the United
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公民受到国家法律的保护。例如：政府不能奴
役公民，不能夺取妇女的权利，也不能无故逮
捕公民。
公民也有责任和义务。最重要的是：所有的公
民都要遵守法律。其余责任包括：付税，投
票，小孩必须上学，担任陪审团员以及帮助他
人等等。
复习：
1. 居留外国人和非法移民有何不同？
States gives citizens rights such as freedom of
speech, freedom of religion, the right to vote,
the right to a fair trial, and many more. Citizens
are also protected by the laws of the United
States. For example, the government cannot
make citizens slaves, cannot take away rights
from women, and cannot arrest people without
a reason.
Citizens also have responsibilities. When a
person becomes a citizen, there are certain
things that he/she is supposed to do. Most
importantly, all citizens are supposed to follow
the laws. Others responsibilities include paying
taxes, voting, going to school when you are
younger, serving on a jury, helping other
people, etc.
Review:
1. What is the difference between a resident
alien and an illegal immigrant?
2. 成为美国公民的两种方法是什么？
3. 列出美国公民可以享受的两种权益。
4. 列出美国公民必须承当的两种义务。
2. What are the two ways that a person can
become a citizen of the United States?
3. List two benefits of being a citizen of the
United States.
4. List two responsibilities of being a citizen of
the United States.
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第二单元：移民
关键问题：城市在移民期间发生了什么变化？
2.4: 城市化和城市生活
词汇和词组：
1. 都市的 2. 人口 3. 移民 4. 都市化 5. 公
寓 6. 污染 7. 推车小贩 8. 摩天大厦 9. 交
通 10. 街车（有轨电车）
摘要：
大批移民来到美国，工厂需要大量工人， 城市
的人口急剧增长。不幸的是， 城市的居住条件
对大多数的人来说十分恶劣。 当城市越来越
拥挤，城市的模样和生活方式都发生了变化。
内容：
Unit 2: Immigration
Essential Question: How did cities begin to
change during this period of immigration?
2.4: Urbanization and City Life
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. urban 2. population 3. migration
4. urbanization 5. tenements 6. pollution
7. pushcart vendors 8. skyscrapers
9. transportation 10. streetcars
Summary:
As more immigrants came to this country and
factories needed workers for factories, the
population of cities increased greatly.
Unfortunately for many people who lived in
cities, living conditions were very poor. As
cities became more crowded, the look and way
of life in cities changed.
Content:
During the period after the Civil War, the urban
population of the United States greatly
南北战争期间，美国的城市人口剧增。许多移 increased. Many immigrants that came to the
民来到美国后留在城市。农民为了找新的工
United States stayed in cities when they arrived.
作，谋求较好的生活也来到城市。 南方的黑人 Also, many farmers migrated to cities. Many
也因为同样的原因来到北方城市。有些城市由 farmers were looking for new jobs and a better
于铁路而发展起来。有许多铁路通过的城市往 life in cities. Many African Americans moved
往有许多的工厂和商业。这使得人们搬到城市 from Southern farms to Northern cities for
similar reasons. Several cities grew in
里来。
population because of railroads. A city that was
located when many railroads stopped usually
had factories and other businesses there. This
caused many people to move to those cities.
对多数人来说，城市生活并不好。很多贫穷的
移民和搬到城市来的人们只好住到公寓里。公
寓常常是在城市中心，又拥挤又肮脏。有的公
寓没有窗户。常常有十个人挤在一间卧房的公
寓里。公寓里常常没有清洁的供水和下水道。
由于拥挤，公寓里会爆发传染病。没有法律要
求房主保证住房的安全。有火灾的时候 楼房也
没有防火梯。
Life in cities for most people was not good.
Many of the poor immigrants and others who
moved to cities had to live in tenements.
Tenements were crowded, dirty apartments in
old buildings in the center of a city. Many
tenements had no windows. Most apartments
were one room with as many as 10 people
living in that one room. Clean water and indoor
plumbing were not always available. Diseases
spread very easily because the buildings were
so crowded. There were no laws that required
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the owners of the building to keep the building
safe. There were no fire escapes in case of a
fire.
城市的道路也是肮脏又拥挤。工厂造成了严重
的空气污染。人们又是把垃圾就倒在马路中
间。卖各种商品和食品的推车小贩壅塞着道
路。人们还没有自备汽车，所以马和马车使得
道路更拥挤。
摩天大楼也是城市的变化之一。摩天大楼就是
商业用的高楼。电梯在高楼里上下运行。有些
城市建起了公园和动物园。大城市建立了新的
运输系统来方便人们的通勤。在纽约，芝加哥
和波士顿等大城市也有了街车和地下铁道。
City streets also became dirty and crowded.
