Millewa
Information Booklet
2014
About Mallee Sustainable Farming
Mallee Sustainable Farming (MSF) Inc. is a farmer driven organisation delivering research and extension services to the < 350mm rainfall Mallee cropping regions of New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. MSF operates within a region of over four million hectares, extending beyond Balranald in the east to Murray Bridge in the west. Our 17 year legacy Our members The Mallee has approximately 2000 dryland farming families whose farming activities include cropping (wheat, barley, vetch, lupins and canola) and livestock (sheep for wool, lambs and cattle for meat). Almost half of these families are members of MSF, receiving new and timely information on research and best management practices. Such activities include Farmtalk fact sheets, farm walks, trial sites, field days and research compendium publications. MSF Inc. formed in 1997 in response to recognition that conservation farming practices had not been widely adopted across the region. Therefore, there was a need to identify the issues restricting the adoption of technology that would enhance the development of profitable and sustainable farming systems. During its first 16 years of operation, MSF has achieved a great deal. Increases in farm profitability have been observed as a result of MSF activities, along with environmental and social gains. MSF continues to strive to be relevant to farmers’ information needs, whether in the sphere of cereal cropping or livestock management. To become a free MSF member log onto www.msfp.org.au and fill in our online form. Two year break phases can boost
wheat yields and profits
Mi cha el Moodi e 1, Ni gel Wi l hel m 2, Peter Tel fer2, Todd McDona l d 1. 1Ma l l ee Sus tainable
Fa rmi ng (MSF) Mi l dura ; 2 South Aus tra l i a n Res ea rch a nd Devel opment Ins ti tute (SARDI),
Wa i te Ca mpus Adel a i de.
Why was the trial done?
The GRDC Low Rainfall Crop Sequencing project is identifying the effectsthat
different break crops and rotations have on Mallee farming systems. Farmers have increasingly
adopted continuous cereal cropping strategies as non-cereal crops are perceived as riskier than
cereals due to greater yield and price fluctuations. However, break phases can enhance productivity
and profitability of subsequent crops and it important the frequency and magnitude of these
rotational benefits are measured so that so that farmers can be confident of the long term benefitsof
more diverse crop sequences.
How was the trial done?
In 2011, nine different break options were established and compared against continuous wheat. In
2012, a second break phase was implemented (2 year break) or the rotation was returned to wheat
(1 year break). In 2013, all rotations were returned to either conventional wheat (var. Shield) or
Clearfield wheat (var. Grenade) which was placed on rotations where brome grass had built to
concerning levels. Treatments in 2013 were also sown at two different times depending on the grass
weed risk. Treatments had different levels of nitrogen applied throughout the growing season
depending on rotational history and yield potential. Throughout the trial, agronomic factorsincluding
soil nitrogen, soil disease, plant available water and weeds have been intensively monitored.
Key Messages
•
•
•
•
•
There was a significant step up in 2013 wheat yields from rotations which included a one year
break previously compared to where there had been a two year break
The break crop benefit of a one year break may only last one season if grass weeds are a
significant factor.
Large break crop benefits of 0.5-1.25 t/ha were achieved following a two year non-cereal
break phase compared to continuous wheat
The benefit of a two year break had little to do with the phases chosen for those two breaks.
The eight most profitable crop sequences over a three year period in this trial had two year
breaks in them.
Acknowledgements
This trial is a collaboration between MSF and SARDI with funding from the GRDC.
1
Background
In low rainfall regions of south-eastern Australia broad-leaf crops make up only a very small proportion
of the total area of sown crops and the landscape is dominated by paddocks which have been in
continuous cereal (often wheat) for many years now. Farmers need break phase options as grassy
weeds, cereal diseases and pests start to severely restrict productivity in continuous cereal paddocks.
The aim of this project is to identify break options which will allow them to do that with least costand
optimum benefit to cereals once the paddock is returned to wheat again.
