For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Thursday, January 28, 2016
USDL-16-0158
Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/cps
Media contact:
(202) 691-5902 • [email protected]
UNION MEMBERS — 2015
The union membership rate—the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of unions—
was 11.1 percent in 2015, unchanged from 2014, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The
number of wage and salary workers belonging to unions, at 14.8 million in 2015, was little different
from 2014. In 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available, the union membership
rate was 20.1 percent, and there were 17.7 million union workers.
The data on union membership are collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly
sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households that obtains information on employment and
unemployment among the nation's civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over. For more
information, see the Technical Note.
Highlights from the 2015 data:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Public-sector workers had a union membership rate (35.2 percent) more than five times higher
than that of private-sector workers (6.7 percent). (See table 3.)
Workers in protective service occupations and in education, training, and library occupations had
the highest unionization rates (36.3 percent and 35.5 percent, respectively). (See table 3.)
Men continued to have a slightly higher union membership rate (11.5 percent) than women (10.6
percent). (See table 1.)
Black workers were more likely to be union members than were White, Asian, or Hispanic
workers. (See table 1.)
Median weekly earnings of nonunion workers ($776) were 79 percent of earnings for workers
who were union members ($980). (The comparisons of earnings in this release are on a broad
level and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings
differences.) (See table 2.)
Among states, New York continued to have the highest union membership rate (24.7 percent),
while South Carolina had the lowest (2.1 percent). (See table 5.)
Industry and Occupation of Union Members
In 2015, 7.2 million employees in the public sector belonged to a union, compared with 7.6 million
workers in the private sector. The union membership rate for public-sector workers (35.2 percent) was
substantially higher than the rate for private-sector workers (6.7 percent). Within the public sector, the
union membership rate was highest for local government (41.3 percent), which includes employees in
heavily unionized occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and firefighters. In the private sector,
industries with high unionization rates included utilities (21.4 percent), transportation and warehousing
(18.9 percent), educational services (13.7 percent), telecommunications (13.3 percent), and construction
(13.2 percent). Low unionization rates occurred in agriculture and related industries (1.2 percent),
finance (1.3 percent), food services and drinking places (1.5 percent), and professional and technical
services (1.7 percent). (See table 3.)
Among occupational groups, the highest unionization rates in 2015 were in protective service
occupations (36.3 percent) and in education, training, and library occupations (35.5 percent). The lowest
unionization rates were in farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (1.9 percent) and in sales and
related occupations (3.3 percent). (See table 3.)
Selected Characteristics of Union Members
In 2015, the union membership rate continued to be slightly higher for men (11.5 percent) than for
women (10.6 percent). (See table 1.) The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983
(the earliest year for which comparable data are available), when rates for men and women were 24.7
percent and 14.6 percent, respectively.
Among major race and ethnicity groups, Black workers continued to have a higher union membership
rate in 2015 (13.6 percent) than workers who were White (10.8 percent), Asian (9.8 percent), or
Hispanic (9.4 percent).
By age, union membership rates continued to be highest among workers ages 45 to 64. In 2015, 13.6
percent of workers ages 45 to 54 and 14.3 percent of those ages 55 to 64 were union members.
The union membership rate was 12.2 percent for full-time workers, more than twice the rate for parttime workers, 5.9 percent.
Union Representation
In 2015, 16.4 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union. This group includes both
union members (14.8 million) and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered
by a union contract (1.6 million). (See table 1.)
Earnings
Among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings of $980
in 2015, while those who were not union members had median weekly earnings of $776. In addition to
coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, this earnings difference reflects a variety of influences,
including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by occupation,
industry, age, firm size, or geographic region. (See tables 2 and 4.)
Union Membership by State
In 2015, 30 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S.
average, 11.1 percent, and 20 states had rates above it. All states in the East South Central and West
South Central divisions had union membership rates below the national average, and all states in the
Middle Atlantic and Pacific divisions had rates above it. Union membership rates increased over the
year in 24 states and the District of Columbia, declined in 23 states, and were unchanged in 3 states.
(See table 5 and the map.)
