U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
M A Y
2 0 1 4 R E P O R T
1 0 4 9
Women in the Labor Force:
A Databook
addition, women have increasingly attained higher levels
of education: among women ages 25 to 64 who are in the
labor force, the proportion with a college degree more
than tripled from 1970 to 2012. Women’s earnings as a
proportion of men’s earnings also have grown over time.
In 1979, women working full time earned 62 percent of
what men earned; in 2012, women’s earnings were 81
percent of men’s.
W
omen’s participation in labor force activities
has greatly expanded since the end of World
War II. Immediately following the war, less
than one-third of women were in the labor force. However,
women soon began to participate in greater numbers, and
their labor force participation rose rapidly from the 1960s
through the 1980s before slowing in the 1990s. By 1999,
women reached the peak of their labor force participation,
60 percent. Since then, however, labor force participation
among women has declined. Nonetheless, women’s labor
force participation remains relatively high by historical
standards, particularly among women with children, and
a large share of women work full time and year round. In
This report presents historical and recent labor force
and earnings data for women and men from the Current
Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly survey of
approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S.
Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the
CPS. (For a detailed description of the source of the data
and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see
the Technical Notes at the end of this report.)
Selected demographic
characteristics
In 2012, 57.7 percent of women were in the labor force,
down 0.4 percentage point from 2011. Men’s labor force
participation, which always has been much higher than that
for women, also edged down in 2012, from 70.5 percent to
70.2 percent. (See tables 1 and 2.)
CONTENTS
Highlights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4
Statistical Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–102
Technical Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103–106
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The overall unemployment rate for women in 2012 was 7.9
percent, compared with 8.2 percent for men. Both figures
were down from 2011. Women’s jobless rates varied by
race and ethnicity. Asian women had the lowest rate (6.1
percent), followed by White (7.0 percent), Hispanic (10.9
percent), and Black (12.8 percent) women. (See table 3.)
Labor force participation varies by marital status and
differs between women and men. Among women, divorced
women had the highest labor force participation rate, 66.0
percent. The rate for married women was 59.5 percent. For
men, those who were married had the highest labor force
participation, 74.6 percent. Divorced men had a labor force
participation rate of 68.4 percent. (See table 4.)
Among mothers, the labor force participation rate was
higher for those with children 6 to 17 years old than for
those with younger children. In 2012, the rate for mothers
with children 6 to 17 years old was 76.0 percent. The rate
for those with children under 6 years old was 64.7 percent,
and the rate for mothers with children under 3 years old
was lower, at 60.7 percent. (See table 5; data were collected
in the 2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the
CPS.)
Unmarried mothers have higher labor force participation
rates than married mothers. In March 2012, 75.8 percent of
unmarried mothers with children under 18 years old were
in the labor force, compared with 68.5 percent of married
mothers with children in that age range. (See table 6; data
were collected in the 2012 Annual Social and Economic
Supplement to the CPS.)
The labor force participation rate of all mothers with
children under 18 years of age was 70.9 percent in March
2012, unchanged from a year earlier. (See tables 6 and
7; data were collected in the 2012 Annual Social and
Economic Supplement to the CPS.)
Educational attainment
The educational attainment of women ages 25 to 64 in the
labor force has risen substantially over the past 40 years.
In 2012, 38 percent of this group held college degrees,
compared with 11 percent in 1970. About 7 percent of
women had less than a high school diploma (i.e., did not
2
graduate from high school) in 2012, down from 34 percent
in 1970. (See table 9.)
Occupation and industry
In 2012, women accounted for 52 percent of all workers
employed in management, professional, and related
occupations, somewhat more than their share of total
employment (47 percent). The share of women in specific
occupations within this large category varied. For example,
20 percent of software developers and 31 percent of
lawyers were women, whereas 61 percent of accountants
and auditors and 81 percent of elementary and middle
school teachers were women. (See table 11.)
Employed Asian (47 percent) and White (43 percent)
women were more likely to work in higher paying
management, professional, and related occupations in 2012
than were employed Black (34 percent) and Hispanic (26
percent) women. Meanwhile, Hispanic (32 percent) and
Black (28 percent) women were more likely than Asian (22
percent) and White (20 percent) women to work in lower
paying service occupations. (See table 12.)
In 2012, women accounted for more than half of all
workers within several industry sectors: financial
activities (53 percent), education and health services
(75 percent), leisure and hospitality (51 percent), and
other services (52 percent). However, women were
substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of
total employment) in agriculture (26 percent), mining
(13 percent), construction (9 percent), manufacturing (29
percent), and transportation and utilities (23 percent). (See
table 14.)
Earnings
In 2012, women who worked full time in wage and salary
jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $691, which
represented 81 percent of men’s median weekly earnings
($854). Among women, earnings were higher for Asians
($770) and Whites ($710) than for Blacks ($599) and
Hispanics ($521). Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios were
higher for Blacks (90 percent) and Hispanics (88 percent)
than for Whites (81 percent) and Asians (73 percent).
(See table 16; note that the comparisons of earnings in
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this report are on a broad level and do not control for
many factors that may be important in explaining earnings
differences.)
were collected in the 1968 and 2012 Annual Social and
Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and
work experience in the previous calendar year.)
In 2012, female full-time wage and salary workers ages
25 and older with only a high school diploma had median
usual weekly earnings of $561, which represented 80
percent of the earnings of women with an associate’s
degree ($697) and 56 percent of the earnings of women
with a bachelor’s degree or higher ($1,001). (See table 17.)
In 2011, working wives contributed 37 percent of their
families’ incomes, up by 10 percentage points from 1970,
when wives’ earnings accounted for 27 percent of their
families’ total income. The proportion of wives earning
more than their husbands also has grown: in 1987, 18
percent of working wives whose husbands also worked
earned more than their spouses; in 2011, the proportion was
28.1 percent. (See tables 24 and 25; data were collected
in the 1971, 1988, and 2012 Annual Social and Economic
Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings and work
experience in the previous calendar year.)
Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary
workers were the highest in 2012 for female pharmacists
($1,871), chief executives ($1,730), and lawyers ($1,636).
(See table 18.)
Hours of work
In 2012, 26 percent of employed women usually worked
part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week. In
comparison, 13 percent of employed men usually worked
part time. (See table 20.)
In general, employed women work fewer hours per week
than men. On average, women worked 35.8 hours per week
in 2012, compared with 40.8 hours for men. (See table 21.)
Of all women who worked at some point during calendar
year 2011, 60 percent worked full time and year round,
compared with 41 percent in 1970. For the same two years,
the proportion of men who worked full time and year round
rose slightly, from 66 percent in 1970 to 71 percent in
2011. (See table 22; data were collected in the 1971 and
2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS
and reflect earnings and work experience in the previous
calendar year.)
Married-couple families
Among married-couple families, 53 percent had earnings
from both the wife and the husband in 2011, compared with
44 percent in 1967. Couples in which only the husband
worked represented 19 percent of married-couple families
in 2011, versus 36 percent in 1967. (See table 23; data
Minimum wage and the working
poor
In 2012, 6 percent of all women paid at an hourly rate,
or approximately 2.3 million women, had earnings at or
below the prevailing federal minimum wage ($7.25 per
hour). Among women 25 years and older who were paid
at an hourly rate, 4 percent had earnings at or below the
minimum wage, compared with 15 percent of women ages
16 to 24. (See table 26.)
Among workers who were in the labor force for at least
27 weeks in 2011, more women (5.5 million) than men
(4.9 million) lived below the official poverty level. The
working-poor rate (the ratio of the working poor to all
individuals who were in the labor force for at least 27
weeks) was 8.0 percent for women and 6.2 percent for
men. Black and Hispanic women were considerably
more likely than White or Asian women to be among
the working poor. The working-poor rates for Black and
Hispanic women were 15.6 percent and 13.7 percent,
respectively, compared with 6.7 percent for White women
and 5.4 percent for Asian women. (See table 27; data are
from the 2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplement
to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience in the
previous calendar year.)
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Other characteristics
Foreign born
Young women 16 to 24 years old who were high school
dropouts were much less likely to participate in the labor
force (35.5 percent) in October 2012 than those who had
graduated from high school between January and October
2012 but were not enrolled in college (68.7 percent).
(See table 30; data are from the October 2012 School
Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)
Union membership
Among 2012 high school graduates, young women (71
percent) were more likely than young men (61 percent) to
be enrolled in college in October 2012. (See table 30; data
are from the October 2012 School Enrollment Supplement
to the CPS.)
In October 2012, 40.5 percent of women ages 16 to 24 who
were enrolled in either high school or college were in the
labor force. Young men in the same age group who were
enrolled in school had a lower labor force participation rate
(36.1 percent). Among those not enrolled in school, women
were less likely to be in the labor force than men (74.5
percent, compared with 83.6 percent). (See table 31; data
are from the October 2012 School Enrollment Supplement
to the CPS.)
Multiple jobholders and the selfemployed
In 2012, 5.2 percent of employed women held more
than one job. The rate for men was lower, at 4.6 percent.
Multiple-jobholding rates for women and men have edged
down in recent years and remain below the rates recorded
in the mid-1990s. (See table 32.)
In 2012, 5.2 percent of working women in nonagricultural
industries were self-employed, compared with 7.1 percent
for their male counterparts. That same year, 40 percent of
all self-employed workers were women, compared with 27
percent in 1976. (See table 33.)
4
Foreign-born women were somewhat less likely than
native-born women to be in the labor force in 2012 (54.8
percent, compared with 58.2 percent). Of those in the
labor force, foreign-born women were more likely to be
unemployed than were native-born women (8.9 percent,
as opposed to 7.7 percent). Foreign-born men were
more likely to be in the labor force (78.5 percent) than
native-born men (68.6 percent) and were less likely to be
unemployed (7.5 percent, compared with 8.4 percent). (See
table 34.)
In 2012, 10.5 percent of female wage and salary workers
were members of unions, compared with 12.0 percent of
their male counterparts. For both men and women, the
union membership rate in 2012 was lower than in 1983, but
the rate has fallen much more for men over the 1983–2012
period. (See table 35.)
Veterans
There were 11.0 million veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces
in the labor force in 2012. About 1.1 million of them, or 10
percent, were women. The unemployment rate for female
veterans in 2012 was 8.3 percent. (See table 36.)
Women with disabilities
Of the 15.3 million women with disabilities in 2012, 2.6
million, or 17.1 percent, were in the labor force. Nearly
half of women with disabilities were age 65 and older;
labor force participation among this age group was 5.0
percent, compared with 28.9 percent among those ages 16
to 64. For women with a disability who were age 16 and
older, the unemployment rate was 13.7 percent, almost
twice that for women without a disability (7.7 percent).
(See table 37.)
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Statistical Tables
Page
Selected demographic characteristics
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2012 annual averages ............7
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older, by gender,
1948–2012 annual averages..................................................................................................................................................10
Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2012 annual averages .....................15
Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2012 annual averages..............................................................17
Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
March 2012 ..........................................................................................................................................................................18
Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, March 2012............................................................................................................................................20
Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–March 2012.......................23
Educational attainment
Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age, by educational
attainment and gender, 2012 annual averages .....................................................................................................................26
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age, by educational attainment and
gender, 1970–2012................................................................................................................................................................27
Occupation and industry
Table 10. Employed persons, by major occupation and gender, 2011 and 2012 annual averages.......................................31
Table 11. Employed persons, by detailed occupation and gender, 2012 annual averages ...................................................33
Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2012 annual averages .....................45
Table 13. Employed persons, by industry and gender, 2011 and 2012 annual averages......................................................46
Table 14. Employed persons, by detailed industry and gender, 2012 annual averages........................................................49
Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2012 annual averages...........................56
Earnings
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race,
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–2012 annual averages................................................................................57
Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, by
educational attainment and gender, 2012 annual averages ..................................................................................................59
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and
gender, 2012 annual averages ..............................................................................................................................................61
Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender, 2012
annual averages.....................................................................................................................................................................74
Hours of work
Table 20. Employed persons, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1970–2012 annual averages ................................75
Table 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries, by gender,
1976–2012 annual averages..................................................................................................................................................79
Table 22. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2011..........80
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Statistical Tables continued—
Page
Married-couple families
Table 23. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2011.................................................... 81
Table 24. Contribution of wives’ earnings to family income, 1970–2011........................................................................... 83
Table 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2011....................................................................................... 84
Minimum wage and working poor
Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum
wage, by selected characteristics, 2012 annual averages..................................................................................................... 85
Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011....................................................................................................................................... 87
Worker displacement and tenure
Table 28. Displaced workers, by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status
in January 2012.................................................................................................................................................................... 89
Table 29. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current employer
for selected years, 1998–2012.............................................................................................................................................. 90
Other characteristics
Table 30. Labor force status of 2012 high school graduates and 2011–2012 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old,
by school enrollment and gender, October 2012................................................................................................................. 91
Table 31. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational
attainment, October 2012..................................................................................................................................................... 92
Table 32. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2012 annual averages.............................. 93
Table 33. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2012 annual
averages................................................................................................................................................................................ 94
Table 34. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population, by age
and gender, 2012 annual averages....................................................................................................................................... 95
Table 35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, annual averages, 1983–2012.................... 97
Table 36. Employment status of persons 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and gender,
2012 annual averages........................................................................................................................................................... 99
Table 37. Employment and disability status of persons, by gender and age, 2012 annual averages..................................101
6
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Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2012
annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Age
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percentage
of
population
Total
Percentage
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
Total
16 years and older ……...
243,284
154,975
63.7
142,469
58.6
12,506
8.1
88,310
16 to 19 years …….…………
16,984
5,823
34.3
4,426
26.1
1,397
24.0
11,162
16 to 17 years………....….8,891
1,952
22.0
1,419
16.0
533
27.3
6,939
3,870
47.8
3,007
37.2
863
22.3
4,223
20 to 24 years………....... 21,799
18 to 19 years……………….....….
8,093
15,462
70.9
13,408
61.5
2,054
13.3
6,337
25 to 54 years……….………
124,314
101,253
81.4
94,150
75.7
7,103
7.0
23,061
25 to 34 years……………….
40,975
33,465
81.7
30,701
74.9
2,764
8.3
7,510
25 to 29 years………..…
20,653
16,792
81.3
15,293
74.0
1,500
8.9
3,860
30 to 34 years………..…
20,322
16,673
82.0
15,408
75.8
1,265
7.6
3,650
35 to 44 years………...……..
39,642
32,734
82.6
30,576
77.1
2,158
6.6
6,908
35 to 39 years……….…19,025
15,658
82.3
14,560
76.5
1,098
7.0
3,367
40 to 44 years……….…20,617
17,076
82.8
16,016
77.7
1,060
6.2
3,541
45 to 54 years………..………
43,697
35,054
80.2
32,874
75.2
2,181
6.2
8,643
45 to 49 years…….....…
21,359
17,456
81.7
16,371
76.6
1,086
6.2
3,902
50 to 54 years……….…22,339
17,598
78.8
16,503
73.9
1,095
6.2
4,741
55 to 64 years…………... 38,318
24,710
64.5
23,239
60.6
1,470
5.9
13,608
55 to 59 years………….. 20,574
14,908
72.5
14,015
68.1
892
6.0
5,667
60 to 64 years……….…. 17,743
9,802
55.2
9,224
52.0
578
5.9
7,941
65 years and older…….... 41,869
7,727
18.5
7,245
17.3
482
6.2
34,142
65 to 69 years……….…. 13,801
4,427
32.1
4,133
29.9
295
6.7
9,373
70 to 74 years……….…. 9,853
1,917
19.5
1,794
18.2
124
6.4
7,936
75 years and older…….. 18,216
1,383
7.6
1,319
7.2
64
4.6
16,833
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Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2012
annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Age
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percentage
of
population
Total
Percentage
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
5,734
7.9
Not in
labor
force
Women
16 years and older ……...
125,941
72,648
57.7
66,914
16 to 19 years …….…………8,327
2,883
34.6
2,274
27.3
609
21.1
5,444
16 to 17 years………....….4,341
1,003
23.1
760
17.5
242
24.2
3,338
18 to 19 years……………….....….
3,986
8
53.1
53,293
1,880
47.2
1,514
38.0
367
19.5
2,106
20 to 24 years………....... 10,910
7,352
67.4
6,460
59.2
891
12.1
3,559
25 to 54 years……….………
63,355
47,200
74.5
43,840
69.2
3,361
7.1
16,154
25 to 34 years……………….
20,770
15,382
74.1
14,094
67.9
1,288
8.4
5,388
25 to 29 years………..…
10,437
7,765
74.4
7,073
67.8
692
8.9
2,672
30 to 34 years………..…
10,333
7,617
73.7
7,021
67.9
597
7.8
2,716
35 to 44 years………...……..
20,226
15,127
74.8
14,093
69.7
1,034
6.8
5,100
35 to 39 years……….… 9,716
7,156
73.7
6,630
68.2
526
7.3
2,560
40 to 44 years……….…10,510
7,970
75.8
7,462
71.0
508
6.4
2,540
45 to 54 years………..………
22,358
16,692
74.7
15,653
70.0
1,039
6.2
5,667
45 to 49 years…….....…
10,909
8,251
75.6
7,738
70.9
513
6.2
2,658
50 to 54 years……….…11,449
8,440
73.7
7,915
69.1
525
6.2
3,009
55 to 64 years…………... 19,902
11,830
59.4
11,171
56.1
659
5.6
8,071
55 to 59 years………….. 10,653
7,171
67.3
6,773
63.6
398
5.6
3,482
60 to 64 years……….…. 9,249
4,660
50.4
4,399
47.6
261
5.6
4,589
65 years and older…….... 23,447
3,383
14.4
3,168
13.5
214
6.3
20,064
65 to 69 years……….…. 7,301
2,015
27.6
1,880
25.8
135
6.7
5,286
70 to 74 years……….…. 5,316
821
15.4
769
14.5
52
6.4
4,495
75 years and older…….. 10,830
546
5.0
519
4.8
27
4.9
10,284
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Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population, by age and gender, 2012
annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Age
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percentage
of
population
Total
Percentage
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
6,771
8.2
Not in
labor
force
Men
16 years and older ……...
117,343
82,327
70.2
75,555
16 to 19 years …….…………8,657
2,940
34.0
2,152
24.9
787
26.8
5,717
16 to 17 years………....….4,550
950
20.9
659
14.5
291
30.6
3,600
18 to 19 years……………….....….
4,107
64.4
35,017
1,990
48.5
1,493
36.4
497
25.0
2,117
20 to 24 years………....... 10,889
8,110
74.5
6,948
63.8
1,163
14.3
2,778
25 to 54 years……….………
60,959
54,053
88.7
50,310
82.5
3,742
6.9
6,907
25 to 34 years……………….
20,205
18,083
89.5
16,607
82.2
1,476
8.2
2,122
25 to 29 years………..…
10,216
9,027
88.4
8,219
80.5
808
9.0
1,188
30 to 34 years………..…9,989
9,055
90.7
8,387
84.0
668
7.4
934
35 to 44 years………...……..
19,416
17,607
90.7
16,483
84.9
1,124
6.4
1,808
35 to 39 years……….… 9,309
8,502
91.3
7,930
85.2
572
6.7
807
40 to 44 years……….…10,107
9,106
90.1
8,553
84.6
552
6.1
1,001
45 to 54 years………..………
21,339
18,363
86.1
17,221
80.7
1,142
6.2
2,976
45 to 49 years…….....…
10,449
9,205
88.1
8,633
82.6
572
6.2
1,244
50 to 54 years……….…10,890
9,157
84.1
8,588
78.9
570
6.2
1,732
55 to 64 years…………... 18,416
12,879
69.9
12,068
65.5
811
6.3
5,537
55 to 59 years………….. 9,922
7,737
78.0
7,243
73.0
494
6.4
2,185
60 to 64 years……….…. 8,495
5,142
60.5
4,826
56.8
317
6.2
3,352
65 years and older…….... 18,422
4,345
23.6
4,077
22.1
268
6.2
14,078
65 to 69 years……….…. 6,499
2,412
37.1
2,252
34.7
159
6.6
4,088
70 to 74 years……….…. 4,537
1,096
24.2
1,025
22.6
71
6.5
3,441
75 years and older…….. 7,386
837
11.3
800
10.8
37
4.4
6,549
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov9 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older, by gender,
1948–2012 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Year
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Total
Percentage
of
population
Employed
Unemployed
Percentage
of population
Total
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
Not in labor
force
Total
1948 …….……………..
103,068
1949 …….……………..
103,994
60,621
61,286
58.8
58.9
58,343
57,651
56.6
55.4
2,276
3,637
3.8
5.9
42,447
42,708
1950 …….……………..
104,995
1951 …….……………..
104,621
1952 …….……………..
105,231
1953 …….……………..
107,056
1954 …….……………..
108,321
1955 …….……………..
109,683
1956 …….……………..
110,954
1957 …….……………..
112,265
1958 …….……………..
113,727
1959 …….……………..
115,329
62,208
62,017
62,138
63,015
63,643
65,023
66,552
66,929
67,639
68,369
59.2
59.2
59.0
58.9
58.8
59.3
60.0
59.6
59.5
59.3
58,918
59,961
60,250
61,179
60,109
62,170
63,799
64,071
63,036
64,630
56.1
57.3
57.3
57.1
55.5
56.7
57.5
57.1
55.4
56.0
3,288
2,055
1,883
1,834
3,532
2,852
2,750
2,859
4,602
3,740
5.3
3.3
3.0
2.9
5.5
4.4
4.1
4.3
6.8
5.5
42,787
42,604
43,093
44,041
44,678
44,660
44,402
45,336
46,088
46,960
1960 …….……………..
117,245
1961 …….……………..
118,771
1962 …….……………..
120,153
1963 …….……………..
122,416
1964 …….……………..
124,485
1965 …….……………..
126,513
1966 …….……………..
128,058
1967 …….……………..
129,874
1968 …….……………..
132,028
1969 …….……………..
134,335
69,628
70,459
70,614
71,833
73,091
74,455
75,770
77,347
78,737
80,734
59.4
59.3
58.8
58.7
58.7
58.9
59.2
59.6
59.6
60.1
65,778
65,746
66,702
67,762
69,305
71,088
72,895
74,372
75,920
77,902
56.1
55.4
55.5
55.4
55.7
56.2
56.9
57.3
57.5
58.0
3,852
4,714
3,911
4,070
3,786
3,366
2,875
2,975
2,817
2,832
5.5
6.7
5.5
5.7
5.2
4.5
3.8
3.8
3.6
3.5
47,617
48,312
49,539
50,583
51,394
52,058
52,288
52,527
53,291
53,602
1970 …….……………..
137,085
1971 …….………………….
140,216
1972 ………………..
144,126
1973 …………………..
147,096
1974 …….…………..
150,120
1975 …….………………
153,153
1976 …….…………..
156,150
1977…….…………..
159,033
1978 …..................
161,910
1979 …………………..
164,863
82,771
84,382
87,034
89,429
91,949
93,775
96,158
99,009
102,251
104,962
60.4
60.2
60.4
60.8
61.3
61.2
61.6
62.3
63.2
63.7
78,678
79,367
82,153
85,064
86,794
85,846
88,752
92,017
96,048
98,824
57.5
56.6
57.0
57.8
57.8
56.1
56.8
57.9
59.3
59.9
4,093
5,016
4,882
4,365
5,156
7,929
7,406
6,991
6,202
6,137
4.9
5.9
5.6
4.9
5.6
8.5
7.7
7.1
6.1
5.8
54,315
55,834
57,091
57,667
58,171
59,377
59,991
60,025
59,659
59,900
1980 ………………….
167,745
1981 …...……………..
170,130
1982 …...………………
172,271
1983 …...…………….
174,215
1984 …...……………
176,383
1985 …...…………………
178,206
1986 …...................
180,587
1987…………………….
182,753
1988 …...………………
184,613
1989 ……………………
186,393
106,940
108,670
110,204
111,550
113,544
115,461
117,834
119,865
121,669
123,869
63.8
63.9
64.0
64.0
64.4
64.8
65.3
65.6
65.9
66.5
99,303
100,397
99,526
100,834
105,005
107,150
109,597
112,440
114,968
117,342
59.2
59.0
57.8
57.9
59.5
60.1
60.7
61.5
62.3
63.0
7,637
8,273
10,678
10,717
8,539
8,312
8,237
7,425
6,701
6,528
7.1
7.6
9.7
9.6
7.5
7.2
7.0
6.2
5.5
5.3
60,806
61,460
62,067
62,665
62,839
62,744
62,752
62,888
62,944
62,523
1990 ….......................
189,164
1991 …...……………
190,925
125,840
126,346
66.5
66.2
118,793
117,718
62.8
61.7
7,047
8,628
5.6
6.8
63,324
64,578
See note at end of table.
10
7
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older, by gender,
1948–2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percentage
of
population
Total
1992 …...……………….
192,805
1993 …...……………..
194,838
1994 …..................
196,814
1995 …...……………
198,584
1996 …...………………
200,591
1997 …....................
203,133
1998 ….......................
205,220
1999 ….........................
207,753
128,105
129,200
131,056
132,304
133,943
136,297
137,673
139,368
66.4
66.3
66.6
66.6
66.8
67.1
67.1
67.1
118,492
120,259
123,060
124,900
126,708
129,558
131,463
133,488
2000 ….....................
212,577
2001 …………………
215,092
2002 …………………..
217,570
2003 …...................
221,168
2004 …................
223,357
2005 ……………………..
226,082
2006 ………………….
228,815
2007 ………………….
231,867
2008 …................
233,788
2009 ………………….
235,801
142,583
143,734
144,863
146,510
147,401
149,320
151,428
153,124
154,287
154,142
67.1
66.8
66.6
66.2
66.0
66.0
66.2
66.0
66.0
65.4
2010 ….....................
237,830
2011 ….....................
239,618
2012 ….....................
243,284
153,889
153,617
154,975
64.7
64.1
63.7
Year
Unemployed
Not in labor
force
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
61.5
61.7
62.5
62.9
63.2
63.8
64.1
64.3
9,613
8,940
7,996
7,404
7,236
6,739
6,210
5,880
7.5
6.9
6.1
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.5
4.2
64,700
65,638
65,758
66,280
66,647
66,837
67,547
68,385
136,891
136,933
136,485
137,736
139,252
141,730
144,427
146,047
145,362
139,877
64.4
63.7
62.7
62.3
62.3
62.7
63.1
63.0
62.2
59.3
5,692
6,801
8,378
8,774
8,149
7,591
7,001
7,078
8,924
14,265
4.0
4.7
5.8
6.0
5.5
5.1
4.6
4.6
5.8
9.3
69,994
71,359
72,707
74,658
75,956
76,762
77,387
78,743
79,501
81,659
139,064
139,869
142,469
58.5
58.4
58.6
14,825
13,747
12,506
9.6
8.9
8.1
83,941
86,001
88,310
Percentage
of population
Total
Women
1948 …….……………..
53,071
1949 …….……………..
53,670
17,335
17,788
32.7
33.1
16,617
16,723
31.3
31.2
717
1,065
4.1
6.0
35,737
35,883
1950 …….……………..
54,270
1951 …….……………..
54,895
1952 …….……………..
55,529
1953 …….……………..
56,305
1954 …….……………..
56,925
1955 …….……………..
57,574
1956 …….……………..
58,228
1957 …….……………..
58,951
1958 …….……………..
59,690
1959 …….……………..
60,534
18,389
19,016
19,269
19,382
19,678
20,548
21,461
21,732
22,118
22,483
33.9
34.6
34.7
34.4
34.6
35.7
36.9
36.9
37.1
37.1
17,340
18,181
18,568
18,749
18,490
19,551
20,419
20,714
20,613
21,164
32.0
33.1
33.4
33.3
32.5
34.0
35.1
35.1
34.5
35.0
1,049
834
698
632
1,188
998
1,039
1,018
1,504
1,320
5.7
4.4
3.6
3.3
6.0
4.9
4.8
4.7
6.8
5.9
35,881
35,879
36,261
36,924
37,247
37,026
36,769
37,218
37,574
38,053
1960 …….……………..
61,582
1961 …….……………..
62,484
1962 …….……………..
63,321
1963 …….……………..
64,494
1964 …….……………..
65,637
1965 …….……………..
66,731
1966 …….……………..
67,795
1967 …….……………..
68,968
1968 …….……………..
70,179
1969 …….……………..
71,436
23,240
23,806
24,014
24,704
25,412
26,200
27,299
28,360
29,204
30,513
37.7
38.1
37.9
38.3
38.7
39.3
40.3
41.1
41.6
42.7
21,874
22,090
22,525
23,105
23,831
24,748
25,976
26,893
27,807
29,084
35.5
35.4
35.6
35.8
36.3
37.1
38.3
39.0
39.6
40.7
1,366
1,717
1,488
1,598
1,581
1,452
1,324
1,468
1,397
1,429
5.9
7.2
6.2
6.5
6.2
5.5
4.8
5.2
4.8
4.7
38,343
38,679
39,308
39,791
40,225
40,531
40,496
40,608
40,976
40,924
See note at end of table.
8
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov11 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older, by gender,
1948–2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Year
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Total
Percentage
of
population
Employed
Total
Unemployed
Percentage
of population
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
Not in labor
force
Women
1970 …….……………..
72,782
1971 …….………………….
74,274
1972 ………………..
76,290
1973 …………………..
77,804
1974 …….…………..
79,312
1975 …….………………
80,860
1976 …….…………..
82,390
1977…….…………..
83,840
1978 …..................
85,334
1979 …………………..
86,843
31,543
32,202
33,479
34,804
36,211
37,475
38,983
40,613
42,631
44,235
43.3
43.4
43.9
44.7
45.7
46.3
47.3
48.4
50.0
50.9
29,688
29,976
31,257
32,715
33,769
33,989
35,615
37,289
39,569
41,217
40.8
40.4
41.0
42.0
42.6
42.0
43.2
44.5
46.4
47.5
1,855
2,227
2,222
2,089
2,441
3,486
3,369
3,324
3,061
3,018
5.9
6.9
6.6
6.0
6.7
9.3
8.6
8.2
7.2
6.8
41,239
42,072
42,811
43,000
43,101
43,386
43,406
43,227
42,703
42,608
1980 ………………….
88,348
1981 …...……………..
89,618
1982 …...………………
90,748
1983 …...…………….
91,684
1984 …...……………
92,778
1985 …...…………………
93,736
1986 …...................
94,789
1987…………………….
95,853
1988 …...………………
96,756
1989 ……………………
97,630
45,487
46,696
47,755
48,503
49,709
51,050
52,413
53,658
54,742
56,030
51.5
52.1
52.6
52.9
53.6
54.5
55.3
56.0
56.6
57.4
42,117
43,000
43,256
44,047
45,915
47,259
48,706
50,334
51,696
53,027
47.7
48.0
47.7
48.0
49.5
50.4
51.4
52.5
53.4
54.3
3,370
3,696
4,499
4,457
3,794
3,791
3,707
3,324
3,046
3,003
7.4
7.9
9.4
9.2
7.6
7.4
7.1
6.2
5.6
5.4
42,861
42,922
42,993
43,181
43,068
42,686
42,376
42,195
42,014
41,601
1990 ….......................
98,787
1991 …...……………
99,646
1992 …...……………….
100,535
1993 …...……………..
101,506
1994 …..................
102,460
1995 …...……………
103,406
1996 …...………………
104,385
1997 …....................
105,418
1998 ….......................
106,462
1999 ….........................
108,031
56,829
57,178
58,141
58,795
60,239
60,944
61,857
63,036
63,714
64,855
57.5
57.4
57.8
57.9
58.8
58.9
59.3
59.8
59.8
60.0
53,689
53,496
54,052
54,910
56,610
57,523
58,501
59,873
60,771
62,042
54.3
53.7
53.8
54.1
55.3
55.6
56.0
56.8
57.1
57.4
3,140
3,683
4,090
3,885
3,629
3,421
3,356
3,162
2,944
2,814
5.5
6.4
7.0
6.6
6.0
5.6
5.4
5.0
4.6
4.3
41,957
42,468
42,394
42,711
42,221
42,462
42,528
42,382
42,748
43,175
2000 ….....................
110,613
2001 …………………
111,811
2002 …………………..
112,985
2003 …...................
114,733
2004 …................
115,647
2005 ……………………..
116,931
2006 ………………….
118,210
2007 ………………….
119,694
2008 …................
120,675
2009 ………………….
121,665
66,303
66,848
67,363
68,272
68,421
69,288
70,173
70,988
71,767
72,019
59.9
59.8
59.6
59.5
59.2
59.3
59.4
59.3
59.5
59.2
63,586
63,737
63,582
64,404
64,728
65,757
66,925
67,792
67,876
66,208
57.5
57.0
56.3
56.1
56.0
56.2
56.6
56.6
56.2
54.4
2,717
3,111
3,781
3,868
3,694
3,531
3,247
3,196
3,891
5,811
4.1
4.7
5.6
5.7
5.4
5.1
4.6
4.5
5.4
8.1
44,310
44,962
45,621
46,461
47,225
47,643
48,037
48,707
48,908
49,646
2010 ….....................
122,656
2011 ….....................
123,300
2012 ….....................
125,941
71,904
71,642
72,648
58.6
58.1
57.7
65,705
65,579
66,914
53.6
53.2
53.1
6,199
6,063
5,734
8.6
8.5
7.9
50,752
51,658
53,293
See note at end of table.
9
12
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older, by gender,
1948–2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percentage
of
population
Total
1948 …….……………..
49,996
1949 …….……………..
50,321
43,286
43,498
86.6
86.4
1950 …….……………..
50,725
1951 …….……………..
49,727
1952 …….……………..
49,700
1953 …….……………..
50,750
1954 …….……………..
51,395
1955 …….……………..
52,109
1956 …….……………..
52,723
1957 …….……………..
53,315
1958 …….……………..
54,033
1959 …….……………..
54,793
43,819
43,001
42,869
43,633
43,965
44,475
45,091
45,197
45,521
45,886
1960 …….……………..
55,662
1961 …….……………..
56,286
1962 …….……………..
56,831
1963 …….……………..
57,921
1964 …….……………..
58,847
1965 …….……………..
59,782
1966 …….……………..
60,262
1967 …….……………..
60,905
1968 …….……………..
61,847
1969 …….……………..