Factories caused a great deal of air pollution.
Many times people dumped their garbage in the
middle of the street. Streets were often
crowded with pushcart vendors selling different
foods and other goods. Since cars were not
owned by most people yet, horses and carriages
made the streets even more crowded.
Other changes in cities included skyscrapers.
Skyscrapers are tall buildings that were usually
used for businesses. Electric elevators were
being built to allow people to go up and down
in skyscrapers easily. In some cities parks and
zoos were made. Bigger cities had new systems
of transportation that helped people get around
easily. Trains and streetcars were common in
cities like New York, Boston, and Chicago.
复习：
Review:
1． 为什么这段时间美国的人口急剧增长？
2． 住在廉价公寓里的情形如何？
1. Why did the population of cities increase in
the United States during this period of time?
3． 列出这一时期你在城市街道上能看到的 2. What was living in a tenement building like?
两个情景。
3. Name two things you would have seen on a
city street during this time.
4．这一时期城市里有哪些交通模式？
4. What types of transportation were seen in
cities at this time?
ALBETAC Social Studies Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
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答案：
Answer Key:
2.1
2.1
1.最近的新移民来自南欧， 东欧， 亚洲和拉丁 1. Newer immigrants came from Southern and
Eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America.
美洲。
2. Immigrants went through medical
2. 移民要通过健康检查。他们的名字被登记下
inspections and their names were written down
来用以统计进入美国的人数。
to keep track of how many immigrants entered
3. 有不同的答案：饥荒，土地不足，工作机会
the country.
不足；战争以及宗教迫害。
3. Answers vary: famine, not enough farmland,
4. 有不同的答案：工厂工作，家庭团聚；争取
not enough jobs, war, religious persecution.
自由；到西部购买土地。
4. Answers vary: available factory jobs, to join
family members, more freedom, to buy
farmland in the west.
2.2
1.大多数移民来到美国后在工厂里找到了工作。
2. 移民的生活比较方便。他们可以说母语，遵
循家乡的习俗，庆祝家乡的节日，得到家乡的传
统食品，而且在住房和工作方面得到帮助。
3.很多移与当地的同化能得到较好的工作和较好
的生活。 较了解美国文化的移民也较少被攻击
和欺负。
4. 民族主义者要求减少美国的移民数。他们主
张美国是美国人的。
5.排华法案禁止中国人向美国移民。
2.2
1. Most immigrants got jobs in factories when
they arrived in the United States.
2. Life was easier for immigrants. Their own
language was spoken, the holidays and customs
from their homeland were followed, their
traditional food was eaten, and they received
help getting jobs or cheap housing.
3. Many immigrants assimilated to fit in better
and to get better jobs. Immigrants who knew
American culture better were less likely to be
attacked or taken advantage of.
4. Nativists wanted to reduce the number of
immigrants in the United States. They wanted
this country to be for Americans.
5. The Chinese Exclusion Act stopped the
immigration of people from China to the United
States.
2.3
1．居留外国人是美国政府准许的居住在美国的
外国人。
2．成为美国公民的两种方法是：出生在美国或
是通过归化程序。
3. 美国公民受政府法令的保护并享有很多自
由。
4．有不同答案：所有公民都必须守法，付税，
投票，就学，做陪审员并帮助他人。
2.3
1. A resident alien is living in the United States
with permission of the government. An illegal
immigrant is not.
2. A person becomes a citizen by being born in
the United States or by going through the
process of naturalization.
3. A citizen is protected by the laws of the
government and is given many freedoms.
4. Answers vary: All citizens are supposed to
follow the laws, pay taxes, vote, go to school,
serve on a jury, help other people, etc.
ALBETAC Social Studies Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
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2.4
1. 移民，农民，和黑人向城市迁移去追求较好
的生活。
2．廉价公寓在又旧，又脏，拥挤的楼房里。窗
户很少而几乎没有下水道。那里很不安全，容易
传染疾病。
3. 有不同答案：污染；垃圾；推车小贩；马和
马车。
4．火车和电车是城市的交通工具。
2.4
1. Immigrants, farmers, and African Americans
all moved to American cities in order to find
new jobs and to have a better life.
2. Tenements were old, dirty, crowded
buildings with few windows and little or no
plumbing. They were unsafe and diseases
spread easily.
3. Answers vary: Pollution, garbage, pushcart
vendors, horses and carriages.
4. Trains and streetcars transported people in
cities.
ALBETAC Social Studies Study Notes: US History – 8th Grade
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