About the trial
This trial is located 30 km west of Mildura and was established in 2011 on a low fertility sandy soil
where over 10 cereal crops had been grown continuously and brome grass was an emerging issue. In
2011, nine different break options were established and compared against continuous wheat. In2012,
a second break phase was implemented (2 year break) or the rotation was returned to wheat (1 year
break). In 2013, all rotations were returned to either conventional wheat (var. Shield) or Clearfield
wheat (var. Grenade) which was placed on rotations where brome grass had built to concerninglevels.
Treatments in 2013 were also sown at two different times depending on the grass weed risk.
Treatments had different levels of nitrogen applied throughout the growing season depending on
rotational history and yield potential.
The trial has been intensively monitored for a range of agronomic parameters. These measurements
include topsoil fertility, soil nitrogen, soil water and Brome grass seedbank and in-crop populations.
Dry matter production plus grain yield and quality have also been measured each season.
Gross Margins have been calculated for each treatment using the ‘Farm Gross Margin and Enterprise
Planning Guide’ (Rural Solutions 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014). Costs have been calculated using the
actual inputs used in the trial and the values provided in the corresponding gross margin guide. Some
chemical costs were also sourced from ‘Weed control in winter crops 2013’ (NSW Department of
Primary Industries, 2013). Income was calculated using the annual commodity prices stated in the
2014 ‘Farm Gross Margin and Enterprise Planning Guide’ where the price used was the January price
in the year following harvest (e.g. 2011 yield x January 2012 price). Actual grain yields were used for
calculating income and 85% of dry matter yield was used for calculating hay yield. For pastures,
income was calculated using the dry sheep equivalent (DSE), cereal zone gross margin for a prime
lamb enterprise and a nominal stocking rate of 2 DSE per winter grazed hectare, irrespective ofpasture
production.
Results
The yields for each season in each rotation are provided in Table 1. Due to a full profile of soil moisture
from record rainfall in the prior summer, yields were close to average in 2011 despite growing season
rainfall (GSR) of only 110 mm. Prior to sowing in 2012 there was 120 mm of summer and autumn
rainfall, including 65 mm in March. However very low GSR of 90 mm coupled with a late seasonal
break (11th July) severely affected crop yields in 2012. Small rain events allowed for some
establishment before the main break however germination was compromised, especially in the 2012
Canola and Chickpea crops. In 2013 GSR was 130 mm which was the highest of the three season,
however a very dry summer and autumn period resulted in no subsoil moisture accumulating priorto
sowing. All treatments were sown to wheat in 2013 and treatment yields could be divided into two
groups; 1 – 1.5 t/ha for treatments with a one year break and continuous wheat; and 2-2.6 t/ha for
the two year breaks.
2
Table 2. Yield of treatments in the Mallee Crop Sequencing Trial
2011 Crop
aYield
2012 Crop
aYield
b2013
Crop
Whea t
aYield
Chi ckpea
t/ha
0.3
Canola, TT
t/ha
0.9
Canola, TT
0.7
Pea s
1.2
Whea t
2.5
Canola, TT
0.7
Brown Ma nure Vetch
0
Whea t
2.6
Chickpea
0.8
Ca nol a , TT
0.4
Whea t
2.3
Fallow
-
Ca nol a , CL
0.3
Whea t
2.3
Fallow
-
Fa l l ow
-
Whea t
2.4
Fallow
-
Pea s
1.2
Whea t
2.5
Medic, High seed bank
2
Pa s ture, vol unteer
2
Whea t
2.0
Medic, Low seed bank
2
Pa s ture, vol unteer
2
Whea t
2.1
Peas
1.5
Ca nol a , TT
0.4
Whea t
2.4
Peas
1.9
Brown Ma nure Vetch
0
Whea t
2.6
Brown Manure Vetch
0
Ca nol a , TT
0.3
Whea t
2.6
Brown Manure Vetch
0
Pea s
0.8
Whea t
2.6
Barley
2.1
Whea t
0.8
IxWhea t
CL
1.0
Canola CL
0.7
Whea t CL
1.1
Whea t CL
1.5
Canola/Pea Mix
1.1
Whea t
0.9
IxWhea t
CL
1.0
0.8
IxWhea t
CL
1.2
1.3
IxWhea t
CL
1.1
Oats, Hay
Peas
4.1
2.0
Whea t
Whea t
t/ha
2.6
Fallow
-
Whea t
1.3
IxWhea t
CL
1.3
Wheat
1.5
Whea t CL
0.9
Whea t CL
1.4
LSD (Grain Yield Only)
0.5
0.3
0.3
aYi el d’s