62,898
Year
Unemployed
Not in labor
force
Percentage
of population
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
41,725
40,925
83.5
81.3
1,559
2,572
3.6
5.9
6,710
6,825
86.4
86.3
86.3
86.0
85.5
85.4
85.5
84.8
84.2
83.7
41,578
41,780
41,682
42,430
41,619
42,621
43,379
43,357
42,423
43,466
82.0
84.0
83.9
83.6
81.0
81.8
82.3
81.3
78.5
79.3
2,239
1,221
1,185
1,202
2,344
1,854
1,711
1,841
3,098
2,420
5.1
2.8
2.8
2.8
5.3
4.2
3.8
4.1
6.8
5.2
6,906
6,725
6,832
7,117
7,431
7,634
7,633
8,118
8,514
8,907
46,388
46,653
46,600
47,129
47,679
48,255
48,471
48,987
49,533
50,221
83.3
82.9
82.0
81.4
81.0
80.7
80.4
80.4
80.1
79.8
43,904
43,656
44,177
44,657
45,474
46,340
46,919
47,479
48,114
48,818
78.9
77.6
77.7
77.1
77.3
77.5
77.9
78.0
77.8
77.6
2,486
2,997
2,423
2,472
2,205
1,914
1,551
1,508
1,419
1,403
5.4
6.4
5.2
5.2
4.6
4.0
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.8
9,274
9,633
10,231
10,792
11,169
11,527
11,792
11,919
12,315
12,677
1970 …….……………..
64,304
1971 …….………………….
65,942
1972 ………………..
67,835
1973 …………………..
69,292
1974 …….…………..
70,808
1975 …….………………
72,291
1976 …….…………..
73,759
1977…….…………..
75,193
1978 …..................
76,576
1979 …………………..
78,020
51,228
52,180
53,555
54,624
55,739
56,299
57,174
58,396
59,620
60,726
79.7
79.1
78.9
78.8
78.7
77.9
77.5
77.7
77.9
77.8
48,990
49,390
50,896
52,349
53,024
51,857
53,138
54,728
56,479
57,607
76.2
74.9
75.0
75.5
74.9
71.7
72.0
72.8
73.8
73.8
2,238
2,789
2,659
2,275
2,714
4,442
4,036
3,667
3,142
3,120
4.4
5.3
5.0
4.2
4.9
7.9
7.1
6.3
5.3
5.1
13,076
13,762
14,280
14,667
15,069
15,993
16,585
16,797
16,956
17,293
1980 ………………….
79,398
1981 …...……………..
80,511
1982 …...………………
81,523
1983 …...…………….
82,531
1984 …...……………
83,605
1985 …...…………………
84,469
1986 …...................
85,798
1987…………………….
86,899
1988 …...………………
87,857
1989 ……………………
88,762
61,453
61,974
62,450
63,047
63,835
64,411
65,422
66,207
66,927
67,840
77.4
77.0
76.6
76.4
76.4
76.3
76.3
76.2
76.2
76.4
57,186
57,397
56,271
56,787
59,091
59,891
60,892
62,107
63,273
64,315
72.0
71.3
69.0
68.8
70.7
70.9
71.0
71.5
72.0
72.5
4,267
4,577
6,179
6,260
4,744
4,521
4,530
4,101
3,655
3,525
6.9
7.4
9.9
9.9
7.4
7.0
6.9
6.2
5.5
5.2
17,945
18,537
19,073
19,484
19,771
20,058
20,376
20,692
20,930
20,923
1990 ….......................
90,377
1991 …...……………
91,278
1992 …...……………….
92,270
69,011
69,168
69,964
76.4
75.8
75.8
65,104
64,223
64,440
72.0
70.4
69.8
3,906
4,946
5,523
5.7
7.2
7.9
21,367
22,110
22,306
Men
See note at end of table.
10
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov13 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older, by gender,
1948–2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Year
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Total
Percentage
of
population
Employed
Total
Unemployed
Percentage
of population
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
Not in labor
force
Men
1993 …...……………..
93,332
1994 …..................
94,355
1995 …...……………
95,178
1996 …...………………
96,206
1997 …....................
97,715
1998 ….......................
98,758
1999 ….........................
99,722
70,404
70,817
71,360
72,087
73,261
73,959
74,512
75.4
75.1
75.0
74.9
75.0
74.9
74.7
65,349
66,450
67,377
68,207
69,685
70,693
71,446
70.0
70.4
70.8
70.9
71.3
71.6
71.6
5,055
4,367
3,983
3,880
3,577
3,266
3,066
7.2
6.2
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.4
4.1
22,927
23,538
23,818
24,119
24,454
24,799
25,210
2000 ….....................
101,964
2001 …………………
103,282
2002 …………………..
104,585
2003 …...................
106,435
2004 …................
107,710
2005 ……………………..
109,151
2006 ………………….
110,605
2007 ………………….
112,173
2008 …................
113,113
2009 ………………….
114,136
76,280
76,886
77,500
78,238
78,980
80,033
81,255
82,136
82,520
82,123
74.8
74.4
74.1
73.5
73.3
73.3
73.5
73.2
73.0
72.0
73,305
73,196
72,903
73,332
74,524
75,973
77,502
78,254
77,486
73,670
71.9
70.9
69.7
68.9
69.2
69.6
70.1
69.8
68.5
64.5
2,975
3,690
4,597
4,906
4,456
4,059
3,753
3,882
5,033
8,453
3.9
4.8
5.9
6.3
5.6
5.1
4.6
4.7
6.1
10.3
25,684
26,396
27,085
28,197
28,730
29,119
29,350
30,036
30,593
32,013
2010 ….....................
115,174
2011 ….....................
116,317
2012 ….....................
117,343
81,985
81,975
82,327
71.2
70.5
70.2
73,359
74,290
75,555
63.7
63.9
64.4
8,626
7,684
6,771
10.5
9.4
8.2
33,189
34,343
35,017
Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In
recent years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of January data.
Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
14
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Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2012 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Race, age, gender, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Total
Employed
Percentage
of
population
Total
Percentage
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
Not in
labor force
White
Total, 16 years and older…… 193,204
16 to 19 years………………
12,658
20 to 24 years……………..… 16,289
25 to 54 years………………
96,774
55 to 64 years………………
31,511
65 years and older…………
35,973
123,684
4,669
11,914
79,635
20,752
6,714
64.0
36.9
73.1
82.3
65.9
18.7
114,769
3,665
10,561
74,626
19,608
6,309
59.4
29.0
64.8
77.1
62.2
17.5
8,915
1,004
1,353
5,009
1,144
405
7.2
21.5
11.4
6.3
5.5
6.0
69,520
7,988
4,375
17,139
10,759
29,259
Women, 16 years and older…
16 to 19 years………….....…
20 to 24 years…………….…
25 to 54 years……………..…
55 to 64 years……………....
65 years and older…………
98,938
6,172
8,078
48,532
16,179
19,978
56,763
2,288
5,575
36,240
9,782
2,879
57.4
37.1
69.0
74.7
60.5
14.4
52,779
1,868
5,014
33,925
9,274
2,698
53.3
30.3
62.1
69.9
57.3
13.5
3,985
420
561
2,314
508
181
7.0
18.4
10.1
6.4
5.2
6.3
42,175
3,884
2,503
12,292
6,397
17,099
Men, 16 years and older……
16 to 19 years…………….…
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years……………..…
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and older…………
94,266
6,486
8,211
48,242
15,333
15,995
66,921
2,382
6,339
43,395
10,970
3,835
71.0
36.7
77.2
90.0
71.6
24.0
61,990
1,797
5,547
40,701
10,334
3,611
65.8
27.7
67.6
84.4
67.4
22.6
4,931
584
792
2,694
637
224
7.4
24.5
12.5
6.2
5.8
5.8
27,345
4,104
1,872
4,847
4,362
12,160
Total, 16 years and older……
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and older…………
29,907
2,643
3,326
16,008
4,281
3,650
18,400
711
2,210
12,510
2,369
599
61.5
26.9
66.5
78.1
55.3
16.4
15,856
438
1,700
11,016
2,161
540
53.0
16.6
51.1
68.8
50.5
14.8
2,544
272
510
1,494
209
59
13.8
38.3
23.1
11.9
8.8
9.8
11,508
1,932
1,115
3,498
1,912
3,051
Women, 16 years and older…
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and older…………
16,400
1,324
1,740
8,777
2,358
2,201
9,805
373
1,157
6,687
1,271
317
59.8
28.2
66.5
76.2
53.9
14.4
8,553
240
916
5,933
1,173
291
52.2
18.1
52.6
67.6
49.7
13.2
1,252
133
241
754
98
26
12.8
35.6
20.8
11.3
7.7
8.2
6,595
951
583
2,090
1,087
1,884
Men, 16 years and older……
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and older…………
13,508
1,319
1,586
7,231
1,923
1,449
8,594
338
1,054
5,823
1,099
281
63.6
25.6
66.4
80.5
57.1
19.4
7,302
198
784
5,082
988
249
54.1
15.1
49.5
70.3
51.4
17.2
1,292
140
269
740
110
32
15.0
41.3
25.6
12.7
10.1
11.5
4,913
981
532
1,408
825
1,168
Black or
African American
See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov15 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 3. Employment status, by race, age, gender, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2012 annual
averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Race, age, gender, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Civilian labor force
Total
Percentage
of
population
12,815
802
1,151
7,526
1,719
1,617
8,188
162
608
5,978
1,144
296
63.9
20.1
52.8
79.4
66.5
18.3
Women, 16 years and older…
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years……………...…
65 years and older…………
6,815
391
575
3,994
947
909
3,853
85
280
2,799
563
126
Men, 16 years and older……
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years……………...…
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and older…………
6,000
411
576
3,532
772
708
Total, 16 years and older……
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and older…………
Employed
Unemployed
Not in
labor
force
Percentage
of labor
force
Percentage
of
population
Total
7,705
128
544
5,679
1,071
283
60.1
15.9
47.3
75.5
62.3
17.5
483
34
64
300
73
12
5.9
20.8
10.5
5.0
6.4
4.2
4,627
640
543
1,547
575
1,321
56.5
21.7
48.7
70.1
59.5
13.9
3,620
69
250
2,652
528
122
53.1
17.5
43.4
66.4
55.8
13.4
234
16
31
148
35
4
6.1
19.0
10.9
5.3
6.3
3.2
2,962
306
295
1,194
384
783
4,334
77
328
3,179
580
170
72.2
18.7
57.0
90.0
75.2
23.9
4,085
59
295
3,027
543
161
68.1
14.4
51.1
85.7
70.3
22.8
249
18
34
152
38
8
5.8
22.8
10.2
4.8
6.5
4.9
1,666
334
248
353
192
539
36,759
3,656
4,502
21,894
3,613
3,094
24,391
1,131
3,205
17,358
2,185
512
66.4
30.9
71.2
79.3
60.5
16.5
21,878
808
2,761
15,858
1,983
467
59.5
22.1
61.3
72.4
54.9
15.1
2,514
324
444
1,500
201
44
10.3
28.6
13.8
8.6
9.2
8.7
12,368
2,524
1,297
4,536
1,428
2,582
Women, 16 years and older…
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and older…………
18,324
1,776
2,161
10,738
1,884
1,765
10,365
512
1,368
7,284
969
232
56.6
28.8
63.3
67.8
51.4
13.2
9,235
377
1,178
6,582
887
212
50.4
21.2
54.5
61.3
47.1
12.0
1,130
135
190
702
83
20
10.9
26.4
13.9
9.6
8.5
8.8
7,959
1,265
794
3,454
915
1,533
Men, 16 years and older……
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and older…………
18,434
1,879
2,341
11,157
1,729
1,329
14,026
620
1,837
10,074
1,215
280
76.1
33.0
78.5
90.3
70.3
21.1
12,643
431
1,584
9,276
1,097
256
68.6
22.9
67.6
83.1
63.4
19.2
1,383
189
254
798
119
24
9.9
30.5
13.8
7.9
9.8
8.6
4,408
1,259
504
1,083
513
1,049
Total
Asian
Total, 16 years and older……
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and older…………
Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals
because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of
any race.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
16
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Table 4. Employment status, by marital status and gender, 2012 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Marital status and gender
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Unemployed
Not in
labor
force
Percentage
of
population
Total
Percentage
of
population
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
154,975
82,530
72,444
47,000
25,444
16,675
5,887
2,882
63.7
67.1
60.2
64.9
53.2
67.1
67.0
20.3
142,469
78,341
64,128
40,974
23,154
15,229
5,263
2,662
58.6
63.7
53.3
56.6
48.4
61.2
59.9
18.7
12,506
4,189
8,316
6,026
2,291
1,446
624
220
8.1
5.1
11.5
12.8
9.0
8.7
10.6
7.6
88,310
38,321
43,431
22,235
21,196
7,538
2,606
11,052
72,648
36,436
36,212
21,506
14,706
9,397
3,154
2,155
57.7
59.5
56.0
62.8
48.3
66.0
63.7
19.1
66,914
34,521
32,393
18,973
13,420
8,625
2,803
1,993
53.1
56.4
50.0
55.4
44.1
60.6
56.6
17.7
5,734
1,915
3,819
2,533
1,286
772
351
162
7.9
5.3
10.5
11.8
8.7
8.2
11.1
7.5
53,293
24,783
28,510
12,761
15,748
4,836
1,800
9,112
82,327
46,094
36,232
25,494
10,738
7,278
2,733
728
70.2
74.6
65.2
66.8
61.7
68.4
71.2
24.8
75,555
43,820
31,735
22,002
9,734
6,604
2,460
669
64.4
71.0
57.1
57.6
55.9
62.1
64.1
22.8
6,771
2,274
4,497
3,492
1,005
674
273
58
8.2
4.9
12.4
13.7
9.4
9.3
10.0
8.0
35,017
14,811
17,178
10,972
6,206
3,076
983
2,147
Total
Total
Total, 16 years and older……….... 243,284
Married, spouse present……….. 122,977
Unmarried, total……………..…… 120,308
Never married……………….….
72,447
Other marital status…………….. 47,861
Divorced……………………..…
24,869
Separated………………….….
8,790
Widowed……………….……..
14,202
Women
Total, 16 years and older……….... 125,941
Married, spouse present………..
61,219
Unmarried, total……….…………
64,722
Never married…………...…….
34,267
Other marital status…………...
30,454
Divorced…………………….…
14,233
Separated……………………..
4,955
Widowed………………….…..
11,266
Men
Total, 16 years and older……….... 117,343
Married, spouse present………..
61,757
Unmarried, total……………….…
55,586
Never married………………....
38,180
Other marital status……….…..
17,406
Divorced………………………
10,635
Separated……………….…….
3,836
Widowed…………………..…..
2,935
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
14
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov17 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
March 2012
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Characteristic
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percentage
of
population
Total
Percentage
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percentage
of labor force
Not in
labor force
Total
Women, 16 years and older……………. 125,619
With children under 18 years old……… 35,822
With children 6 to 17, none younger… 19,645
With children under 6 years old……… 16,177
With children under 3 years old……
9,106
With no children under 18 years old…… 89,797
72,606
57.8
66,860
7.9
53,013
70.9
76.0
64.7
60.7
52.6
23,366
13,908
9,458
4,960
43,494
53.2
65.2
70.8
58.5
54.5
48.4
5,745
25,384
14,922
10,462
5,529
47,222
2,018
1,014
1,004
569
3,728
7.9
6.8
9.6
10.3
7.9
10,438
4,724
5,714
3,577
42,575
Men, 16 years and older………………… 116,984
With children under 18 years old……… 26,771
With children 6 to 17, none younger… 14,897
With children under 6 years old……… 11,874
With children under 3 years old……
6,778
With no children under 18 years old…… 90,213
81,607
24,980
13,763
11,217
6,432
56,627
69.8
93.3
92.4
94.5
94.9
62.8
74,109
23,534
12,977
10,557
6,053
50,575
63.4
87.9
87.1
88.9
89.3
56.1
7,498
1,445
786
659
378
6,052
9.2
5.8
5.7
5.9
5.9
10.7
35,376
1,791
1,134
657
346
33,585
White
Women, 16 years and older………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old…….…
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
98,752
27,349
15,081
12,268
6,981
71,403
56,703
19,301
11,402
7,899
4,219
37,401
57.4
70.6
75.6
64.4
60.4
52.4
52,744
17,969
10,721
7,248
3,849
34,775
53.4
65.7
71.1
59.1
55.1
48.7
3,958
1,333
681
652
371
2,626
7.0
6.9
6.0
8.2
8.8
7.0
42,049
8,047
3,679
4,369
2,762
34,002
Men, 16 years and older…………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
94,146
21,758
12,150
9,608
5,488
72,388
66,592
20,431
11,291
9,140
5,229
46,162
70.7
93.9
92.9
95.1
95.3
63.8
61,097
19,366
10,702
8,664
4,964
41,731
64.9
89.0
88.1
90.2
90.5
57.6
5,495
1,065
589
476
265
4,430
8.3
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.1
9.6
27,554
1,327
859
468
259
26,227
Women, 16 years and older…………….
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
16,343
5,087
2,769
2,318
1,244
11,255
9,825
3,829
2,221
1,608
818
5,996
60.1
75.3
80.2
69.4
65.7
53.3
8,557
3,300
1,973
1,327
663
5,258
52.4
64.9
71.2
57.3
53.3
46.7
1,267
529
248
281
155
738
12.9
13.8
11.2
17.5
18.9
12.3
6,518
1,258
548
710
427
5,260
Men, 16 years and older…………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
13,447
2,454
1,381
1,072
599
10,993
8,400
2,180
1,211
968
550
6,220
62.5
88.8
87.7
90.3
91.8
56.6
7,040
1,959
1,106
854
482
5,080
52.4
79.9
80.0
79.6
80.6
46.2
1,360
220
106
114
67
1,140
16.2
10.1
8.7
11.8
12.3
18.3
5,047
274
170
104
49
4,773
Black or African American
See note at end of table.
18
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W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 5. Employment status, by gender, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
March 2012 (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Characteristic
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percentage
of
population
Total
Percentage
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percentage
of labor force
Not in
labor force
Asian
Women, 16 years and older………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
6,834
2,203
1,183
1,021
571
4,631
3,864
1,400
821
579
299
2,464
56.5
63.6
69.4
56.7
52.3
53.2
3,649
1,343
793
550
280
2,306
53.4
61.0
67.1
53.9
49.0
49.8
215
57
28
29
19
158
5.6
4.1
3.4
5.0
6.3
6.4
2,970
803
361
441
272
2,167
Men, 16 years and older…………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
5,979
1,801
960
841
498
4,178
4,284
1,672
891
781
469
2,612
71.7
92.9
92.8
92.9
94.2
62.5
3,969
1,563
822
741
437
2,407
66.4
86.8
85.6
88.1
87.8
57.6
315
110
69
41
32
205
7.4
6.6
7.7
5.2
6.8
7.9
1,694
128
69
59
29
1,566
Women, 16 years and older………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
18,185
7,500
3,732
3,768
2,073
10,685
10,378
4,803
2,617
2,186
1,089
5,576
57.1
64.0
70.1
58.0
52.5
52.2
9,293
4,290
2,359
1,932
949
5,002
51.1
57.2
63.2
51.3
45.8
46.8
1,086
512
258
254
140
573
10.5
10.7
9.9
11.6
12.9
10.3
7,807
2,698
1,115
1,582
984
5,109
Men, 16 years and older…………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
18,276
5,175
2,633
2,542
1,435
13,101
13,676
4,775
2,391
2,384
1,360
8,901
74.8
92.3
90.8
93.8
94.8
67.9
12,168
4,407
2,198
2,209
1,261
7,761
66.6
85.2
83.5
86.9
87.9
59.2
1,508
368
193
175
99
1,140
11.0
7.7
8.1
7.4
7.3
12.8
4,599
400
242
158
75
4,200
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Note: Children are parents' "own" children and are sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews,
grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian))
do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any
race.
Source: 2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov19 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, March 2012
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Presence and age of children
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Total
Percentage
of
population
Employed
Total
Percentage
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
Total, all marital statuses
Total women, 16 years and older………………………………...………..
125,619
72,606
57.8
With children under 18 years old………………………….…….
35,822
25,384
70.9
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….……………………………...……
19,645
14,922
76.0
With children under 6 years old…………………………….….
16,177
10,462
64.7
With children under 3 years old………………………...……
9,106
5,529
60.7
With no children under 18 years old………………………..….
89,797
47,222
52.6
66,860
23,366
53.2
65.2
5,745
2,018
7.9
7.9
53,013
10,438
13,908
9,458
4,960
43,494
70.8
58.5
54.5
48.4
1,014
1,004
569
3,728
6.8
9.6
10.3
7.9
4,724
5,714
3,577
42,575
Total, married, spouse present
Total women, 16 years and older……………………………………….…..
61,011
36,363
59.6
With children under 18 years old…………………………..…….
24,430
16,746
68.5
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….……………………………...……
13,390
9,868
73.7
With children under 6 years old…………………………….….
11,041
6,878
62.3
With children under 3 years old………………………….……
6,324
3,744
59.2
With no children under 18 years old………………………...….
36,580
19,617
53.6
34,423
15,887
56.4
65.0
1,940
859
5.3
5.1
24,648
7,684
9,397
6,491
3,527
18,536
70.2
58.8
55.8
50.7
471
387
218
1,081
4.8
5.6
5.8
5.5
3,521
4,163
2,580
16,963
Total, other marital statuses1
Total women, 16 years and older…………………………………………...
64,608
36,243
56.1
With children under 18 years old…………………………..…….
11,392
8,638
75.8
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….……………………………...……
6,256
5,053
80.8
With children under 6 years old…………………………….….
5,136
3,584
69.8
With children under 3 years old………………………….……
2,782
1,785
64.2
With no children under 18 years old……………………...…….
53,216
27,605
51.9
32,437
7,479
50.2
65.7
3,805
1,159
10.5
13.4
28,365
2,754
4,511
2,968
1,434
24,959
72.1
57.8
51.5
46.9
542
617
351
2,646
10.7
17.2
19.7
9.6
1,202
1,552
997
25,611
White, all marital statuses
Total women, 16 years and older……………………………………….…..
98,752
56,703
57.4
With children under 18 years old…………………………….….
27,349
19,301
70.6
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….……………………………...……
15,081
11,402
75.6
With children under 6 years old…………………………….….
12,268
7,899
64.4
With children under 3 years old………………………...……
6,981
4,219
60.4
With no children under 18 years old…………………………....
71,403
37,401
52.4
52,744
17,969
53.4
65.7
3,958
1,333
7.0
6.9
42,049
8,047
10,721
7,248
3,849
34,775
71.1
59.1
55.1
48.7
681
652
371
2,626
6.0
8.2
8.8
7.0
3,679
4,369
2,762
34,002
White, married, spouse present
Total women, 16 years and older……………………………………….…..
51,304
30,332
59.1
With children under 18 years old…………………………….….
19,969
13,687
68.5
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….……………………………...……
10,998
8,108
73.7
With children under 6 years old……………………………..….
8,971
5,579
62.2
With children under 3 years old…………………………….…
5,169
3,059
59.2
With no children under 18 years old…………………………....
31,335
16,645
53.1
28,769
13,001
56.1
65.1
1,563
686
5.2
5.0
20,972
6,282
7,729
5,272
2,888
15,768
70.3
58.8
55.9
50.3
380
307
171
877
4.7
5.5
5.6
5.3
2,889
3,392
2,110
14,690
White, other marital statuses1
Total women, 16 years and older…………………………………………...
47,448
26,371
55.6
With children under 18 years old………………………………...
7,380
5,614
76.1
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….……………………………...……
4,083
3,294
80.7
With children under 6 years old…………………………….….
3,297
2,321
70.4
With children under 3 years old…………………………….…
1,812
1,160
64.0
With no children under 18 years old……………………………..
40,068
20,756
51.8
See footnote at end of table.
20
23,975
4,968
50.5
67.3
2,395
646
9.1
11.5
21,077
1,766
2,993
1,976
961
19,007
73.3
59.9
53.0
47.4
301
345
200
1,749
9.1
14.9
17.2
8.4
790
976
652
19,312
17
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, March 2012 (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Presence and age of children
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Total
Percentage
of
population
Employed
Total
Percentage
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
Black or African American, all marital statuses
Total women, 16 years and older…………………………………………...
16,343
9,825
60.1
With children under 18 years old………………………….…….
5,087
3,829
75.3
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….……………………………...……
2,769
2,221
80.2
With children under 6 years old…………………………….….
2,318
1,608
69.4
With children under 3 years old……………………….………
1,244
818
65.7
With no children under 18 years old……………………...…….
11,255
5,996
53.3
8,557
3,300
52.4
64.9
1,267
529
12.9
13.8
6,518
1,258
1,973
1,327
663
5,258
71.2
57.3
53.3
46.7
248
281
155
738
11.2
17.5
18.9
12.3
548
710
427
5,260
Black or African American, married, spouse present
Total women, 16 years and older…………………………………………...
4,373
2,865
65.5
With children under 18 years old……………………..………….
1,883
1,422
75.5
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….……………………………...……
1,040
820
78.8
With children under 6 years old……………………………..….
843
603
71.5
With children under 3 years old……………………….………
471
324
68.8
With no children under 18 years old…………………...……….
2,490
1,442
57.9
2,668
1,328
61.0
70.5
197
94
6.9
6.6
1,509
460
774
555
294
1,340
74.4
65.8
62.5
53.8
46
48
30
103
5.6
8.0
9.2
7.1
220
240
147
1,048
Black or African American, other marital statuses 1
Total women, 16 years and older…………………………………………...
11,969
6,960
58.2
With children under 18 years old…………………………..…….
3,204
2,407
75.1
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….……………………………...……
1,730
1,402
81.0
With children under 6 years old…………………………..…….
1,474
1,005
68.2
With children under 3 years old……………………….………
774
494
63.8
With no children under 18 years old…………………….……….
8,765
4,554
52.0
5,890
1,972
49.2
61.5
1,071
435
15.4
18.1
5,009
798
1,199
773
369
3,918
69.3
52.4
47.7
44.7
203
233
125
635
14.5
23.1
25.3
14.0
328
469
280
4,211
Asian, all marital statuses
Total women, 16 years and older…………………………………………...
6,834
3,864
56.5
With children under 18 years old……………………………..….
2,203
1,400
63.6
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….……………………………...……
1,183
821
69.4
With children under 6 years old……………………………..….
1,021
579
56.7
With children under 3 years old…………………………….…
571
299
52.3
With no children under 18 years old……………………….…….
4,631
2,464
53.2
3,649
1,343
53.4
61.0
215
57
5.6
4.1
2,970
803
793
550
280
2,306
67.1
53.9
49.0
49.8
28
29
19
158
3.4
5.0
6.3
6.4
361
441
272
2,167
Asian, married, spouse present
Total women, 16 years and older…………………………………………...
3,990
2,312
58.0
With children under 18 years old……………………………..….
1,899
1,157
60.9
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….……………………………...……
1,003
674
67.2
With children under 6 years old……………………………..….
896
483
53.9
With children under 3 years old…………………………….…
504
249
49.3
With no children under 18 years old……………………….…….
2,090
1,155
55.3
2,211
1,123
55.4
59.1
101
34
4.4
3.0
1,677
742
658
465
239
1,089
65.6
51.8
47.5
52.1
16
18
9
66
2.4
3.8
3.7
5.7
329
413
255
935
Asian, other marital statuses1
Total women, 16 years and older…………………………………………...
2,845
1,552
54.6
With children under 18 years old……………………………..….
304
244
80.2
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….……………………………...……
180
147
82.0
With children under 6 years old……………………………..….
124
96
77.4
With children under 3 years old………………………….……
68
51
75.0
With no children under 18 years old………………………...….
2,541
1,308
51.5
See footnote at end of table.
1,437
220
50.5
72.5
115
23
7.4
9.5
1,293
60
135
85
41
1,217
75.3
68.6
60.6
47.9
12
11
10
92
8.3
11.4
19.1
7.0
32
28
17
1,232
18
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov21 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 6. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, March 2012 (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Presence and age of children
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Total
Percentage
of
population
Employed
Total
Percentage
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital statuses
Total women, 16 years and older…………………………………………...
18,185
10,378
57.1
With children under 18 years old……………………………..….
7,500
4,803
64.0
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….……………………………...……
3,732
2,617
70.1
With children under 6 years old……………………………..….
3,768
2,186
58.0
With children under 3 years old…………………………….…
2,073
1,089
52.5
With no children under 18 years old……………………….…….
10,685
5,576
52.2
9,293
4,290
51.1
57.2
1,086
512
10.5
10.7
7,807
2,698
2,359
1,932
949
5,002
63.2
51.3
45.8
46.8
258
254
140
573
9.9
11.6
12.9
10.3
1,115
1,582
984
5,109
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, spouse present
Total women, 16 years and older…………………………………………...
8,106
4,577
56.5
With children under 18 years old……………………………..….
4,751
2,797
58.9
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….……………………………...……
2,411
1,577
65.4
With children under 6 years old……………………………..….
2,341
1,220
52.1
With children under 3 years old…………………………….…
1,282
610
47.6
With no children under 18 years old……………………….…….
3,354
1,780
53.1
4,193
2,558
51.7
53.8
384
239
8.4
8.6
3,528
1,954
1,438
1,120
549
1,636
59.6
47.9
42.9
48.8
140
100
61
144
8.9
8.2
10.0
8.1
834
1,121
671
1,574
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other marital statuses 1
Total women, 16 years and older…………………………………………...
10,080
5,801
57.6
With children under 18 years old……………………………..….
2,749
2,006
73.0
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….……………………………...……
1,321
1,039
78.7
With children under 6 years old……………………………..….
1,428
966
67.7
With children under 3 years old………………………….……
792
479
60.5
With no children under 18 years old………………………...….
7,331
3,796
51.8
1
5,099
1,733
50.6
63.0
702
273
12.1
13.6
4,278
743
921
812
400
3,367
69.7
56.8
50.5
45.9
118
155
79
429
11.4
16.0
16.5
11.3
282
462
313
3,535
Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed women.
Note: Children are parents' "own" children and are sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces,
nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Details for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American,
and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino
may be of any race.
Source: 2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
22
19
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Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–March 2012
(Numbers in thousands)
With children under age 18
Civilian labor force
Year
Total
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
Unemployed
Percentage Employed
of
population
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
Civilian labor force
Total
Unemployed
Percentage Employed
of
population
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
1975...…………..
14,616
1976...……………..
15,073
1977………………
15,669
1978………………..
16,385
1979...……………..
16,883
47.4
48.8
50.8
53.0
54.5
13,069
13,725
14,276
15,142
15,624
1,548
1,346
1,393
1,242
1,259
11.0
8.9
8.9
7.6
7.7
8,917
9,388
10,040
10,401
10,646
54.9
56.2
58.3
60.0
61.6
8,218
8,769
9,389
9,845
10,030
700
621
650
556
615
7.9
6.6
6.5
5.3
5.8
1980………………….
17,790
1981...…………………..
18,422
1982...…………..
18,744
1983...………………
18,924
1984…………………..
19,555
1985………………….
20,041
1986……………..
20,620
1987…………………..
21,422
1988…………………
21,545
1989…………………..
21,936
56.6
58.1
58.5
58.9
60.5
62.1
62.8
64.7
65.1
65.7
16,526
16,952
16,854
16,792
17,782
18,306
18,922
19,798
20,141
20,647
1,264
1,471
1,890
2,131
1,773
1,735
1,698
1,624
1,404
1,289
7.1
8.0
10.1
11.3
9.1
8.7
8.2
7.6
6.5
5.9
11,252
11,490
11,377
11,340
11,538
11,826
12,075
12,438
12,683
12,800
64.3
65.5
65.8
66.3
68.1
69.9
70.4
72.0
73.3
74.2
10,640
10,725
10,440
10,303
10,739
10,984
11,320
11,661
12,042
12,168
612
765
936
1,037
799
842
756
778
641
632
5.4
6.7
8.2
9.1
6.9
7.1
6.3
6.3
5.1
4.9
1990...………………
22,196
1991...………………
22,327
1992...………………
22,756
1993……………….
23,063
1994……………..
24,191
1995………………..
24,695
1996……………………..
24,720
1997……………………
25,604
1998...…………………
25,647
1999………………….
25,472
66.7
66.6
67.2
66.9
68.4
69.7
70.2
72.1
72.3
72.1
20,865
20,774
21,052
21,521
22,467
23,195
23,386
24,082
24,209
24,307
1,331
1,552
1,704
1,541
1,724
1,500
1,334
1,522
1,438
1,165
6.0
7.0
7.5
6.7
7.1
6.1
5.4
5.9
5.6
4.6
12,799
12,691
13,183
13,441
13,863
14,300
14,427
14,993
15,028
15,150
74.7
74.4
75.9
75.4
76.0
76.4
77.2
78.1
78.4
78.5
12,133
12,017
12,391
12,757
13,074
13,608
13,794
14,282
14,370
14,633
666
674
793
684
789
691
633
711
658
516
5.2
5.3
6.0
5.1
5.7
4.8
4.4
4.7
4.4
3.4
2000...……………….
25,795
72.9
2001...…………….
26,269
72.7
2002………………..
26,140
72.2
2003...……………….
26,202
71.7
2004……………….
25,913
70.7
2005…………………………
25,941
70.5
2006...……….
26,009
70.6
2007...……….
26,834
71.3
2008...……….
25,930
71.2
2009...……….
26,122
71.6
24,693
25,030
24,612
24,598
24,413
24,564
24,728
25,646
24,637
24,079
1,102
1,239
1,529
1,603
1,501
1,377
1,281
1,188
1,294
2,043
4.3
4.7
5.8
6.1
5.8
5.3
4.9
4.4
5.0
7.8
15,479
15,839
15,948
15,993
15,782
15,594
15,579
15,940
15,479
15,625
79.0
79.4
78.6
78.7
77.5
76.9
76.9
77.7
77.5
78.2
14,931
15,220
15,171
15,166
15,006
14,930
14,949
15,341
14,842
14,562
549
619
777
828
776
663
630
599
636
1,063
3.5
3.9
4.9
5.2
4.9
4.3
4.0
3.8
4.1
6.8
2010...……….
25,783
2011...……….
25,376
2012...……….
25,384
23,510
23,109
23,366
2,273
2,266
2,018
8.8
8.9
7.9
15,247
14,973
14,922
77.2
76.5
76.0
14,058
13,842
13,908
1,189
1,131
1,014
7.8
7.6
6.8
71.3
70.9
70.9
See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov23 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and age of youngest child,
March 1975–March 2012 (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
With children under age 6
Civilian labor force
Year
Total
With children under age 3
Unemployed
Percentage Employed
of
population
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
Civilian labor force
Total
Unemployed
Percentage Employed
of
population
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
1975...…………..
