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第一单元：工业社会
1．1 新科技
1．2 新发明
1．3 大企业的兴起
1．4 对产业工人的影响
1．5 劳工工会的成长
Unit 1: An Industrial Society
1.1 New Technology
1.2 Inventions
1.3 Rise of Big Business
1.4 Effects on Industrial Workers
1.5 Growth of Labor Unions
单元大纲
十九世纪初期，美国经历了工业革命。在此期
间，机器制造的产品代替了手工制造的产品。
制造业的大工厂代替了家庭作坊。南北战争以
后，美国经历了第二次工业革命，发生了比世
纪初工业革命更大的进步。
第二次工业革命期间，新科技致使产品的大幅
度增长。钢铁，铁路和石油工业都在此间成长
起来。新科技还导致了许多新发明。这些新发
明使得交通，通讯，商业和日常生活更加方
便。
新科技和发明促进了美国企业的成长。很多商
业机构发展得很大，很强势，有些甚至控制了
整个工业。在此之前，政府并未规定企业的规
模，但是有些人认为政府应当更积极的参与对
企业的规定。
这个阶段的工业化影响了工人们。他们的工作
环境恶劣，薪酬低下而工时极长。工厂里甚至
使用童工。由于工人们的待遇很差，他们就组
织起来要求改善。
Unit Overview
In the early 1800s, the United States
experienced an Industrial Revolution. During
this time, products began to be made by
machines instead of by hand. Manufacturing
of products took place in factories instead of
in the home. During the period after the Civil
War, the United States experienced a second
Industrial Revolution, which made the
changes seen earlier in the century more
advanced.
During the Second Industrial Revolution new
technology caused a major increase in
manufacturing. The steel, railroad, and oil
industries all grew during this time. New
technology also led to a lot of new inventions.
These inventions made transportation,
communication, business, and everyday life
easier.
The new technology and inventions helped
businesses in America grow. Many
businesses grew very large and became very
powerful. Some even controlled entire
industries. Before this time, the government
did not get involved to control how big
businesses got. Some people thought that the
government should become more involved.
This period of industrialization effected
workers. Workers experienced poor working
conditions. They worked long hours for low
pay. Children were even used in factories.
Because workers were not treated well, they
began to join together to demand
improvements.
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第一单元：工业社会
关键问题：新科技如何促进了美国的二次工业
革命？
1．1 新科技
词汇和词组：
1．制造 2. 工业 3. 科技 4. 工厂 5. 钢铁 6. 革命 7.
大规模生产
摘要：
南北战争之后的二次工业革命彻底改变了美
国。新科技提升了生产的速度，影响了其他行
业，并彻底改变了企业和人们的生活方式。
内容：
美国的二次工业革命发生于十九世纪的后期。
在这段期间美国成为世界上最大的工业制造业
者。美国制造业籍着新科技以从未有过的高速
度从事生产。许多工业大量生产他们的产品，
而大规模的生产降低了产品的价格。
钢铁产量的增加极大地影响了美国工业。新的
炼钢技术使产量提高了一千倍。使得钢铁的价
格降低。
钢铁价格的降低正面影响到其他工业。例如：
铁路工业得到了扩展。公司开始铺设新的铁路
线。新铁路的建成使得工厂主和农场主能比过
去更快更方便地运送他们的产品。在铁路通过
的地方产生了新的城市。企业受益于铁路，更
多的美国人得到了工作，这些工作大都在工厂
里。
Unit 1: An Industrial Society
Essential Question: How did new technology
help the second Industrial Revolution in the
United States?
1.1: New Technology
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. manufacture 2. industry 3. technology
4. factories 5. steel 6. revolution
7. mass produce
Summary:
The second Industrial Revolution following
the Civil War changed the United States
forever. New technology increased the speed
of production, affected other industries, and
changed businesses and people’s lives
forever.
Content:
The Second Industrial Revolution in the
United States began in the late 1800s. During
this time, America became the world’s
biggest industrial manufacturer. New
technology created during this time allowed
American industries to manufacture must
faster than in the past. Many industries began
to mass produce their products in large
amounts. When a product is mass produced,
its price decreases.
The increased production of steel had a great
effect on American industry. A new method
of making steel increased production by more
than 1,000 percent. This caused the price of
steel to decrease.
As the price of steel decreased, other
industries were positively affected. For
example, the railroad industry expanded.