-2-
Five states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2015: South Carolina (2.1 percent), North
Carolina (3.0 percent), Utah (3.9 percent), Georgia (4.0 percent), and Texas (4.5 percent). Two states
had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2015: New York (24.7 percent) and Hawaii (20.4
percent).
State union membership levels depend on both the employment level and the union membership rate.
The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.5 million) and New York (2.0 million).
Roughly half of the 14.8 million union members in the U.S. lived in just seven states (California, 2.5
million; New York, 2.0 million; Illinois, 0.8 million; Pennsylvania, 0.7 million; and Michigan, Ohio, and
New Jersey, 0.6 million each), though these states accounted for only about one-third of wage and salary
employment nationally.
-3-
Technical Note
The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current
Population Survey (CPS), which provides basic information on
the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is
conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the
U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected national
sample of about 60,000 eligible households. The union
membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter
of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary
workers. All self-employed workers are excluded.
Beginning in January of each year, data reflect revised
population controls used in the CPS. Additional information
about population controls is available on the BLS website at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 6915200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and
nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire
population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the true population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about
a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate
based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the true population value because of sampling error.
BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of
confidence. The state section of this release preserves the longtime practice of highlighting the direction of the movements in
state union membership rates and levels regardless of their
statistical significance.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or
unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information,
and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
Information about the reliability of data from the CPS and
guidance on estimating standard errors is available at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.
Union membership questions
Employed wage and salary workers are classified as union
members if they answer “yes” to the following question: On this
job, are you a member of a labor union or of an employee
association similar to a union? If the response is “no” to that
question, then the interviewer asks a second question: On this
job, are you covered by a union or employee association
contract? If the response is “yes,” then these persons, along
with those who responded “yes” to being union members, are
classified as represented by a union. If the response is “no” to
both the first and second questions, then they are classified as
nonunion.
Definitions
The principal definitions used in this release are described
briefly below.
Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an
employee association similar to a union.
Union membership rate. Data refer to the proportion of total
wage and salary workers who are union members.
Represented by unions. Data refer to both union members and
workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are
covered by a union or an employee association contract.
Nonunion. Data refer to workers who are neither members of
a union nor represented by a union on their job.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes
and other deductions and include any overtime pay,
commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the
case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were
asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January
1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way
for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice
monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually
earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis
other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The
term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent
asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to
define the term as more than half of the weeks worked during
the past 4 or 5 months.
Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a
given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having
earnings above the median and the other having earnings below
the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or
calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which
are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is
estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in
which the median lies.
Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages,
salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The
group includes employees in both the private and public sectors.
Union membership and earnings data exclude all self-employed
workers, both those with incorporated businesses as well as
those with unincorporated businesses.
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or
more per week at their sole or principal job.
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35