5,699
1976...……………..
5,684
1977………………
5,629
1978………………..
5,983
1979...……………..
6,238
39.0
40.1
41.2
44.0
45.7
4,851
4,957
4,887
5,297
5,594
848
727
742
687
644
14.9
12.8
13.2
11.5
10.3
2,824
2,702
2,795
3,179
3,380
34.3
34.1
35.4
39.4
41.1
2,326
2,285
2,371
2,768
2,979
500
418
424
411
401
17.7
15.5
15.2
12.9
11.9
1980………………….
6,538
1981...…………………..
6,933
1982...…………..
7,367
1983...………………
7,583
1984…………………..
8,017
1985………………….
8,215
1986……………..
8,545
1987…………………..
8,983
1988…………………
8,862
1989…………………..
9,136
46.8
48.9
49.9
50.5
52.1
53.5
54.4
56.7
56.1
56.7
5,886
6,227
6,414
6,489
7,043
7,322
7,602
8,137
8,099
8,478
652
706
953
1,094
974
893
943
846
763
657
10.0
10.2
12.9
14.4
12.1
10.9
11.0
9.4
8.6
7.2
3,565
3,826
4,133
4,233
4,401
4,601
4,786
5,064
4,947
5,053
41.9
44.3
45.6
46.0
47.6
49.5
50.8
52.9
52.4
52.4
3,167
3,380
3,542
3,551
3,839
4,089
4,227
4,570
4,477
4,671
398
446
591
682
562
513
559
494
470
381
11.2
11.7
14.3
16.1
12.8
11.1
11.7
9.8
9.5
7.5
1990...………………
9,397
1991...………………
9,636
1992...………………
9,573
1993……………….
9,621
1994……………..
10,328
1995………………..
10,395
1996……………………..
10,293
1997……………………
10,610
1998...…………………
10,619
1999………………….
10,322
58.2
58.4
58.0
57.9
60.3
62.3
62.3
65.0
65.2
64.4
8,732
8,758
8,662
8,764
9,394
9,587
9,592
9,800
9,839
9,674
664
878
911
857
935
809
701
810
780
648
7.1
9.1
9.5
8.9
9.0
7.8
6.8
7.6
7.3
6.3
5,216
5,417
5,329
5,349
5,724
5,650
5,619
5,839
5,882
5,645
53.6
54.5
54.5
53.9
57.1
58.7
59.0
61.8
62.2
60.7
4,823
4,868
4,776
4,857
5,165
5,172
5,222
5,366
5,454
5,285
393
550
553
492
559
478
397
473
428
359
7.5
10.1
10.4
9.2
9.8
8.5
7.1
8.1
7.3
6.4
2000...……………….
10,316
65.3
2001...…………….
10,430
64.4
2002………………..
10,193
64.1
2003...……………….
10,209
62.9
2004……………….
10,131
62.2
2005…………………………
10,347
62.6
2006...……….
10,430
63.0
2007...……….
10,894
63.5
2008...……….
10,452
63.6
2009...……….
10,497
63.6
9,763
9,810
9,441
9,433
9,407
9,634
9,779
10,305
9,794
9,517
553
620
752
776
724
714
651
589
657
980
5.4
5.9
7.4
7.6
7.1
6.9
6.2
5.4
6.3
9.3
5,670
5,743
5,600
5,568
5,401
5,704
5,842
6,006
5,754
5,960
61.0
60.7
60.5
58.7
57.3
58.9
59.9
60.1
59.6
61.1
5,350
5,350
5,160
5,112
4,983
5,299
5,458
5,679
5,380
5,401
320
393
440
456
417
405
384
327
374
559
5.6
6.8
7.9
8.2
7.7
7.1
6.6
5.5
6.5
9.4
9,452
9,268
9,458
1,085
1,135
1,004
10.3
10.9
9.6
5,878
5,639
5,529
61.1
60.9
60.7
5,240
5,006
4,960
638
633
569
10.9
11.2
10.3
2010...……….
10,536
2011...……….
10,403
2012...……….
10,462
64.2
64.2
64.7
See note at end of table.
24
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Table 7. Employment status of women, by presence and
age of youngest child, March 1975–March 2012 (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
With no children under age 18
Civilian labor force
Year
Total
Unemployed
Percentage Employed
of
population
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
1975...…………..
22,365
1976...……………..
23,327
1977………………
24,385
1978………………..
25,362
1979...……………..
26,962
45.1
45.7
46.4
47.0
48.6
20,381
21,389
22,348
23,631
25,285
1,984
1,938
2,037
1,731
1,677
8.9
8.3
8.4
6.8
6.2
1980………………….
27,144
1981...…………………..
27,992
1982...…………..
28,351
1983...………………
28,856
1984…………………..
29,684
1985………………….
30,850
1986……………..
31,112
1987…………………..
31,538
1988…………………
32,490
1989…………………..
33,255
48.1
48.7
48.6
48.7
49.3
50.4
50.5
50.5
51.2
51.9
25,375
25,934
26,041
26,373
27,652
28,814
29,107
29,688
30,911
31,761
1,769
2,059
2,311
2,483
2,032
2,036
2,005
1,850
1,580
1,495
6.5
7.4
8.2
8.6
6.8
6.6
6.4
5.9
4.9
4.5
1990...………………
33,942
1991...………………
34,047
1992...………………
34,487
1993……………….
34,495
1994……………..
35,455
1995………………..
35,843
1996……………………..
36,509
1997……………………
37,295
1998...…………………
38,253
1999………………….
39,314
52.3
52.0
52.3
52.1
53.1
52.9
53.0
53.6
54.1
54.3
32,391
32,167
32,481
32,476
33,345
34,054
34,698
35,572
36,680
37,587
1,551
1,880
2,006
2,020
2,110
1,789
1,811
1,723
1,573
1,727
4.6
5.5
5.8
5.9
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.6
4.1
4.4
2000...……………….
40,142
54.8
40,996
2001...…………….
54.4
41,278
2002………………..
54.0
2003...……………….
42,039
54.1
2004……………….
42,289
53.8
2005…………………………
42,677
53.5
2006...……….
43,392
53.6
2007...……….
44,039
53.9
2008...……….
45,585
54.3
2009...……….
45,649
53.8
38,408
39,363
39,038
39,667
40,000
40,570
41,440
42,279
43,417
42,343
1,733
1,633
2,241
2,372
2,289
2,107
1,952
1,760
2,168
3,306
4.3
4.0
5.4
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.5
4.0
4.8
7.2
2010...……….
46,098
2011...……….
46,198
2012...……….
47,222
42,256
42,569
43,494
3,842
3,629
3,728
8.3
7.9
7.9
53.5
53.0
52.6
Note: Children are parents' "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, or adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren,
and other related and unrelated children. Data for 1994 and subsequent years
are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of
the introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey.
Source: 1975 to 2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Current
Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov25 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age, by educational
attainment and gender, 2012 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Educational attainment and gender
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percentage
of
population
Total
Percentage
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
Total
Total, 25 to 64 years………………...………..
162,632
Less than a high school diploma……………
17,242
High school graduates, no college………….
47,004
Some college or associate's degree…………
45,113
College graduates, total………………...……
53,273
Bachelor's degree………………………..…
34,833
Master's degree………………………...…..
13,635
Professional degree……………………..…2,397
Doctoral degree………………………….....2,407
125,963
10,566
34,576
35,470
45,350
29,313
11,715
2,131
2,191
77.5
61.3
73.6
78.6
85.1
84.2
85.9
88.9
91.0
117,390
9,221
31,656
32,959
43,554
28,015
11,314
2,089
2,135
72.2
53.5
67.3
73.1
81.8
80.4
83.0
87.1
88.7
8,573
1,345
2,920
2,511
1,796
1,297
401
42
56
6.8
12.7
8.4
7.1
4.0
4.4
3.4
2.0
2.6
36,669
6,676
12,427
9,642
7,923
5,520
1,920
267
216
59,031
3,856
14,732
17,931
22,511
14,493
6,317
828
873
70.9
47.5
65.3
73.6
79.8
78.2
82.1
83.0
87.6
55,011
3,298
13,512
16,633
21,569
13,829
6,091
803
845
66.1
40.6
59.9
68.3
76.4
74.6
79.1
80.5
84.8
4,019
558
1,221
1,298
942
664
226
24
27
6.8
14.5
8.3
7.2
4.2
4.6
3.6
3.0
3.1
24,226
4,261
7,829
6,427
5,708
4,033
1,381
170
124
66,932
6,710
19,844
17,539
22,839
14,819
5,398
1,303
1,318
84.3
73.5
81.2
84.5
91.2
90.9
90.9
93.1
93.5
62,379
5,923
18,144
16,326
21,985
14,186
5,224
1,286
1,289
78.6
64.9
74.2
78.7
87.8
87.0
88.0
91.9
91.4
4,554
787
1,699
1,213
854
633
175
17
29
6.8
11.7
8.6
6.9
3.7
4.3
3.2
1.3
2.2
12,443
2,415
4,598
3,215
2,215
1,488
539
97
92
Women
Total, 25 to 64 years……………………...…..83,256
Less than a high school diploma……………8,117
High school graduates, no college………….
22,562
Some college or associate's degree…………
24,358
College graduates, total…………………..…
28,219
Bachelor's degree……………………...……
18,526
Master's degree………………………...…..7,699
Professional degree……………………...… 998
Doctoral degree…………………………….. 997
Men
Total, 25 to 64 years……………………….....79,376
Less than a high school diploma………...…9,125
High school graduates, no college………….
24,442
Some college or associate's degree…………
20,754
College graduates, total…………………..…
25,054
Bachelor's degree……………………..……
16,307
Master's degree…………………...………..5,937
Professional degree…………………..……1,400
Doctoral degree………………………….....1,411
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
23
26
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W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age, by
educational attainment and gender, 1970–2012
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
High school
Total
Less than 4
years
19701…...…………. 61,765
1971…...……………….
62,344
1972…...…………….
63,704
1973…...…………. 64,775
1974…...……………..
66,527
1975…...………………..
67,774
1976…...………………..
69,243
1977…...………………….
71,324
1978…...……………….
73,504
1979…...……………….
75,781
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
36.1
34.5
33.3
30.9
29.3
27.5
25.8
24.9
23.7
21.8
1980…...……………….
78,010
1981…...……………..
80,273
1982…...………………
81,516
1983……......................
83,615
1984……....................
86,001
1985…...……………….
88,424
1986…...………………….
90,500
1987…...……………92,966
1988……....................
94,870
1989…...……………97,318
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1990……......................
99,175
1991…...……………….
100,480
100.0
100.0
4 years, no
college
College
1 to 3 years
4 years or
more
38.1
38.4
38.8
39.7
39.5
39.7
39.6
39.2
39.2
39.5
11.8
12.3
12.4
13.0
13.7
14.4
15.2
15.7
16.5
17.3
14.1
14.8
15.5
16.4
17.5
18.3
19.4
20.2
20.6
21.3
20.6
19.7
18.8
17.8
16.7
15.9
15.5
14.9
14.7
14.0
39.8
40.6
40.8
39.9
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
39.9
39.6
17.6
17.7
17.3
18.1
18.4
19.0
19.5
19.7
19.7
20.0
22.0
22.0
23.1
24.2
24.7
24.9
24.8
25.3
25.7
26.4
13.4
13.0
39.5
39.4
20.7
21.1
26.4
26.5
Some
college, no
degree, or
associate's
degree
College
graduates
Total
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
Total
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates,
no college
Total
1992²………………………
103,018
1993…...……………
104,237
1994…...……………..
105,610
1995……................107,032
1996…...………………
108,932
1997…….......................
110,945
1998…….......................
111,932
1999…...……………………
113,095
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.1
11.3
10.8
10.4
10.6
10.6
10.5
10.0
35.7
35.1
33.9
33.2
32.9
32.9
32.4
31.8
25.6
26.6
27.7
28.1
27.8
27.5
27.4
27.6
26.6
27.0
27.6
28.3
28.7
29.0
29.8
30.5
2000…...………………….
115,750
2001…...…………………
116,893
2002…...…………………
118,028
2003……........................
119,621
2004…...…………………..
120,135
2005……………………..
121,752
2006…………………….
123,550
2007…………………….
125,104
2008…………………….
126,011
2009…………………….
126,247
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
10.1
10.1
10.0
9.9
9.7
9.8
9.7
9.3
9.0
9.0
31.4
30.9
30.7
30.3
30.1
29.9
29.6
29.2
28.8
28.6
27.8
28.0
27.7
27.6
27.7
27.8
27.7
27.7
28.0
28.0
30.7
31.0
31.6
32.1
32.4
32.5
33.0
33.8
34.2
34.4
2010…………………….
126,237
2011…………………….
125,508
2012…………………….
125,963
100.0
100.0
100.0
8.9
8.7
8.4
28.6
28.0
27.4
27.9
28.0
28.2
34.6
35.3
36.0
See footnotes at end of table.
24
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov27 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age, by
educational attainment and gender, 1970–2012 (continued)
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
High school
Total
Less than 4
years
19701…...…………. 22,462
1971…...……………….
22,804
1972…...…………….
23,606
1973…...…………. 24,158
1974…...……………..
25,203
1975…...………………..
26,146
1976…...………………..
27,166
1977…...………………….
28,369
1978…...……………….
29,738
1979…...……………….
31,151
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
33.5
32.2
30.7
28.4
26.7
26.5
24.0
22.8
22.0
20.1
1980…...……………….
32,593
1981…...……………..
33,910
1982…...………………
34,870
1983……......................
35,712
1984……....................
37,234
1985…...……………….
38,779
1986…...………………….
39,767
1987…...……………41,105
1988……....................
42,254
1989…...……………43,650
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1990……......................
44,699
1991…...……………….
45,315
100.0
100.0
4 years, no
college
College
1 to 3 years
4 years or
more
44.3
44.2
45.1
45.9
45.3
45.5
45.1
45.1
44.9
45.0
10.9
11.9
11.8
12.4
13.4
13.9
14.7
15.2
16.1
17.1
11.2
11.8
12.4
13.3
14.6
14.1
16.2
16.9
17.0
17.8
18.4
17.4
16.6
15.6
14.5
13.7
13.2
12.5
12.4
11.9
45.4
46.1
45.6
44.8
44.9
44.4
44.3
44.0
43.3
42.9
17.4
17.9
18.3
18.8
18.9
19.9
20.3
20.7
21.2
20.9
18.7
18.6
19.5
20.9
21.7
22.0
22.2
22.8
23.1
24.3
11.3
10.9
42.4
41.6
21.9
22.2
24.5
25.2
Some
college, no
degree, or
associate's
degree
College
graduates
Women
Percent distribution
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
High school
graduates,
no college
Total
Less than a
high school
diploma
1992²………………………
46,589
1993…...……………47,245
1994…...……………..
48,405
1995……................ 49,247
1996…...………………
50,240
1997…….......................
51,261
1998…….......................
51,678
1999…...……………………
52,525
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
10.3
9.3
9.0
8.8
8.8
8.7
8.8
8.5
37.4
36.6
35.0
34.1
33.6
33.5
32.7
32.1
27.3
28.4
29.8
30.2
29.9
29.4
29.4
29.5
25.0
25.7
26.2
26.9
27.8
28.4
29.2
29.9
2000…...………………….
53,749
2001…...…………………
54,229
2002…...…………………
54,710
2003……........................
55,596
2004…...…………………..
55,616
2005……………………..
56,322
2006…………………….
57,201
2007…………………….
57,791
2008…………………….
58,465
2009…………………….
58,787
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
8.5
8.4
8.1
7.9
7.7
7.7
7.6
7.1
6.9
7.0
31.6
31.0
30.6
30.0
29.4
28.7
28.3
27.9
27.2
26.7
29.8
30.2
29.9
29.9
30.2
30.2
30.2
30.1
30.4
30.3
30.1
30.4
31.3
32.2
32.6
33.3
33.9
34.9
35.6
36.0
2010……………………..
58,808
2011……………………..
58,520
2012…………………….
59,031
100.0
100.0
100.0
6.8
6.7
6.5
26.4
25.8
25.0
30.3
30.4
30.4
36.4
37.1
38.1
Year
Women
See footnotes at end of table.
28
25
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Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age, by
educational attainment and gender, 1970–2012 (continued)
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
High school
Total
Less than 4
years
19701…...…………. 39,303
1971…...……………….
39,539
1972…...…………….
40,098
1973…...…………. 40,617
1974…...……………..
41,344
1975…...………………..
41,628
1976…...………………..
42,077
1977…...………………….
42,954
1978…...……………….
43,766
1979…...……………….
44,630
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1980…...……………….
45,417
1981…...……………..
46,363
1982…...………………
47,144
1983……......................
47,903
1984……....................
48,767
1985…...……………….
49,647
1986…...………………….
50,733
1987…...……………51,860
1988……....................
52,616
1989…...……………53,668
1990……......................
54,476
1991…...……………….
55,165
College
4 years, no
college
1 to 3 years
4 years or
more
37.5
35.9
34.8
32.4
30.8
28.9
27.0
26.3
24.8
23.0
34.5
35.1
35.1
36.0
36.0
36.1
36.0
35.3
35.3
35.7
12.2
12.5
12.8
13.4
13.9
14.8
15.5
16.1
16.9
17.5
15.7
16.5
17.3
18.2
19.3
20.2
21.5
22.3
23.0
23.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
22.2
21.5
20.3
19.4
18.4
17.7
17.2
16.8
16.5
15.7
35.7
36.5
36.8
36.3
36.7
36.9
37.0
37.1
37.3
36.9
17.7
17.4
17.5
17.7
18.0
18.3
18.9
18.9
18.5
19.2
24.3
24.6
25.5
26.6
26.9
27.1
26.9
27.2
27.8
28.2
100.0
100.0
15.1
14.7
37.2
37.5
19.7
20.2
28.0
27.6
Men
See footnotes at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov29 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age, by
educational attainment and gender, 1970–2012 (continued)
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
Total
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates,
no college
Some
college, no
degree, or
associate's
degree
College
graduates
Men
1992²………………………
56,428
1993…...……………56,992
1994…...……………..
57,205
1995……................ 57,784
1996…...………………
58,692
1997…….......................
59,684
1998…….......................
60,255
1999…...……………………
60,570
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
13.7
12.9
12.4
11.8
12.2
12.2
12.0
11.4
34.2
33.9
33.0
32.4
32.3
32.4
32.1
31.6
24.3
25.1
25.9
26.3
26.1
25.9
25.6
26.0
27.8
28.1
28.8
29.4
29.4
29.6
30.3
31.0
2000…...………………….
62,001
2001…...…………………
62,664
2002…...…………………
63,318
2003……........................
64,025
2004…...…………………..
64,519
2005……………………..
65,430
2006…………………….
66,350
2007…………………….
67,313
2008…………………….
67,546
2009…………………….
67,460
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
11.5
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.2
10.9
10.8
31.2
30.9
30.8
30.6
30.7
30.9
30.6
30.4
30.2
30.3
26.1
26.2
25.8
25.6
25.6
25.7
25.5
25.6
25.9
25.9
31.2
31.4
31.8
32.1
32.3
31.9
32.3
32.9
33.0
33.0
2010…………………….
67,429
2011…………………….
66,989
2012…………………….
66,932
100.0
100.0
100.0
10.6
10.4
10.0
30.6
30.0
29.6
25.8
26.0
26.2
33.0
33.7
34.1
1
Data from 1970 to 1991 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment
categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed.
2
Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages, and the educational attainment categories are based
on the highest diploma or degree received.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
30
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Table 10. Employed persons, by major occupation and gender, 2011 and 2012 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Occupation and gender
2011
Number
2012
Percent
Number
Percent
Total
Total, 16 years and older…………….………………………………
139,869
100.0
142,469
100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations ...............................................
52,547
37.6
15.4
22.1
17.7
23.6
11.0
12.7
9.3
.7
5.1
3.5
11.8
5.8
5.9
54,043
22,678
31,365
25,459
33,152
15,457
17,695
12,821
994
7,005
4,821
16,994
8,455
8,540
37.9
15.9
22.0
17.9
23.3
10.8
12.4
9.0
.7
4.9
3.4
11.9
5.9
6.0
100.0
41.2
14.2
27.0
21.1
31.4
11.6
19.9
.8
.3
.2
.3
5.4
3.5
1.9
66,914
27,834
9,899
17,936
14,324
20,500
7,535
12,965
554
226
173
156
3,701
2,346
1,355
100.0
41.6
14.8
26.8
21.4
30.6
11.3
19.4
.8
.3
.3
.2
5.5
3.5
2.0
Management, business, and financial operations occupations .............................
21,589
Professional and related occupations ....................................................................
30,957
Service occupations .................................................................................................
24,787
Sales and office occupations ....................................................................................
33,066
Sales and related occupations ..............................................................................
15,330
Office and administrative support occupations ......................................................
17,736
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ..............................
13,009
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ............................................................
1,001
Construction and extraction occupations ...............................................................
7,125
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ................................................
4,883
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ..................................
16,461
Production occupations .........................................................................................
8,142
Transportation and material moving occupations ..................................................
8,318
Women
Total, 16 years and older.………………………………………………
65,579
Management, professional, and related occupations ...............................................
26,995
Management, business, and financial operations occupations .............................
9,314
Professional and related occupations ....................................................................
17,681
Service occupations .................................................................................................
13,858
Sales and office occupations ....................................................................................
20,616
Sales and related occupations ..............................................................................
7,597
Office and administrative support occupations ......................................................
13,019
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ..............................
552
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ............................................................
216
Construction and extraction occupations ...............................................................
163
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ................................................
173
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ..................................
3,558
Production occupations .........................................................................................
2,316
Transportation and material moving occupations ..................................................
1,242
See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov31 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 10. Employed persons, by major occupation and gender, 2011 and 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Occupation and gender
2011
Number
2012
Percent
Number
Percent
Men
Total, 16 years and older.……………………………………………
74,290
100.0
75,555
100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations ...............................................
25,552
34.4
16.5
17.9
14.7
16.8
10.4
6.3
16.8
1.1
9.4
6.3
17.4
7.8
9.5
26,208
12,779
13,429
11,135
12,653
7,922
4,730
12,266
768
6,832
4,666
13,294
6,109
7,185
34.7
16.9
17.8
14.7
16.7
10.5
6.3
16.2
1.0
9.0
6.2
17.6
8.1
9.5
Management, business, and financial operations occupations .............................
12,275
Professional and related occupations ....................................................................
13,277
Service occupations .................................................................................................
10,929
Sales and office occupations ....................................................................................
12,450
Sales and related occupations ..............................................................................
7,733
Office and administrative support occupations ......................................................
4,717
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ..............................
12,457
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ............................................................
785
Construction and extraction occupations ...............................................................
6,962
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ................................................
4,710
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ..................................
12,902
Production occupations .........................................................................................
5,826
Transportation and material moving occupations ..................................................
7,076
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
32
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W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 11. Employed persons, by detailed occupation and gender, 2012 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Total
employed
Percent
women
Total, 16 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
142,469
47.0
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chief executives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General and operations managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legislators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advertising and promotions managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marketing and sales managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Public relations and fundraising managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Administrative services managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and information systems managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compensation and benefits managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Human resources managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Training and development managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Industrial production managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purchasing managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architectural and engineering managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Funeral service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gaming managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lodging managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medical and health services managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural sciences managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Postmasters and mail superintendents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Property, real estate, and community association managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Social and community service managers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Emergency management directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Managers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compliance officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cost estimators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Human resources workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Training and development specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logisticians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Meeting, convention, and event planners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fundraisers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Market research analysts and marketing specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54,043
22,678
16,042
1,513
1,064
11
77
967
58
144
605
1,228
15
224
36
261
218
287
944
983
811
120
1,085
13
26
154
585
18
39
644
315
6
3,594
6,636
47
13
198
261
323
199
114
603
71
126
94
773
127
86
219
51.5
43.6
38.6
27.4
29.1
–
49.4
45.2
69.3
44.1
26.8
53.5
–
72.7
–
17.6
50.9
15.6
24.5
6.4
64.4
10.9
47.2
–
–
45.0
69.7
–
–
50.7
70.5
–
35.0
55.8
–
–
55.2
55.1
63.4
50.6
11.7
71.8
81.1
56.4
36.8
39.8
73.3
75.3
54.2
See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov33 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 11. Employed persons, by detailed occupation and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Business operations specialists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accountants and auditors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appraisers and assessors of real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Budget analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Credit analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal financial advisors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance underwriters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial examiners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Credit counselors and loan officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tax preparers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial specialists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and information research scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer systems analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information security analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer programmers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Software developers, applications and systems software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Web developers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer support specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Database administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Network and computer systems administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer network architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer occupations, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Actuaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mathematicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Operations research analysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Statisticians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architects, except naval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aerospace engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agricultural engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biomedical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Civil engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer hardware engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical and electronics engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Industrial engineers, including health and safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marine engineers and naval architects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Materials engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mechanical engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nuclear engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Petroleum engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engineers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drafters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
251
1,765
93
55
30
89
378
103
14
333
82
107
82
31,365
3,816
29
499
52
480
1,084
190
476
101
226
127
341
26
4
130
47
3
2,846
195
51
119
4
10
71
358
91
335
43
197
8
40
288
9
11
38
359
149
Percent
women
67.3
60.9
40.6
52.5
–
36.8
31.2
70.4
–
59.2
62.4
59.6
66.5
57.2
25.6
–
30.9
15.1
22.5
19.7
33.7
27.1
36.6
25.0
8.1
24.4
–
–
54.9
–
–
13.7
23.5
27.8
9.0
–
–
17.7
13.7
15.1
9.0
–
18.8
–
–
4.5
–
–
–
13.2
16.6
See note at end of table.
34
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 11. Employed persons, by detailed occupation and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Engineering technicians, except drafters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Surveying and mapping technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agricultural and food scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biological scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conservation scientists and foresters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medical scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Life scientists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Astronomers and physicists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atmospheric and space scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemists and materials scientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental scientists and geoscientists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physical scientists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Economists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Survey researchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Psychologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sociologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Urban and regional planners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agricultural and food science technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biological technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemical technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Geological and petroleum technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nuclear technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Social science research assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Counselors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Social workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Social and human service assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health
educators and community health workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Clergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Directors, religious activities and education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Religious workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lawyers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Judicial law clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paralegals and legal assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous legal support workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Postsecondary teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preschool and kindergarten teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Elementary and middle school teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Secondary school teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Special education teachers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other teachers and instructors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Librarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total
employed
Percent
women
395
77
1,316
42
101
25
136
0
25
15
105
105
154
26
2
178
7
28
57
32
19
70
21
3
3
160
2,265
661
734
88
151
94
16.3
4.3
45.3
–
50.1
–
52.8
–
–
–
44.2
25.7
35.1
–
–
72.7
–
–
54.3
–
–
29.9
–
–
–
52.8
63.8
69.3
80.6
47.5
77.1
75.7
408
61
69
1,786
1,061
17
67
418
223
8,543
1,350
678
2,838
1,127
366
860
46
181
20.5
66.3
62.4
50.4
31.1
–
39.0
85.9
79.0
73.6
48.2
98.1
81.4
57.3
86.2
65.6
–
86.8
See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov35 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 11. Employed persons, by detailed occupation and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Library technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Teacher assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other education, training, and library workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Artists and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Designers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Actors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Producers and directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dancers and choreographers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Musicians, singers, and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Announcers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
News analysts, reporters and correspondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Public relations specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Editors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Technical writers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Writers and authors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous media and communication workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Photographers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Media and communication equipment workers, all other. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chiropractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dietitians and nutritionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Optometrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
Pharmacists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physicians and surgeons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
Physician assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Podiatrists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Audiologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Occupational therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physical therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radiation therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Recreational therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
Respiratory therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Speech-language pathologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercise physiologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Therapists, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Veterinarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Registered nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nurse anesthetists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nurse midwives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nurse practitioners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dental hygienists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
898
153
2,814
212
756
37
121
267
21
203
41
50
82
155
159
58
208
98
108
178
57
2
7,977
58
167
116
33
286
911
108
9
14
118
211
14
13
111
146
2
148
85
2,875
27
3
103
23
319
163
308
172
Percent
women
–
91.1
67.3
48.3
51.6
55.3
–
40.8
36.5
–
35.5
–
23.6
45.7
58.2
50.7
55.5
55.6
79.2
8.4
52.2
21.4
–
75.0
22.3
24.2
93.3
–
53.7
34.3
69.4
–
–
94.0
70.7
–
–
60.4
95.2
–
83.6
54.7
90.6
–
–
86.1
–
72.8
99.3
74.5
31.2
See note at end of table.
36
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 11. Employed persons, by detailed occupation and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Health practitioner support technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medical records and health information technicians. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Opticians, dispensing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Occupational therapy assistants and aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physical therapist assistants and aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Massage therapists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dental assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medical assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medical transcriptionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pharmacy aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phlebotomists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers. . . . . . . . . . .
Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First-line supervisors of correctional officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First-line supervisors of police and detectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Firefighters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fire inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Detectives and criminal investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fish and game wardens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Parking enforcement workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Police and sheriff’s patrol officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transit and railroad police. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Animal control workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Private detectives and investigators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crossing guards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation security screeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chefs and head cooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food preparation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bartenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waiters and waitresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food servers, nonrestaurant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
Dishwashers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total
employed
544
531
90
54
140
75
25,459
3,496
2,119
18
66
158
274
429
55
45
47
119
166
3,096
46
112
64
93
295
18
371
160
7
4
657
3
11
103
903
61
25
162
8,018
403
552
1,970
868
412
343
233
2,124
217
359
271
260
Percent
women
83.6
94.2
89.3
59.6
60.2
50.3
56.3
87.6
87.9
–
66.4
81.5
97.9
93.8
98.2
–
–
80.2
69.0
20.9
–
15.2
.5
29.9
3.4
–
28.0
24.8
–
–
12.6
–
–
44.0
18.5
55.3
–
52.6
54.5
21.5
59.3
37.7
58.0
59.9
64.9
70.8
71.2
64.9
43.4
18.7
81.5
See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov37 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 11. Employed persons, by detailed occupation and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Janitors and building cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maids and housekeeping cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pest control workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grounds maintenance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First-line supervisors of gaming workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First-line supervisors of personal service workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Animal trainers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonfarm animal caretakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gaming services workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion picture projectionists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Embalmers and funeral attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Barbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tour and travel guides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Childcare workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care aides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Recreation and fitness workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residential advisors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care and service workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cashiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Counter and rental clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Parts salespersons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail salespersons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advertising sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Travel agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales representatives, services, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate brokers and sales agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telemarketers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
5,591
277
281
2,205
1,457
73
1,298
5,258
146
246
44
179
106
2
43
180
16
38
109
785
300
68
51
1,314
1,071
406
58
95
33,152
15,457
3,237
1,151
3,275
139
106
3,341
230
540
280
73
457
1,277
65
761
27
97
198
204
17,695
Percent
women
–
38.6
47.1
7.6
29.7
88.1
4.7
5.1
77.7
43.0
70.3
–
74.2
51.0
–
–
45.4
–
–
21.9
92.8
81.5
25.0
36.9
94.1
84.7
66.5
61.4
45.7
61.8
48.7
43.4
24.7
71.8
53.4
13.3
50.2
47.4
44.1
27.9
79.0
31.0
27.0
83.4
57.1
–
50.3
62.2
47.9
73.3
See note at end of table.
38
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 11. Employed persons, by detailed occupation and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Switchboard operators, including answering service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telephone operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Communications equipment operators, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bill and account collectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Billing and posting clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gaming cage workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Payroll and timekeeping clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Procurement clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tellers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial clerks, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brokerage clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Correspondence clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Court, municipal, and license clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Customer service representatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eligibility interviewers, government programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
File clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Library assistants, clerical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loan interviewers and clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New accounts clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Order clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Receptionists and information clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information and record clerks, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cargo and freight agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dispatchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Meter readers, utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Postal service clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Postal service mail carriers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production, planning, and expediting clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stock clerks and order fillers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Secretaries and administrative assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data entry keyers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Word processors and typists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Desktop publishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office clerks, general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office machine operators, except computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Proofreaders and copy markers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Statistical assistants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total
employed
1,416
35
42
9
206
475
1,268
8
155
27
380
52
5
6
85
43
1,956
92
292
110
135
97
144
26
104
132
1,237
117
104
25
213
277
29
148
318
66
272
527
1,453
74
2,904
102
337
119
3
230
81
1,103
46
10
32
Percent
women
68.5
–
–
–
69.1
90.1
89.1
–
92.6
–
87.3
68.4
–
–
77.2
–
67.8
81.4
81.3
64.6
83.7
84.0
81.2
–
58.2
82.7
91.5
58.6
80.2
–
15.5
61.5
–
50.0
37.7
47.6
55.0
27.8
35.5
49.1
95.3
50.7
77.0
88.7
–
81.9
41.2
83.4
–
–
–
See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov39 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 11. Employed persons, by detailed occupation and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Office and administrative support workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agricultural inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Animal breeders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Graders and sorters, agricultural products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous agricultural workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fishers and related fishing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hunters and trappers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Forest and conservation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logging workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Boilermakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Carpenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction laborers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pile-driver operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electricians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Glaziers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insulation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Painters, construction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paperhangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plasterers and stucco masons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Roofers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sheet metal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structural iron and steel workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solar photovoltaic installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Helpers—construction trades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and building inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Elevator installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fence erectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hazardous materials removal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Highway maintenance workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous construction and related workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Earth drillers, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Roof bolters, mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Roustabouts, oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
570
12,821
994
50
16
6
118
711
33
2
9
49
7,005
634
23
122
1,223
150
68
1,387
23
4
348
129
692
46
44
485
7
534
18
8
196
123
65
7
53
118
29
33
38
108
10
8
32
37
35
8
65
3
14
Percent
women
77.3
4.3
22.7
14.1
–
–
59.8
18.9
–
–
–
–
2.5
2.8
–
.1
1.6
2.2
2.7
2.9
–
–
1.3
.3
1.8
–
–
5.5
–
1.3
–
–
1.5
4.6
2.8
–
4.5
7.8
–
–
–
1.5
–
–
–
–
–
–
.3
–
–
See note at end of table.