Companies began to build new railroad lines
of steel. New railroad lines allowed factories
and farmers to ship their products faster and
more easily than in the past. Cities began to
grow in areas where railroad lines crossed.
As businesses benefited from railroads, more
Americans got jobs. Many of these jobs were
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in factories.
新技术也引进了企业和家庭的新能源。美国正
寻求企业和家庭照明和取暖的新方法。在此期
间，石油被发现可以经过提炼而作为照明取暖
的燃料。电能也成为重要的能源。由于有了新
的光源，商家每天都能延长他们的营业时间。
美国在二次工业革命的末期建成了更多的工
厂。在工厂的周围和铁路的沿线，更多的人们
居住在城市里。钢铁，铁路和电力等新科技彻
底地改变了美国人的生活方式。美国的企业和
工作场所也与以往完全不同了。
复习：
1． 工业革命期间发生了什么？
2． 在二次工业革命期间钢铁生产如何变
化？
New technology also leads to new power
sources for homes and businesses. Americans
were looking for new ways to light and heat
their homes and businesses. During this time,
it was discovered that oil can be made into a
fuel to do provide light and heat. Electricity
also became an important power source
during this time. Electricity allowed
machines in factories to be powered. It also
allowed businesses to stay open longer each
day because of the new source of light.
By the end of this time period, more and more
factories were built. More and more people
lived in cities that grew around factories and
railroads. New technology such as steel, oil,
and electricity changed the way Americans
lived forever. American businesses and
workplaces were never the same again.
Review:
1. What happens during an Industrial
Revolution?
2. How did the production of steel change
during the second Industrial Revolution?
3． 新的铁路线如何影响美国？
4．使用石油和电力如何影响美国？
3. How did new railroad lines affect the
United States?
4. How did using oil and electricity affect the
United States?
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第一单元：工业社会
1.2 发明
关键问题：新发明如何改变了美国企业和美国
人的生活？
词汇和词组：
1．通讯 2. 交通 3. 发明 4. 电报 5. 留声机 6. 投影
机 7. 街车，电车 8. 流水装配线
摘要：
十九世纪后期出现了许多新发明。新发明使得
人们的日常生活和工作得到很多方便。有些发
明方便了人们的交流， 有些方便了人们的旅
行，有些方便了工作。
内容：
这个阶段的新发明方便了人们之间的交流。
1844 年电报的发明加速了全美的信息传递。
1866 年美国和欧洲之间电缆的铺设加快了两个
大陆电报的传递。企业和个人都能传递即时信
息。但是，最重要的通讯发明还是电话。人们
能够不用电报而直接对话。 电话的发明人是亚
历山大 · 葛来翰 · 贝尔。
另一位重要的发明家是托马斯· 爱迪生。他发明
了电灯。在电灯发明之前，人们用蜡烛照明。
他发明了留声机，能将声音记录下来，重新播
放。人们因此能在自己家中欣赏音乐。他还发
明了电影机，从此美国有了电影院。他的最重
要的发明是发电厂，让电力迅速输送到千家万
户。随之就有了电车和更多的电灯。
Unit 1: An Industrial Society
1.2: Inventions
Essential Question: How did new inventions
change American life and business?
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. communication 2. transportation
3. invention 4. telegraph 5. phonograph
6. projector 7. streetcar
8. moving assembly line
Summary:
In the late 1800s, many new inventions were
created. Many of these inventions made it
easier for people to do things that they did
every day at home and in business. Some of the
inventions made communication with others
easier. Others made getting from one place to
another easier. Some others made doing tasks
easier.
Content:
Some of the inventions of this time period made
communication with others easier. The
telegraph was invented in 1844 and allowed
messages to be delivered all over the United
States very quickly. In 1866, a cable was laid
between the United States and Europe to allow
telegraph messages to be delivered between the
two continents very quickly. This allowed
people and businesses to communicate almost
instantly. It was the telephone, however, that
was the most important communication
invention. It allowed people to talk directly to
each other without having to send telegraph
messages. The telephone was invented by
Alexander Graham Bell.
Another important inventor was Thomas
Edison. He invented the light bulb. Before the
light bulb, people needed to use candles to light
their homes and businesses. He also invented
the phonograph, which allowed sound to be
recorded and played back. This allowed people
to listen to music in their homes. He also
invented the motion picture projector, which
lead to the opening of movie theaters in the
U.S. His most important invention was the
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electric power plant. This allowed electricity to
be sent quickly to homes, factories, and lead to
the use of electric streetcars and more electric
lights in homes and businesses.