a re a l l gra i n yi el ds except for pa s tures where yi el d i s a DrySheep Equivalent(DSE) stockingrate and oaten haywhere
yi el d i s 85% of the mea s ured dry ma tter
bWhea t CL i s Cl ea rfi el d whea t
IxIntervi x a ppl i ed to the Cl ea rfi el d whea t
The benefit that each crop sequence provided to subsequent wheat crop yield (relative to the yieldof
continuous wheat) is provided in Figure 1. Field pea and fallow led to an increase of 0.3 t/ha relative
to continuous wheat yield in 2012 while canola grown in 2011 resulted in 0.1 t/ha yield benefit in the
subsequent wheat crop. However the benefit of the 1 year non-cereal break crop options only lasted
a single season, at least partly due to the rapid re-establishment of brome grass in these treatments
in 2013. The cereal based break options did not confer any yield benefits in the subsequent wheat
crops. In 2013 there was a significant step up in wheat yield from rotations which included a one year
break previously compared to where there was a two year break. Compared to continuous wheat,
the benefit of having a two year beak prior to 2013 was 0.5-1.25 t/ha. Moreover having a two year
break seem to be important than which non-cereal break phases were included in the two year break
rotation.
3
1.5
1.25
Yield (t/ha)
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
-0.25
-0.5
2012 Wheat Yield Benefit
2013 Wheat Yield Benefit
Figure 1. Additional wheat yield (relative to the continuous wheat) in 2012 and 2013 following 1 year
and 2 year rotations. Error bars represent the standard error of each treatment.
A gross margin was calculated for each treatment in each season which were then used to calculate a
cumulative gross margin for the first three years of the trial. As can be seen in Table 2, the eight most
profitable crop sequences included a two year break. Field peas (var. Twilight) have consistentlybeen
the most productive break crop in the trial and rotations which included a field pea phase ranked
among the most profitable rotations. Crop sequences where high value break crops such as canola
and chickpeas were grown in 2011 were also amongst the most profitable rotations.
The gross margins of cereal based crop sequences were generally more stable than those from
rotations that include non-cereal break crops. However as a cumulative gross margin over three years,
cereal based rotations ranked comparably with the least profitable one and two year break
treatments. As the trial has at least one more year to run, there is still opportunity for the profitability
of the two year breaks to increase further if second year break crop benefits are realised.
4
Table 2. Gross Margins of each treatment in the Mallee Crop Sequencing Trial
Rotation
2011 Gross Margin
2012 Gross Margin
2013 Gross Margin
Cumulative Gross Margin
$/ha
$/ha
$/ha
$/ha
Pea s /Vetch
356
-111
520
765
Ca nol a /Pea s
104
185
470
759
Ca nol a /Chi ckpea
241
7
491
738
Pea s /Ca nol a
256
39
443
738
Pea s /Whea t
392
203
122
716
Chi ckpea /Ca nol a
201
43
427
676
Fa l l ow/Pea s
-72
206
474
608
Ca nol a /Vetch
127
-114
516
529
Low Pa s ture/Pasture
10
48
406
463
Wheat/Wheat
137
98
214
449
Vetch/Pea s
-139
66
513
440
Ca nol a /Whea t
99
125
233
427
Oa ts /Whea t
173
93
132
398
Hi gh Pa sture/Pasture
-18
45
369
396
Ba rl ey/Whea t
225
77
86
387
Ca n+Pea s /Whea t
172
104
95
370
Vetch/Ca nol a
-137
-22
512
353
Fa l l ow/Ca nol a
-67
-10
414
336
Fa l l ow/Fa l l ow
-80
-41
449
328
Fa l l ow/Whea t
-64
200
168
303
LSD
100
92
61
142
Implications for commercial practice
Break phases can enhance the productivity and profitability of subsequent crops and it is important
that the frequency and magnitude of these rotational benefits are measured so that farmers can be
confident of the long term benefits of more diverse crop sequences. The Mallee Crop Sequencingtrial
has now been running for three seasons and so far it has been shown that:
•
•
•
•
•
There was a significant step up in 2013 wheat yields from rotations which included a one year
break previously compared to where there had been a two year break
The break crop benefit of a one year break may only last one season if grass weeds are a
significant factor.