40
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 11. Employed persons, by detailed occupation and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Helpers—extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other extraction workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Avionics technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Security and fire alarm systems installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automotive body and related repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automotive glass installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automotive service technicians and mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Small engine mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Control and valve installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Home appliance repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maintenance and repair workers, general. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maintenance workers, machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Millwrights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical power-line installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications line installers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Precision instrument and equipment repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wind turbine service technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Commercial divers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
Locksmiths and safe repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufactured building and mobile home installers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Riggers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signal and track switch repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First-line supervisors of production and operating workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engine and other machine assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Structural metal fabricators and fitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total
employed
5
75
4,821
292
296
158
14
37
5
12
18
50
41
153
140
22
867
316
194
56
87
27
340
47
454
442
28
53
110
177
60
3
33
3
31
5
13
5
30
205
16,994
8,455
808
23
166
32
25
919
199
311
Percent
women
–
4.5
3.2
5.9
10.7
5.8
–
–
–
–
–
.5
–
1.6
1.8
–
1.2
.5
1.0
1.4
1.8
–
1.6
–
1.9
2.2
–
6.4
2.4
4.8
16.0
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
3.6
21.8
27.7
19.5
–
52.8
–
–
38.4
53.9
23.0
See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov41 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 11. Employed persons, by detailed occupation and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food batchmakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food cooking machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food processing workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer control programmers and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . .
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and
tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Machinists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tool and die makers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Layout workers, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metal workers and plastic workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prepress technicians and workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing press operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Print binding and finishing workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sewing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shoe and leather workers and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shoe machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers. . . . . . . . .
Fabric and apparel patternmakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Upholsterers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Furniture finishers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Model makers and patternmakers, wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Woodworkers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stationary engineers and boiler operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percent
women
11
84
14
117
67
10
10
8
87
3
–
59.6
–
29.5
8.4
–
–
–
18.9
–
54
17
3
397
17
11
37
5
56
593
4
4
18
3
375
33
201
22
185
54
166
11
11
86
5
12
7
14
1
3
34
14
45
7
0
30
21
21
44
121
6.6
–
–
3.8
–
–
–
–
.8
4.8
–
–
–
–
19.5
–
17.2
–
53.3
70.6
74.2
–
–
77.1
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
5.5
See note at end of table.
42
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 11. Employed persons, by detailed occupation and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous plant and system operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cutting workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . .
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Painting workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Semiconductor processors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Etchers and engravers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tire builders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Helpers—production workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flight attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bus drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motor vehicle operators, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Locomotive engineers and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Railroad conductors and yardmasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sailors and marine oilers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ship and boat captains and operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ship engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bridge and lock tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Parking lot attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automotive and watercraft service attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation inspectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other transportation workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conveyor operators and tenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crane and tower operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hoist and winch operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Industrial truck and tractor operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
Total
employed
72
39
68
100
67
45
16
689
46
95
261
150
55
4
9
7
2
6
41
35
19
59
933
8,540
200
129
44
88
20
558
3,201
336
63
41
10
52
11
16
37
7
7
81
94
36
38
17
4
62
42
5
537
315
Percent
women
4.5
–
16.2
15.0
19.2
–
–
33.4
–
50.7
52.3
15.1
45.6
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
34.8
26.3
15.9
23.0
4.1
–
77.6
–
45.5
5.4
13.2
13.3
–
–
5.6
–
–
–
–
–
11.6
9.2
–
–
–
–
4.0
–
–
7.4
15.2
See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov43 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 11. Employed persons, by detailed occupation and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Occupation
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Machine feeders and offbearers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Packers and packagers, hand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pumping station operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Refuse and recyclable material collectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Mine shuttle car operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Material moving workers, all other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total
employed
1,849
27
431
25
106
1
4
45
Percent
women
18.7
–
53.1
–
6.6
–
–
–
Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
44
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 12. Employed women, by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2012 annual averages
(Percent distribution)
Occupation
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,779
. . . . . . . . . . . . .8,553
.......
3,620
9,235
Percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . .
42.6
34.3
46.8
25.9
Management, business, and financial operations occupations. .
15.2
11.9
16.2
9.5
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.4
22.4
30.6
16.4
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20.0
....
28.0
22.3
32.2
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31.2
..
29.7
24.3
30.9
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3
.
11.2
10.6
12.1
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.0
18.5
13.7
18.8
.9
.7
.4
1.5
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.4
.2
.2
1.1
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.3
.2
.1
.3
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.2
.3
.1
.2
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations. .
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. . . . .
5.2
7.2
6.2
9.5
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3
..
4.3
5.1
6.2
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9
1.1
3.3
1.9
Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov45 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 13. Employed persons, by industry and gender, 2011 and 2012 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Industry and gender
2011
Number
2012
Percent
Number
Percent
Total
Total, 16 years and older…………….…………………………………………………………
139,869
100.0
142,469
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .............................................................
2,254
1.6
2,186
1.5
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ...................................................................................................
817
.6
957
.7
Construction .........................................................................................
9,039
6.5
8,964
6.3
Manufacturing .......................................................................................
14,336
10.2
14,686
10.3
Durable goods ....................................................................................
9,007
6.4
9,244
6.5
Nondurable goods ..............................................................................
5,329
3.8
5,443
3.8
Wholesale and retail trade ....................................................................
19,726
14.1
19,876
14.0
Wholesale trade ..................................................................................
3,798
2.7
3,694
2.6
Retail trade .........................................................................................
15,927
11.4
16,182
11.4
Transportation and utilities ...................................................................
7,200
5.1
7,271
5.1
Transportation and warehousing ........................................................
5,957
4.3
6,082
4.3
Utilities ................................................................................................
1,243
.9
1,190
.8
Information ......................................................................................................................
3,150
2.3
2,971
2.1
Financial activities ................................................................................
9,386
6.7
9,590
6.7
Finance and insurance .......................................................................
6,613
4.7
6,786
4.8
Real estate and rental and leasing .....................................................
2,773
2.0
2,804
2.0
Professional and business services .....................................................
15,819
11.3
16,539
11.6
Professional and technical services ...................................................
9,461
6.8
9,913
7.0
Management, administrative, and waste services........................................
6,358
4.5
6,626
4.7
Education and health services ..............................................................
31,867
22.8
32,350
22.7
Educational services ..........................................................................
12,965
9.3
12,945
9.1
Health care and social assistance .....................................................
18,902
13.5
19,405
13.6
Hospitals ..........................................................................................6,315
4.5
6,113
4.3
Health services, except hospitals ....................................................9,367
6.7
10,009
7.0
Social assistance .............................................................................3,221
2.3
3,283
2.3
Leisure and hospitality ..........................................................................
12,697
9.1
13,193
9.3
Arts, entertainment, and recreation ...................................................2,922
2.1
3,022
2.1
Accommodation and food services .......................................................
9,775
7.0
10,171
7.1
Other services ......................................................................................
6,724
4.8
7,168
5.0
Other services, except private households ........................................6,002
4.3
6,430
4.5
Private households ............................................................................ 722
.5
738
.5
Public administration ..........................................................................................
6,853
4.9
6,717
4.7
46
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 13. Employed persons, by industry and gender, 2011 and 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Industry and gender
2011
Number
2012
Percent
Number
Percent
Total, 16 years and older…………….……………………………………………………
65,579
100.0
66,914
100.0
Women
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .............................................................................................
556
.8
560
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ...................................................................................................
99
.2
126
Construction ......................................................................................... 828
1.3
802
Manufacturing .......................................................................................
4,108
6.3
4,255
Durable goods ....................................................................................
2,230
3.4
2,311
Nondurable goods ..............................................................................
1,878
2.9
1,943
Wholesale and retail trade ....................................................................
8,826
13.5
8,871
Wholesale trade ..................................................................................
1,083
1.7
1,056
Retail trade .........................................................................................
7,742
11.8
7,815
Transportation and utilities ...................................................................
1,625
2.5
1,691
Transportation and warehousing ........................................................
1,349
2.1
1,413
Utilities ................................................................................................ 276
.4
278
Information ......................................................................................... 1,267
1.9
1,134
Financial activities ................................................................................
5,132
7.8
5,108
Finance and insurance .......................................................................
3,811
5.8
3,804
Real estate and rental and leasing .....................................................
1,320
2.0
1,303
Professional and business services .....................................................
6,480
9.9
6,798
Professional and technical services ...................................................
4,023
6.1
4,281
Management, administrative, and waste services........................... 2,457
3.7
2,517
Education and health services ..............................................................
23,706
36.1
24,087
Educational services ..........................................................................8,870
13.5
8,877
Health care and social assistance .....................................................
14,836
22.6
15,209
Hospitals ..........................................................................................4,786
7.3
4,677
Health services, except hospitals ....................................................7,314
11.2
7,744
Social assistance .............................................................................2,737
4.2
2,789
Leisure and hospitality ..........................................................................
6,397
9.8
6,706
Arts, entertainment, and recreation ...................................................1,324
2.0
1,375
Accommodation and food services .......................................................
5,073
7.7
5,331
Other services ......................................................................................
3,494
5.3
3,728
Other services, except private households ........................................2,850
4.3
3,072
Private households ............................................................................ 644
1.0
656
Public administration ..........................................................................................
3,060
4.7
3,048
.8
.2
1.2
6.4
3.5
2.9
13.3
1.6
11.7
2.5
2.1
.4
1.7
7.6
5.7
1.9
10.2
6.4
3.8
36.0
13.3
22.7
7.0
11.6
4.2
10.0
2.1
8.0
5.6
4.6
1.0
4.6
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov47 44
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 13. Employed persons, by industry and gender, 2011 and 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
2011
Industry and gender
Number
2012
Percent
Number
Percent
Men
Total, 16 years and older…………….………………………………………………………………………
74,290
100.0
75,555
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .............................................................................................
1,698
2.3
1,626
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ...................................................................................................
718
1.0
831
Construction .........................................................................................
8,211
11.1
8,162
Manufacturing .......................................................................................
10,228
13.8
10,432
Durable goods ....................................................................................
6,777
9.1
6,932
Nondurable goods ..............................................................................
3,451
4.6
3,499
Wholesale and retail trade ....................................................................
10,900
14.7
11,004
Wholesale trade ..................................................................................
2,715
3.7
2,638
Retail trade .........................................................................................
8,185
11.0
8,367
Transportation and utilities ...................................................................
5,575
7.5
5,581
Transportation and warehousing ........................................................
4,608
6.2
4,669
Utilities ................................................................................................ 967
1.3
912
Information ......................................................................................... 1,883
2.5
1,838
Financial activities ................................................................................
4,255
5.7
4,482
Finance and insurance .......................................................................
2,802
3.8
2,981
Real estate and rental and leasing .....................................................
1,453
2.0
1,501
Professional and business services .....................................................
9,338
12.6
9,741
Professional and technical services ...................................................
5,438
7.3
5,632
Management, administrative, and waste services........................... 3,901
5.3
4,109
Education and health services ..............................................................
8,160
11.0
8,263
Educational services ..........................................................................4,095
5.5
4,068
Health care and social assistance .....................................................4,066
5.5
4,196
Hospitals ..........................................................................................1,529
2.1
1,436
Health services, except hospitals ....................................................2,053
2.8
2,265
Social assistance ............................................................................. 484
0.7
494
Leisure and hospitality ..........................................................................
6,300
8.5
6,487
Arts, entertainment, and recreation ...................................................1,599
2.2
1,647
Accommodation and food services .......................................................
4,702
6.3
4,840
Other services ......................................................................................
3,230
4.3
3,439
Other services, except private households ........................................3,152
4.2
3,357
Private households ............................................................................ 78
.1
82
Public administration ..........................................................................................
3,793
5.1
3,669
100.0
2.2
1.1
10.8
13.8
9.2
4.6
14.6
3.5
11.1
7.4
6.2
1.2
2.4
5.9
3.9
2.0
12.9
7.5
5.4
10.9
5.4
5.6
1.9
3.0
0.7
8.6
2.2
6.4
4.6
4.4
.1
4.9
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
48
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 14. Employed persons, by detailed industry and gender, 2012 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Total, 16 years and older……………………...……………………………………………………
142,469
47.0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting.................................................................................
Crop production................................................................................................................
Animal production.............................................................................................................
Forestry, except logging....................................................................................................
Logging.............................................................................................................................
Fishing, hunting, and trapping..........................................................................................
Support activities for agriculture and forestry....................................................................
2,186
955
899
49
82
42
160
25.6
25.2
26.2
–
8.8
–
35.5
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction...........................................................................
Oil and gas extraction.......................................................................................................
Coal mining......................................................................................................................
Metal ore mining...............................................................................................................
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying.........................................................................
Not specified type of mining..............................................................................................
Support activities for mining..............................................................................................
957
92
97
45
88
15
620
13.2
23.3
5.9
–
13.5
–
12.8
Construction............................................................................................................................
8,964
9.0
Manufacturing..........................................................................................................................
Durable goods......................................................................................................................
Nonmetallic mineral products............................................................................................
Pottery, ceramics, and related product manufacturing...................................................
Structural clay product manufacturing............................................................................
Glass and glass product manufacturing.........................................................................
Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum product manufacturing........................................
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing............................................
Primary metals and fabricated metal product manufacturing.............................................
Iron and steel mills and steel product manufacturing.....................................................
Aluminum production and processing............................................................................
Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing...................................
Foundries.......................................................................................................................
Metal forgings and stampings........................................................................................
Cutlery and hand tool manufacturing.............................................................................
Structural metals and tanks and shipping container manufacturing...............................
Machine shops; turned products; screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing............................
Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities....................................................
Ordnance.......................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous fabricated metal product manufacturing.................................................
Not specified metal industries........................................................................................
Machinery manufacturing..................................................................................................
Agricultural implement manufacturing............................................................................
Construction, and mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing......................
Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing..........................................
Metalworking machinery manufacturing.........................................................................
Engines, turbines, and power transmission equipment manufacturing...........................
Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c.....................................................................................
Not specified machinery manufacturing.........................................................................
Computers and electronic product manufacturing.............................................................
Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing......................................................
Communications, and audio and video equipment manufacturing.................................
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control
instruments manufacturing...........................................................................................
Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c................................................
14,686
9,244
403
32
28
150
136
57
1,657
288
67
68
87
49
44
362
294
68
44
269
17
1,295
125
161
86
155
73
690
6
1,272
251
129
29.0
25.0
21.0
–
–
29.2
7.1
16.7
17.7
12.8
16.7
11.8
13.5
–
–
18.6
10.4
22.9
–
25.0
–
21.4
20.0
15.6
34.1
14.7
21.3
23.1
–
30.9
34.1
23.8
224
668
30.3
31.3
See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov49 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 14. Employed persons, by detailed industry and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Electrical equipment and appliances manufacturing..........................................................
Household appliance manufacturing..............................................................................
Electrical lighting and electrical equipment manufacturing, and other
electrical component manufacturing, n.e.c...................................................................
Transportation equipment manufacturing..........................................................................
Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment manufacturing..........................................
Aircraft and parts manufacturing....................................................................................
Aerospace product and parts manufacturing.................................................................
Railroad rolling stock manufacturing..............................................................................
Ship and boat building...................................................................................................
Other transportation equipment manufacturing..............................................................
Wood products manufacturing..........................................................................................
Sawmills and wood preservation....................................................................................
Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products..........................................................
Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes...........................................................
Miscellaneous wood products........................................................................................
Furniture and fixtures manufacturing.................................................................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing............................................................................................
Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing............................................................
Sporting and athletic goods, and doll, toy and game manufacturing..............................
Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c...............................................................................
Not specified manufacturing industries..........................................................................
390
70
31.7
42.3
321
2,061
1,034
385
427
29
150
36
388
126
32
32
199
410
1,366
583
108
490
186
29.4
22.3
24.2
21.3
22.9
–
10.2
–
14.9
10.3
–
–
16.7
24.9
38.1
42.4
35.5
35.6
33.1
Nondurable goods manufacturing.........................................................................................
Food manufacturing..........................................................................................................
Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling...........................................................................
Sugar and confectionery products.................................................................................
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty foods manufacturing................................
Dairy product manufacturing..........................................................................................
Animal slaughtering and processing..............................................................................
Retail bakeries...............................................................................................................
Bakeries, except retail...................................................................................................
Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c...............................................................
Not specified food industries........................................................................................
Beverages and tobacco products manufacturing...............................................................
Beverage manufacturing................................................................................................
Tobacco manufacturing.................................................................................................
Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing.....................................................................
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills..........................................................................................
Fabric mills, except knitting mills....................................................................................
Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills..................................................................
Carpet and rug mills.......................................................................................................
Textile product mills, except carpet and rug...................................................................
Knitting fabric mills and apparel knitting mills.................................................................
Cut and sew apparel manufacturing...............................................................................
Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing.................................................
Footwear manufacturing................................................................................................
Leather tanning and finishing and other allied products manufacturing..........................
Paper manufacturing and printing.....................................................................................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.................................................................................
Paperboard containers and boxes.................................................................................
Miscellaneous paper and pulp products.........................................................................
Printing and related support activities............................................................................
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing.....................................................................
Petroleum refining..........................................................................................................
5,443
1,706
151
72
132
150
480
279
183
190
70
272
257
15
597
9
103
23
50
93
24
223
8
35
30
883
189
94
85
515
207
191
35.7
40.6
26.9
42.1
37.0
28.1
37.1
61.9
37.5
43.3
41.1
26.4
26.2
–
52.9
–
44.0
–
43.5
52.5
–
62.0
–
–
–
28.2
16.7
17.8
34.8
33.2
17.7
17.6
See note at end of table.
50
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 14. Employed persons, by detailed industry and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products..................................................................
Chemicals manufacturing..................................................................................................
Resin, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments manufacturing...................................
Agricultural chemical manufacturing..............................................................................
Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing.................................................................
Paint, coating, and adhesive manufacturing...................................................................
Soap, cleaning compound, and cosmetics manufacturing.............................................
Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals........................................................................
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing.....................................................................
Plastics product manufacturing......................................................................................
Tire manufacturing.........................................................................................................
Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing...................................................................
16
1,286
206
31
451
56
140
401
491
331
79
80
–
33.4
30.0
–
46.6
18.5
53.0
16.6
30.2
32.0
25.1
28.0
Wholesale and retail trade.......................................................................................................
Wholesale trade...................................................................................................................
Motor vehicles, parts and supplies, merchant wholesalers................................................
Furniture and home furnishings, merchant wholesalers....................................................
Lumber and other construction materials, merchant wholesalers......................................
Professional and commercial equipment and supplies, merchant wholesalers.................
Metals and minerals, except petroleum, merchant wholesalers........................................
Electrical and electronic goods, merchant wholesalers.....................................................
Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies, merchant wholesalers...........
Machinery, equipment, and supplies, merchant wholesalers.............................................
Recyclable material, merchant wholesalers......................................................................
Miscellaneous durable goods, merchant wholesalers.......................................................
Paper and paper products, merchant wholesalers............................................................
Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products, merchant wholesalers.......................
Apparel, fabrics, and notions, merchant wholesalers........................................................
Groceries and related products, merchant wholesalers.....................................................
Farm product raw materials, merchant wholesalers..........................................................
Petroleum and petroleum products, merchant wholesalers...............................................
Alcoholic beverages, merchant wholesalers......................................................................
Farm supplies, merchant wholesalers...............................................................................
Miscellaneous nondurable goods, merchant wholesalers..................................................
Wholesale electronic markets, agents and brokers...........................................................
Not specified wholesale trade...........................................................................................
19,876
3,694
185
65
157
364
47
207
135
379
124
114
52
226
104
839
64
149
121
50
188
85
38
44.6
28.6
23.7
37.1
21.4
38.0
–
26.2
20.1
25.2
15.8
28.7
29.6
45.1
49.5
23.4
36.7
23.5
19.0
25.0
40.4
39.4
–
Retail trade...........................................................................................................................
Automobile dealers...........................................................................................................
Other motor vehicle dealers..............................................................................................
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores............................................................................
Furniture and home furnishings stores..............................................................................
Household appliance stores..............................................................................................
Radio, TV, and computer stores........................................................................................
Building material and supplies dealers..............................................................................
Hardware stores................................................................................................................
Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores.............................................................
Grocery stores..................................................................................................................
Specialty food stores.........................................................................................................
Beer, wine, and liquor stores.............................................................................................
Pharmacies and drug stores.............................................................................................
Health and personal care, except drug, stores..................................................................
Gasoline stations..............................................................................................................
Clothing stores..................................................................................................................
16,182
1,237
126
496
501
66
578
895
245
280
2,792
293
156
871
327
484
1,008
48.3
19.7
17.3
15.9
40.2
29.8
28.8
30.1
26.5
29.8
49.3
48.2
36.9
63.6
67.5
50.6
76.8
See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov51 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 14. Employed persons, by detailed industry and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Shoe stores.......................................................................................................................
Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores......................................................................
Sporting goods, camera, and hobby and toy stores..........................................................
Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores...................................................................
Music stores......................................................................................................................
Book stores and news dealers..........................................................................................
Department stores and discount stores.............................................................................
Miscellaneous general merchandise stores......................................................................
Retail florists.....................................................................................................................
Office supplies and stationery stores................................................................................
Used merchandise stores.................................................................................................
Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops......................................................................................
Miscellaneous retail stores................................................................................................
Electronic shopping...........................................................................................................
Electronic auctions............................................................................................................
Mail order houses.............................................................................................................
Vending machine operators..............................................................................................
Fuel dealers......................................................................................................................
Other direct selling establishments...................................................................................
Not specified retail trade...................................................................................................
183
199
461
68
59
150
2,205
506
97
142
255
143
459
168
23
78
42
81
192
316
50.3
66.3
43.6
78.9
28.7
52.9
60.2
58.5
76.5
38.6
62.3
73.7
53.7
41.7
–
65.3
–
22.1
73.7
51.7
Transportation and utilities.......................................................................................................
Transportation and warehousing..........................................................................................
Air transportation...............................................................................................................
Rail transportation.............................................................................................................
Water transportation.........................................................................................................
Truck transportation..........................................................................................................
Bus service and urban transit............................................................................................
Taxi and limousine service................................................................................................
Pipeline transportation......................................................................................................
Scenic and sightseeing transportation...............................................................................
Services incidental to transportation.................................................................................
Postal Service...................................................................................................................
Couriers and messengers.................................................................................................
Warehousing and storage.................................................................................................
7,271
6,082
559
254
56
1,784
472
225
59
37
843
704
671
417
23.2
23.2
36.0
9.6
16.8
11.7
38.1
11.5
26.0
–
24.3
40.2
19.6
28.2
Utilities.................................................................................................................................
Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution..................................................
Natural gas distribution.....................................................................................................
Electric and gas, and other combinations..........................................................................
Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems......................................................
Sewage treatment facilities...............................................................................................
Not specified utilities.........................................................................................................
1,190
620
111
83
237
121
17
23.3
23.4
29.4
34.8
20.9
13.8
–
Information...............................................................................................................................
Newspaper publishers.......................................................................................................
Periodical, book, and directory publishers.........................................................................
Software publishers…………............................................................................................
Motion pictures and video industries.................................................................................
Sound recording industries................................................................................................
Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming...........................
Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals...........................................
Wired telecommunications carriers...................................................................................
Other telecommunications services..................................................................................
2,971
283
252
67
370
33
547
60
523
487
38.2
44.7
52.3
35.0
30.9
–
32.4
36.6
27.7
33.9
See note at end of table.
52
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 14. Employed persons, by detailed industry and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Data processing, hosting, and related services.................................................................
Libraries and archives.......................................................................................................
Other information services................................................................................................
104
210
35
43.0
76.1
–
Financial activities...................................................................................................................
Finance and insurance.........................................................................................................
Banking and related activities............................................................................................
Savings institutions, including credit unions......................................................................
Nondepository credit and related activities........................................................................
Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments............................
Insurance carriers and related activities............................................................................
9,590
6,786
2,112
239
875
1,122
2,437
53.3
56.1
60.6
74.7
53.3
38.6
59.4
Real estate and rental and leasing.......................................................................................
Real estate........................................................................................................................
Rental and leasing services..............................................................................................
Automotive equipment rental and leasing......................................................................
Video tape and disk rental.............................................................................................
Other consumer goods rental........................................................................................
Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing..........................
2,804
2,409
395
172
18
103
101
46.5
49.6
27.4
27.5
–
29.1
21.2
Professional and business services.........................................................................................
Professional and technical services......................................................................................
Legal services...................................................................................................................
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services.......................................
Architectural, engineering, and related services................................................................
Specialized design services..............................................................................................
Computer systems design and related services................................................................
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services................................................
Scientific research and development services...................................................................
Advertising and related services.......................................................................................
Veterinary services...........................................................................................................
Other professional, scientific, and technical services........................................................
16,539
9,913
1,714
1,044
1,525
371
2,092
1,415
510
559
311
373
41.1
43.2
56.5
60.4
25.7
57.9
24.5
41.7
48.1
50.2
77.1
56.1
Management, administrative, and waste services................................................................
Management of companies and enterprises......................................................................
Employment services........................................................................................................
Business support services................................................................................................
Travel arrangement and reservation services...................................................................
Investigation and security services....................................................................................
Services to buildings and dwellings...................................................................................
Landscaping services........................................................................................................
Other administrative and other support services...............................................................
Waste management and remediation services..................................................................
6,626
187
1,037
793
268
782
1,422
1,327
293
518
38.0
49.7
52.1
62.9
61.7
24.2
52.4
7.4
38.7
14.4
Education and health services.................................................................................................
Educational services............................................................................................................
Elementary and secondary schools...................................................................................
Colleges and universities, including junior colleges...........................................................
Business, technical, and trade schools and training..........................................................
Other schools, instruction, and educational services.........................................................
32,350
12,945
8,491
3,609
121
723
74.5
68.6
75.8
53.1
48.2
64.2
Health care and social assistance........................................................................................
Hospitals...........................................................................................................................
19,405
6,113
78.4
76.5
See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov53 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 14. Employed persons, by detailed industry and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Health services, except hospitals......................................................................................
Offices of physicians......................................................................................................
Offices of dentists..........................................................................................................
Offices of chiropractors..................................................................................................
Offices of optometrists...................................................................................................
Offices of other health practitioners...............................................................................
Outpatient care centers.................................................................................................
Home health care services............................................................................................
Other health care services.............................................................................................
Nursing care facilities.....................................................................................................
Residential care facilities, without nursing.....................................................................
Social assistance..............................................................................................................
Individual and family services........................................................................................
Community food and housing, and emergency services................................................
Vocational rehabilitation services...................................................................................
Child day care services..................................................................................................
10,009
1,502
835
134
122
257
1,285
1,040
2,392
1,726
717
3,283
1,459
118
158
1,549
77.4
76.1
81.6
61.8
72.6
73.2
74.6
87.6
71.9
84.7
71.2
84.9
78.9
74.3
52.7
94.8
Leisure and hospitality.............................................................................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation......................................................................................
Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries...................
Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions.........................................
Bowling centers.................................................................................................................
Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries....................................................
13,193
3,022
824
340
44
1,813
50.8
45.5
42.6
43.7
–
47.1
Accommodation and food services.......................................................................................
Accommodation................................................................................................................
Traveler accommodation...............................................................................................
Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses...................
Food services and drinking places....................................................................................
Restaurants and other food services.............................................................................
Drinking places, alcoholic beverages.............................................................................
10,171
1,426
1,332
94
8,745
8,484
261
52.4
57.4
57.6
55.5
51.6
51.5
54.1
Other services.........................................................................................................................
Other services, except private households...........................................................................
Repair and maintenance...................................................................................................
Automotive repair and maintenance...............................................................................
Car washes....................................................................................................................
Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance.........................................
Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance..............
Personal and household goods repair and maintenance................................................
Footwear and leather goods repair................................................................................
Personal and laundry services..........................................................................................
Barber shops.................................................................................................................
Beauty salons................................................................................................................
Nail salons and other personal care services.................................................................
Drycleaning and laundry services..................................................................................
Funeral homes, cemeteries, and crematories................................................................
Other personal services.................................................................................................
Membership associations and organizations.....................................................................
Religious organizations..................................................................................................
Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services.................
Labor unions..................................................................................................................
Business, professional, political, and similar organizations............................................
Private households...............................................................................................................
7,168
6,430
2,146
1,237
171
179
360
191
8
2,379
121
987
466
337
124
344
1,904
1,059
638
50
157
738
52.0
47.8
12.1
10.0
13.5
12.2
8.6
30.6
–
71.8
28.7
90.0
74.0
57.7
34.0
59.3
58.0
51.7
69.7
32.1
61.7
88.9
See note at end of table.
54
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Table 14. Employed persons, by detailed industry and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Public administration................................................................................................................
Executive offices and legislative bodies............................................................................
Public finance activities.....................................................................................................
Other general government and support.............................................................................
Justice, public order, and safety activities.........................................................................
Administration of human resource programs.....................................................................
Administration of environmental quality and housing programs.........................................
Administration of economic programs and space research...............................................
National security and international affairs..........................................................................
Total employed Percent women
6,717
1,031
373
133
2,690
940
298
561
690
45.4
53.3
65.4
37.7
33.3
70.5
41.9
46.7
37.3
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.
Note: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov55 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 15. Employed women, by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2012 annual averages
(Percent distribution)
Industry
White
Total, 16 years and older (thousands)…………… 52,779
Percent……………………………………………… 100.0
Agriculture and related industries ..............................
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ............
Construction ..............................................................
Manufacturing ............................................................
Durable goods manufacturing .................................
Nondurable goods manufacturing ...........................
Wholesale and retail trade .........................................
Wholesale trade ......................................................
Retail trade ..............................................................
Transportation and utilities ........................................
Transportation and warehousing .............................
Utilities .....................................................................
Information ................................................................
Financial activities .....................................................
Finance and insurance ............................................
Real estate and rental and leasing ..........................
Professional and business services ..........................
Professional and technical services ........................
Management, administrative, and waste services....
Education and health services ...................................
Educational services ................................................
Health care and social assistance ...........................
Hospitals ................................................................
Health services, except hospitals ..........................
Social assistance ...................................................
Leisure and hospitality ...............................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation .........................
Accommodation and food services .........................
Other services ...........................................................
Other services, except private households .............
Private households ..................................................
Public administration .................................................
1.0
.2
1.4
6.3
3.4
2.9
13.5
1.7
11.8
2.4
1.9
.4
1.7
7.9
5.8
2.1
10.4
6.7
3.7
35.6
14.0
21.6
6.7
11.0
3.9
9.9
2.1
7.8
5.5
4.5
1.0
4.1
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
8,553
100.0
3,620
100.0
9,235
100.0
0.1
.1
.5
5.4
2.8
2.6
11.8
.9
11.0
3.7
3.2
.5
1.7
6.6
5.3
1.3
8.4
3.8
4.6
41.4
11.5
29.9
8.7
15.2
6.0
8.9
1.4
7.6
4.3
3.7
.6
7.0
0.4
.1
.7
9.0
5.4
3.6
12.3
1.7
10.5
2.0
1.9
.2
1.9
7.0
5.6
1.4
11.4
9.2
2.1
31.0
8.5
22.5
8.1
11.0
3.4
11.7
2.2
9.4
9.1
8.3
.7
3.6
1.1
.2
.9
7.8
3.2
4.5
14.1
1.7
12.4
2.7
2.4
.3
1.2
6.7
5.0
1.7
10.5
4.0
6.6
30.1
10.0
20.1
4.6
10.2
5.3
14.5
1.7
12.8
6.8
4.1
2.7
3.6
Note: Women whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
56
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Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, in current dollars, by race,
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–2012 annual averages
Total
Total
White
Black or
African
American
1979……..
$241
$248
$199
1980……..
1981……..
1982……..
1983……..
1984……..
1985………
1986…….
262
284
302
313
326
344
359
374
385
399
269
291
310
320
336
356
371
384
395
409
412
426
440
459
467
479
490
503
523
549
Women
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Total
White
Black or
African
American
–
$194
$182
$184
$169
–
$157
212
235
245
261
269
277
291
301
314
319
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
209
223
240
250
259
270
277
285
290
298
201
219
239
252
265
277
291
303
315
328
203
221
242
254
268
281
294
307
318
334
185
206
217
232
241
252
264
276
288
301
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
172
190
203
215
223
230
241
251
260
269
424
442
458
475
484
494
506
519
545
573
329
348
357
369
371
383
387
400
426
445
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
304
312
321
331
324
329
339
351
370
385
346
366
380
393
399
406
418
431
456
473
353
373
387
401
408
415
428
444
468
483
308
323
335
348
346
355
362
375
400
409
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
278
292
302
313
305
305
316
318
337
348
2004……..
2005………
2006……..
2007……..
2008…….
2009…….
576
596
608
620
638
651
671
695
722
739
590
610
623
636
657
672
690
716
742
757
474
491
498
514
525
520
554
569
589
601
$615
639
658
693
708
753
784
830
861
880
399
417
424
440
456
471
486
503
529
541
493
512
529
552
573
585
600
614
638
657
502
522
547
567
584
596
609
626
654
669
429
454
473
491
505
499
519
533
554
582
$547
563
566
598
613
665
699
731
753
779
366
388
397
410
419
429
440
473
501
509
2010…….
2011…….
2012…….
747
756
768
765
775
792
611
615
621
855
866
920
535
549
568
669
684
691
684
703
710
592
595
599
773
751
770
508
518
521
Year
1987……..
1988………
1989……..
1990…….
1991……..
1992……..
1993……..
1994…….
1995……..
1996……..
1997…….
1998…….
1999…….
2000…….
2001……..
2002…….
2003…….
Asian
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov57 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race,
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and gender, 1979–2012 annual averages (continued)
Men
Total
White
Black or
African
American
1979……..
$292
$298
$227
1980……..
1981……..
1982……..
1983……..
1984……..
1985………
1986…….