冷藏列车也是一项重大发明。容易变质的食物
得以送到全国各地。不同的商家轻易地将新鲜
的肉类和蔬菜运送到四面八方。铁路运输的改
善包括增设了卧铺车厢，旅客可以舒适地长途
旅行。气压刹车的发明增加了火车的安全。
还有一些有助于企业的发明。如：收款机，自
来水笔，打字机等，都方便了人们的日常工
作。真空吸尘器，科达照相机和挤奶机也方便
了日常生活。
Another important invention was the
refrigerated railroad car. This allowed food that
would normally go bad to be shipped to
different parts of the country. Fresh meats and
vegetables were easily shipped by different
businesses all over the country. Other
improvements to the railroads included a
sleeping car, which allowed passengers to travel
long distances more comfortably. The air brake
was invented and improved during this time to
make trains safer.
Businesses were helped out by some other
inventions. The cash register, fountain pen, and
typewriter all made people’s jobs easier.
People’s everyday lives were helped out by the
motorized vacuum cleaner, the Kodak camera,
and the milking machine.
The two most important transportation
inventions occurred during this time period: the
汽车和飞机是这个时期最重要的交通方面的发
automobile and the airplane. Although he
明。亨利 · 福特虽然没有发明汽车，但是他改变 didn’t invent the car, Henry Ford changed the
了汽车的生产方式。他发明了汽车生产装配
way cars were produced forever. He invented
线。在传动装配线旁，工人们在同一岗位，执
the moving assembly line. In this method,
行同一装配任务。例如：一组工人装配车轮，
workers stayed in one place and did one task as
下一组工人装配车窗等等。这一方法简化了生
the products move along a moving belt. For
产难度并提高了每日的生产量，也降低了汽车
example, one group of workers would put the
的价格。越来越多的美国人得以拥有汽车。
wheels on，the next group would put in the
windows, etc. This method made it easier to
make cars and increased how many cars could
be made in a day. This also decreased the price
of cars. As time went on, more and more
Americans owned cars.
赖特兄弟于 1903 年发明了飞机。飞机最初仅在
战争中作军事使用， 很久以后才用于民用运
输。
The airplane was invented in 1903 by Orville
and Wilbur Wright. Planes were first used by
the military in wars, but weren’t used for
transportation until much later.
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复习：
1. 二次工业革命如何使通讯变得更方便？
2. 为什么爱迪生的发明具有重大意义？
Review:
1. How was communication made easier during
this period of time?
2. Why were the inventions of Thomas Edison
important?
3. 新发明如何改进了火车？
3. How were railroads improved by inventions?
4. 这段时间交通得到哪些改善？
4. How did transportation improve during this
period of time?
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第一单元：工业社会
1.3 大企业的兴起
关键问题：十九世纪后期公司企业如何成长？
词汇和词组：
1. 公司企业 2.股票 3.分红 4.投资人 5.
资本 6. 竞争 7.托拉斯 8.垄断 9.管理，
控制
摘要：
南北战争以后的工业革命期间，许多企业扩大
了规模。他们开始控制整个行业，极大地增加
了利润。小企业的利润开始下降。企业用各种
方法来扩大规模。当时最著名的企业家有安德
鲁 · 卡耐基和约翰 · 洛克菲勒。
内容：
Unit 1: An Industrial Society
1.3: Rise of Big Business
Essential Question: How did corporations of the
late 1800s grow?
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. corporation 2. stocks 3. dividends
4. investors 5. capital 6.competition
7. trust 8. monopoly 9. regulate
Summary:
During the period of industrial growth following the
Civil War, many businesses grew in size. They
began to control more of their industry and their
profits increased greatly. The profits of smaller
businesses began to decrease. Businesses used
several methods to increase in size. Two of the
most famous businessmen during this time were
Andrew Carnegie and John. D. Rockefeller
Content:
十九世纪后期许多企业用成立公司的方法扩大
规模。上市公司允许投资人购买公司的股票。
股票就是公司的股份。投资人购买的是一部分
公司所有权。公司用投资人的资本（钱）去进
行开发（开设新工厂，雇用新工人，购买新机
器设备）。如果公司成功了，投资人会得到公
司的利润，叫做分红。如果公司不成功，投资
人会失去他们的投资。
Many businesses in the late 1800s became large by
forming corporations. A corporation allows
investors to purchase stocks in that company. A
stock is a share of the company, so an investor buys
partial ownership of the corporation. The
corporation uses the capital (money) from investors
to buy things that it needs (a new factory, hire more
workers, new machines, etc.). If the corporation is
successful, the investor will receive a share of the
profits known as dividends. If the corporation is
not successful, the investor can lose money.