hours per week at their sole or principal job.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who identified
themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish,
Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as
Hispanic or Latino may be of any race
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2014-2015 annual
averages
[Numbers in thousands]
2014
Characteristic
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2015
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
131,431
18,019
113,412
30,158
27,948
28,540
20,781
5,985
14,576
804
13,772
2,879
3,460
3,927
2,924
582
11.1
4.5
12.1
9.5
12.4
13.8
14.1
9.7
16,152
956
15,196
3,205
3,823
4,286
3,229
653
12.3
5.3
13.4
10.6
13.7
15.0
15.5
10.9
133,743
18,311
115,431
30,870
28,101
28,764
21,288
6,408
14,795
800
13,995
2,985
3,457
3,909
3,035
610
11.1
4.4
12.1
9.7
12.3
13.6
14.3
9.5
16,441
967
15,474
3,363
3,785
4,306
3,329
691
12.3
5.3
13.4
10.9
13.5
15.0
15.6
10.8
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68,048
9,141
58,907
16,172
14,769
14,508
10,419
3,040
7,939
462
7,476
1,611
1,913
2,085
1,553
315
11.7
5.1
12.7
10.0
13.0
14.4
14.9
10.4
8,717
540
8,177
1,773
2,108
2,256
1,689
351
12.8
5.9
13.9
11.0
14.3
15.6
16.2
11.5
69,298
9,250
60,048
16,550
14,844
14,696
10,698
3,259
7,963
485
7,478
1,639
1,857
2,079
1,588
315
11.5
5.2
12.5
9.9
12.5
14.1
14.8
9.7
8,760
563
8,197
1,825
2,023
2,281
1,717
352
12.6
6.1
13.7
11.0
13.6
15.5
16.0
10.8
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63,383
8,879
54,505
13,985
13,180
14,032
10,362
2,946
6,638
342
6,296
1,268
1,548
1,842
1,371
267
10.5
3.8
11.6
9.1
11.7
13.1
13.2
9.1
7,434
416
7,019
1,431
1,715
2,030
1,541
302
11.7
4.7
12.9
10.2
13.0
14.5
14.9
10.2
64,445
9,061
55,384
14,320
13,257
14,068
10,590
3,149
6,833
315
6,518
1,346
1,600
1,830
1,447
294
10.6
3.5
11.8
9.4
12.1
13.0
13.7
9.3
7,681
405
7,277
1,538
1,762
2,025
1,613
339
11.9
4.5
13.1
10.7
13.3
14.4
15.2
10.8
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,
AND SEX
White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
104,065
54,747
49,318
11,274
6,295
4,979
10.8
11.5
10.1
12,503
6,900
5,602
12.0
12.6
11.4
104,991
55,402
49,590
11,301
6,222
5,079
10.8
11.2
10.2
12,627
6,875
5,752
12.0
12.4
11.6
Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15,830
7,243
8,586
2,097
1,047
1,050
13.2
14.5
12.2
2,303
1,147
1,156
14.6
15.8
13.5
16,552
7,558
8,995
2,246
1,097
1,149
13.6
14.5
12.8
2,427
1,174
1,253
14.7
15.5
13.9
Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7,476
3,921
3,555
779
361
418
10.4
9.2
11.8
866
416
450
11.6
10.6
12.6
7,883
4,113
3,770
770
367
403
9.8
8.9
10.7
860
416
444
10.9
10.1
11.8
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21,571
12,339
9,232
1,978
1,155
823
9.2
9.4
8.9
2,220
1,286
933
10.3
10.4
10.1
22,351
12,670
9,681
2,104
1,211
892
9.4
9.6
9.2
2,365
1,346
1,019
10.6
10.6
10.5
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS3
Full-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
106,526
24,707
13,132
1,424
12.3
5.8
14,491
1,636
13.6
6.6
109,080
24,445
13,340
1,431
12.2
5.9
14,768
1,646
13.5
6.7
1
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3
The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal
job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons
whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All
self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
2
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected
characteristics, 2014-2015 annual averages
2014
2015
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Members
of
unions1
Nonunion3
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$791
477
839
726
881
899
911
824
$970
602
987
874
1,034
1,025
1,014
908
$965
605
985
867
1,029
1,022
1,017
920
$763
470
810
705
848
872
885
813
$809
487
860
735
900
923
927
873
$980
616
997
886
1,050
1,029
1,020
961
$975
605
994
882
1,048
1,024
1,017
963
$776
482
831
716
870
899
904
852
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
871
493
922
755
964
1,011
1,021
942
1,015
644
1,036
896
1,102
1,083
1,068
921
1,013
643
1,035
889
1,097
1,088
1,076
936
840
485
899
740
933
994
1,007
943
895
510
947
770
983
1,040
1,064
1,003
1,017
655
1,041
888
1,093
1,107
1,084
1,010
1,014
633
1,038
889
1,094
1,110
1,082
998
869
505
927
756
963
1,023
1,059
1,005
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
719
451
752
679
781
780
780
740
904
557
921
848
962
951
931
879
899
562
917
843
956
945
935
887
687
445
728
655
751
754
757
719
726
450
761
690
804
799
784
740
928
567
944
884
1,002
958
937
894
921
565
940
876
1,001
950
934
905
697
443
736
667
764
768
759
718
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,
AND SEX
White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
816
897
734
997
1,043
929
992
1,041
923
784
867
704
835
920
743
1,007
1,051
952
999
1,044
944
803
895
715
Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
639
680
611
810
835
792
807
833
788
611
648
590
641
680
615
800
824
768
798
821
768
617
650
595
Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
953
1,080
841
979
1,028
939
998
1,041
950
948
1,087
823
993
1,129
877
1,094
1,097
1,091
1,107
1,125
1,090
977
1,130
835
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
594
616
548
811
860
757
795
838
739
573
596
520
604
631
566
862
901
778
847
887
783
586
610
541
Characteristic
1
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3
Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All
self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
2
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2014-2015 annual
averages
[Numbers in thousands]
2014
Occupation and industry
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . .
Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . .
Life, physical, and social science
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Community and social service occupations. . . .
Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education, training, and library occupations. . .
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare practitioner and technical
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food preparation and serving related
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office and administrative support occupations. . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INDUSTRY
Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion pictures and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2015
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
48,890
5,835
11.9
6,612
13.5
18,717
12,550
870
562
4.6
4.5
1,016
653
6,168
30,173
4,057
2,635
308
4,965
169
160
5.0
16.5
4.2
6.1
1,232
2,373
1,440
8,437
122
358
86
2,976
2,071
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
50,939
6,132
12.0
6,983
13.7
5.4
5.2
19,636
13,213
871
581
4.4
4.4
1,057
701
5.4
5.3
362
5,597
223
190
5.9
18.5
5.5
7.2
6,423
31,302
4,195
2,777
290
5,261
162
190
4.5
16.8
3.9
6.8
356
5,926
221
219
5.5
18.9
5.3
7.9
9.9
15.1
6.0
35.3
149
396
107
3,279
12.1
16.7
7.5
38.9
1,309
2,517
1,475
8,766
109
386
83
3,112
8.3
15.3
5.6
35.5
139
412
100
3,466
10.6
16.4
6.8
39.5
117
5.6
137
6.6
2,120
161
7.6
187
8.8
7,928
23,481
3,326
3,128
977
2,498
305
1,103
12.3
10.6
9.2
35.3
1,115
2,740
346
1,166
14.1
11.7
10.4
37.3
8,142
23,503
3,305
3,092
1,059
2,492
279
1,123
13.0
10.6
8.4
36.3
1,183
2,759
314
1,189
14.5
11.7
9.5
38.5
8,021
338
4.2
389
4.9
8,016
329
4.1
381
4.8
4,916
4,090
30,903
13,529
17,374
504
248
2,023
415
1,608
10.2
6.1
6.5
3.1
9.3
560
279
2,277
499
1,778
11.4
6.8
7.4
3.7
10.2
4,868
4,222
30,931
13,574
17,357
473
288
2,055
441
1,614
9.7
6.8
6.6
3.3
9.3
537
338
2,311
505
1,806
11.0
8.0
7.5
3.7
10.4
11,627
935
6,196
1,782
24
1,104
15.3
2.5
17.8
1,909
30
1,167
16.4
3.2
18.8
11,694
971
6,193
1,751
18
1,067
15.0
1.9
17.2
1,868
25
1,133
16.0
2.5
18.3
4,496
655
14.6
711
15.8
4,530
666
14.7
710
15.7
16,530
8,098
2,438
1,066
14.8
13.2
2,614
1,150
15.8
14.2
16,676
8,180
2,365
1,031
14.2
12.6
2,521
1,098
15.1
13.4
8,432
1,372
16.3
1,464
17.4
8,496
1,334
15.7
1,422
16.7
111,228
1,199
110,028
1,040
6,968
14,471
9,111
5,359
18,372
3,232
15,141
5,750
4,814
935
2,681
581
7,359
14
7,345
50
968
1,409
876
534
769
107
662
1,153
945
209
231
21
6.6
1.1
6.7
4.8
13.9
9.7
9.6
10.0
4.2
3.3
4.4
20.1
19.6
22.3
8.6
3.6
8,224
19
8,205
61
1,023
1,517
944
572
892
129
763
1,217
996
221
255
22
7.4
1.6
7.5
5.9
14.7
10.5
10.4
10.7
4.9
4.0
5.0
21.2
20.7
23.7
9.5
3.8
113,152
1,269
111,882
866
7,109
14,547
9,288
5,258
18,798
3,346
15,452
5,722
4,765
957
2,525
495
7,554
15
7,539
47
940
1,369
874
494
871
126
745
1,106
901
205
217
19
6.7
1.2
6.7
5.4
13.2
9.4
9.4
9.4
4.6
3.8
4.8
19.3
18.9
21.4
8.6
3.9
8,411
22
8,389
57
992
1,462
933
529
962
139
823
1,159
946
213
249
22
7.4
1.7
7.5
6.5
14.0
10.0
10.0
10.1
5.1
4.2
5.3
20.3
19.8
22.3
9.9
4.4
347
25
7.3
29
8.2
314
37
11.7
40
12.8
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2014-2015 annual
averages — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
2014
Occupation and industry
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Total
Radio and television broadcasting and
cable subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . .
Management, administrative, and waste
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . .
Other services3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services, except private households.. .
Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Percent
of
employed
2015
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Total
Percent
of
employed
Represented
by unions2
Total
569
915
8,481
6,409
4,039
2,370
2,071
13,300
8,045
40
135
169
92
53
39
77
309
109
7.0
14.8
2.0
1.4
1.3
1.6
3.7
2.3
1.4
43
151
200
112
63
49
88
389
157
7.6
16.5
2.4
1.8
1.6
2.1
4.2
2.9
2.0
561
883
8,781
6,550
4,126
2,424
2,231
13,738
8,327
37
118
208
103
53
51
105
348
142
6.7
13.3
2.4
1.6
1.3
2.1
4.7
2.5
1.7
48
131
242
129
70
59
113
458
218
8.5
14.8
2.8
2.0
1.7
2.4
5.1
3.3
2.6
5,254
21,147
4,338
16,809
11,997
2,166
9,831
1,455
8,377
5,821
5,026
20,203
3,408
6,264
10,532
199
1,728
508
1,220
387
140
247
130
117
171
157
7,218
939
1,867
4,412
3.8
8.2
11.7
7.3
3.2
6.5
2.5
8.9
1.4
2.9
3.1
35.7
27.5
29.8
41.9
232
2,003
599
1,404
454
158
296
143
153
193
178
7,927
1,078
2,056
4,793
4.4
9.5
13.8
8.4
3.8
7.3
3.0
9.8
1.8
3.3
3.5
39.2
31.6
32.8
45.5
5,411
21,572
4,551
17,021
12,357
2,250
10,107
1,575
8,532
5,867
5,055
20,591
3,591
6,875
10,126
206
1,867
625
1,242
389
144
245
116
129
177
166
7,241
979
2,079
4,183
3.8
8.7
13.7
7.3
3.1
6.4
2.4
7.4
1.5
3.0
3.3
35.2
27.3
30.2
41.3
240
2,132
720
1,412
449
158
291
127
165
227
205
8,031
1,160
2,312
4,559
4.4
9.9
15.8
8.3
3.6
7.0
2.9
8.0
1.9
3.9
4.1
39.0
32.3
33.6
45.0
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3
Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated
businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2
Percent
of
employed
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and
industry, 2014-2015 annual averages
2014
Occupation and industry
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations. . . . . . .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . .
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . .
INDUSTRY
Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . .
Radio and television broadcasting and cable
subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
2015
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Members
of
unions1
Nonunion3
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$1,137
$1,132
$1,129
$1,139
$1,158
$1,152
$1,148
$1,160
1,227
1,295
1,107
1,078
1,368
1,377
1,168
858
1,271
953
1,246
1,333
1,135
1,117
1,288
1,416
1,271
1,017
1,208
1,077
1,243
1,333
1,131
1,112
1,277
1,424
1,276
1,010
1,333
1,069
1,226
1,292
1,104
1,068
1,373
1,370
1,141
822
1,270
851
1,258
1,351
1,137
1,112
1,428
1,424
1,206
889
1,391
956
1,273
1,386
1,108
1,140
1,388
1,393
1,249
1,014
1,551
1,095
1,291
1,380
1,132
1,132
1,327
1,399
1,266
1,008
1,547
1,074
1,257
1,349
1,138
1,103
1,434
1,427
1,187
855
1,373
860
956
1,033
505
498
833
439
1,130
1,128
762
569
1,107
535
1,110
1,115
751
558
1,093
525
946
1,020
482
493
687
433
1,001
1,041
509
498
796
441
1,228
1,211
753
544
1,031
515
1,212
1,194
742
546
1,029
512
984
1,014
489
495
687
436
480
487
666
705
651
644
591
788
728
801
633
583
788
724
801
456
480
654
704
632
486
498
673
716
656
648
515
810
702
831
628
521
801
710
821
469
496
662
716
639
756
429
756
821
1,076
–
1,095
1,064
1,062
–
1,078
1,057
705
423
697
782
761
464
749
839
1,070
–
1,082
1,066
1,052
–
1,064
1,051
711
460
695
799
642
646
637
838
825
850
830
824
836
614
620
608
656
663
646
850
824
876
842
826
859
622
635
610
763
502
767
1,136
775
812
840
765
641
818
602
826
780
1,156
1,040
1,068
1,021
907
–
907
1,150
1,123
861
888
808
669
772
641
1,011
947
1,275
1,115
–
–
900
–
901
1,176
1,108
854
886
795
670
773
643
1,009
947
1,283
1,090
–
–
753
501
756
1,130
724
807
833
761
638
821
600
785
748
1,078
1,029
1,081
993
776
522
781
1,162
784
839
872
776
653
841
610
843
790
1,133
1,102
1,098
996
917
–
918
–
1,099
876
889
849
673
876
621
1,007
980
1,194
1,260
–
–
912
–
913
1,170
1,093
868
881
841
671
863
622
1,003
977
1,188
1,242
–
–
765
519
769
1,162
743
833
871
768
652
840
609
803
754
1,116
1,077
1,102
935
902
1,145
941
989
1,012
959
768
915
1,199
–
1,143
879
880
862
–
876
805
1,081
–
1,114
884
893
889
–
869
851
1,145
879
1,151
942
991
1,014
960
762
918
1,203
980
1,162
964
1,024
1,061
973
782
951
1,256
–
1,212
915
983
923
988
891
874
1,297
–
1,208
924
1,004
1,082
981
893
906
1,268
968
1,148
964
1,024
1,060
973
772
953
1,255
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and
industry, 2014-2015 annual averages — Continued
2014
Occupation and industry
Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services, except private households. . . . . . . . . . . .
Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2015
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$580
777
902
750
505
650
481
544
465
644
671
927
1,103
886
899
$743
926
967
893
636
688
602
639
496
871
887
1,014
1,050
967
1,026
$735
925
978
886
624
683
591
639
485
843
865
1,014
1,072
966
1,020
$575
763
879
740
500
642
478
522
465
636
662
850
1,136
821
780
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$605
787
918
754
515
657
492
546
480
684
710
944
1,113
909
914
$684
962
1,025
916
606
672
579
645
492
903
916
1,029
1,058
988
1,043
$672
946
1,015
904
592
680
558
639
490
879
900
1,023
1,064
982
1,033
$603
768
896
742
511
655
489
532
480
677
703
878
1,159
867
783
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3
Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
4
Includes other industries, not shown separately.
- Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well
as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state, 2014-2015 annual averages
[Numbers in thousands]
2014
State
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2015
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,887
307
2,593
1,108
15,135
2,328
1,564
384
325
8,042
204
70
138
52
2,472
221
231
38
28
455
10.8
22.8
5.3
4.7
16.3
9.5
14.8
9.9
8.6
5.7
228
75
173
60
2,652
250
245
43
35
561
12.1
24.4
6.7
5.4
17.5
10.7
15.7
11.3
10.7
7.0
1,863
304
2,661
1,155
15,657
2,310
1,587
412
334
7,994
190
60
138
58
2,486
194
269
38
35
546
10.2
19.6
5.2
5.1
15.9
8.4
17.0
9.2
10.4
6.8
204
66
163
74
2,689
215
277
43
40
671
11.0
21.7
6.1
6.4
17.2
9.3
17.4
10.4
12.1
8.4
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,926
572
641
5,500
2,802
1,459
1,287
1,714
1,834
566
170
124
34
831
299
156
95
189
96
62
4.3
21.8
5.3
15.1
10.7
10.7
7.4
11.0
5.2
11.0
193
131
43
880
335
184
116
219
118
71
4.9
22.9
6.7
16.0
12.0
12.6
9.0
12.8
6.4
12.5
4,016
583
679
5,566
2,828
1,435
1,255
1,705
1,847
549
162
119
46
847
283
138
110
187
107
64
4.0
20.4
6.8
15.2
10.0
9.6
8.7
11.0
5.8
11.6
206
126
50
892
319
174
136
207
126
75
5.1
21.7
7.3
16.0
11.3
12.2
10.8
12.1
6.8
13.6
Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,612
3,036
4,028
2,538
1,028
2,559
414
877
1,173
626
310
415
585
360
38
214
52
64
169
62
11.9
13.7
14.5
14.2
3.7
8.4
12.7
7.3
14.4
9.9
347
445
631
380
46
249
57
79
192
72
13.3
14.7
15.7
15.0
4.5
9.7
13.8
9.0
16.4
11.5
2,757
3,103
4,083
2,565
1,103
2,615
427
882
1,232
641
287
402
621
363
60
230
52
68
177
62
10.4
12.9
15.2
14.2
5.4
8.8
12.2
7.7
14.3
9.7
337
441
672
385
75
257
59
80
203
73
12.2
14.2
16.5
15.0
6.8
9.8
13.9
9.0
16.5
11.4
New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,860
763
8,060
3,936
353
4,958
1,465
1,554
5,525
453
635
43
1,980
76
18
615
89
243
703
68
16.5
5.7
24.6
1.9
5.0
12.4
6.0
15.6
12.7
15.1
664
56
2,081
126
24
688
106
264
754
72
17.2
7.4
25.8
3.2
6.9
13.9
7.2
17.0
13.7
15.8
3,880
782
8,249
4,089
352
4,914
1,567
1,586
5,601
483
596
49
2,038
123
19
606
88
235
747
68
15.4
6.2
24.7
3.0
5.4
12.3
5.6
14.8
13.3
14.2
644
61
2,141
167
24
670
116
256
804
72
16.6
7.9
26.0
4.1
6.8
13.6
7.4
16.2
14.4
14.9
South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wyoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,884
363
2,514
11,205
1,236
286
3,665
2,914
687
2,626
255
41
18
127
543
46
32
179
491
73
306
17
2.2
4.9
5.0
4.8
3.7
11.1
4.9
16.8
10.6
11.7
6.7
61
22
141
700
57
37
228
536
80
327
19
3.2
6.0
5.6
6.2
4.6
13.1
6.2
18.4
11.6
12.5
7.5
1,960
382
2,693
11,177
1,274
284
3,736
2,977
665
2,682
261
41
22
146
503
50
36
202
500
83
223
19
2.1
5.9
5.4
4.5
3.9
12.6
5.4
16.8
12.4
8.3
7.1
57
26
175
626
67
42
258
536
91
253
22
2.9
6.9
6.5
5.6
5.2
14.7
6.9
18.0
13.7
9.4
8.2
1
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated
businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2
Chart1.1.Union
Union
membership
rates
by state,
annual
ave
Chart
membership
rates
by state,
20152015
annual
averages
(U.S. rate
rate == 11.1
11.1 percent)
(U.S.
Mountain
West
North Central
East
North Central
WASH.
MONT.
N.D.
MAINE
Middle
Atlantic
MINN.
ORE.
New England
VT. N.H.
MASS.
N.Y.
IDAHO
WIS.
S.D.
CONN. R.I.
MICH.
WYO.
PA.
IOWA
N.J.
NEB.
OHIO
NEV.
CALIF.
ILL.
IND.
MD.
UTAH
COLO.
KAN.
DEL.
MO.
W.VA.
KY.
VA.
TENN.
ARIZ.
N.C.
N.M.
D.C.
OKLA.
ARK.
Pacific
MISS.
S.C.
ALA.
GA.
TEXAS
South
Atlantic
LA.
West
South Central
East
South Central
FLA.
20.0% or more
15.0% to 19.9%
10.0% to 14.9%
HAWAII
5.0% to 9.9%
ALASKA
4.9% or less