313
340
364
379
392
407
419
434
449
468
320
350
375
387
401
418
433
450
465
482
481
493
501
510
522
538
557
579
598
618
Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Total
White
Black or
African
American
–
$219
62.3
61.7
74.4
–
71.7
244
268
278
294
303
305
319
327
348
348
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
234
251
269
274
287
296
299
306
308
315
64.2
64.4
65.7
66.5
67.6
68.1
69.5
69.8
70.2
70.1
63.4
63.1
64.5
65.6
66.8
67.2
67.9
68.2
68.4
69.3
75.8
76.9
78.1
78.9
79.5
82.6
82.8
84.4
82.8
86.5
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
73.5
75.7
75.5
78.5
77.7
77.7
80.6
82.0
84.4
85.4
494
506
514
524
547
566
580
595
615
638
361
375
380
392
400
411
412
432
468
488
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
318
323
339
346
343
350
356
371
390
406
71.9
74.2
75.8
77.1
76.4
75.5
75.0
74.4
76.3
76.5
71.5
73.7
75.3
76.5
74.6
73.3
73.8
74.6
76.1
75.7
85.3
86.1
88.2
88.8
86.5
86.4
87.9
86.8
85.5
83.8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
87.4
90.4
89.1
90.5
88.9
87.1
88.8
85.7
86.4
85.7
2004……..
2005………
2006……..
2007……..
2008…….
2009…….
641
670
679
695
713
722
743
766
798
819
662
689
702
715
732
743
761
788
825
845
510
529
524
555
569
559
591
600
620
621
$685
732
756
772
802
825
882
936
966
952
417
440
451
464
480
489
505
520
559
569
76.9
76.4
77.9
79.4
80.4
81.0
80.8
80.2
79.9
80.2
75.8
75.8
77.9
79.3
79.8
80.2
80.0
79.4
79.3
79.2
84.1
85.8
90.3
88.5
88.8
89.3
87.8
88.8
89.4
93.7
79.9
76.9
74.9
77.5
76.4
80.6
79.3
78.1
78.0
81.8
87.8
88.2
88.0
88.4
87.3
87.7
87.1
91.0
89.6
89.5
2010…….
2011…….
2012…….
824
832
854
850
856
879
633
653
665
936
970
1,055
560
571
592
81.2
82.2
80.9
80.5
82.1
80.8
93.5
91.1
90.1
82.6
77.4
73.0
90.7
90.7
88.0
Year
1987……..
1988………
1989……..
1990…….
1991……..
1992……..
1993……..
1994…….
1995……..
1996……..
1997…….
1998…….
1999…….
2000…….
2001……..
2002…….
2003…….
Asian
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual
changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability section of the household
data technical documentation provided at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. Beginning in 2003, estimates for the
race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people
who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were
included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 2000 to 2002 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders.
Starting in 2003, Asians constituted a separate category. For more information, see the historical comparability documentation.
Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dashes indicate that data for Asians were not
tabulated prior to 2000.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
55
58
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Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and
salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment
and gender, 2012 annual averages
Educational attainment and gender
Total employed
(in thousands)
Median weekly
earnings
Total
Total……………….……………………………… 93,719
Less than a high school diploma …………...… 7,010
High school graduate or more………….………….
86,709
High school graduates, no college…………. 25,239
Some college or associate's degree…………………
25,826
Some college, no degree…………….……… 15,470
Associate's degree………………….…………10,357
Occupational program…………...…………. 4,554
Academic program…………….…………… 5,803
College graduates, total…………………..…………
35,644
Bachelor's degree……………….…………. 22,715
Master's degree…………………...……….
9,519
Professional degree…..……………..……..
1,612
Doctoral degree…………...……………….
1,799
$815
471
857
652
749
727
785
775
795
1,165
1,066
1,300
1,735
1,624
Women
Total……………………………..………………… 41,597
Less than a high school diploma…………...… 2,236
High school graduate or more………….………….
39,361
High school graduates, no college…………. 10,152
Some college or associate's degree…………………
12,310
Some college, no degree…………….……… 7,025
Associate's degree………………….………… 5,285
Occupational program…………...…………. 2,158
Academic program…………….…………… 3,128
College graduates, total…………………..…………
16,899
Bachelor's degree……………...………….
10,697
Master's degree………………...………….
4,934
Professional degree……………….………..
599
Doctoral degree……………………..……….
669
727
386
749
561
659
634
697
670
714
1,001
931
1,122
1,411
1,413
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov59 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and
salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment
and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
Educational attainment and gender
Total employed
(in thousands)
Median weekly
earnings
Men
Total……………………….……………………… 52,122
Less than a high school diploma…………..…
4,773
High school graduate or more…………………. 47,349
High school graduates, no college…………. 15,087
Some college or associate's degree…………………
13,517
Some college, no degree…………….……… 8,445
Associate's degree………………….………… 5,072
Occupational program…………...…………. 2,396
Academic program…………….…………… 2,675
College graduates, total…………………..…………
18,745
Bachelor's degree………………….………. 12,018
Master's degree……………...…………….
4,585
Professional degree…………...…………………..
1,012
Doctoral degree………………….………….
1,130
$910
508
961
735
857
826
905
892
918
1,371
1,246
1,545
1,896
1,778
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
60
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Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and gender,
2012 annual averages
Total
Occupation
Women
Men
Women's
earnings as
Number of Median
Median
Median
a
Total
Total
workers
weekly
weekly
weekly percentage
employed
employed
(thousands) earnings
earnings
earnings
of men's
Total, 16 years and older……………………………………………… 102,749
Management, professional, and related occupations……………… 40,984
Management, business, and financial
operations occupations…………………………………………… 16,991
Management occupations………………………………………… 11,547
Chief executives………………………………………………… 1,004
General and operations managers…………........................
983
Legislators………………………………………………………
7
Advertising and promotions managers………………………
65
Marketing and sales managers…………..........................…
916
Public relations and fundraising managers…………………
56
Administrative services managers……………………………
133
Computer and information systems managers………………
568
Financial managers……………………………………………
1,125
Compensation and benefits managers………………………
16
Human resources managers…………………………………
216
Training and development managers…………………………
33
Industrial production managers…………..........................…
219
Purchasing managers…………………………………………
204
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers…………
276
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers………
104
Construction managers…………………………………………
460
Education administrators………………………………….……
704
Architectural and engineering managers……………………
111
Food service managers……………………………………….
678
Funeral service managers……….……………………………
8
Gaming managers……………..………………………………
21
Lodging managers……………………………………………
100
Medical and health services managers………………………
502
Natural sciences managers……………………………………
18
Postmasters and mail superintendents………………………
35
Property, real estate, and community
association managers…………………………………………
353
Social and community service managers……………………
260
Emergency management directors……………………………
5
Managers, all other…………………………………………….
2,367
Business and financial operations occupations………………
5,443
Agents and business managers of artists,
performers, and athletes………………………………………
31
Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products………………
8
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products…………
141
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and
farm products…………………………………………………
239
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners,
and investigators………………………………………………
307
Compliance officers……………………………………………
192
Cost estimators…………………………………………………
91
Human resource workers………………………………………
559
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialits………
72
Training and development specialists…………………………
120
Logisticians…………………………………………………….
88
Management analysts…………………………………………
479
Meeting, convention, and event planners……………………
86
$768
1,108
45,462
21,059
$691
951
57,286
19,926
$854
1,328
80.9
71.6
1,171
1,248
2,060
1,264
1
( )
1,334
1,396
1,237
1,103
1,672
1,169
1
( )
1,271
1
( )
1,183
1,319
953
708
1,208
1,255
2,122
689
1
( )
(1 )
774
1,280
1
( )
1
( )
7,869
4,765
265
278
3
29
402
39
57
145
616
9
160
17
34
99
36
14
35
454
9
327
4
6
47
358
11
21
993
1,036
1,730
971
1
( )
1
( )
1,110
(1 )
1,038
1,527
988
(1 )
1,208
(1 )
1
( )
1,072
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
1,052
1
( )
601
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
1,190
(1 )
1
( )
9,121
6,783
739
705
4
36
514
17
76
423
509
7
56
16
185
104
240
89
425
250
101
351
5
15
53
144
7
14
1,387
1,428
2,275
1,436
1
( )
1
( )
1,640
1
( )
1,212
1,740
1,405
(1 )
1,447
(1 )
1,181
1,467
938
699
1,233
1,566
2,116
744
1
( )
1
( )
1,131
1,544
(1 )
1
( )
71.6
72.5
76.0
67.6
(²)
(²)
67.7
(²)
85.6
87.8
70.3
(²)
83.5
(²)
(²)
73.1
(²)
(²)
(²)
67.2
(²)
80.8
(²)
(²)
(²)
77.1
(²)
(²)
907
947
1
( )
1,258
1,058
200
184
2
902
3,105
817
883
(1 )
1,078
952
153
76
3
1,465
2,339
1,045
1,151
(1 )
1,409
1,274
78.2
76.7
(²)
76.5
74.7
1
( )
1
( )
850
16
2
75
(1 )
1
( )
847
15
6
66
(1 )
1
( )
853
(²)
(²)
99.3
987
130
942
109
1,057
89.1
909
1,183
1,154
994
961
983
1,009
1,452
819
203
91
10
401
59
69
30
202
72
803
999
1
( )
944
866
866
(1 )
1,325
824
104
101
81
158
13
51
57
277
15
1,158
1,304
1,164
1,249
(1 )
1,144
1,225
1,535
1
( )
69.3
76.6
(²)
75.6
(²)
75.7
(²)
86.3
(²)
See footnotes at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov61 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and gender,
2012 annual averages (continued)
Both sexes
Occupation
Women
Men
Women's
earnings as
Number of Median
Median
Median
a
Total
Total
workers
weekly
weekly
weekly percentage
employed
employed
(thousands) earnings
earnings
earnings
of men's
61
Fundraisers………………………………………………………
Market research analysts and marketing specialists………
175
Business operations specialists, all other…………..............
220
Accountants and auditors……………………………………..
1,471
Appraisers and assessors of real estate………………………
48
Budget analysts…………………………………………………
52
Credit analysts…………………………………………………
33
Financial analysts………………………………………………
77
Personal financial advisors……………………………………
278
Insurance underwriters…………..........................……………
91
Financial examiners……………………………………………
11
Credit counselors and loan officers……………………………
310
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents……………
87
Tax preparers……………………………………………………
48
Financial specialists, all other…………………………………
68
Professional and related occupations…………………………… 23,993
Computer and mathematical occupations……………………… 3,416
Computer and information research scientists………………
27
Computer systems analysts……………………………………
440
Information security analysts…………………………………
51
Computer programmers………………………………………
439
Software developers, applications and systems software…
1,005
Web developers…………………………………………………
123
Computer support specialists…………………………………
429
Database administrators………………………………………
97
Network and computer systems administrators………………
204
Computer network architects…………………………………
115
Computer occupations, all other………………………………
288
Actuaries………………………………………………………..
19
Mathematicians……………………..........................…………
4
Operations research analysts…………………………………
127
Statisticians…………………………………………………….
44
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations…………
4
Architecture and engineering occupations……………………… 2,588
Architects, except naval……………………………………….
130
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists…………
45
Aerospace engineers………………………………………….
120
Agricultural engineers…………..........................……………
4
Biomedical engineers……………………………………………
11
Chemical engineers……………………………………………
71
Civil engineers……………………………………………………
334
Computer hardware engineers…………………………………
73
Electrical and electronics engineers…………………………
311
Environmental engineers………………………………………
39
Industrial engineers, including health and safety……………
202
Marine engineers and naval architects………………………
10
Materials engineers……………………………………………
36
Mechanical engineers…………………………………………
280
Mining and geological engineers, including
mining safety engineers……………………………………..
9
Nuclear engineers………………………………………………
10
Petroleum engineers……………………………………………
33
$1,058
1,148
970
1,110
1
( )
1,207
(1 )
1,487
1,327
954
1
( )
934
937
1
( )
1,025
1,053
1,349
1
( )
1,406
1,592
1,324
1,591
1,082
960
1,376
1,191
1,548
1,110
1
( )
1
( )
1,334
(1 )
1
( )
1,337
1,325
1
( )
1,645
1
( )
1
( )
1,509
1,367
1,548
1,550
1
( )
1,393
1
( )
(1 )
1,434
45
90
147
886
25
28
18
30
96
66
6
181
54
25
48
13,189
872
6
145
8
100
197
36
116
40
51
11
65
6
1
70
18
3
319
29
12
10
1
1
10
47
7
27
6
34
2
6
10
( )
$1,073
904
996
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
1,016
933
1
( )
850
849
1
( )
1
( )
928
1,146
1
( )
1,254
(1 )
1,148
1,362
1
( )
881
1
( )
1,056
(1 )
887
1
( )
1
( )
1,169
(1 )
(1 )
1,136
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
1
16
85
73
585
23
24
15
48
182
24
5
130
33
24
20
10,804
2,544
21
295
43
340
808
86
313
57
153
104
223
14
3
57
26
1
2,269
102
32
111
3
10
61
287
66
284
33
167
7
30
270
(1 )
$1,197
1,271
1,350
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
1,532
1
( )
1
( )
1,074
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
1,267
1,414
1
( )
1,477
(1 )
1,363
1,674
1,204
985
1,657
1,253
1,569
1,155
1
( )
1
( )
1,551
(1 )
(1 )
1,358
1,415
(1 )
1,665
(1 )
(1 )
1,582
1,428
1,571
1,614
(1 )
1,408
1
( )
(1 )
1,442
(²)
89.6
71.1
73.8
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
66.3
(²)
(²)
79.1
(²)
(²)
(²)
73.2
81.0
(²)
84.9
(²)
84.2
81.4
(²)
89.4
(²)
84.3
(²)
76.8
(²)
(²)
75.4
(²)
(²)
83.7
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
0
0
3
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
8
10
30
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
(²)
(²)
(²)
See footnotes at end of table.
62
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and gender,
2012 annual averages (continued)
Both sexes
Occupation
Women
Men
Women's
earnings as
Number of Median
Median
Median
a
Total
Total
workers
weekly
weekly
weekly percentage
employed
employed
(thousands) earnings
earnings
earnings
of men's
Engineers, all other………………………………………….…
Drafters……………………………………………………………
Engineering technicians, except drafters……………………
Surveying and mapping technicians…………………………
Life, physical, and social science occupations…………………
Agricultural and food scientists……………………………….
Biological scientists……………………………………………
Conservation scientists and foresters…………………………
Medical scientists………………………………………………
Astronomers and physicists……………………………………
Atmospheric and space scientists……………………………
Chemists and materials scientists……………………………
Environmental scientists and geoscientists…………………
Physical scientists, all other……………………………….……
Economists……………………………………………………..
Survey researchers……………………………….……………
Psychologists……………………………………………………
Sociologists…………………………………………………….
Urban and regional planners…………………………………
Miscellaneous social scientists and related
workers…………………………………………………………
Agricultural and food science technicians……………………
Biological technicians……………………………………………
Chemical technicians……………………………………………
Geological and petroleum technicians………………………
Nuclear technicians……………………………………………
Social science research assistants……………………………
Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science
technicians………………………………………………………
Community and social services occupations……………………
Counselors……………………………..........................………
Social workers……………………………………………………
Probation officers and correctional treatment
specialists………………………………………………………
Social and human service assistants…………………………
Miscellaneous community and social service
specialists, including health educators and community
health workers…………………………………………………
Clergy…………………………………………………………..
Directors, religious activities and education…………………
Religious workers, all other……………………………………
Legal occupations…………………………………………………
Lawyers…………………………………………………………
Judicial law clerks………………………………………………
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers……………
Paralegals and legal assistants………………………………
Miscellaneous legal support workers…………………………
Education, training, and library occupations……………………
Postsecondary teachers………………………………………
Preschool and kindergarten teachers…………………………
Elementary and middle school teachers………………………
Secondary school teachers……………………………………
Special education teachers……………………………………
1
315
129
360
67
1,098
34
94
18
123
22
14
98
93
145
23
3
93
4
28
$1,439
962
989
885
1,134
1
( )
1,181
1
( )
1,163
1
( )
1
( )
1,163
1,266
1,456
(1 )
1
( )
1,228
(1 )
(1 )
40
21
48
4
467
10
43
2
59
3
2
42
25
50
5
2
72
1
12
( )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
$1,015
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
1,060
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
1,171
(1 )
(1 )
1,155
1
( )
(1 )
275
108
312
63
631
23
51
15
64
19
13
56
68
96
18
1
21
2
16
$1,456
958
1,008
891
1,226
1
( )
1,331
1
( )
1,331
(1 )
1
( )
1,226
1,390
1,522
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
82.8
(²)
(²)
(²)
79.6
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
76.9
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
44
29
14
62
22
4
3
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
779
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
22
15
6
17
10
0
3
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
22
14
8
45
12
4
0
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
128
1,891
519
668
745
838
848
847
66
1,177
347
535
620
820
855
845
62
714
172
134
825
869
833
856
75.2
94.4
102.6
98.7
85
124
948
637
40
99
1
( )
656
44
25
(1 )
1
( )
(²)
(²)
74
344
37
40
1,315
690
9
64
372
181
6,454
920
494
2,435
1,043
307
667
895
1
( )
1
( )
1,328
1,909
1
( )
1,637
872
815
915
1,216
589
942
1,009
944
51
63
23
20
716
228
5
26
317
139
4,687
424
485
1,971
578
264
642
777
(1 )
(1 )
1,013
1,636
1
( )
1
( )
865
754
858
1,055
588
921
978
940
24
281
14
21
600
462
4
38
54
42
1,766
497
9
464
465
43
( )
959
(1 )
(1 )
1,884
2,055
1
( )
(1 )
919
1
( )
1,133
1,366
1
( )
1,128
1,050
1
( )
1
(²)
81.0
(²)
(²)
53.8
79.6
(²)
(²)
94.1
(²)
75.7
77.2
(²)
81.6
93.1
(²)
See footnotes at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov63 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and gender,
2012 annual averages (continued)
Both sexes
Occupation
Women
Men
Women's
earnings as
Number of Median
Median
Median
a
Total
Total
workers
weekly
weekly
weekly percentage
employed
employed
(thousands) earnings
earnings
earnings
of men's
Other teachers and instructors…………………………………
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians………………
Librarians…………………………………………………………
Library technicians………………………………………………
Teacher assistants…………………………………………….
Other education, training, and library workers………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations……………………………………………………
Artists and related workers……………………………………
Designers……………………………………………………….
Actors……………………………………………………………
Producers and directors………………………………………
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers……………
Dancers and choreographers…………………………………
Musicians, singers, and related workers………………………
Entertainers and performers, sports and related
workers, all other…………………………………………….…
Announcers………………………………………………………
News analysts, reporters and correspondents………………
Public relations specialists……………………………………
Editors……………………………………………………………
Technical writers…………………………………………………
Writers and authors……………………………………………
Miscellaneous media and communication workers…………
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians
and radio operators……………………………………………
Photographers……………………………………………………
Television, video, and motion picture camera
operators and editors…………………………………………
Media and communication equipment
workers, all others……………………………………………
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations……………
Chiropractors……………………………………………………
Dentists…………………………………………………………
Dietitians and nutritionists………………………………………
Optometrists……………………………………………………
Pharmacists………………………………………………………
Physicians and surgeons………………………………………
Physician assistants……………………………………………
Podiatrists………………………..........................……………
Audiologists…………………………………………………….
Occupational therapists…………………………………………
Physical therapists………………………………………….…
Radiation therapists……………………………………………
Recreational therapists…………………………………………
Respiratory therapists……………………………………….…
Speech-language pathologists…………………………………
Exercise physiologists…………………………………………
Therapists, all other……………………………………………
Veterinarians……………………………………………………
Registered Nurses………………………………………………
Nurse anesthetists………………………………………………
Nurse midwives…………………………………………………
Nurse practitioners………………………………………………
372
40
143
21
567
110
$785
1
( )
966
1
( )
458
1,011
220
21
120
17
515
72
$729
(1 )
960
1
( )
452
932
151
20
24
4
51
38
$917
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
493
1
( )
79.5
(²)
(²)
(²)
91.7
(²)
1,440
68
467
10
75
89
5
49
969
1,131
953
1
( )
1,048
958
1
( )
1
( )
631
24
226
5
34
25
5
13
885
1
( )
855
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
809
44
241
5
41
63
0
36
1,055
(1 )
1,028
(1 )
(1 )
1,018
(1 )
(1 )
83.9
(²)
83.2
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
14
20
63
133
121
52
86
43
1
( )
1
( )
1,021
1,127
946
1,227
899
1
( )
5
3
24
79
62
27
46
28
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
989
889
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
9
17
39
55
59
24
40
15
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
1,351
993
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
(²)
(²)
(²)
73.2
89.5
(²)
(²)
(²)
70
37
875
1
( )
5
14
( )
1
( )
1
64
24
924
1
( )
(²)
(²)
34
( )
5
( )
1
29
( )
1
(²)
3
5,791
7
49
79
7
223
655
88
1
7
85
144
11
10
92
88
0
88
49
2,176
24
2
77
(1 )
1,028
1
( )
(1 )
840
(1 )
1,877
1,887
1,329
1
( )
1
( )
1,189
1,287
1
( )
1
( )
979
1,128
1
( )
926
1
( )
1,097
1
( )
1
( )
1,610
2
4,320
3
13
73
3
116
226
61
1
6
82
88
9
9
56
86
0
71
29
1,946
12
2
65
(1 )
980
(1 )
(1 )
845
(1 )
1,871
1,418
1,364
(1 )
(1 )
1,200
1,190
1
( )
1
( )
936
1,121
1
( )
877
1
( )
1,086
(1 )
(1 )
1,530
1
1,471
4
37
6
4
107
429
27
0
1
3
56
1
1
36
3
0
16
20
230
11
0
12
(1 )
1,245
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
1,879
2,099
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
1,362
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
1,189
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
(²)
78.7
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
99.6
67.6
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
87.4
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
91.3
(²)
(²)
(²)
1
See footnotes at end of table.
64
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and gender,
2012 annual averages (continued)
Both sexes
Occupation
Women
Men
Women's
earnings as
Number of Median
Median
Median
a
Total
Total
workers
weekly
weekly
weekly percentage
employed
employed
(thousands) earnings
earnings
earnings
of men's
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners,
all other…………………………………………………………
3
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians…………
256
Dental hygienists………………………………………………
51
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians……………
241
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics……………
145
Health practitioner support technologists and technicians…
403
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses…………
433
Medical records and health information
technicians………………………………………………………
74
Opticians, dispensing………………………………………….
41
Miscellaneous health technologists and
technicians………………………………………………………
113
Other healthcare practitioners and technical
occupations……………………………………………………
69
Service occupations………………………………………………… 14,839
Health care support occupations………………………………… 2,350
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides………………… 1,458
Occupational therapy assistants and aides…………….……
11
Physical therapist assistants and aides………………………
45
Massage therapists……………………………………………
42
Dental assistants……………………………………………….
174
Medical assistants………………………………………………
323
Medical transcriptionists………………………………………
30
Pharmacy aides……………………………………………….
30
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal
caretakers………………………………………………………
22
Phlebotomists……………………………………………………
101
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations,
including medical equipment preparers………………………
112
Protective service occupations…………………………………
2,655
First-line supervisors of correctional officers…………………
51
First-line supervisors of police and detectives………………
105
First-line supervisors of fire fighting and
prevention workers……………………………………………
59
First-line supervisors, protective service workers,
all other…………………………………………………………
80
Firefighters………………………………………………………
276
Fire inspectors…………………………………………………
15
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers………………………
363
Detectives and criminal investigators…………………………
151
Fish and game wardens………………………………………
5
Parking enforcement workers…………………………………
3
Police and sheriff's patrol officers……………………………
629
Transit and railroad police………..........................…………
3
Animal control workers…………………………………………
8
Private detectives and investigators…………………………
76
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers……………
742
Crossing guards…………………………………………………
17
Transportation security screeners……………………………
18
Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other
protective service workers……………………………………
55
( )
$869
1,045
961
780
615
731
1
0
180
50
174
44
322
400
(1 )
$842
1,047
912
1
( )
621
730
3
76
0
67
100
82
33
(1 )
$943
1
( )
1,131
809
599
1
( )
(²)
89.3
(²)
80.6
(²)
103.7
(²)
618
(1 )
65
24
663
(1 )
9
17
1
( )
(1 )
(²)
(²)
772
71
714
42
1
( )
(²)
900
485
482
451
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
579
514
(1 )
(1 )
34
7,328
2,060
1,285
11
26
32
172
302
29
28
( )
435
477
445
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
581
515
1
( )
1
( )
1
36
7,511
290
173
0
19
11
2
21
1
2
(1 )
543
529
508
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
(²)
80.1
90.2
87.6
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
( )
520
15
82
( )
516
1
7
19
( )
1
( )
487
791
820
1,216
77
500
17
16
462
658
1
( )
1
( )
35
2,154
33
89
1,271
0
1
( )
881
1,068
(1 )
722
1,062
(1 )
1
( )
979
(1 )
1
( )
848
528
1
( )
1
( )
26
8
2
102
37
1
1
76
0
3
34
138
9
6
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
643
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
815
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
501
1
( )
1
( )
472
24
( )
1
1
1
(²)
(²)
( )
841
(1 )
1,240
1
(²)
78.2
(²)
(²)
59
1,272
(²)
54
268
13
261
114
4
2
554
3
5
42
603
8
12
806
1,073
(1 )
768
1,171
(1 )
1
( )
1,016
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
537
1
( )
1
( )
(²)
(²)
(²)
83.7
(²)
(²)
(²)
80.2
(²)
(²)
(²)
93.3
(²)
(²)
32
( )
1
(²)
See footnotes at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov65 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and gender,
2012 annual averages (continued)
Both sexes
Occupation
Women
Men
Women's
earnings as
Median
Number of Median
Median
a
Total
Total
weekly percentage
workers
weekly
weekly
employed
employed
earnings
(thousands) earnings
earnings
of men's
Food preparation and serving related occupations……………
4,164
Chefs and head cooks…………………………………………
318
First-line supervisors of food preparation and
serving workers………………………………………………
415
Cooks……………………………………………………………
1,240
Food preparation workers………………………………………
432
Bartenders………………………………………………………
209
Combined food preparation and serving workers,
including fast food……………………………………………
166
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession,
and coffee shop………………………………………………
56
Waiters and waitresses……………………………………….
891
Food servers, nonrestaurant………………………………..…
112
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and
bartender helpers………………………………………………
137
Dishwashers……………………………………………………
127
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and
coffee shop……………………………………………………
59
Food preparation and serving related workers,
all other………………………………………………………..
1
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations……………………………………………………
3,430
First-line supervisors of housekeeping and
janitorial workers………………………………………………
159
First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service,
and groundskeeping workers…………………………………
109
Janitors and building cleaners………………………………..
1,514
Maids and housekeeping cleaners……………………………
791
Pest control workers……………………………………………
62
Grounds maintenance workers……………………………….
795
Personal care and service occupations………………………… 2,241
First-line supervisors of gaming workers……………………
92
First-line supervisors of personal
service workers…………………………………………………
83
Animal trainers…………………………………………………
11
Nonfarm animal caretakers……………………………………
78
Gaming services workers…………………………………….
74
Motion picture projectionists……………………………………
0
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers…………………
10
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and
related workers…………………………………………………
61
Embalmers and funeral attendants……………………………
8
Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors………………
23
Barbers……………………………………………………………
57
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists………………
294
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers………………
154
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges…………………
49
Tour and travel guides…………………………………………
20
Childcare workers………………………………………………
425
Personal care aides……………………………………………
549
Recreation and fitness workers………………………………
174
Residential advisors……………………………………………
48
Personal care and service workers, all other…………………
32
Sales and office occupations……………………………………… 23,115
Sales and related occupations…………………………………… 9,433
First-line supervisors of retail
sales workers…………………………………………………
2,295
First-line supervisors of non-retail
sales workers………………. ……………………………….
791
$410
562
1,975
56
$389
462
2,189
261
$433
582
89.8
79.4
491
389
383
460
245
408
241
112
451
361
357
421
170
833
191
97
561
403
408
520
80.4
89.6
87.5
81.0
382
109
368
57
406
90.6
350
411
456
40
569
63
( )
396
434
1
17
322
49
(1 )
456
1
( )
(²)
86.8
(²)
370
345
67
21
366
1
( )
70
106
374
337
97.9
(²)
391
44
(1 )
15
(1 )
(²)
(1 )
0
( )
1
( )
1
(²)
465
1,156
407
2,275
501
81.2
569
72
505
88
687
73.5
745
484
399
571
455
468
752
4
380
668
3
29
1,637
34
( )
408
395
1
( )
1
( )
428
1
( )
105
1,134
123
59
766
603
59
748
511
425
570
452
569
864
(²)
79.8
92.9
(²)
(²)
75.2
(²)
600
1
( )
414
604
1
( )
1
( )
53
8
57
38
0
5
518
1
( )
417
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
30
4
21
36
0
5
( )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
470
1
( )
1
( )
466
473
427
1
( )
1
( )
390
422
575
1
( )
1
( )
655
689
26
2
3
15
272
123
7
8
395
450
102
27
13
13,914
4,005
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
468
430
1
( )
1
( )
386
412
542
(1 )
(1 )
610
521
35
6
19
42
22
31
41
12
31
99
71
21
19
9,202
5,428
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
465
675
(1 )
(1 )
768
838
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
88.6
80.3
(²)
(²)
79.4
62.2
711
977
598
1,317
792
75.5
1,045
220
847
571
1,130
75.0
1
1
1
See footnotes at end of table.
66
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and gender,
2012 annual averages (continued)
Both sexes
Occupation
Women
Men
Women's
earnings as
Number of Median
Median
Median
a
Total
Total
workers
weekly
weekly
weekly percentage
employed
employed
(thousands) earnings
earnings
earnings
of men's
Cashiers…………………………………………………………
1,348
Counter and rental clerks………………………………………
96
Parts salespersons………………………………………….…
88
Retail salespersons……………………………………………
1,842
Advertising sales agents………………………………………
191
Insurance sales agents…………………………………………
389
Securities, commodities, and financial services
sales agents……………………………………………………
220
Travel agents………..........................…………………………
44
Sales representatives, services, all other……………………
415
Sales representatives, wholesale and
manufacturing…………………………………………………
1,091
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters……………
18
Real estate brokers and sales agents…………………………
328
Sales engineers…………………………………………………
26
Telemarketers……………………………………………………
65
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street
vendors, and related workers………………………………
43
Sales and related workers, all other…………………………
144
Office and administrative support occupations………………… 13,683
First-line supervisors of office and
administrative support workers………………………………
1,274
Switchboard operators, including answering
service………………………………………………………….
28
Telephone operators……………………………………………
35
Communications equipment operators, all other……………
8
Bill and account collectors………………………………….…
183
Billing and posting clerks ………………………………………
394
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks………………
857
Gaming cage workers…………………………………………
6
Payroll and timekeeping clerks………………………………
126
Procurement clerks……………………………………………
26
Tellers……………………………………………………………
268
Financial clerks, all other………………………………………
44
Brokerage clerks……………………………………………….
5
Correspondence clerks…………………………………………
6
Court, municipal, and license clerks…………………………
77
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks………………………
42
Customer service representatives…………………………..
1,535
Eligibility interviewers, government programs………………
78
File clerks…………………………………………………………
204
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks…………………………
73
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan………………………
104
Library assistants, clerical………………………………………
34
Loan interviewers and clerks…………………………………
133
New accounts clerks……………………………………………
22
Order clerks………………………………………………………
90
Human resources assistants, except payroll and
timekeeping……………………………………………………
105
Receptionists and information clerks…………………………
831
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and
travel clerks……………………………………………………
99
Information and record clerks, all other………………………
87
$376
495
643
576
909
827
941
42
9
707
91
191
$368
1
( )
(1 )
436
842
641
407
54
79
1,135
100
197
$400
591
661
678
945
1,026
92.0
(²)
(²)
64.3
89.1
62.5
1,131
1
( )
935
64
33
130
862
(1 )
825
156
11
286
1,247
(1 )
992
69.1
(²)
83.2
1,064
(1 )
789
1
( )
464
285
12
194
1
29
822
(1 )
680
(1 )
1
( )
806
6
134
25
35
1,161
(1 )
1,031
(1 )
(1 )
70.8
(²)
66.0
(²)
(²)
(1 )
785
643
16
62
9,909
(1 )
653
629
27
81
3,774
(1 )
996
700
(²)
65.6
89.9
795
858
760
416
895
84.9
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
640
627
677
(1 )
702
(1 )
497
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
699
1
( )
608
769
645
522
593
1
( )
692
1
( )
561
20
30
4
122
347
755
5
116
11
238
32
1
4
63
31
1,033
61
159
44
91
28
107
15
53
( )
1
( )
1
( )
633
615
672
(1 )
707
(1 )
499
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
693
1
( )
585
730
635
(1 )
581
1
( )
682
(1 )
595
1
8
5
4
61
47
102
2
9
15
30
12
4
2
14
10
502
17
44
29
13
6
26
7
37
( )
1
( )
1
( )
681
1
( )
740
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
684
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
1
(²)
(²)
(²)
93.0
(²)
90.8
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
85.5
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
759
531
88
758
724
524
17
73
( )
604
1
(²)
86.8
738
661
54
73
634
677
45
15
1
( )
1
( )
(²)
(²)
See footnotes at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov67 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and gender,
2012 annual averages (continued)
Both sexes
Occupation
Women
Men
Women's
earnings as
Number of Median
Median
Median
a
Total
Total
workers
weekly
weekly
weekly percentage
employed
employed
(thousands) earnings
earnings
earnings
of men's
Cargo and freight agents………………………………………
Couriers and messengers………………………………………
Dispatchers………………………………………………………
Meter readers, utilities…………………………………………
Postal service clerks……………………………………………
Postal service mail carriers…………………………………..
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and
processing machine operators………………………………
Production, planning, and expediting clerks…………………
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks…………………………
Stock clerks and order fillers………………………………….