大公司和小企业比起来有着极大优势。小企业
没有资本购买大公司能买的东西。因此，大公
司生产的产品既快又便宜。小企业往往竞争不
过而破产。
Corporations had great advantages over small
businesses. Smaller businesses did not have the
capital to buy many of the things that the larger
companies could. Therefore, large corporations
often produced goods faster and at a cheaper price.
Smaller businesses could not keep up and many
went out of business.
有些企业家用其他方法来消减同行的竞争。从
钢铁业获得巨大利润的卡耐基就是一例。他并
购了其他的钢铁厂以减少竞争，使自己公司的
产量超过其他公司， 从中赚到大量的钱，同时
挤垮其他的公司。
Some business leaders used other methods to
eliminate their competition (the other companies in
their industry). One example was Andrew Carnegie
who made huge profits in the steel industry. He
was able to produce steel cheaply and made huge
profits. He bought the other companies so that he
would not have as much competition. He also used
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methods to help him produce much more steel than
other companies. This allowed him to make much
more money than his competitors and forced some
of them to go out of business.
控制石油工业的洛克菲勒是另一个例子。他用
盈利购买其他公司。他用降低价格来争取顾
客。洛克菲勒后来成立了一个托拉斯，将他的
石油公司和其他石油公司和并在一起。这使得
洛克菲勒控制了百分九十五的石油工业。
洛克菲勒的石油托拉斯形成了垄断。垄断就是
占有一个工业的所有公司。垄断形成时，几乎
所有的竞争者都破产了。消费者只能购买一家
公司的产品。人们对这种现象不满， 认为没有
竞争，垄断公司可以任意抬高价格，而竞争可
以提高产品的质量。
Another example was John D. Rockefeller who
took control of the oil industry. He used his profits
to buy the other companies. He also lowered his
prices so low that he took the customers away from
other companies. Rockefeller later formed a trust
by combining other oil corporations with his own.
This allowed Rockefeller to control over 95 percent
of the oil industry.
Rockefeller’s oil trust formed a monopoly. A
monopoly owns all of an industry. When a
monopoly forms, almost all of the smaller
competitors go out of business. This usually leaves
just one company for customers to buy from. This
worried some people. They believed that without
competition, monopolies could raise their prices to
any amount they want. They also believed the
competition forced companies to improve their
products.
政府在 1890 年通过的控制和管理企业的第一条
法令就是舒曼反托拉斯法。此法令宣布托拉斯
和集团垄断为非法行为。但是这条法令并未有
效地控制垄断。
The first law passed by the government to regulate,
or control, the power of businesses was the
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. It made trusts
and monopolies illegal. It was not very successful
in controlling big businesses, however.
复习：
Review:
1． 十九世纪后期为什么企业形成大公司？
2． 卡耐基和洛克菲勒如何扩大他们公司的规
模？
3． 为什么有些人不喜欢垄断？
4． 舒曼反托拉斯法是什么？
1. Why did businesses form corporations during the
late 1800s?
2. How did Andrew Carnegie and John D.
Rockefeller increase the size of their businesses?
3. Why did some people not like monopolies?
4. What was the Sherman Antitrust Act?
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第一单元：工业社会
1.4 对产业工人的影响
关键问题：工业化时期工人们遇到了哪些困难？
词汇和词组：
1．血汗工厂 2. 工作条件 3. 童工 4. 非技术工人 5.
工资 6. 利润 7. 悲剧
摘要：
十九世纪后期工厂里的工人很艰难。即使老板对
待工人很刻薄，工人们也没有其他选择。他们只
能呆在工厂里干活。工厂里经常有童工。1911 年
三角制衣厂发生了大火，很多女工被烧死，因为
他们无法逃离厂房。
内容：
工作条件的恶劣有几个原因：首先，厂主要得到
尽可能高的利润。他们尽量减少开支。工厂里可
能没有暖气也没有劳动保护设施。
其次，使用工厂里的机械部需要技术工人。工厂
主可以雇佣非技术工人，这些工人很容易被取
代，他们只好接受很低的工资待遇。
有些行业里产生了血汗工厂。工人们的工作条件
恶劣，工时长而且工资低。很多工人一天工作十
二小时以上，一周工作六天，每周的工资在十美
元以下。通常这些血汗工厂都和肮脏，工人们也
不能按时休息。恶劣的工作环境包括：破损的玻
璃窗，恶浊的空气，拥挤的车间，昏暗的照明或
者没有窗户等等。工人们在这样的环境里工作经
常生病或受伤， 有些工人甚至死于恶劣工作环
境。
Unit 1: An Industrial Society
1.4: Effects on Industrial Workers
Essential Question: What difficulties did workers
face during this period of industrialization?