Large break crop benefits of 0.5-1.25 t/ha were achieved following a two year non-cereal
break phase compared to continuous wheat
The benefit of a two year break had little to do with the phases chosen for those two breaks.
The eight most profitable crop sequences over a three year period in this trial had two year
breaks in them.
In 2014 the site will again be sown to wheat to monitor the ongoing effects of these rotationsoncereal
production.
5
Links and references
Rural Solutions SA (2014). 2014 Farm Gross Margin and Enterprise Planning Guide.
www.ruralsolutions.sa.gov.au
Rural Solutions SA (2013). 2013 Farm Gross Margin and Enterprise Planning Guide.
www.ruralsolutions.sa.gov.au
Rural Solutions SA (2012). 2012 Farm Gross Margin and Enterprise Planning Guide.
www.ruralsolutions.sa.gov.au
Rural Solutions SA (2011). 2011 Farm Gross Margin and Enterprise Planning Guide.
www.ruralsolutions.sa.gov.au
NSW DPI (2013). Weed Control in winter crops 2013. www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/pubs/wcwc
6
Mallee crop sequences influence soil
nitrogen, Rhizoctonia and Brome grass
Michael Moodie1, Nigel Wilhelm2, Peter Telfer2, Todd McDonald1
1
Mallee Sustainable Farming Mildura; 2SARDI Waite campus Adelaide
Why was the trial done?
The GRDC Low Rainfall Crop Sequencing project is identifying the effects that
different break crops and rotations have on Mallee farming systems. Farmers
have increasingly adopted continuous cereal cropping strategies as non-cereal crops are perceived as
riskier than cereals due to greater yield and price fluctuations. Therefore, it is important to quantify
the agronomic benefits that break crops can provide in Mallee cropping rotations so that farmers can
be confident of the long term benefits of more diverse crop sequences.
How was the trial done?
In 2011, nine different break options were established and compared against continuous wheat. In
2012, a second break phase was implemented (2 year break) or the rotation was returned to wheat
(1 year break). In 2013, all rotations were returned to either conventional wheat (var. Shield) or
Clearfield wheat (var. Grenade) which was placed on rotations where brome grass had built to
concerning levels. Treatments in 2013 were also sown at two different times depending on the grass
weed risk. Treatments had different levels of nitrogen applied throughout the growing season
depending on rotational history and yield potential. Throughout the trial, agronomic factors including
soil nitrogen, soil disease, plant available water and weeds have been intensively monitored.
Key Messages





Including legume crops and pastures in rotations increases soil nitrogen even two years after
the legume break was grown.
Brown manure vetch has proven to be the best break phase for increasing soil mineral
nitrogen.
Crop sequences have had small and variable effects on plant available soil water.
Rhizoctonia inoculum levels are highest following cereal crops and high Rhizoctonia levels
have corresponded with poor root health. Canola decreased inoculum levels to levels similar
to a fallow.
High brome grass numbers re-emerged two years after a one year break.
Acknowledgements
This trial is a collaboration between MSF and SARDI with funding from the GRDC.
1
Background
In low rainfall regions of south-eastern Australia broad-leaf crops make up only a very small proportion
of the total area of sown crops and the landscape is dominated by paddocks which have been in
continuous cereal (often wheat) for many years now. Farmers need break phase options as grassy
weeds, cereal diseases and pests start to severely restrict productivity in continuous cereal paddocks.