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers,
recordkeeping…………………………………………………
Secretaries and administrative assistants……………………
Computer operators……………………………………………
Data entry keyers………………………………………………
Word processors and typists…………………………………
Desktop publishers………………………………………….…
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks………………
Mail clerks and mail machine operators,
except postal service…………………………………………
Office clerks, general……………………………………………
Office machine operators, except computer…………………
Proofreaders and copy markers………………………………
Statistical assistants……………………………………………
Office and administrative support workers, all
other……………………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations……………………………………………………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations……………………
First-line supervisors of farming,
fishing, and forestry workers…………………………………
Agricultural inspectors…………………………………………
Animal breeders…………………………………………………
Graders and sorters, agricultural products……………………
Miscellaneous agricultural workers……………………………
Fishers and related fishing workers……………………………
Hunters and trappers……………………………………………
Forest and conservation workers………………………………
Logging workers…………………………………………….…
Construction and extraction occupations………………………
First-line supervisors of construction trades
and extraction workers………………………………………
Boilermakers……………………………………………………
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons………………
Carpenters………………………………………………………
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers…………………
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and
terrazzo workers………………………………………………
Construction laborers……………………………………………
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment
operators………………………………………………………
21
139
252
25
137
279
( )
$737
648
1
( )
980
990
1
5
19
159
5
73
93
( )
1
( )
$605
1
( )
910
907
1
15
120
94
21
64
186
( )
$744
796
1
( )
1,000
1,026
1
(²)
(²)
76.0
(²)
91.0
88.4
56
242
458
936
891
858
556
505
23
131
125
310
( )
765
522
484
1
33
111
333
625
( )
946
577
516
1
(²)
80.9
90.5
93.8
64
2,251
87
259
90
3
226
638
669
785
591
624
(1 )
643
29
2,146
45
202
82
0
182
( )
665
1
( )
586
622
(1 )
631
1
35
105
42
57
8
3
44
(1 )
803
(1 )
611
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
(²)
82.8
(²)
95.9
(²)
(²)
(²)
72
798
34
5
25
580
601
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
27
667
16
4
14
( )
600
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
1
44
131
18
1
11
( )
607
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
1
(²)
98.8
(²)
(²)
(²)
452
707
349
686
103
788
87.1
9,968
777
740
435
389
166
550
377
9,579
611
749
457
73.4
82.5
39
17
1
108
560
8
2
5
37
5,102
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
410
426
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
740
5
5
0
70
81
1
2
0
2
98
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
396
350
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
723
34
12
1
37
478
8
0
5
36
5,004
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
444
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
741
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
78.8
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
97.6
488
23
94
750
84
1,019
1
( )
641
675
599
13
0
0
7
1
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
475
23
94
743
83
1,018
(1 )
641
673
603
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
53
937
601
607
0
24
1
( )
1
( )
53
913
601
609
(²)
(²)
15
(1 )
0
( )
15
( )
1
(²)
1
See footnotes at end of table.
68
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and gender,
2012 annual averages (continued)
Women
Both sexes
Occupation
Men
Women's
earnings as
Median
Median
Number of Median
a
Total
Total
weekly
weekly percentage
workers
weekly
employed
employed
earnings
earnings
(thousands) earnings
of men's
Pile-driver operators…………………………………………..
Operating engineers and other construction
equipment operators…………………………………………
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers…………
Electricians………………………………………………………
Glaziers…………………………………………………………
Insulation workers………………………………………………
Painters, construction and maintenance………………………
Paperhangers……………………………………………………
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters…………
Plasterers and stucco masons…………………………………
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers……………………………
Roofers……………………………………………………………
Sheet metal workers…………………………………………..
Structural iron and steel workers………………………………
Solar photovoltaic installers…………………………………..
Helpers, construction trades……………………………………
Construction and building inspectors…………………………
Elevator installers and repairers………………………………
Fence erectors…………………………………………………
Hazardous materials removal workers………………………
Highway maintenance workers………………………………
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment
operators…………………………..........................…………
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners………………
Miscellaneous construction and related workers……………
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators,
oil, gas, and mining……………………………………………
Earth drillers, except oil and gas………………………………
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts,
and blasters…………………………………………………..
Mining machine operators…..........................………………
Roof bolters, mining……………………………………………
Roustabouts, oil and gas……………………………………..
Helpers—extraction workers…………………………………
Other extraction workers……………………………………..
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations……………
First-line supervisors of mechanics,
installers, and repairers………………………………………
Computer, automated teller, and office machine
repairers…………………………………………………………
Radio and telecommunications equipment
installers and repairers………………………………………
Avionics technicians……………………………………………
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers……………
Electrical and electronics installers and
repairers, transportation equipment…………………………
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial
and utility………………………………………………………
Electronic equipment installers and repairers,
motor vehicles………………..........................………………
Electronic home entertainment equipment
installers and repairers………………………………………
2
1
( )
0
(1 )
2
(1 )
(²)
321
94
574
38
33
261
2
436
14
8
123
103
60
4
42
87
31
26
28
98
$805
568
932
(1 )
1
( )
568
1
( )
878
1
( )
1
( )
533
885
759
(1 )
1
( )
932
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
683
5
0
11
0
0
8
0
6
0
0
2
3
1
0
1
4
1
0
4
1
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
316
94
563
38
32
252
2
430
14
8
121
100
59
4
40
83
29
26
23
97
$805
567
929
(1 )
(1 )
559
1
( )
876
1
( )
(1 )
524
880
767
1
( )
1
( )
940
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
683
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
7
6
24
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
0
0
1
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
7
6
23
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
(²)
(²)
(²)
32
28
( )
1
( )
1
1
0
( )
1
( )
1
32
28
( )
1
( )
1
(²)
(²)
5
65
4
16
3
84
4,088
(1 )
997
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
985
808
0
0
0
1
0
1
125
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
$757
5
65
4
15
3
83
3,963
(1 )
996
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
981
809
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
93.6
280
936
17
1
( )
262
934
(²)
218
854
26
1
( )
193
880
(²)
142
10
37
885
1
( )
1
( )
10
3
0
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
132
7
37
898
(1 )
1
( )
(²)
(²)
(²)
5
1
( )
0
(1 )
5
(1 )
(²)
10
(1 )
0
(1 )
10
(1 )
(²)
15
( )
1
1
( )
1
14
( )
1
(²)
44
(1 )
0
(1 )
44
(1 )
(²)
See footnotes at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov69 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and gender,
2012 annual averages (continued)
Both sexes
Occupation
Women
Men
Women's
earnings as
Number of Median
Median
Median
a
Total
Total
workers
weekly
weekly
weekly
percentage
employed
employed
(thousands) earnings
earnings
earnings
of men's
Security and fire alarm systems installers……………………
34
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians…………………
144
Automotive body and related repairers………………………
120
Automotive glass installers and repairers……………………
17
Automotive service technicians and mechanics……………
691
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists………………………………………………………
271
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service
technicians and mechanics……………………………………
174
Small engine mechanics………………………………………
42
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment
mechanics, installers, and repairers…………………………
67
Control and valve installers and repairers……………………
25
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics and installers…………………………………….
280
Home appliance repairers…………………………………….
35
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics………………
424
Maintenance and repair workers, general……………………
371
Maintenance workers, machinery……………………………
25
Millwrights………………………………………………………
50
Electrical power-line installers and repairers…………………
117
Telecommunications line installers and repairers……………
171
Precision instrument and equipment repairers………………
44
Wind turbine service technicians………………………………
1
Coin, vending, and amusement machine
servicers and repairers……………………………………….
23
Commercial divers………………………………………………
0
Locksmiths and safe repairers…………………………………
17
Manufactured building and mobile home installers…………
4
Riggers…………………………………………………………
10
Signal and track switch repairers………………………………
3
Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair
workers…………………………………………………………
20
Other installation, maintenance, and repair
workers…………………………………………………………
147
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations…………………………………………………… 13,842
Production occupations…………………………………………
7,427
First-line supervisors of production
and operating workers…………………………………………
734
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems
assemblers……………………………………………………
22
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical
assemblers……………………………………………………
155
Engine and other machine assemblers…..........................…
32
Structural metal fabricators and fitters………………………
19
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators…………………
833
Bakers…………………………………………………………..
121
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish
processing workers……………………………………………
273
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying
machine operators and tenders………………………………
10
( )
$993
619
1
( )
702
1
0
2
2
0
7
( )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
1
34
142
119
17
684
( )
$986
618
(1 )
704
1
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
843
1
1
( )
271
844
(²)
941
1
( )
3
1
1
( )
1
( )
171
41
942
1
( )
(²)
(²)
493
1
( )
1
1
( )
(1 )
66
24
496
(1 )
(²)
(²)
827
(1 )
867
731
(1 )
938
988
915
1
( )
1
( )
4
3
10
6
3
3
2
8
5
0
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
276
33
415
364
22
46
115
164
38
1
829
(1 )
871
732
1
( )
(1 )
990
910
(1 )
1
( )
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
1
0
0
0
0
0
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
22
0
17
4
10
3
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
1
( )
0
(1 )
20
(1 )
(²)
677
5
1
( )
142
671
(²)
624
627
2,773
1,930
$493
496
11,069
5,497
675
695
73.0
71.4
917
132
674
601
954
70.6
(1 )
5
( )
17
( )
(²)
564
1
( )
(1 )
557
474
78
5
2
320
55
520
(1 )
(1 )
499
450
77
26
17
513
65
620
(1 )
(1 )
606
501
83.9
(²)
(²)
82.3
89.8
507
64
417
208
537
77.7
4
( )
5
( )
1
( )
1
1
1
1
1
(²)
See footnotes at end of table.
70
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and gender,
2012 annual averages (continued)
Both sexes
Occupation
Women
Men
Number of Median
Median
Median
Total
Total
workers
weekly
weekly
weekly
employed
employed
(thousands) earnings
earnings
earnings
Food batchmakers…………………………………………….
Food cooking machine operators and tenders………………
Food processing workers, all other……………………………
Computer control programmers and operators………………
Extruding and drawing machine setters,
operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………………
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic……………………………………………..
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic………………………………………………
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters,
operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………………
Drilling and boring machine tool setters,
operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………………….
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine
tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and
plastic……………………………………………………………
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic………………………………
Milling and planing machine setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic………………………………
Machinists………………………………………………………
Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters……
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and
plastic……………………………………………………………
Molders and molding machine setters,
operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………………
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and
tenders, metal and plastic……………………………………
Tool and die makers……………………………………………
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers……………………
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and
tenders, metal and plastic……………………………………
Layout workers, metal and plastic……………………………
Plating and coating machine setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic………………………………
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners…………………………
Metal workers and plastic workers, all other…………………
Prepress technicians and workers……………………………
Printing press operators………………………………………
Print binding and finishing workers……………………………
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers………………………….…
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials……………
Sewing machine operators……………………………………
Shoe and leather workers and repairers………………………
Shoe machine operators and tenders…………………………
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers……………………………
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators
and tenders……………………………………………………
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and
tenders…………………………………………………………
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters,
operators, and tenders………………………………………
1
27
9
67
62
( )
1
( )
$549
728
1
7
1
10
( )
1
7
15
(1 )
(1 )
1
53
588
15
1
Women's
earnings as
a
percentage
of men's
1
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
( )
1
(²)
( )
1
(²)
( )
1
(²)
65
575
(²)
(1 )
2
(1 )
(²)
5
1
( )
48
(1 )
(²)
( )
4
( )
1
11
( )
1
(²)
3
381
12
1
( )
760
1
( )
0
16
1
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
3
366
12
(1 )
762
(1 )
(²)
(²)
(²)
7
1
( )
1
(1 )
6
(1 )
(²)
38
(1 )
9
(1 )
30
(1 )
(²)
7
51
551
( )
1,005
712
0
0
26
( )
1
( )
(1 )
7
51
525
( )
1,005
722
1
(²)
(²)
(²)
5
6
1
( )
1
( )
0
0
(1 )
1
( )
5
6
(1 )
1
( )
(²)
(²)
16
2
374
23
167
17
123
41
127
5
10
42
1
( )
1
( )
618
1
( )
628
1
( )
410
1
( )
385
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
2
0
70
9
28
9
66
29
86
2
5
30
(1 )
(1 )
$544
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
359
(1 )
369
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
13
2
304
14
139
8
57
12
41
3
5
12
(1 )
(1 )
645
(1 )
666
1
( )
462
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
(²)
(²)
84.3
(²)
(²)
(²)
77.7
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
5
1
( )
1
(1 )
5
(1 )
(²)
9
1
( )
4
(1 )
5
(1 )
(²)
6
(1 )
5
( )
1
0
( )
1
(²)
59
13
90
67
$512
1
( )
529
710
32
4
23
5
( )
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
10
(1 )
3
( )
10
(1 )
0
( )
7
( )
1
0
80
556
3
1
1
See footnotes at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov71 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and gender,
2012 annual averages (continued)
Both sexes
Occupation
Women
Men
Number of Median
Median
Median
Total
Total
workers
weekly
weekly
weekly
employed
employed
(thousands) earnings
earnings
earnings
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out
machine setters, operators, and tenders……………………
Extruding and forming machine setters,
operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers…………
Fabric and apparel patternmakers……………………………
Upholsterers……………………………………………………
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other…………
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters………………………
Furniture finishers………………………………………………
Model makers and patternmakers, wood……………………
Sawing machine setters, operators, and
tenders, wood………………………………………………….
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and
tenders, except sawing………………..........................……
Woodworkers, all other……………..........................…………
Power plant operators, distributors, and
dispatchers……………………………………………………
Stationary engineers and boiler operators……………………
Water and wastewater treatment plant and
system operators………………………………………………
Miscellaneous plant and system operators…………………
Chemical processing machine setters,
operators, and tenders………………………………………
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and
blending workers………………………………………………
Cutting workers………………………………………………..
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting
machine setters, operators, and tenders……………………
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators
and tenders……………………………………………………
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and
weighers……………………………………………………….
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers……………
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory
technicians………………………………………………………
Packaging and filling machine operators and
tenders…………………………………………………………
Painting workers………………………………………………
Photographic process workers and processing
machine operators……………………………………………
Semiconductor processors……………………………………
Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders…………
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling
equipment operators and tenders……………………………
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and
tenders…………………………………………………………
Etchers and engravers…………………………………………
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal
and plastic………………………………………………………
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and
tenders…………………………………………………………
Tire builders………………………………………………………
Helpers—production workers…………………………………
15
1
( )
2
1
14
16
35
5
0
Women's
earnings as
a
percentage
of men's
5
(1 )
10
(1 )
(²)
( )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
0
1
1
10
2
2
0
( )
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
1
2
0
12
6
34
3
0
( )
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
1
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
26
1
( )
1
(1 )
25
(1 )
(²)
21
12
1
( )
1
( )
3
0
(1 )
(1 )
18
12
(1 )
(1 )
(²)
(²)
43
105
(1 )
$830
2
6
(1 )
1
( )
41
99
(1 )
$831
(²)
(²)
70
35
862
(1 )
3
4
1
( )
(1 )
67
31
870
(1 )
(²)
(²)
72
851
10
(1 )
62
890
(²)
86
60
628
524
12
11
( )
(1 )
1
74
49
651
1
( )
(²)
(²)
38
( )
1
10
( )
1
28
( )
1
(²)
14
1
( )
1
(1 )
12
(1 )
(²)
621
22
729
1
( )
206
9
$570
(1 )
416
13
824
(1 )
69.2
(²)
76
585
42
1
( )
35
(1 )
(²)
242
135
481
626
131
24
431
(1 )
111
111
553
654
77.9
(²)
39
6
8
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
15
3
2
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
24
2
6
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
(²)
(²)
(²)
8
( )
1
1
( )
1
7
( )
1
(²)
2
4
1
( )
1
( )
1
1
(1 )
(1 )
1
3
(1 )
(1 )
(²)
(²)
26
( )
1
5
( )
1
21
( )
1
(²)
32
17
40
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
9
3
13
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
23
14
26
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
(²)
(²)
(²)
1
See footnotes at end of table.
72
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and gender,
2012 annual averages (continued)
Both sexes
Occupation
Women
Men
Median
Number of Median
Median
Total
Total
weekly
workers
weekly
weekly
employed
employed
earnings
(thousands) earnings
earnings
Production workers, all other…………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations………………
Supervisors, transportation and material moving
workers…………………………………………………………
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers……………………………
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations
specialists…………………………………………………….
Flight attendants………………………………………………
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except
emergency medical technicians…………………………..…
Bus drivers………………………………………………………
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers………………………
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs…………………………………..
Motor vehicle operators, all other………………………………
Locomotive engineers and operators…………………………
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators…………………
Railroad conductors and yardmasters………………………
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation
workers…………………………………………………………
Sailors and marine oilers………………………………………
Ship and boat captains and operators………………………
Ship engineers…………………………………………………
Bridge and lock tenders…………………………………………
Parking lot attendants…………………………………………
Automotive and watercraft service attendants………………
Transportation inspectors………………………………………
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants…………
Other transportation workers…………………………………
Conveyor operators and tenders………………………………
Crane and tower operators……………………………………
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine
operators………………………………………………………
Hoist and winch operators………………………………………
Industrial truck and tractor operators…………………………
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment…………………………
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers,
hand……………………………………………………………
Machine feeders and offbearers………………………….……
Packers and packagers, hand…………………………………
Pumping station operators……………………………………
Refuse and recyclable material collectors……………………
Mine shuttle car operators………………………………………
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders………………………………
Material moving workers, all other……………………………
849
6,415
$584
621
223
843
$504
487
189
90
812
1,440
42
4
( )
1
( )
47
59
( )
775
3
42
16
302
2,533
183
35
44
9
46
1
( )
601
730
554
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
12
15
29
5
8
50
67
29
23
14
3
61
Women's
earnings as
a
percentage
of men's
626
5,572
$619
650
81.4
74.9
1
146
86
873
1,444
(²)
(²)
( )
(1 )
1
44
16
( )
(1 )
(²)
(²)
3
126
101
22
7
2
0
2
(1 )
516
537
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
13
177
2,433
161
28
42
9
45
(1 )
652
736
572
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
(²)
79.1
73.0
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
404
428
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
1
( )
753
0
1
1
0
0
5
4
4
15
1
2
3
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
12
14
28
5
8
45
63
25
8
13
1
58
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
453
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
777
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
32
5
498
217
(1 )
1
( )
562
425
1
0
31
30
(1 )
(1 )
1
( )
1
( )
31
5
467
187
(1 )
(1 )
566
431
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
1,322
26
306
21
75
1
3
40
510
1
( )
404
(1 )
501
1
( )
1
( )
1
( )
218
8
160
1
3
0
0
1
476
(1 )
394
1
( )
1
( )
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
1,103
18
146
20
71
1
3
39
519
(1 )
426
1
( )
497
(1 )
(1 )
(1 )
91.7
(²)
92.5
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
1
1
1
Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000.
² Data not shown where the employment base for either the numerator or denominator is less than 50,000.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov73 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by industry and gender,
2012 annual averages
Total
Industry
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Total, 16 years and older…………….………………………………
102,749
$768
Women
Total
employed
45,462
Men
Median
Total
weekly
employed
earnings
$691
57,286
Agriculture and related industries ............................................................................
1,018
480
196
443
822
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ...................................................................................................
899
1,112
112
922
787
Construction .........................................................................................
5,967
772
482
760
5,485
Manufacturing .......................................................................................
13,287
798
3,675
653
9,612
Durable goods ....................................................................................
8,496
829
2,080
699
6,417
Nondurable goods ..............................................................................
4,790
737
1,595
594
3,195
Wholesale and retail trade ....................................................................
13,310
631
5,198
544
8,112
Wholesale trade ..................................................................................
3,088
823
851
715
2,237
Retail trade .........................................................................................
10,222
593
4,347
515
5,875
Transportation and utilities ...................................................................
6,011
868
1,323
762
4,688
Transportation and warehousing ........................................................
4,858
820
1,065
736
3,793
Utilities ................................................................................................
1,153
1,036
259
885
894
Information .........................................................................................
2,395
970
886
841
1,509
Financial activities ................................................................................
7,608
889
4,131
759
3,477
Finance and insurance .......................................................................
5,878
942
3,368
769
2,510
Real estate and rental and leasing .....................................................
1,730
733
763
711
967
Professional and business services .....................................................
11,299
912
4,451
783
6,848
Professional and technical services ...................................................
7,012
1,166
2,915
939
4,097
Management, administrative, and waste
services.................................................................4,287
588
1,536
573
2,751
Education and health services ..............................................................
23,614
793
17,290
745
6,325
Educational services ..........................................................................
9,722
885
6,567
840
3,155
Health care and social assistance .....................................................
13,892
728
10,723
686
3,170
Leisure and hospitality ..........................................................................
6,994
485
3,167
428
3,828
Arts, entertainment, and recreation ...................................................
1,542
641
598
589
944
Accomodation and food services .......................................................
5,452
447
2,568
408
2,884
Other services ......................................................................................
4,088
622
1,781
518
2,308
Other services, except private households ........................................
3,743
649
1,476
558
2,267
Women's
earnings as
Median
a
weekly percentage
earnings of men's
$854
80.9
489
1,146
774
866
888
821
715
872
660
899
857
1,105
1,079
1,121
1,288
751
1,013
1,389
90.6
80.5
98.2
75.4
78.7
72.4
76.1
82.0
78.0
84.8
85.9
80.1
77.9
67.7
59.7
94.7
77.3
67.6
305
406
41
596
963
997
925
518
693
486
722
725
(1)
Public administration......................................................................................
6,258
928
2,770
820
3,488
1,041
Private households ............................................................................
346
410
1 Data
96.1
77.4
84.3
74.2
82.6
85.0
84.0
71.7
77.0
(1)
78.8
not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
74
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Table 20. Employed persons, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1970–2012 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
Year
Total employed
Usually full time1
Usually part time2
Percentage
usually
full time
Percentage usually
part time
1970 …………...………..78,678
1971 ………...………………………
79,367
1972 ………...………………
82,153
1973 ………...………….. 85,064
1974 ……...……………. 86,794
1975 …………...………..85,846
1976 ………...…………..88,752
1977 ………...…………. 92,017
1978 …………...………. 96,048
1979 ………..……………………
98,824
66,753
66,973
69,214
71,803
73,093
71,586
73,964
76,625
80,193
82,654
11,925
12,393
12,939
13,262
13,701
14,260
14,788
15,391
15,855
16,171
84.8
84.4
84.3
84.4
84.2
83.4
83.3
83.3
83.5
83.6
15.2
15.6
15.7
15.6
15.8
16.6
16.7
16.7
16.5
16.4
1980 ……..…………… 99,303
1981 ……..……………….
100,397
1982 ………..………… 99,526
1983 …..…………………..
100,834
1984 …..………………..105,005
1985 ……...……….
107,150
1986 ….…..………
109,597
1987 ……...….……. 112,440
1988 ……...………………
114,968
1989 ……...…………………..
117,342
82,562
83,243
81,421
82,322
86,544
88,534
90,529
92,957
95,214
97,369
16,740
17,154
18,106
18,511
18,462
18,615
19,069
19,483
19,754
19,973
83.1
82.9
81.8
81.6
82.4
82.6
82.6
82.7
82.8
83.0
16.9
17.1
18.2
18.4
17.6
17.4
17.4
17.3
17.2
17.0
1990 ……...………
118,793
1991 ……...………………
117,718
1992 ………...…….
118,492
1993 ……….……………….
120,259
1994 ………...……
123,060
1995 ………...…….
124,900
1996 ….………………….
126,708
1997 ………..…….
129,558
1998 ……...………
131,463
1999 …………….…
133,488
98,666
97,190
97,664
99,114
99,772
101,679
103,537
106,334
108,202
110,302
20,128
20,528
20,828
21,145
23,288
23,220
23,170
23,224
23,261
23,186
83.1
82.6
82.4
82.4
81.1
81.4
81.7
82.1
82.3
82.6
16.9
17.4
17.6
17.6
18.9
18.6
18.3
17.9
17.7
17.4
2000 ………...…………….
136,891
2001 …………..………….
136,933
2002 ………………..… 136,485
2003 …………..……… 137,736
2004 ………………….. 139,252
2005 …………….
141,730
2006 …………………………………
144,427
2007 …………………………………
146,047
2008 …………..……… 145,362
2009 …………..……… 139,877
113,846
113,573
112,700
113,324
114,518
117,016
119,688
121,091
120,030
112,634
23,044
23,361
23,785
24,412
24,734
24,714
24,739
24,956
25,332
27,244
83.2
82.9
82.6
82.3
82.2
82.6
82.9
82.9
82.6
80.5
16.8
17.1
17.4
17.7
17.8
17.4
17.1
17.1
17.4
19.5
2010 …………..……… 139,064
2011 …………..……… 139,869
2012 …………..……… 142,469
111,714
112,556
114,809
27,350
27,313
27,661
80.3
80.5
80.6
19.7
19.5
19.4
See footnotes at end of table.
72
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov75 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 20. Employed persons, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1970–2012 annual
averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Women
Year
Total employed
Usually full time1
Usually part time2
Percentage
usually
full time
Percentage usually
part time
1970 …………...………..29,688
1971 ………...………………………
29,976
1972 ………...………………
31,257
1973 ………...………….. 32,715
1974 ……...……………. 33,769
1975 …………...………..33,989
1976 ………...…………..35,615
1977 ………...…………. 37,289
1978 …………...………. 39,569
1979 ………..……………………
41,217
21,929
21,950
22,842
23,960
24,714
24,598
25,814
27,076
28,912
30,227
7,758
8,026
8,416
8,756
9,055
9,391
9,799
10,213
10,658
10,990
73.9
73.2
73.1
73.2
73.2
72.4
72.5
72.6
73.1
73.3
26.1
26.8
26.9
26.8
26.8
27.6
27.5
27.4
26.9
26.7
1980 ……..…………… 42,117
1981 ……..……………….43,000
1982 ………..………… 43,256
1983 …..…………………..
44,047
1984 …..……………….. 45,915
1985 ……...……….
47,259
1986 ….…..………
48,706
1987 ……...….…….
50,334
1988 ……...………………51,696
1989 ……...…………………..
53,027
30,845
31,337
31,086
31,679
33,473
34,672
35,845
37,210
38,398
39,484
11,270
11,664
12,170
12,367
12,441
12,587
12,862
13,124
13,298
13,544
73.2
72.9
71.9
71.9
72.9
73.4
73.6
73.9
74.3
74.5
26.8
27.1
28.1
28.1
27.1
26.6
26.4
26.1
25.7
25.5
1990 ……...………
53,689
1991 ……...………………53,496
1992 ………...…….
54,052
1993 ……….……………….
54,910
1994 ………...……
56,610
1995 ………...…….
57,523
1996 ….………………….58,501
1997 ………..…….
59,873
1998 ……...………
60,771
1999 …………….…
62,042
40,165
39,783
40,301
40,991
40,940
41,743
42,776
44,076
45,014
46,372
13,524
13,713
13,751
13,919
15,670
15,779
15,725
15,797
15,757
15,670
74.8
74.4
74.6
74.7
72.3
72.6
73.1
73.6
74.1
74.7
25.2
25.6
25.4
25.3
27.7
27.4
26.9
26.4
25.9
25.3
2000 ………...…………….
63,586
2001 …………..………….63,737
2002 ………………..… 63,582
2003 …………..……… 64,404
2004 ………………….. 64,728
2005 …………….
65,757
2006 …………………………………
66,925
2007 …………………………………
67,792
2008 …………..……… 67,876
2009 …………..……… 66,208
47,916
47,950
47,494
47,946
48,073
49,158
50,380
51,056
51,178
48,683
15,670
15,788
16,088
16,459
16,654
16,598
16,545
16,736
16,698
17,525
75.4
75.2
74.7
74.4
74.3
74.8
75.3
75.3
75.4
73.5
24.6
24.8
25.3
25.6
25.7
25.2
24.7
24.7
24.6
26.5
2010 …………..……… 65,705
2011 …………..……… 65,579
2012 …………..……… 66,914
48,214
48,224
49,331
17,491
17,355
17,583
73.4
73.5
73.7
26.6
26.5
26.3
See footnotes at end of table.
73
76
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Table 20. Employed persons, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1970–2012 annual
averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Men
Year
Total employed
Usually full time1
Usually part time2
Percentage
usually
full time
Percentage usually
part time
1970 …………...………..48,990
1971 ………...………………………
49,390
1972 ………...………………
50,896
1973 ………...………….. 52,349
1974 ……...……………. 53,024
1975 …………...………..51,857
1976 ………...…………..53,138
1977 ………...…………. 54,728
1978 …………...………. 56,479
1979 ………..……………………
57,607
44,825
45,023
46,373
47,843
48,378
46,988
48,150
49,551
51,281
52,427
4,166
4,367
4,523
4,507
4,646
4,870
4,988
5,178
5,198
5,180
91.5
91.2
91.1
91.4
91.2
90.6
90.6
90.5
90.8
91.0
8.5
8.8
8.9
8.6
8.8
9.4
9.4
9.5
9.2
9.0
1980 ……..…………… 57,186
1981 ……..……………….57,397
1982 ………..………… 56,271
1983 …..…………………..
56,787
1984 …..……………….. 59,091
1985 ……...……….
59,891
1986 ….…..………
60,892
1987 ……...….…….
62,107
1988 ……...………………63,273
1989 ……...…………………..
64,315
51,717
51,906
50,334
50,643
53,070
53,862
54,685
55,746
56,816
57,885
5,471
5,492
5,937
6,145
6,020
6,028
6,207
6,360
6,457
6,430
90.4
90.4
89.4
89.2
89.8
89.9
89.8
89.8
89.8
90.0
9.6
9.6
10.6
10.8
10.2
10.1
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.0
1990 ……...………
65,104
1991 ……...………………64,223
1992 ………...…….
64,440
1993 ……….……………….
65,349
1994 ………...……
66,450
1995 ………...…….
67,377
1996 ….………………….68,207
1997 ………..…….
69,685
1998 ……...………
70,693
1999 …………….…
71,446
58,501
57,407
57,363
58,123
58,832
59,936
60,762
62,258
63,189
63,930
6,604
6,815
7,077
7,226
7,617
7,441
7,445
7,427
7,504
7,516
89.9
89.4
89.0
88.9
88.5
89.0
89.1
89.3
89.4
89.5
10.1
10.6
11.0
11.1
11.5
11.0
10.9
10.7
10.6
10.5
2000 ………...…………….
73,305
2001 …………..………….73,196
2002 ………………..… 72,903
2003 …………..……… 73,332
2004 ………………….. 74,524
2005 …………….
75,973
2006 …………………………………
77,502
2007 …………………………………
78,254
2008 …………..……… 77,486
2009 …………..……… 73,670
65,930
65,623
65,205
65,379
66,444
67,858
69,307
70,035
68,853
63,951
7,375
7,573
7,697
7,953
8,080
8,115
8,194
8,220
8,634
9,719
89.9
89.7
89.4
89.2
89.2
89.3
89.4
89.5
88.9
86.8
10.1
10.3
10.6
10.8
10.8
10.7
10.6
10.5
11.1
13.2
See footnotes at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov77 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 20. Employed persons, by full- and part-time status and gender, 1970–2012 annual
averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Men
Year
Total employed
2010 …………..……… 73,359
2011 …………..……… 74,290
2012 …………..……… 75,555
Usually full time1
63,501
64,333
65,477
Usually part time2
9,858
9,957
10,078
Percentage
usually
full time
Percentage usually
part time
86.6
86.6
86.7
13.4
13.4
13.3
Prior to 1994, total includes persons who usually work part time but who worked 35 or more hours during the
reference week; for 1994 and later years, such persons were included in the part-time total. In all years, the total
includes those who usually work full time but who worked less than 35 hours during the reference week for
noneconomic reasons, such as illness or holiday, and those absent from work for the entire reference week who
usually work full time. These groups are not shown separately.
2 For all years, total includes those who usually work less than 35 hours a week but who were absent from work for
the entire reference week, and for 1994 and later years, those who worked 35 or more hours during the reference
week. These groups are not shown separately.
Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time.
In recent years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of January
data. Information about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
1
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
78
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Table 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in
nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2012 annual averages
Year
All industries
Nonagricultural industries
Total
Women
Men
Total
Women
Men
38.7
38.8
39.0
38.9
34.1
34.2
34.5
34.5
41.7
41.9
42.1
42.0
38.4
38.5
38.7
38.6
34.1
34.2
34.4
34.4
41.4
41.6
41.8
41.7
1980 ……..... 38.5
1981 ……..... 38.1
1982 …...….. 38.0
1983 ……..... 38.3
1984 ………. 38.8
1985 …...….. 39.0
1986 …….... 39.1
1987 ……..... 39.0
1988 ……...…39.4
1989 …...….. 39.6
34.5
34.1
34.1
34.5
34.9
35.2
35.4
35.3
35.7
35.8
41.5
41.1
40.9
41.2
41.8
42.0
42.1
42.0
42.4
42.6
38.3
37.9
37.7
38.1
38.6
38.9
38.9
38.8
39.3
39.4
34.4
34.1
34.0
34.4
34.9
35.2
35.3
35.3
35.7
35.8
41.2
40.7
40.6
41.0
41.5
41.8
41.9
41.8
42.2
42.4
1990 …....
1991 …...…..
1992 …….....
1993 ……….
1994 ……....
1995 ……....
1996 ……….
1997 ……....
1998 ……....
1999 ……....
35.8
35.8
35.6
36.0
35.5
35.6
35.7
36.0
35.8
36.2
42.3
42.0
41.7
42.2
42.2
42.3
42.3
42.4
42.2
42.4
39.3
39.1
38.8
39.3
39.1
39.2
39.2
39.4
39.2
39.5
35.8
35.8
35.6
36.0
35.6
35.7
35.7
36.0
35.9
36.2
42.1
41.9
41.6
42.1
42.1
42.2
42.2
42.3
42.2
42.4
2000 ……..... 39.7
36.4
2001 …...….. 39.2
36.1
2002 ……..... 39.2
36.0
2003 ……..... 39.0
35.9
2004 ……..... 39.0
35.9
2005 …….. 39.2
36.1
2006 ………………………….
39.2
36.2
2007 ………………………….
39.2
36.1
2008 ……..... 38.9
36.1
2009 ……..... 37.9
35.3
42.5
41.9
41.8
41.7
41.7
41.8
41.8
41.7
41.3
40.2
39.6
39.2
39.1
39.0
39.0
39.1
39.2
39.1
38.8
37.8
36.4
36.1
36.1
35.9
35.9
36.1
36.2
36.1
36.1
35.3
42.4
41.8
41.7
41.6
41.6
41.7
41.7
41.6
41.2
40.1
2010 ……..... 38.2
2011 ……..... 38.3
2012 ……..... 38.5
40.5
40.6
40.8
38.1
38.2
38.4
35.6
35.6
35.8
40.4
40.6
40.7
1976 …….....
1977 …….....
1978 ……....
1979 …...…..