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. sweatshop 2. working conditions
3. child labor 4. unskilled workers 5. wages
6. profits 7. tragedy
Summary:
Workers faced many hardships while working in
factories during the late 1800s. Even though workers
were not treated fairly by their bosses, they had no
choice but take these jobs. Children were often seen
working in factories. In the Triangle Shirtwaist
Factory Fire of 1911 many women workers were
killed because they were not able to leave the
building.
Content:
There were a few reasons that explain why working
conditions were bad during the late 1800s. First,
factory owners wanted to increase their profits and
cut down their cost as much as possible. This meant
that factories might not have heat during the winter.
Workers may not have safety equipment for
protection from machines.
Second, workers did not need to be skilled to use the
machines in factories. This allowed factory owners
to hire unskilled workers. Since these workers were
easily replaced, they were forced to work for low
wages.
In some industries, sweatshops were created. These
were places where people worked long hours in poor
conditions for low pay. Many workers worked more
than 12 hours a day, 6 days a week for less than $10
per week. It was common for these sweatshops to be
dirty and workers were usually not given regular
breaks. These poor conditions included: broken
glass, poor air, crowdedness, low lighting, no
windows, etc. It was not uncommon for workers to
become injured or sick while working in these
conditions. Unfortunately, some workers died in
these conditions.
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由于男人在工厂里挣的钱不够养家，妇女和儿童
就被迫到血汗工厂里做工。食物，衣服和住房都
需要更多的钱。
童工的使用往往是因为他们的所得比成人要少。
他们干些不需要技术的活，也因此容易地被取
代。他们的小手很容易操作细小的工具。有时他
们被用于将手伸入机器修理一个部件， 或取出被
卡住的东西。像成人一样，有的孩子受伤了，有
的孩子在工厂里死去。若不是来自有钱的家庭，
这个时期的孩子们都不能上学接受教育。因此他
们长大后也难于得到较好的工作。
Because the men working in factories did not make
enough money to support their family, women and
children were forced to get jobs in sweatshops. More
money was needed to pay for food, clothing, and
housing.
Children were used very often because they could be
paid less than adults. Because they did unskilled
jobs, they were easily replaced. Their small hands
were useful in handling small tools. They were
sometimes used to reach into the machines to fix a
broken part or to remove something that was stuck.
Like adults, some children were injured and others
killed while working. Children during this time
period did not go to school to get an education unless
they came from a wealthier family. This often
stopped them from getting better jobs in the future.
1911 年纽约三角制衣厂发生的就是一例悲剧。厂
房里是一家制衣厂，大部分的工人是妇女。厂房
里到处堆集着布匹，因此火灾发生时传布得很
快。很多妇女被困在里面无法逃生。有些出口锁
住了。工厂里没有紧急出口和防火楼梯。消防车
的水龙头也达不到厂房的高层。有大约 150 名工
人因此丧生。这一事件迫使许多州政府通过保护
工人的法案。
One of the worst tragedies that occurred in a
sweatshop was at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in
New York in 1911. This building was a sweatshop
that made clothing. Most of the workers were
women. When a fire broke out, it spread very quickly
because large rolls of cloth were piled high. Many of
the women were trapped and could not escape. Some
of the exits were locked. There were no fire escapes
and the ladders and hoses of the fire trucks could not
reach the higher floors of the building. Almost 150
people died and this forced many state governments
to pass laws to help protect workers.
复习：
Review:
1. Give two causes of bad working conditions in
factories during the late 1800s.
1. 举出两个十九世纪后期造成工厂工作条件
恶劣的原因。
2. 血汗工厂的工作环境怎样？
3. 为什么妇女儿童都需要到工厂做工？
4. 为什么厂主愿意用童工？
5. 1911 年三角制衣厂发生了什么？
2. What were working conditions like in sweatshops?
3. Why did women and children have to get jobs in
factories?