This project is quantifying the agronomic influences (including soil nitrogen, disease, soil water and
grass weeds) of 20 different rotations to provide farmers with information that will assist them to
implement crop sequences that are sustainable and profitable in the long term.
About the trial
This trial is located 30 km west of Mildura and was established in 2011 on a low fertility sandy soil
where over 10 cereal crops had been grown continuously and brome grass was an emerging issue. In
2011, nine different break options were established along with a continuous wheat treatment. In
2012, a second break phase was implemented (2 year break) or the rotation was returned to wheat
(1 year break). In 2013, all rotations were returned to either conventional wheat (var. Shield) or
Clearfield wheat (var. Grenade). As summary of each treatment and the key agronomic management
practices in 2013 are provided below in Table 1.
Table 1: List of treatments (rotations) implemented in the Mallee Crop Sequencing Trial
Break
phase
First year phase
(2011)
Second year phase
(2012)
a2013
bSowing
N Applied in 2013
kg N/ha
2 Years
Canola, TT
Chickpea
Wheat
Early
20
2 Years
Canola, TT
2 Years
Canola, TT
Peas
Wheat
Early
20
Vetch
Wheat
Early
9
2 Years
Chickpea
Canola, TT
Wheat
Early
20
2 Years
Fallow
Canola, CL
Wheat
Early
31
2 Years
Fallow
Fallow
Wheat
Early
20
2 Years
Fallow
Peas
Wheat
Early
20
2 Years
Medic Pasture, High seed rate
Pasture, volunteer
Wheat
Early
9
2 Years
Medic Pasture, Low seed rate
Pasture, volunteer
Wheat
Early
9
2 Years
Peas
Canola, TT
Wheat
Early
20
2 Years
Peas
Vetch
Wheat
Early
9
2 Years
Vetch
Canola, TT
Wheat
Early
9
2 Years
Vetch
Peas
Wheat
Early
9
CL
Early
31
Wheat CL
Early
31
1 Year
1 Year
1 Year
1 Year
Canola CL
Canola/Pea Mix
Oats
Wheat
IxWheat
CL
IxWheat
Wheat
IxWheat
CL
Early
20
Wheat
IxWheat
CL
Late
31
CL
Early
20
CL
Early
20
Wheat CL
Late
31
1 Year
Peas
Wheat
IxWheat
1 Year
Fallow
Wheat
IxWheat
None
Wheat
aWheat
bEarly
2
Barley
Crop
IxWheat
CL
(var: Shield) or Clearfield Wheat (Wheat CL) (var: Grenade)
Seeding: Sown dry on the 15th of May; Late seeding: Sown 28th of May following a rain
IxIntervix
applied to the Clearfield wheat
The trial has been intensively monitored for a range of agronomic parameters. Prior to sowing soil
fertility and root disease inoculum is measured in the topsoil (0-10 cm) while soil nitrogen and soil
water are measured throughout the soil profile (0-120 cm). The population of Brome grass is also
assessed through measuring the seed bank prior to seeding and in 2013 plant and panicle density was
measured in crop. The root health of each treatment was also measured in August 2013. Dry matter
production and grain yield and quality have also been measured each season.
Results
Soil Nitrate (0-60 cm) kg/ha
Including legume crops and pastures has provided clear soil nitrogen benefits (Figure 1). Pre-seeding
in 2012, 0-60 cm nitrate levels were 48-50 kg/ha where vetch, chickpea and field pea had been grown
in 2011 while for the non-cereal treatments (except for medic pasture) levels were 30 – 41 kg/ha. In
2013, pre-seeding 0-60 cm soil nitrate levels were above 20 kg/ha where a legume break phase had
been included over the previous two years while levels where no legume break was included were
below 20 kg/ha. Brown manure vetch has proven to be the best break phase for boosting soil nitrate
levels. In 2012, 0-60 cm soil nitrate levels were highest under vetch and in 2013 the four rotations
where brown manure vetch had been included also had the highest soil nitrate levels.