39.4
39.2
38.9
39.4
39.2
39.3
39.3
39.5
39.3
39.6
35.5
35.6
35.8
Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the
comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example,
updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of
January data. Information about historical comparability is online at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
76
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov79 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 22. Work experience of the population, by gender and full- and part-time status,
selected years, 1970–2011
(Percentage distribution)
With work experience
`
Population
in
thousands
Total
Percentage
in
of
thousands population
Percent distribution by work experience
Usually work full time
Total
Total
50 to 52
weeks
Usually work part time
1 to 49
weeks
Total
50 to 52
weeks
1 to 49
weeks
Total
1970………….………. 138,953
93,850
1975………….………. 153,180
102,603
1980…….……………. 169,452
115,752
1985………….………. 179,944
123,466
1990 ………...……………189,238
132,562
1995………….………. 199,925
138,971
2000 ………...……………214,292
150,787
2005…………………………………………..
227,975
154,322
2006…………………………………………..
231,033
156,658
2007…………………………………………..
232,995
157,653
2008…………………………………………..
235,086
157,472
2009…………………………………………..
237,158
153,929
2010…………………………………………..
238,999
158,882
2011…………………………………………..
242,602
159,693
Women
1970………….……….
73,657
38,809
1975…….…………….
80,834
43,511
1980……….………….
89,259
51,492
1985…….…………….
94,490
56,165
1990 ………...…………… 98,970
61,494
1995……….…………. 104,058
65,304
2000 ………...…………….
111,440
71,341
2005………………………………………………
117,814
72,309
2006…………………………………………..
119,300
73,527
2007…………………………………………..
120,300
74,115
2008…………………………………………..
121,328
74,363
2009…………………………………………..
122,339
72,855
2010…………………………………………..
123,012
71,980
2011…………………………………………..
125,619
75,978
Men
1970………….……….
65,296
55,041
1975………….……….
72,346
59,091
1980……….………….
80,193
64,260
1985……….………….
85,454
67,301
1990 ………...…………… 90,269
71,068
1995……….………….
95,867
73,667
2000 ………...………………
102,853
79,446
2005………………………………
110,161
82,013
2006…………………………………………..
111,733
83,131
2007…………………………………………..
112,695
83,538
2008…………………………………………..
113,758
83,109
2009…………………………………………..
114,820
81,073
2010…………………………………………..
115,986
80,341
2011…………………………………………..
116,984
80,503
67.5
67.0
68.3
68.6
70.1
69.5
70.4
67.7
67.8
67.7
67.0
64.9
66.5
65.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
79.4
78.9
78.5
78.2
78.8
78.6
80.4
80.3
80.9
80.9
79.5
78.3
78.2
78.2
55.6
54.3
56.1
58.7
60.4
62.9
66.7
67.5
68.4
68.4
65.6
64.0
64.7
65.8
23.8
24.6
22.4
19.5
18.4
15.7
13.7
12.8
12.5
12.5
13.9
14.3
13.6
12.8
20.6
21.2
21.4
21.9
21.3
21.3
19.5
19.7
19.1
19.1
20.5
21.7
21.8
21.4
6.7
7.5
7.7
8.3
8.7
9.1
9.3
10.0
9.7
9.8
10.5
11.3
11.2
11.2
13.9
13.7
13.7
13.6
12.6
12.2
10.2
9.7
9.4
9.3
10.0
10.4
10.5
10.2
52.7
53.8
57.7
59.4
62.1
62.8
64.0
61.4
61.6
61.6
61.3
59.6
58.5
60.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
67.9
67.1
67.7
68.1
69.8
70.2
72.9
72.7
73.0
73.6
72.2
71.5
71.5
71.7
40.7
41.4
44.7
48.9
51.5
54.3
58.4
59.9
60.7
61.5
59.3
59.3
59.4
59.8
27.2
25.7
23.0
19.2
18.3
15.9
14.5
12.8
12.3
12.1
12.9
12.2
12.1
11.8
32.2
32.8
32.3
31.8
30.2
29.7
27.1
27.3
27.0
26.4
27.8
28.5
28.5
28.3
10.1
11.7
11.9
12.3
12.8
13.3
13.4
14.1
14.1
14.2
15.0
15.8
15.6
15.7
22.1
21.1
20.4
19.5
17.4
16.4
13.7
13.2
12.9
12.2
12.8
12.7
12.9
12.7
84.3
81.7
80.1
78.8
78.7
76.8
77.2
74.4
74.4
74.1
73.1
70.6
69.3
68.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.6
87.5
87.2
86.5
86.4
86.2
87.5
87.0
87.8
87.4
86.0
84.4
84.3
84.8
66.1
63.8
65.2
66.8
68.0
70.6
74.2
74.2
75.2
74.6
71.2
68.3
69.4
71.2
21.5
23.7
22.0
19.7
18.4
15.6
13.3
12.8
12.6
12.8
14.8
16.1
14.9
13.6
12.4
12.5
12.8
13.5
13.5
13.9
12.6
13.0
12.2
12.6
14.0
15.6
15.7
15.2
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.8
5.1
5.5
5.5
6.3
5.7
5.9
6.5
7.3
7.3
7.2
8.0
8.1
8.4
8.7
8.4
8.4
7.1
6.7
6.5
6.7
7.5
8.3
8.4
8.0
Note: These data reflect work experience for the entire year.
Source: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2012, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
77
80
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov
W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 23. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2011
(Numbers in thousands)
Married-couple families
One earner
Year
Total
No
earners
Total
Husband
Wife only
only
Two or more earners
Other
family
member
Total
Husband Wife and Husband
and wife
other
Husband and other
are not
family
family
and wife
member member earners
1967…….
1968…….
1969…….
43,292
43,842
44,436
2,943
2,888
3,022
16,490
16,375
16,268
15,429
15,310
15,133
716
730
797
345
335
339
23,859
24,579
25,145
18,888
19,743
20,327
4,639
4,522
4,517
–
–
–
–
–
–
1970…...…
1971…...…
1972…….
1973…...…
1974…...…
1975…...…
1976…….
1977…...…
1978…...…
1979…...…
44,832
45,939
46,594
47,185
47,438
47,878
48,150
48,131
48,532
49,132
3,252
3,471
3,632
4,027
4,325
4,943
4,962
5,177
5,226
5,559
16,117
16,847
16,787
16,080
15,795
16,217
15,630
15,119
14,456
13,912
14,931
15,502
15,387
14,547
14,122
14,343
13,690
13,153
12,434
11,934
867
1,004
1,003
1,110
1,216
1,394
1,424
1,456
1,509
1,499
320
340
398
423
457
481
516
512
513
480
25,464
25,621
26,175
27,078
27,319
26,717
27,559
27,835
28,850
29,660
20,510
20,641
21,279
22,152
22,451
22,338
23,104
23,474
24,655
25,595
4,622
4,651
4,553
4,535
4,442
3,861
3,829
3,812
3,609
3,476
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1980…….
1981…….
1982…….
1983…...…
1984…….
1985…...…
1986…….
1987…….
1988…….
1989…...…
49,316
49,669
49,947
50,134
50,395
50,978
51,574
51,847
52,149
52,385
5,903
6,213
6,427
6,549
6,630
6,693
6,731
6,741
6,754
6,812
13,900
13,832
14,235
13,692
12,952
12,961
12,565
12,435
11,876
11,748
11,621
11,524
11,575
11,100
10,472
10,406
9,984
9,787
9,463
9,212
1,707
1,680
2,048
1,944
1,852
1,897
1,917
1,946
1,777
1,840
573
628
613
647
628
658
664
702
636
695
29,513
29,624
29,285
29,893
30,814
31,324
32,278
32,671
33,519
33,825
25,557
25,729
25,387
26,119
27,035
27,787
28,811
29,369
30,536
30,879
3,380
3,212
3,149
2,996
2,891
2,764
2,730
2,576
2,303
2,373
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
532
435
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
148
138
1990…….
1991…….
1992…….
1993…...…
1994…...…
1995…….
1996…….
1997…….
1998…...…
1999…….
52,241
52,549
53,254
53,248
53,929
53,621
53,654
54,362
54,829
55,352
6,770
7,091
7,256
7,282
7,227
7,278
7,148
7,289
7,257
7,163
11,630
11,523
11,977
11,842
11,774
11,739
11,556
11,728
12,279
12,328
9,107
8,873
9,114
8,745
8,719
8,821
8,671
8,792
9,198
9,093
1,826
1,993
2,145
2,411
2,374
2,253
2,214
2,302
2,419
2,595
698
657
718
687
681
664
671
634
662
640
33,841
33,935
34,021
34,123
34,928
34,604
34,950
35,345
35,293
35,861
30,829
31,049
31,268
31,302
32,125
32,061
32,406
32,764
32,810
33,360
2,369
2,161
1,940
2,051
2,048
1,878
1,899
1,853
1,726
1,815
479
527
624
614
603
539
522
569
616
519
164
197
199
156
151
127
123
158
141
167
2000…...…
2001…….
2002…….
2003…….
2004………
2005………
2006………
2007………
2008………
2009………
56,643
56,798
57,362
57,767
58,045
58,225
59,050
58,490
59,183
58,516
7,463
7,666
7,803
8,043
7,996
8,017
8,091
7,914
8,083
8,466
12,717
12,907
13,487
14,051
14,352
14,292
14,545
14,264
14,622
15,035
9,515
9,621
10,109
10,469
10,821
10,603
10,693
10,392
10,567
10,565
2,601
2,698
2,818
3,026
2,991
3,096
3,261
3,265
3,435
3,849
600
588
560
557
540
593
591
608
620
621
36,463
36,224
36,071
35,673
35,696
35,915
36,414
36,312
36,477
35,015
33,892
33,696
33,547
33,220
33,131
33,380
33,880
33,718
33,930
32,327
1,865
1,898
1,845
1,789
1,832
1,818
1,752
1,847
1,739
1,789
566
501
558
548
610
597
639
597
650
739
139
129
121
117
123
121
142
149
158
160
2010……… 58,135
2011……… 59,071
8,626
9,152
15,406
15,972
10,880
11,301
3,935
4,015
591
656
34,103
33,947
31,425
31,212
1,783
1,833
722
739
172
163
See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov81 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 23. Married-couple families, by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2011 (continued)
(Percent distribution)
Married-couple families
One earner
Year
Total
No
earners
Total
Husband
Wife only
only
Two or more earners
Other
family
member
Total
Husband Wife and Husband
and wife
other
Husband and other
are not
family
family
and wife
member member earners
1967…..… 100.0
1968…...… 100.0
1969…...… 100.0
6.8
6.6
6.8
38.1
37.4
36.6
35.6
34.9
34.1
1.7
1.7
1.8
0.8
.8
.8
55.1
56.1
56.6
43.6
45.0
45.7
10.7
10.3
10.2
–
–
–
–
–
–
1970…...…
1971…...…
1972…...…
1973………
1974…...…
1975…...…
1976…...…
1977…….
1978…….
1979…….
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
7.3
7.6
7.8
8.5
9.1
10.3
10.3
10.8
10.8
11.3
35.9
36.7
36.0
34.1
33.3
33.9
32.5
31.4
29.8
28.3
33.3
33.7
33.0
30.8
29.8
30.0
28.4
27.3
25.6
24.3
1.9
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.9
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.1
.7
.7
.9
.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
56.8
55.8
56.2
57.4
57.6
55.8
57.2
57.8
59.4
60.4
45.7
44.9
45.7
46.9
47.3
46.7
48.0
48.8
50.8
52.1
10.3
10.1
9.8
9.6
9.4
8.1
8.0
7.9
7.4
7.1
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1980…….
1981…….
1982…….
1983…….
1984…….
1985…….
1986…….
1987…….
1988…….
1989…….
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.0
12.5
12.9
13.1
13.2
13.1
13.1
13.0
13.0
13.0
28.2
27.8
28.5
27.3
25.7
25.4
24.4
24.0
22.8
22.4
23.6
23.2
23.2
22.1
20.8
20.4
19.4
18.9
18.1
17.6
3.5
3.4
4.1
3.9
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.8
3.4
3.5
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.3
59.8
59.6
58.6
59.6
61.1
61.4
62.6
63.0
64.3
64.6
51.8
51.8
50.8
52.1
53.6
54.5
55.9
56.6
58.6
58.9
6.9
6.5
6.3
6.0
5.7
5.4
5.3
5.0
4.4
4.5
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1.0
.8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0.3
.3
1990…...…
1991…...…
1992…...…
1993…...…
1994…….
1995…….
1996…….
1997…….
1998…….
1999…….
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
13.0
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.4
13.6
13.3
13.4
13.2
12.9
22.3
21.9
22.5
22.2
21.8
21.9
21.5
21.6
22.4
22.3
17.4
16.9
17.1
16.4
16.2
16.5
16.2
16.2
16.8
16.4
3.5
3.8
4.0
4.5
4.4
4.2
4.1
4.2
4.4
4.7
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
64.8
64.6
63.9
64.1
64.8
64.5
65.1
65.0
64.4
64.8
59.0
59.1
58.7
58.8
59.6
59.8
60.4
60.3
59.8
60.3
4.5
4.1
3.6
3.9
3.8
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.1
3.3
.9
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
.9
.3
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
2000…...…
2001…….
2002…...…
2003…….
2004………
2005………
2006………
2007………
2008………
2009………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
13.2
13.5
13.6
13.9
13.8
13.8
13.7
13.5
13.7
14.5
22.5
22.7
23.5
24.3
24.7
24.5
24.6
24.4
24.7
25.7
16.8
16.9
17.6
18.1
18.6
18.2
18.1
17.8
17.9
18.1
4.6
4.8
4.9
5.2
5.2
5.3
5.5
5.6
5.8
6.6
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
64.4
63.8
62.9
61.8
61.5
61.7
61.7
62.1
61.6
59.8
59.8
59.3
58.5
57.5
57.1
57.3
57.4
57.6
57.3
55.2
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.1
3.0
3.2
2.9
3.1
1.0
.9
1.0
.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
2010……… 100.0
2011……… 100.0
14.8
15.5
26.5
27.0
18.7
19.1
6.8
6.8
1.0
1.1
58.7
57.5
54.1
52.8
3.1
3.1
1.2
1.3
.3
.3
Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1968–2012, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Table 24. Contribution of wives' earnings to
family income, 1970–2011
Contribution to
family income
(median percentage)
Year
1970………………….……………..
1971…………………….…………..
1972…………...……………………..
1973……………….…………………..
1974……………….………………..
1975…………….…………………..
1976………………….……………..
1977………………….……………..
1978……...………………………..
1979……………...………………..
26.6
27.5
26.7
26.0
25.4
26.3
26.4
26.1
26.1
26.0
1980………….……………………..
1981……...…………………………
1982……………...………………..
1983……………….………………..
1984………………….……………..
1985……………….………………..
1986………………...……………..
1987……………………...………..
1988……………………...………..
1989……………………….………..
26.7
27.3
28.4
28.8
28.4
28.3
29.0
29.5
29.6
29.9
1990………………….……………..
1991………………….……………..
1992…………………….…………..
1993………….……………………..
1994…………….…………………..
1995……………….………………..
1996……………………….………..
1997…………………….…………..
1998……………….………………..
1999……………………….………..
30.7
31.3
32.4
32.2
31.9
31.9
32.6
32.7
32.8
32.8
2000……………………….………..
33.5
2001……………………….………..
34.4
2002……………………….………..
34.8
2003……………………….………..
35.2
2004………………………………………………
34.9
2005……………………………………………………….
35.1
2006……………………………………………………….
35.6
2007……………………………………………………….
36.0
2008……………………………………………………….
36.0
2009……………………………………………………….
37.1
2010……………………….………..
2011……………………….………..
37.6
37.0
Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for
the entire year.
Source: Annual Social and Economic Supplements,
1971–2012, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics.
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Table 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2011
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Families in which wives have earnings
but husbands may not¹
Families in which both wives and husbands
have earnings²
Married-couple
families in which
Percentage of
Wives who earn
wife (but not
wives
more than
necessarily
who earn more
their
husband) have
than their
husbands
earnings from
husbands
work
Married-couple
Percentage of
families in which Wives who earn
wives
more than
both wife and
who earn more
husband have
their
than their
earnings from
husbands
husbands
work
1987…...………………..32,025
1988…...………………….
32,810
1989…...………………..33,119
7,581
7,827
8,068
23.7
23.9
24.4
29,755
30,503
30,848
5,311
5,520
5,796
17.8
18.1
18.8
1990…...…………………
33,093
1991…...…………………..
33,516
1992…...……………………
33,987
1993…...………………….
34,286
1994…...…………………
35,066
1995…...…………………..
34,819
1996…...………………. 35,120
1997……..................... 35,613
1998……........................35,806
1999……..........................
36,454
8,221
8,983
9,715
10,000
10,184
9,822
10,070
10,309
10,467
10,548
24.8
26.8
28.6
29.2
29.0
28.2
28.7
28.9
29.2
28.9
30,794
30,998
31,221
31,264
32,091
32,030
32,389
32,745
32,782
33,340
5,923
6,465
6,948
6,978
7,209
7,033
7,340
7,441
7,443
7,434
19.2
20.9
22.3
22.3
22.5
22.0
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.3
2000…….........................
37,037
2001……......................36,864
2002……......................36,905
2003……..................... 36,761
2004…………………… 36,710
2005……………….
37,055
2006……………….
37,733
2007……………….
37,536
2008……………….
37,988
2009……………….
36,858
11,070
11,329
11,765
11,923
11,985
12,215
12,601
12,570
13,104
13,903
29.9
30.7
31.9
32.4
32.6
33.0
33.4
33.5
34.5
37.7
33,873
33,665
33,531
33,189
33,110
33,364
33,838
33,678
33,905
32,280
7,906
8,130
8,391
8,351
8,386
8,524
8,707
8,712
9,020
9,326
23.3
24.1
25.0
25.2
25.3
25.5
25.7
25.9
26.6
28.9
2010……………….
2011……………….
13,798
13,505
38.3
37.6
31,373
31,165
9,147
8,762
29.2
28.1
36,024
35,908
Includes families in which husband had no earnings from work.
Excludes families in which husband had no earnings from work.
Note: Data reflect earnings and work experience for the entire year. Earnings include self-employment earnings.
1
2
Source: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1988–2012, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
84
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Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal
minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2012 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Workers paid hourly rates
Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage
Characteristic
Total
Total
Percentage of
hourly paid
workers
At prevailing
federal
minimum
wage
Below
prevailing
federal
minimum
wage
Age and gender
Total, 16 years and older………………..………………..
75,276
16 to 24 years………………………..………………….14,909
25 years and older……………………..………………..
60,367
3,550
1,797
1,753
4.7
12.1
2.9
1,566
862
704
1,984
935
1,049
Women, 16 years and older……………..……………….
38,163
16 to 24 years………………………..…………………. 7,455
25 years and older……………………..………………..
30,708
2,287
1,124
1,163
6.0
15.1
3.8
999
529
470
1,288
595
693
Men, 16 years and older………………………..…………
37,113
16 to 24 years…………………………………..………. 7,454
25 years and older…………………………..…………..
29,659
1,263
673
591
3.4
9.0
2.0
567
333
235
696
340
356
White……………………………..………………….………………...……………..……………………….
59,180
2,760
4.7
1,185
Women………………………..………………….………………...……………..
29,490
1,776
6.0
741
Men………………………..………………….………………...…………….
29,691
984
3.3
444
1,575
1,035
540
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Black or African American………………………………10,049
533
Women………………………..………………….………………...……………..
5,527
350
Men………………………..………………….………………...…………….
4,522
183
5.3
6.3
4.0
277
193
85
256
157
98
Asian……………….………………………………..………………….………………...……………..……………………….………
3,403
117
3.4
48
69
Women………………………..………………….………………...……………..
1,835
78
4.3
32
46
Men………………………..………………….………………...…………….
1,568
39
2.5
16
23
Hispanic or Latino …………………………………………..………………….………………...……………..……………………….…..
14,404
718
5.0
337
381
Women………………………..………………….…
6,290
423
6.7
210
213
Men………………………..………………….………
8,114
295
3.6
127
168
See footnote at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov85 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal
minimum wage, by selected characteristics, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Workers paid hourly rates
Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage
Characteristic
Total
Total
Percentage of
hourly paid
workers
At prevailing
federal
minimum
wage
Below
prevailing
federal
minimum
wage
Full- and part-time status1
Full-time workers……………………..…………………..54,745
Women……………………………….……………………
24,693
Men……………………………………..………………..30,052
1,261
770
491
2.3
3.1
1.6
501
304
197
760
466
294
Part-time workers…………………..…………………….20,411
Women……………………………...……………………
13,413
Men…………………………..………………………….. 6,998
2,286
1,513
772
11.2
11.3
11.0
1,063
693
370
1,223
820
402
1
Full-time workers and those who usually work 35 or more hours per week; part-time workers are those who usually work
less than 35 hours per week. Data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not
identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
Note: The prevailing federal minimum wage was $7.25 an hour in 2012. Data are for wage and salary workers, excluding
the incorporated self-employed reflect a person's earnings on his or her sole or principal job, and pertain only to workers
who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly workers are not included. Estimates for the race groups
shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races.
People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
86
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Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race,
and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
Age and gender
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Below poverty level
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older………… 147,475
16 to 19 years……………...…
3,263
20 to 24 years…………...…… 13,245
25 to 34 years…………...…… 31,907
35 to 44 years……………..…
32,029
45 to 54 years……………...… 34,625
55 to 64 years………………… 24,583
65 years and older……………
7,823
118,070
2,612
10,332
24,688
24,987
28,049
20,664
6,738
17,330
400
1,864
4,096
4,011
3,969
2,330
660
7,825
113
448
1,934
2,091
1,774
1,164
301
22,503
613
2,731
6,236
5,841
4,467
2,097
516
10,382
370
1,855
2,989
2,307
1,765
964
131
7,175
271
1,245
2,048
1,612
1,185
703
111
2,299
76
449
705
449
409
196
14
423
9
43
99
126
100
41
4
2,905
109
395
922
829
427
202
21
Women, 16 years and older……
16 to 19 years………………..
20 to 24 years…………...……
25 to 34 years………...………
35 to 44 years…………………
45 to 54 years…………………
55 to 64 years………………..
65 years and older……….……
69,127
1,689
6,400
14,632
14,741
16,409
11,897
3,358
54,025
1,326
4,895
10,947
11,137
13,037
9,846
2,836
9,341
223
1,001
2,220
2,172
2,131
1,259
336
3,700
72
200
904
965
850
586
123
9,566
270
1,185
2,432
2,473
2,004
962
241
5,527
185
1,091
1,649
1,157
849
505
91
3,612
128
709
1,031
755
540
371
77
1,461
42
290
497
280
241
102
8
199
7
22
44
55
44
22
4
1,309
48
195
425
355
173
97
17
Men, 16 years and older…………
16 to 19 years…………………
20 to 24 years………………..
25 to 34 years……………...…
35 to 44 years…………...……
45 to 54 years…………………
55 to 64 years…………………
65 years and older……………
78,349
1,574
6,845
17,276
17,288
18,215
12,686
4,465
64,045
1,286
5,436
13,741
13,849
15,012
10,818
3,902
7,989
177
863
1,876
1,839
1,839
1,071
323
4,125
41
248
1,030
1,126
924
578
179
12,936
343
1,546
3,805
3,369
2,464
1,135
275
4,855
185
764
1,340
1,150
916
459
40
3,564
143
536
1,017
857
645
332
34
838
34
159
208
170
168
94
6
224
2
21
55
71
56
19
–
1,596
62
201
497
474
254
105
4
See footnotes at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov87 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor
force for 27 weeks or more, by age, gender, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 2011 (continued)
Rate1
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older…………
16 to 19 years……………...…
20 to 24 years…………...……
25 to 34 years…………...……
35 to 44 years……………..…
45 to 54 years……………...…
55 to 64 years…………………
65 years and older……………
7.0
11.3
14.0
9.4
7.2
5.1
3.9
1.7
6.1
10.4
12.0
8.3
6.5
4.2
3.4
1.6
13.3
19.1
24.1
17.2
11.2
10.3
8.4
2.1
5.4
8.1
9.7
5.1
6.0
5.6
3.5
1.4
12.9
17.8
14.5
14.8
14.2
9.6
9.6
4.1
Women, 16 years and older……
16 to 19 years………………..
20 to 24 years…………...……
25 to 34 years………...………
35 to 44 years…………………
45 to 54 years…………………
55 to 64 years………………..
65 years and older……….……
8.0
10.9
17.0
11.3
7.8
5.2
4.2
2.7
6.7
9.7
14.5
9.4
6.8
4.1
3.8
2.7
15.6
18.8
29.0
22.4
12.9
11.3
8.1
2.5
5.4
(2)
11.2
4.9
5.7
5.2
3.8
3.1
13.7
17.6
16.4
17.5
14.3
8.6
10.0
7.1
Men, 16 years and older…………
16 to 19 years…………………
20 to 24 years………………..
25 to 34 years……………...…
35 to 44 years…………...……
45 to 54 years…………………
55 to 64 years…………………
65 years and older……………
6.2
11.8
11.2
7.8
6.7
5.0
3.6
0.9
5.6
11.1
9.9
7.4
6.2
4.3
3.1
0.9
10.5
19.4
18.4
11.1
9.2
9.1
8.8
1.7
5.4
(2)
8.4
5.3
6.3
6.0
3.2
0.1
12.3
17.9
13.0
13.1
14.1
10.3
9.3
1.4
Age and gender
1 Number below the poverty level as a percentage of the total in the labor force for
27 or more weeks.
2 Data not shown where labor force base is less than 80,000.
Note: These data reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year.
Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian)
do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose
ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indcates
estimates round to zero.
Source: 2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey,
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
88
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Table 28. Displaced workers1, by age, gender, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and
employment status in January 2012
Percentage distribution by employment status
Age, gender, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity
Total (in
thousands)
Total
Employed
Unemployed
Not in labor
force
Total, 20 years and older…………...
20 to 24 years…………………...……
25 to 54 years……………...…………
55 to 64 years…………...……………
65 years and older…………...………
6,121
128
4,268
1,338
386
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
56.0
61.7
61.5
47.4
23.5
26.7
22.4
26.2
28.1
27.5
17.4
15.9
12.3
24.5
49.0
Women, 20 years and older…………
20 to 24 years……………………...…
25 to 54 years………………..………
55 to 64 years…………………..……
65 years and older………………..…
2,681
50
1,831
611
189
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
49.7
(2 )
54.6
43.3
23.5
30.8
(2 )
30.9
31.1
27.7
19.5
(2 )
14.5
25.6
48.8
Men, 20 years and older…………….
20 to 24 years……………………..…
25 to 54 years……………..…………
55 to 64 years…………..……………
65 years and older…………..………
3,440
78
2,438
727
197
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
60.9
70.6
66.7
50.8
23.5
23.4
15.0
22.7
25.6
27.3
15.7
14.4
10.6
23.7
49.2
5,027
2,107
2,920
100.0
100.0
100.0
57.4
51.2
61.9
26.1
30.2
23.1
16.5
18.7
14.9
662
378
284
100.0
100.0
100.0
46.1
41.2
52.7
31.2
35.9
24.8
22.7
22.9
22.4
230
109
121
100.0
100.0
100.0
60.3
58.9
61.5
26.7
25.6
27.6
13.1
15.5
10.9
901
307
594
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
White
Total, 20 years and older…………..…
Women………………………………
Men……………………………….……
Black or African American
Total, 20 years and older……………
Women…………………………….…
Men…………………………….………
Asian
Total, 20 years and older……………
Women…………………………….…
Men………………………………..…
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 20 years and older………….…
Women………………………………
Men…………………………..………
54.9
44.3
60.3
27.7
31.6
25.7
17.4
24.1
14.0
Workers who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2009 and
December 2011 because of plant or company closings or relocations, insufficient work, or the abolishment
of their positions or shifts.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
1
Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to
totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino
may be of any race.
Source: January 2012 Displaced Worker Supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov89 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 29. Employed wage and salary workers, by age, gender, and median years of tenure with current
employer for selected years, 1998–2012
Age and gender
February
1998
February
2000
January
2002
January
2004
January
2006
January
2008
January
2010
January
2012
Total, 16 years and older…………...………..
3.6
16 to 17 years…………………...…………. .6
18 to 19 years…………………...…………. .7
20 to 24 years…………………...………….1.1
25 years and older…………………...………….
4.7
25 to 34 years……………...……………….
2.7
35 to 44 years……………...……………….
5.0
45 to 54 years……………...……………….
8.1
55 to 64 years……………...……………….
10.1
65 years and older……………...……………….
7.8
3.5
.6
.7
1.1
4.7
2.6
4.8
8.2
10.0
9.4
3.7
.7
.8
1.2
4.7
2.7
4.6
7.6
9.9
8.6
4.0
.7
.8
1.3
4.9
2.9
4.9
7.7
9.6
9.0
4.0
.6
.7
1.3
4.9
2.9
4.9
7.3
9.3
8.8
4.1
.7
.8
1.3
5.1
2.7
4.9
7.6
9.9
10.2
4.4
.7
1.0
1.5
5.2
3.1
5.1
7.8
10.0
9.9
4.6
.7
.8
1.3
5.4
3.2
5.3
7.8
10.3
10.3
Women, 16 years and older…………..……..
3.4
16 to 17 years…………………...…………. .6
18 to 19 years…………………...…………. .7
20 to 24 years…………………...………….1.1
25 years and older…………………...………….
4.4
25 to 34 years……………...……………….
2.5
35 to 44 years……………...……………….
4.5
45 to 54 years……………...……………….
7.2
55 to 64 years……………...……………….
9.6
65 years and older……………...……………….
8.7
3.3
.6
.7
1.0
4.4
2.5
4.3
7.3
9.9
9.7
3.4
.7
.8
1.1
4.4
2.5
4.2
6.5
9.6
9.4
3.8
.6
.8
1.3
4.7
2.8
4.5
6.4
9.2
9.6
3.9
.6
.7
1.2
4.8
2.8
4.6
6.7
9.2
9.5
3.9
.6
.8
1.3
4.9
2.6
4.7
7.0
9.8
9.9
4.2
.7
1.0
1.5
5.1
3.0
4.9
7.1
9.7
10.1
4.6
.7
.8
1.3
5.4
3.1
5.2
7.3
10.0
10.5
Men, 16 years and older……………..………
3.8
16 to 17 years…………………...…………. .6
18 to 19 years…………………...…………. .7
20 to 24 years…………………...………….1.2
25 years and older…………………...………….
4.9
25 to 34 years……………...……………….
2.8
35 to 44 years……………...……………….
5.5
45 to 54 years……………...……………….
9.4
55 to 64 years……………...……………….
11.2
65 years and older……………...……………….
7.1
3.8
.6
.7
1.2
4.9
2.7
5.3
9.5
10.2
9.0
3.9
.8
.8
1.4
4.9
2.8
5.0
9.1
10.2
8.1
4.1
.7
.8
1.3
5.1
3.0
5.2
9.6
9.8
8.2
4.1
.7
.7
1.4
5.0
2.9
5.1
8.1
9.5
8.3
4.2
.7
.8
1.4
5.2
2.8
5.2
8.2
10.1
10.4
4.6
.7
1.0
1.6
5.3
3.2
5.3
8.5
10.4
9.7
4.7
.6
.8
1.4
5.5
3.2
5.4
8.5
10.7
10.2
Source: 1998–2012 Displaced Worker Supplements to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Table 30. Labor force status of 2012 high school graduates and 2011–2012 high school dropouts
16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment and gender, October 2012
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Characteristic
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Total, 2012 high school graduates1……….
Percentage
of
population
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
48.8
1,161
36.3
402
25.7
1,639
1,581
1,622
781
783
49.4
48.2
614
547
38.8
33.7
167
235
21.4
30.0
800
840
Enrolled in college………...…………………… 2,121
Percentage of total 2012 graduates……… 66.2
811
51.9
38.2
–
667
57.5
31.5
–
143
35.6
17.7
–
1,310
79.9
Women…………………………..…………… 1,127
Percentage of female 2012 graduates…… 71.3
469
60.1
41.6
–
395
64.3
35.1
–
74
44.3
15.7
–
658
82.3
994
61.3
342
43.7
34.4
–
272
49.7
27.4
–
70
29.8
20.4
–
652
77.6
Not enrolled in college……………..………… 1,082
Percentage of total 2012 graduates……… 33.8
753
48.2
69.6
–
494
42.5
45.7
–
259
64.4
34.4
–
329
20.1
Women…………………………………..……
Percentage of female 2012 graduates……
454
28.7
312
39.9
68.7
–
219
35.7
48.2
–
93
55.7
29.9
–
142
17.8
Men……………………………………….……
Percentage of male 2012 graduates……
628
38.7
441
56.3
70.2
–
275
50.3
43.8
–
166
70.6
37.5
–
187
22.3
370
174
47.2
88
23.8
86
49.6
195
178
192
63
111
35.5
57.9
28
60
15.9
31.1
35
52
Total, 2011–2012 high school dropouts2…
Women…………………………..……………
Men………………………………….…………
3
Total
Not in
labor
force
1,563
Men………………………….…………………
Percentage of male 2012 graduates……
2
Total
Percentage
of
population
Unemployed
3,203
Women…………………….……………………
Men……………………….……………………
1
Employed
(3 )
46.3
115
81
Data refer to persons who graduated from high school in January through October 2012.
Data refer to persons who dropped out of school between October 2011 and October 2012.
Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.
Source: October 2012 School Enrollment Supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov91 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 31. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old, by school enrollment, gender, and educational
attainment, October 2012
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Characteristic
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percentage
of
population
Total
Percentage
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percentage
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
Enrolled in school…………………...……. 22,718
8,717
38.4
7,520
33.1
1,196
13.7
14,002
Women……………………………….…….. 11,667
Men……………………………….………… 11,051
4,727
3,990
40.5
36.1
4,119
3,401
35.3
30.8
607
589
12.8
14.8
6,942
7,061
Enrolled in high school1…………...…………10,033
2,262
22.5
1,742
17.4
520
23.0
7,771
Women……………………………….…….. 4,824
Men……………………………….………… 5,209
1,169
1,093
24.2
21.0
920
822
19.1
15.8
249
271
21.3
24.8
3,656
4,116
Enrolled in college……………..…………….12,685
6,454
50.9
5,778
45.6
676
10.5
6,231
Women…………………….……………….. 6,843
Men…………………….…………………… 5,842
3,558
2,897
52.0
49.6
3,199
2,579
46.7
44.2
358
318
10.1
11.0
3,286
2,945
12,749
79.3
10,647
66.2
2,102
16.5
3,333
Not enrolled in school……………..……..
1
2
16,082
Women…………………………….…………..
Less than a high school diploma ............
High school graduates, no college 2 .......
Some college or associate's degree .........
Bachelor’s degree and higher .................