4. Why were many children used as workers?
5．What happened in the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire of
1911?
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第一单元：工业社会
1.5 工会的成长
关键问题：工人如何试图改善工作条件？
词汇和词组：
1．工会 2. 罢工 3. 集体谈判 4. 谈判 5. 暴乱 6. 集
会 7. 联合抵制 8. 破坏罢工者
摘要：
十九世纪后期工人们经受的恶劣工作环境导致了
工会的组织。这些工人组织用各种方法来达到他
们的目标。不同的工会组织有不同的目标和会
员。有时工会的行为造成了暴乱。
内容：
一些工人集体就工资和工作条件与厂主谈判就是
工会。第一个工会在南北战争前就成立了。但是
不太成功。南北战争后，有些工会成长起来了。
早期的工会的聚会是秘密的， 因为参加工会的工
人可能被老板解雇。
劳工骑士就是这样的一个工会组织。他们为争取
八小时工作制，男女同工同酬，废除童工而斗
争。1879 年，劳工骑士工会接受技术工人和非技
术工人入会。与其他工会不同的是， 它还接受女
工和非裔工人。这在当时是十分罕见的。劳工骑
士的重要领导人是特伦斯 · 鲍德利。
另一成功的工会是美国劳工联合会（AFL）美国劳
工联合会只接受技术工人。它争取的是增加薪
酬，缩短工作时间和改善工作环境。工会用罢工
Unit 1: An Industrial Society
1.5: Growth of Labor Unions
Essential Question: How did workers try to
improve their working conditions?
Vocabulary & Phrases:
1. labor unions 2. strike 3. collective
bargaining 4. negotiate 5. riot 6. rallies
7. boycott 8. Strikebreakers
Summary:
Because of the poor working conditions that
many people experienced in the late 1800s,
labor unions began to organize. These
organizations used different methods to achieve
their goals. Different labor unions had different
goals and different types of members.
Sometimes the actions of labor unions caused
riots.
Content:
A labor union is a group of workers that
negotiates with business owners to get better
wages and working conditions. The first labor
unions formed before the Civil War, but were
not successful. After the Civil War, some
unions grew and became more successful. Most
of the earlier unions met in secret because
workers could be fired if it was known that they
were members.
One of these labor unions was the Knights of
Labor. They fought for an 8-hour workday,
equal pay for men and women, and an end to
child labor. In 1879, this labor union allowed
skilled and unskilled workers to be members.
Women and African Americans were also
allowed to join, which was not common in other
unions. The Knights of Labor did not meet in
secret. They used rallies and meetings to win
support for their goals. The most important
leader of the Knights of Labor was Terence
Powderly.
Another successful labor union was the
American Federation of Labor (AFL). The
AFL only allowed skilled workers to join. The
AFL fought for higher wages, shorter workdays,
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和集体抵制的方法来达到这些目的。他们还通过
集体谈判与业主讨价还价。美国劳工联合会的首
任主席是塞缪尔· 冈珀斯。
工会越来越强大，组织的罢工也越来越多。有些
罢工引起了暴乱。例如，1886 年，芝加哥公认为
争取较短工作日进行了罢工。罢工中一枚炸弹被
引发， 造成八人死亡和几名警察的受伤。于是警
察向罢工的人群开枪，又死了几个人，上百人受
伤。这就是著名的干草市暴乱。虽然劳工骑士并
未批准此次罢工或暴乱，他的成员在此事件后减
少了。
另一例罢工事件是 1892 年的家园罢工。工人组织
了在卡耐基钢铁厂的罢工。公司不愿意 和工会谈
判， 而雇用了罢工破坏者来替代工人。罢工导致
了暴力，十六人死亡。1894 年铁路工人由于很多
工人被裁员，工资被裁减，工人们举行了普曼罢
工。在两次罢工中，政府都站在公司一边，损害
了工会的力量。
复习：
1． 劳工工会是什么？
and better working conditions. This union used
strikes and boycotts to achieve these goals.
They also fought for collective bargaining,
which would allow unions to negotiate with
business owners as a group. The first president
of the AFL was Samuel Gompers.
As labor unions became more powerful, more
strikes were organized. Some of these strikes
caused violent riots. For example in 1886,
union workers in Chicago went on strike to try
to get a shorter workday. During the strike, a
bomb was set off causing eight deaths and
several police officers to be injured. The police
then fired into the crowd of striking workers.