7,575
1,135
3,025
2,112
1,304
5,641
568
2,135
1,715
1,222
74.5
50.0
70.6
81.2
93.8
4,750
405
1,674
1,526
1,146
62.7
35.6
55.3
72.2
87.9
891
163
462
190
76
15.8
28.7
21.6
11.1
6.2
1,934
568
889
397
81
Men……………………………………...…….
Less than a high school diploma ............
High school graduates, no college 2 .......
Some college or associate's degree .........
Bachelor’s degree and higher .................
8,506
1,427
4,089
2,043
946
7,108
1,045
3,344
1,830
890
83.6
73.2
81.8
89.5
94.1
5,896
744
2,709
1,625
818
69.3
52.1
66.2
79.5
86.5
1,212
301
635
204
72
17.0
28.8
19.0
11.2
8.0
1,398
382
746
214
56
Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school.
Includes those who have earned a high school diploma or the equivalent.
Note: Sums of individual items may not equal totals because of rounding.
Source: October 2012 School Enrollment Supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
89
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Table 32. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates, by gender, 1994–2012 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Multiple-jobholding rate¹
Multiple jobholders
Women
Year
1994…..….
1995….……
1996…..….
1997…..….
1998…..….
1999…..….
Total
employed
Total
Number
Percentage of
all multiple
jobholders
Men
Total
Women
Men
123,060
124,900
126,708
129,558
131,463
133,488
7,260
7,693
7,832
7,955
7,926
7,802
3,336
3,554
3,640
3,718
3,748
3,698
46.0
46.2
46.5
46.7
47.3
47.4
3,924
4,139
4,192
4,237
4,178
4,104
5.9
6.2
6.2
6.1
6.0
5.8
5.9
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.0
5.9
6.1
6.1
6.1
5.9
5.7
2000…..….
136,891
2001..…….
136,933
2002…..….
136,485
2003..…….
137,736
2004…..….
139,252
2005……… 141,730
2006…………………
144,427
2007…………………
146,047
2008…………………
145,362
2009…………………
139,877
7,604
7,357
7,291
7,315
7,473
7,546
7,576
7,655
7,620
7,271
3,608
3,523
3,557
3,599
3,638
3,691
3,753
3,822
3,783
3,741
47.4
47.9
48.8
49.2
48.7
48.9
49.5
49.9
49.6
51.5
3,996
3,834
3,734
3,716
3,835
3,855
3,822
3,833
3,837
3,530
5.6
5.4
5.3
5.3
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.7
5.5
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.5
5.2
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
4.9
4.9
5.0
4.8
2010…………………
139,064
2011…………………
139,869
2012…………………
142,469
6,878
6,880
6,943
3,552
3,496
3,495
51.6
50.8
50.3
3,326
3,384
3,448
4.9
4.9
4.9
5.4
5.3
5.2
4.5
4.6
4.6
¹ Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed people in specified group.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov93 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 33. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries, by gender, 1976–2012
annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
Year
Women
Men
Selfemployed
SelfSelfSelfwomen as
employed
employed
employed percentage
Total
SelfTotal
SelfTotal
Selfas a
as a
as a
of total selfemployed employed
employed employed
employed employed
percentage
percentage
percentage employed
of total
of total
of total
1976……
1977…..
1978…..
1979…..
85,421
88,734
92,661
95,477
5,782
6,115
6,428
6,792
6.8
6.9
6.9
7.1
35,027
36,677
38,900
40,556
1,549
1,692
1,814
1,982
4.4
4.6
4.7
4.9
50,394
52,057
53,761
54,921
4,233
4,423
4,614
4,810
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.8
26.8
27.7
28.2
29.2
1980…..
1981…..
1982…..
1983…..
1984……
1985…..
1986…..
1987…..
1988……
1989…..
95,938
97,030
96,125
97,450
101,685
103,971
106,435
109,232
111,800
114,143
7,001
7,097
7,263
7,575
7,785
7,810
7,881
8,201
8,519
8,605
7.3
7.3
7.6
7.8
7.7
7.5
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.5
41,461
42,333
42,591
43,367
45,262
46,615
48,054
49,668
51,020
52,341
2,097
2,192
2,309
2,439
2,566
2,603
2,610
2,778
2,955
3,043
5.1
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.4
5.6
5.8
5.8
54,477
54,697
53,534
54,083
56,423
57,356
58,381
59,564
60,780
61,802
4,904
4,905
4,954
5,136
5,219
5,207
5,271
5,423
5,564
5,562
9.0
9.0
9.3
9.5
9.2
9.1
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.0
30.0
30.9
31.8
32.2
33.0
33.3
33.1
33.9
34.7
35.4
1990……
1991…..
1992…..
1993…..
1994…..
1995…..
1996…..
1997…..
1998…..
1999…..
115,570
114,449
115,246
117,144
119,651
121,460
123,264
126,159
128,085
130,207
8,719
8,850
8,576
8,959
9,003
8,901
8,971
9,056
8,962
8,790
7.5
7.7
7.4
7.6
7.5
7.3
7.3
7.2
7.0
6.8
53,011
52,815
53,380
54,273
55,755
56,642
57,630
59,026
59,945
61,193
3,122
3,150
2,963
3,065
3,443
3,440
3,506
3,550
3,482
3,424
5.9
6.0
5.6
5.6
6.2
6.1
6.1
6.0
5.8
5.6
62,559
61,634
61,866
62,871
63,896
64,818
65,634
67,133
68,140
69,014
5,597
5,700
5,613
5,894
5,560
5,461
5,465
5,506
5,480
5,366
8.9
9.2
9.1
9.4
8.7
8.4
8.3
8.2
8.0
7.8
35.8
35.6
34.5
34.2
38.2
38.6
39.1
39.2
38.9
39.0
2000…..
2001…..
2002……
2003…..
2004……
2005…..
2006……
2007……
2008……
2009……
134,427
134,635
134,174
135,461
137,020
139,532
142,221
143,952
143,194
137,775
9,205
9,121
8,923
9,344
9,467
9,509
9,685
9,557
9,219
8,995
6.8
6.8
6.7
6.9
6.9
6.8
6.8
6.6
6.4
6.5
62,983
63,147
62,995
63,824
64,182
65,213
66,382
67,302
67,358
65,712
3,631
3,594
3,499
3,609
3,607
3,565
3,681
3,637
3,483
3,468
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.2
5.3
71,444
71,488
71,179
71,636
72,838
74,319
75,838
76,650
75,836
72,062
5,573
5,527
5,425
5,736
5,860
5,944
6,004
5,920
5,736
5,527
7.8
7.7
7.6
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.9
7.7
7.6
7.7
39.4
39.4
39.2
38.6
38.1
37.5
38.0
38.1
37.8
38.6
2010…… 136,858
2011…… 139,869
2012…… 140,283
8,860
8,603
8,749
6.5
6.2
6.2
65,164
65,579
66,353
3,388
3,341
3,483
5.2
5.1
5.2
71,694
74,290
73,930
5,472
5,262
5,266
7.6
7.1
7.1
38.2
38.8
39.8
Note: Revisions to population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of labor force levels over time. In recent
years, for example, updated population controls have been introduced annually with the release of January data. Information
about historical comparability is online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
94
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Table 34. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population,
by age and gender, 2012 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Native- or foreign-born
status, age, and gender
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Civilian labor force
Employed
Total
Percentage
of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percentage
of
population
Total
Not in
labor
force
Percentage
of labor
force
Total
Native born1
16 years and older……..….
205,558
16 to 24 years………..…. 35,059
25 to 34 years………….…33,301
35 to 44 years………...……
30,932
45 to 54 years………….…36,188
55 to 64 years………...……
33,297
65 years and older…….…..
36,780
129,948
19,379
27,625
25,737
28,983
21,377
6,847
63.2
55.3
83.0
83.2
80.1
64.2
18.6
119,464
16,202
25,328
24,058
27,252
20,189
6,435
58.1
46.2
76.1
77.8
75.3
60.6
17.5
10,485
3,177
2,297
1,679
1,731
1,189
412
8.1
16.4
8.3
6.5
6.0
5.6
6.0
75,609
15,680
5,677
5,195
7,205
11,919
29,933
Foreign born2
16 years and older……..….37,727
16 to 24 years……….…… 3,724
25 to 34 years……..……. 7,674
35 to 44 years……..……. 8,710
45 to 54 years………….… 7,509
55 to 64 years……….…… 5,021
65 years and older………....5,089
25,026
1,905
5,840
6,997
6,071
3,332
880
66.3
51.2
76.1
80.3
80.9
66.4
17.3
23,006
1,632
5,373
6,518
5,622
3,051
810
61.0
43.8
70.0
74.8
74.9
60.8
15.9
2,021
273
468
479
449
282
70
8.1
14.3
8.0
6.8
7.4
8.5
8.0
12,701
1,819
1,833
1,713
1,438
1,689
4,209
Native born1
16 years and older……..….
106,579
16 to 24 years…………..…17,496
25 to 34 years……...…….17,012
35 to 44 years……...…….15,788
45 to 54 years……….……18,532
55 to 64 years………..……17,275
65 years and older…….....20,476
62,046
9,485
13,129
12,133
13,965
10,336
2,998
58.2
54.2
77.2
76.9
75.4
59.8
14.6
57,251
8,101
12,070
11,343
13,131
9,795
2,811
53.7
46.3
70.9
71.8
70.9
56.7
13.7
4,795
1,384
1,059
790
834
540
187
7.7
14.6
8.1
6.5
6.0
5.2
6.2
44,533
8,011
3,883
3,655
4,567
6,940
17,478
Foreign born2
16 years and older……..….19,362
16 to 24 years………..……1,741
25 to 34 years……...……. 3,758
35 to 44 years……...……. 4,439
45 to 54 years……….…… 3,827
55 to 64 years………….… 2,626
65 years and older………...2,971
10,602
750
2,253
2,994
2,727
1,495
385
54.8
43.1
60.0
67.4
71.3
56.9
12.9
9,663
633
2,024
2,750
2,522
1,376
358
49.9
36.4
53.9
61.9
65.9
52.4
12.0
939
117
229
244
204
118
27
8.9
15.6
10.2
8.2
7.5
7.9
7.0
8,760
992
1,505
1,445
1,100
1,132
2,586
Women
See footnotes at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov95 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 34. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population,
by age and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Native- or foreign-born
status, age, and gender
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Civilian labor force
Employed
Total
Unemployed
Percentage
of
population
Total
Percentage
of
population
Total
Not in
Percentage labor force
of labor
force
Men
Native born1
16 years and older………...98,979
16 to 24 years………….…17,563
25 to 34 years………...….16,289
35 to 44 years………...….15,144
45 to 54 years……….……17,657
55 to 64 years……….……16,021
65 years and older…….....16,304
67,903
9,895
14,495
13,604
15,018
11,042
3,849
68.6
56.3
89.0
89.8
85.1
68.9
23.6
62,213
8,101
13,258
12,715
14,121
10,393
3,625
62.9
46.1
81.4
84.0
80.0
64.9
22.2
5,690
1,793
1,238
889
897
648
225
8.4
18.1
8.5
6.5
6.0
5.9
5.8
31,076
7,668
1,794
1,541
2,638
4,980
12,455
Foreign born2
16 years and older………....18,365
16 to 24 years……….…… 1,983
25 to 34 years……...……. 3,915
35 to 44 years………...…. 4,271
45 to 54 years………….… 3,682
55 to 64 years……….…… 2,395
65 years and older……..... 2,118
14,424
1,156
3,587
4,003
3,344
1,838
495
78.5
58.3
91.6
93.7
90.8
76.7
23.4
13,342
999
3,349
3,768
3,099
1,675
452
72.7
50.4
85.5
88.2
84.2
69.9
21.3
1,082
157
239
235
245
163
43
7.5
13.6
6.7
5.9
7.3
8.9
8.7
3,941
827
328
268
338
557
1,623
The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, or
who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
2 The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the
United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not U.S. citizens. This group
includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data,
however, do not separately identify the number of people in these categories.
1
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Table 35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers, by gender, annual averages, 1983–2012
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
Year
Members of unions1
Total
employed
Total
Percentage
of employed
Women
Represented by
unions2
Total
Members of unions1
Total
Percentage employed
of
employed
Total
Percentage
of employed
Represented by
unions2
Total
Percentage
of employed
1983………..88,290
17,717
20.1
20,532
23.3
40,433
5,908
14.6
7,262
18.0
1984…...…..92,194
17,340
18.8
19,932
21.6
42,172
5,829
13.8
7,100
16.8
1985……...…94,521
1986…….... 96,903
16,996
18.0
19,358
20.5
43,506
5,732
13.2
6,910
15.9
16,975
17.5
19,278
19.9
44,961
5,802
12.9
6,961
15.5
1987…...……99,303
16,913
17.0
19,051
19.2
46,365
5,842
12.6
6,907
14.9
1988……...…
101,407
17,002
16.8
19,241
19.0
47,495
5,982
12.6
7,109
15.0
1989…...……
103,480
16,960
16.4
19,198
18.6
48,691
6,141
12.6
7,243
14.9
1990…….....
104,876
16,776
16.0
19,105
18.2
49,323
6,179
12.5
7,330
14.9
1991...………
103,723
16,612
16.0
18,790
18.1
49,105
6,142
12.5
7,247
14.8
1992……...…
104,668
16,418
15.7
18,578
17.7
49,842
6,274
12.6
7,411
14.9
1993……...…
106,101
1994…….....
107,989
16,627
15.7
18,682
17.6
50,626
6,516
12.9
7,610
15.0
16,748
15.5
18,850
17.5
51,419
6,642
12.9
7,740
15.1
1995……...…
110,038
16,360
14.9
18,346
16.7
52,369
6,430
12.3
7,479
14.3
1996…...……
111,960
1997……..…
114,533
16,269
14.5
18,158
16.2
53,488
6,410
12.0
7,397
13.8
16,110
14.1
17,923
15.6
54,708
6,347
11.6
7,304
13.4
1998…….....
116,730
1999…….....
118,963
16,211
13.9
17,918
15.4
55,757
6,362
11.4
7,280
13.1
16,477
13.9
18,182
15.3
57,050
6,528
11.4
7,425
13.0
2000………..
122,089
16,334
13.4
18,153
14.9
58,427
6,671
11.4
7,662
13.1
2001……...…
122,229
2002………..
121,826
16,305
13.3
18,026
14.7
58,582
6,768
11.6
7,672
13.1
16,145
13.3
17,695
14.5
58,555
6,820
11.6
7,629
13.0
2003………..
122,358
15,776
12.9
17,448
14.3
59,122
6,732
11.4
7,601
12.9
2004………..
123,554
15,472
12.5
17,087
13.8
59,408
6,593
11.1
7,450
12.5
2005………125,889
15,685
12.5
17,223
13.7
60,423
6,815
11.3
7,626
12.6
2006………..
128,237
15,359
12.0
16,860
13.1
61,426
6,702
10.9
7,501
12.2
2007………..
129,767
2008………..
129,377
15,670
12.1
17,243
13.3
62,299
6,903
11.1
7,749
12.4
16,098
12.4
17,761
13.7
62,532
7,160
11.4
8,036
12.9
2009………..
124,490
15,327
12.3
16,904
13.6
60,951
6,887
11.3
7,727
12.7
2010………..
124,073
2011………..
125,187
2012………..
127,577
14,715
14,764
14,366
11.9
11.8
11.3
16,290
16,290
15,922
13.1
13.0
12.5
60,542
60,502
61,679
6,722
6,758
6,470
11.1
11.2
10.5
7,528
7,558
7,311
12.4
12.5
11.9
See footnotes at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov97 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary
workers, by gender, annual averages, 1983–2012 (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Men
Year
Total
employed
Members of unions1
Total
Percentage
of employed
Represented by
unions2
Total
Percentage
of
employed
1983………..47,856
1984…...…..50,022
1985……...…
51,015
1986……....51,942
1987…...……
52,938
1988……...…
53,912
1989…...……
54,789
1990…….....55,553
1991...………
54,618
1992……...…
54,826
1993……...…
55,475
1994…….....56,570
1995……...…
57,669
1996…...……
58,473
1997……..…59,825
1998…….....60,973
1999…….....61,914
11,809
11,511
11,264
11,173
11,071
11,019
10,820
10,597
10,470
10,144
10,112
10,106
9,929
9,859
9,763
9,850
9,949
24.7
23.0
22.1
21.5
20.9
20.4
19.7
19.1
19.2
18.5
18.2
17.9
17.2
16.9
16.3
16.2
16.1
13,270
12,832
12,448
12,317
12,144
12,132
11,955
11,775
11,542
11,167
11,072
11,110
10,868
10,761
10,619
10,638
10,758
27.7
25.7
24.4
23.7
22.9
22.5
21.8
21.2
21.1
20.4
20.0
19.6
18.8
18.4
17.7
17.4
17.4
2000………..63,662
2001……...…
63,647
2002………..63,272
2003………..63,236
2004………..64,145
2005………65,466
2006………..66,811
2007………..67,468
2008………..66,846
2009………..63,539
9,664
9,538
9,325
9,044
8,878
8,870
8,657
8,767
8,938
8,441
15.2
15.0
14.7
14.3
13.8
13.5
13.0
13.0
13.4
13.3
10,491
10,354
10,066
9,848
9,638
9,597
9,360
9,494
9,724
9,176
16.5
16.3
15.9
15.6
15.0
14.7
14.0
14.1
14.5
14.4
2010………..63,531
2011………..64,686
2012………..65,898
7,994
8,006
7,895
12.6
12.4
12.0
8,761
8,731
8,611
13.8
13.5
13.1
Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a
union.
2 Members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a
union, as well as workers who are not members of unions but whose
jobs are covered by a union or employee association contract.
1
Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time
workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of
whether their businesses are or are not incorporated. Revisions to
population controls and other changes can affect the comparability of
labor force levels over time. In recent years, for example, updated
population controls have been introduced annually with the release of
January data. Information about historical comparability is online at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
95
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Table 36. Employment status of persons 18 years and over, by veteran status, period of service,
and gender, 2012 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Employment status and period of service
Women as a
percentage of
total
Total
Women
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population……………………………
21,183
1,815
19,368
8.6
Civilian labor force……………………………………………
11,006
1,122
9,884
10.2
52.0
61.8
51.0
Employed……………………………………………………
10,233
1,029
9,204
Employment-population ratio……………………………
48.3
56.7
47.5
Unemployed…………………………………………………
773
93
680
Unemployment rate………………………………………
7.0
8.3
6.9
Not in labor force………………………………………………
10,177
693
9,484
6.8
Civilian noninstitutional population……………………………
2,566
431
2,136
16.8
Civilian labor force……………………………………………
14.3
Total veterans, 18 years of age and older
Participation rate………………………………………………
10.1
12.0
Period of service
Gulf War-era II veterans
2,071
297
1,774
Participation rate………………………………………………
80.7
68.9
83.1
Employed……………………………………………………
1,866
259
1,606
Employment-population ratio……………………………
72.7
60.2
75.2
Unemployed…………………………………………………
205
37
168
Unemployment rate………………………………………
9.9
12.5
9.5
Not in labor force………………………………………………
496
134
362
27.0
Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population……………………………
3,049
482
2,567
15.8
Civilian labor force……………………………………………
2,548
364
2,184
14.3
Participation rate………………………………………………
83.6
75.5
85.1
Employed……………………………………………………
2,398
335
2,063
Employment-population ratio……………………………
78.6
69.5
80.4
Unemployed…………………………………………………
150
29
121
13.9
18.0
14.0
19.3
Unemployment rate………………………………………
5.9
8.0
5.6
Not in labor force………………………………………………
501
118
383
23.6
Civilian noninstitutional population……………………………
9,872
318
9,554
3.2
Civilian labor force……………………………………………
3,165
102
3,063
3.2
Participation rate………………………………………………
32.1
32.1
32.1
Employed……………………………………………………
2,964
98
2,866
Employment-population ratio……………………………
30.0
30.7
30.0
Unemployed…………………………………………………
201
4
197
World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Unemployment rate………………………………………
6.4
4.1
6.4
Not in labor force………………………………………………
6,707
216
6,491
3.3
2.0
3.2
See note at end of table.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov99 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Table 36. Employment status of persons 18 years and over, by veteran status, period of service,
and gender, 2012 annual averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Employment status and period of service
Total
Women
Men
Women as a
percentage of
total
Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population……………………………
5,696
584
5,112
10.3
Civilian labor force……………………………………………
3,222
359
2,863
11.1
Participation rate………………………………………………
56.6
61.5
56.0
Employed……………………………………………………
3,006
337
2,669
Employment-population ratio……………………………
52.8
57.7
52.2
Unemployed…………………………………………………
217
22
194
Unemployment rate………………………………………
6.7
6.2
6.8
Not in labor force………………………………………………
2,473
225
2,248
9.1
Civilian noninstitutional population……………………………
213,211
119,785
93,425
56.2
Civilian labor force……………………………………………
142,017
70,524
71,493
49.7
11.2
10.1
Nonveterans, 18 years and older
Participation rate………………………………………………
Employed……………………………………………………
66.6
58.9
76.5
130,817
65,125
65,692
Employment-population ratio……………………………
61.4
54.4
70.3
Unemployed…………………………………………………
11,200
5,399
5,801
Unemployment rate………………………………………
7.9
7.7
8.1
Not in labor force………………………………………………
71,194
49,261
21,933
49.8
48.2
69.2
Note: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey.
Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001 to
present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964 to April 1975), Korean War (July 1950
to January 1955), World War II (December 1941 to December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods).
Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served
during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Table 37. Employment and disability status of persons, by gender and age,
2012 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Employment status and age
Total
Women
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population………………………………………..
28,251
15,322
12,929
Civilian labor force………………………………………………………..
5,816
2,626
3,190
17.1
24.7
2,267
2,770
14.8
21.4
Total persons with a disability,
16 years and older
Participation rate……………………………………………………………
20.6
Employed……………………………………………………………………..
5,037
Employment-population ratio………………………………………………
17.8
Unemployed…………………………………………………………………
779
359
420
Unemployment rate………………………………………………….
13.4
13.7
13.2
12,696
9,739
Civilian noninstitutional population………………………………………..
15,339
7,775
7,564
Civilian labor force………………………………………………………..
4,854
2,249
2,605
Not in labor force………………………………………………………………
22,435
16 to 64 years
Participation rate……………………………………………………………
31.6
Employed……………………………………………………………………..
4,146
Employment-population ratio………………………………………………
27.0
28.9
34.4
1,918
2,228
24.7
29.5
Unemployed…………………………………………………………………
708
331
377
Unemployment rate………………………………………………….
14.6
14.7
14.5
5,525
4,959
Civilian noninstitutional population………………………………………..
12,912
7,547
5,365
Civilian labor force………………………………………………………..
961
377
585
5.0
10.9
349
542
4.6
10.1
Not in labor force………………………………………………………………
10,484
65 years and older
Participation rate……………………………………………………………
7.4
Employed……………………………………………………………………..
890
Employment-population ratio………………………………………………
6.9
Unemployed…………………………………………………………………
71
28
43
Unemployment rate………………………………………………….7.4
7.4
7.3
7,171
4,780
Total persons without a disability,
16 years and older
Civilian noninstitutional population………………………………………..
215,034
110,619
104,415
Civilian labor force………………………………………………………..
149,159
70,022
79,137
Not in labor force………………………………………………………………
11,951
Participation rate……………………………………………………………
69.4
Employed……………………………………………………………………..
137,433
Employment-population ratio………………………………………………
63.9
Unemployed…………………………………………………………………
11,727
Unemployment rate………………………………………………….7.9
Not in labor force………………………………………………………………
65,875
See note at end of table.
63.3
75.8
64,647
72,785
58.4
69.7
5,375
6,352
7.7
8.0
40,597
25,278
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Table 37. Employment and disability status of persons, by gender and age, 2012 annual
averages (continued)
(Numbers in thousands)
Employment status and age
Total
Women
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population………………………………………..
186,077
94,719
91,358
Civilian labor force………………………………………………………..
142,393
67,016
75,377
16 to 64 years
Participation rate……………………………………………………………
76.5
Employed……………………………………………………………………..
131,078
Employment-population ratio………………………………………………
70.4
Unemployed…………………………………………………………………
11,315
Unemployment rate………………………………………………….7.9
70.8
82.5
61,827
69,251
65.3
75.8
5,189
6,127
7.7
8.1
27,703
15,980
Civilian noninstitutional population………………………………………..
28,957
15,900
13,057
Civilian labor force………………………………………………………..
6,766
3,006
3,760
18.9
28.8
2,820
3,535
17.7
27.1
Unemployed…………………………………………………………………
411
186
225
Unemployment rate………………………………………………….6.1
6.2
6.0
12,894
9,297
Not in labor force………………………………………………………………
43,683
65 years and older
Participation rate……………………………………………………………
23.4
Employed……………………………………………………………………..
6,355
Employment-population ratio………………………………………………
21.9
Not in labor force………………………………………………………………
22,191
Note: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: deaf or serious difficulty
hearing; blind or serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; serious difficulty concentrating,
remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; serious
difficulty walking or climbing stairs; difficulty dressing or bathing; or difficulty doing errands alone, such as
visiting a doctor's office or shopping, because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition.
Source: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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Technical Notes
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current
Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample
survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that
provides a wide range of information on the labor force,
employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted
for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S.
Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national
sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of
Columbia.
available for work (except in the case of temporary illness),
and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime
during the 4-week period ending with the survey reference
week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from
which they had been laid off need not have been looking
for work to be classified as unemployed.
Material in this report is in the public domain and, with
appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission.
This information is available upon request to individuals
with sensory impairments. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200;
Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all people
in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither
employed nor unemployed. People marginally attached to
the labor force are those individuals not in the labor force
who wanted and were available for work and had looked
for a job sometime in the prior 12 months (or since the end
of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months).
These people were not counted as unemployed because
they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding
the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally
attached, were not looking for work because they believed
that no jobs were available for them.
Concepts and Definitions
Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are people
16 years of age and older residing in any of the 50 states
or the District of Columbia who are not confined to
institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who
are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.
Civilian labor force. This group comprises all people
classified as employed or unemployed.
Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is
the civilian labor force as a percentage of the civilian
noninstitutional population.
Employed people. Employed people are all those who,
during the survey reference week, (a) did any work at all
as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business, in a
profession, or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 or more
hours as unpaid workers in a family member’s business.
People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or
business because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or
another reason also are counted as employed.
Employment–population ratio. This ratio is the number of
employed as a percentage of the population.
Unemployed. The unemployed are people who had no
employment during the survey reference week, were
Unemployment rate. This rate is the number of unemployed
people as a percentage of the civilian labor force.
Race. In accordance with the Office of Management and
Budget guidelines, White, Black or African American,
and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race.
Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those
who selected that race group only. Those who identify
multiple race groups are categorized as people of two or
more races. (Previously, people identified a group as their
main race.) In the enumeration process, race is determined
by the household respondent. More information on the
2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is
available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to people who
identified themselves in the enumeration process as being
Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish. People whose ethnicity
is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race;
estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. More
information on the 2003 changes in questions on race and
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov103 W O M E N I N T H E L A B O R F O R C E : A D ATA B O O K
Hispanic ethnicity is available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/
rvcps03.pdf.
Family. A family is a group of two or more people residing
together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption;
all such people are considered as members of one family.
Families are classified either as married-couple families or
as families maintained by women or men without spouses
present. Families include those without children as well as
those with children under 18.
Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children and
include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children.
Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other
related children, and all unrelated children living in the
household.
Self-employed workers. Self-employed workers are those
who work for profit or fees in their own business, in a
profession, in a trade, or on a farm. The unincorporated
self-employed are included in the self-employed category.
Self-employed people whose businesses are incorporated
are included with wage and salary workers.
Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive
wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or
piece rates. The group includes employees in the private
and the public sectors. Data on union membership and
earnings of wage and salary workers exclude all selfemployed workers, both those with incorporated businesses
and those with unincorporated businesses.
Workers paid by the hour. These are people paid at an
hourly rate on their main job. Historically, workers paid an
hourly wage have made up approximately three-fifths of all
wage and salary workers.
Usual weekly earnings. Data on usual weekly earnings
represent earnings before taxes and other deductions,
and include any overtime pay, commissions, and tips
usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple
jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly
(e.g., annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly.
The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the
respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are
instructed to define the term as “more than half the weeks
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worked during the past 4 or 5 months.” Data refer to the
sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding
all self-employed people, regardless of whether their
businesses were incorporated) and are tabulated from onequarter of the CPS monthly sample.
Median weekly earnings. These figures indicate the number
that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts,
one part having values above the median and the other
having values below the median. Median weekly earnings
shown in this publication are estimated through the linear
interpolation of the $50-centered interval in which the
median lies.
Minimum wage. The estimates of the numbers of workers
with reported earnings at or below the federal minimum
wage pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates.
Salaried workers and other workers who are not paid by
the hour are not included, even though some have earnings
that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the
minimum wage. Consequently, the estimates presented in
this report likely understate the actual number of workers
with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. BLS
does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers
not paid by the hour, because of data quality concerns
associated with such an estimation process.
The prevailing federal minimum wage is $7.25, effective
July 24, 2009. Note that some states have established
minimum-wage standards that exceed the federal level.
The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the
minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of
the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), because there are a
number of exemptions to the minimum-wage provisions
of the law. In addition, some workers might have rounded
their hourly earnings in response to survey questions. As
a result, some might have reported hourly earnings below
the minimum wage when, in fact, they earned the minimum
wage or higher.
Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked (at all
jobs) during the survey reference week. For example,
people who normally work 40 hours a week but were off
during the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as
working 32 hours, even if they were paid for the holiday.
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Usual hours or usual full- or part-time status. Data on
people “at work” exclude those who were temporarily
absent from a job and therefore were classified into the
zero-hours-worked category, “with a job but not at work.”
These are people who were absent from their jobs for the
entire week for reasons such as bad weather, vacation,
illness, or involvement in a labor dispute. To differentiate a
person’s normal schedule from his or her activity during the
survey reference week, people also are classified according
to their usual full- or part-time status. In this context, fulltime workers are those who usually work 35 or more hours
(at all jobs combined) per week. This group includes some
individuals who worked less than 35 hours in the reference
week for either economic or noneconomic reasons and
those who were temporarily absent from work. Similarly,
part-time workers are those who usually work less than 35
hours per week (at all jobs), regardless of the number of
hours worked in the reference week. These workers may
include some individuals who actually worked more than
34 hours in the reference week, as well as those who were
temporarily absent from work.
Occupation and industry. For the employed, this
information applies to the job held during the reference
week. People with two or more jobs are classified as being
in the occupation and industry in which they worked
the greatest number of hours. The CPS uses the Census
occupational classification, based on the 2010 Standard
Occupation Classification (SOC), and the Census industry
classification, derived from the 2007 North American
Industry Classification System (NAICS). Additional
information about these classifications is available online at
http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.
Work experience. These data reflect work activity during
the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social
and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS. Estimates
of people who worked are based on “yes” responses to the
following questions in the ASEC: “Did you work at a job
or business at any time during [the survey reference year]?”
or “Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work
even for a few days during [the survey reference year]?”
Because the reference period is a full year, the number
of people with some employment or with unemployment
greatly exceeds the average levels for any given month,
which are based on a 1-week reference period, and the
corresponding annual averages of monthly estimates.
Poverty classification. Poverty statistics presented in
this report are based on definitions developed by the
Social Security Administration in 1964 and revised by
federal interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These
definitions originally were based on the Department
of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the
different consumption requirements of families, predicated
on the basis of factors such as family size and the number
of children under 18 years of age. The actual poverty
thresholds vary in accordance with the makeup of the
family. Poverty thresholds are updated each year by the
Census Bureau to reflect changes in the Consumer Price
Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). The thresholds do
not vary geographically. For more information on poverty
data and thresholds, see http://www.census.gov/hhes/
www/poverty/poverty.html.
Displaced workers. Displaced workers are wage and salary
workers 20 years of age and older who lost or left jobs
because their plant or company closed or moved, there was
insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift
was abolished. Data are often presented for long-tenured
displaced workers—those who had worked for their
employer for 3 or more years at the time of displacement.
All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with
incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated
businesses. Data were collected through a biennial
supplement to the January CPS.
Employee tenure. Tenure is a measure of how long wage
and salary workers had been with their current employer
at the time of the survey. Tenure is presented in median
years; the median is the point at which half of all workers
had more tenure and half had less. Data refer to the
sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All
self-employed workers are excluded, both those with
incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated
businesses. The data were collected through a biennial
supplement to the January CPS.
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Foreign born. The foreign born are people residing in the
United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That
is, they were born outside the United States or one of its
outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents,
neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The foreign-born
population includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees,
temporary residents such as students and temporary
workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data,
however, do not separately identify the number of people
in these categories. The native born are people born in the
United States or one of its outlying areas or who were born
abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
with daily activities. People are classified as having a
disability if there is a response of “yes” to any of these
questions. For each of the questions, interviewers ask
the respondent whether anyone in the household has the
condition described, and if the respondent replies “yes,” he
or she is then asked to identify everyone in the household
who has the condition. More information, including the
wording of the six questions used to identify people
with a disability, is available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/
demographics.htm#disability.
Union membership. Union membership refers to members
of a labor union or of an employee association similar
to a union. The data are tabulated from one-quarter of
the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and
salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded,
both those with incorporated businesses and those with
unincorporated businesses.
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling
and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an
entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the
sample estimates may differ from the true population
values they represent. The component of this difference
that occurs because samples differ by chance is known
as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the
standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a
sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from
the true population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of
confidence.
Veterans. Veterans are men and women 18 years or older
who previously served on active duty in the U.S. Armed
Forces and who were civilians at the time they were
surveyed. Members of the Reserve and National Guard are
counted as veterans if they had ever been called to active
duty. People who are on active duty at the time of the
survey are outside the scope of the survey and thus not in
the estimates shown here. Nonveterans are men and women
who never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces.
Veteran status is obtained from responses to the question,
“Did you ever serve on active duty in the U.S. Armed
Forces?”
Disability. The CPS uses a set of six questions to identify
people with disabilities. The questions are about physical,
mental, or emotional conditions that cause serious difficulty
106
Reliability of the estimates
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including
the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability
to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct
information, and errors made in the collection or processing
of data. Information on the reliability of data from the CPS
and on estimating standard errors is available at http://
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.
BLS Reports │ May 2014 • www.bls.gov