Several more people died and about 100 others
were injured. This was known as The
Haymarket Riot. Even though the Knights of
Labor did not approve of this strike or the riot,
its membership decreased after this event.
Another example was the Homestead Strike of
1892, in which workers organized a strike at
Andrew Carnegie’s steel factory. The company
would not negotiate with the union and used
strikebreakers to replace workers. The strike
turned violent and 16 people died. During the
Pullman Strike of 1894, railroad workers went
on strike because many workers’ pay was cut
and many others were fired. In both examples,
the government sided with the owners and hurt
the power of the unions.
Review:
1. What is a labor union?
2． 劳工骑士的目标是什么？
2. What were the goals of the Knights of Labor?
3． 美国劳工联合会如何达到他们的目标？
4．描述干草市暴乱事件。
3. How did the American Federation of Labor
try to achieve its goals?
4. Describe the events of the Haymarket Riot.
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答案：
1.1
1. 手工制品被机器制品所代替。产品生产得更
快更便宜。
2．钢铁的产量增加而价格降低。
3．货物的运输由于新铁路线而更加方便。它帮
助了新的城市和工厂企业的成长。
4．石油和电力让家庭和商业有了光，热的能
源。
1.2
1.电报，电话等发明方便了人们的交流和沟通。
2．他的发明是人们的生活更方便。发明还使得
美国的千家万户和企业用上了电。
3．火车也改进得更加舒适和安全。冷藏列车使
得食物不会变质。
4．飞机和汽车的发明对当时和将来的交通都提
供了方便。
1.3
1. 大公司用投资人的钱购买所需的东西。
2．他们都使得他们的竞争者破产。尽量在
行业内取得控制。
3. 垄断可以提高价格而不改善产品质量。
4．是使得托拉斯核垄断不合法的法案。
1.4
1．（a）工厂主要尽量提高利润，（b）非
技术工人很容易被替换。
2．工人在危险和肮脏的环境里长时间工
作，却得到很低的薪酬。
Answer Key:
1.1
1. Products are made by machines instead of
by hand. Products are usually manufactured
quickly and cheaply.
2. The production of steel increased greatly
and the price of steel decreased.
3. New railroad lines allowed goods to be
shipped easily, lead to new cities, and helped
the growth of many factories and businesses.
4. Oil and electricity allowed homes and
businesses to have sources of light, heat, and
power.
1.2
1. Inventions such as the telegraph and
telephone made it easier for people across the
country to communicate with each other.
2. His inventions made people’s lives easier
and more enjoyable. The inventions also
provided electricity to many homes and
businesses in the United States.
3. Railroads were made more comfortable and
safer for passengers. Refrigerated cars allowed
food to be shipped without going bad.
4. The automobile and airplane made it much
easier for people during this time period and in
the future to get from place to place.
1.3
1. Investors gave capital to corporations to buy
things that were needed.
2. They both used methods to put their
competition out of business and gain as much
control over their industry as possible.
3. Monopolies can raise their prices very high
and have no reason to improve their products.
4. A law that made trusts and monopolies
illegal.
1.4
1. (a) Factory owners wanted their profits to
be as high as possible. (b) Unskilled workers
could easily be replaced.
2. Workers worked long hours for low pay in
dangerous and dirty conditions
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3． 男人挣的钱不够购买家庭所需。
4． 孩子的工资比成人少，容易被替代，他
们可以干大人难以干的一些活。
5． 在大火中很多女工因为无法逃出死在工
厂里。
1.5
1．工人们集合起来和老板就较好的薪酬和工作
条件谈判。
2．劳工骑士为八小时工作制，男女同工同酬和
废除童工而战。
3．美国劳工联合会用罢工，抵制和集体谈判来
达到他们的目标。
4．在罢工中发生了暴力，有人死亡，还有很多
人受了伤。
3. Men did not make enough money to pay for
everything that families needed.
4. Children could be paid less than adults,
were easily replaced, and their size made it easy
for them to do certain jobs.
5. Many women workers died in a factory fire
because they could not escape.
1.5
1. A group of workers that negotiates with
business owners to get better wages and
working conditions.
2. The Knights of Labor fought for an 8-hour
workday, equal pay for men and women, and an
end to child labor.
3. The AFL used strikes, boycotts, and
collective bargaining to achieve these goals.
4. Violence broke out during a strike by
workers killing and injuring many people.
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