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2012 Preseed NO3 0-60cm
2013 Preseed NO3 0-60cm
Figure 1. 0-60 cm soil nitrate (kg/ha) measured prior to seeding in in 2012 and 2013. Error bars
represent the standard error of each treatment. Note: soil nitrate was only measured for each crop
type in 2012 and not for each treatment.
The soil water benefits of break crops and rotations has been variable. For example, prior to sowing
in 2012, there were no major differences between any treatments because approximately 30 mm of
soil water accumulated from abundant summer rainfall regardless of the treatment. A fallow did not
store any additional water because the profile filled anyhow. However prior to sowing in 2013, the
fallow had approximately 28 mm more water than continuous wheat. All other options were in
between these two extremes.
3
5
5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
2012 Preseed Rhizoctonia Inoculum
2013 Preseed Rhizoctonia Inoculum
Root Health Score
log(DNA /g soil +1)
Rhizoctonia is the most prevalent cereal root disease at the trial site with inoculum levels increasing
where cereals were grown in 2011 and 2012. Where wheat grown in 2013 followed wheat in 2012,
the soil inoculum levels pointed to a high risk of Rhizoctonia infection where yield losses of 10 – 50%
were possible. Subsequently, the health of roots was scored for all treatments in August 2013. As
shown in Figure 2, crown roots were healthier (low root health score) following a break phase in 2012
while crown root health was poorer (high root health score) following wheat in 2012. Rotations had
much less influence on the root health score of seminal roots.
2013 crown root health score (0-5)
Figure 2. Rhizoctonia inoculum measured prior to seeding in in 2012 and 2013 on the left hand y-axis
and the root health score (1-5) measured in August 2013 on the right hand y-axis. Error bars represent
the standard error of each treatment. Note: inoculum was only measured for each crop type in 2012
and not for each treatment.
In crop brome grass was monitored in 2013. The brome grass weed burden was scored for each
treatment in early July which showed that high brome grass numbers had re-emerged in 2013
following only a one year break in 2011. Subsequently Clearfield herbicide was applied to these
treatments. Brome grass density (plants per m2) and panicle number (m2) were then assessed prior
to harvest (Figure 3). All two year breaks had low weed pressure at harvest with the exception of
pastures which had only been spray-topped previously. However, where pastures had received a grass
selective herbicide plus spray-topping grassy weed pressure appeared to be much lower (data not
shown). Figure 3 also shows the benefits of Intervix applied in 2013 suppressing brome grass density
and panicle number at crop maturity despite high brome grass numbers (eg. peas/wheat or
oats/wheat).
4
5.0
4.0
150.0
3.0
100.0
2.0
50.0
1.0
0.0
2013 Mature Brome Plants
Winter Brome Score
plants/panicles m2
200.0
0.0
2013 Mature Brome Panicles
2013 Winter Brome Score (0-5)
Figure 4. Brome grass severity score on right hand y-axis (0 Very low brome pressure – 5 Very high
Pressure) measured on the 8th of July 2013 and brome plants and panicles per m2 measured
immediately prior to harvest on left hand y-axis. Error bars represent the standard error of each
treatment.
ix13: Intervix applied in 2013; ix12 Intervix applied in 2012
Implications for commercial practice
It is important to quantify the agronomic benefits that break crops can provide in Mallee cropping
rotations so that farmers can be confident of the long term benefits of more diverse crop sequences.
The Mallee Crop Sequencing trial has now been running for three seasons and so far is has shown that:
 Including legume crops and pastures in rotations increases soil nitrogen even two years after
the legume break was grown.
 Brown manure vetch has proven to be the best break phase for increasing soil nitrate.
 Crop sequences have had small and variable effect on plant available soil water.
 Rhizoctonia inoculum levels are highest following cereal crops and high Rhizoctonia levels
have corresponded with poor root health.
 High brome grass numbers re-emerged two years after a one year break.
In 2014 the site will again be sown to wheat to monitor any continuing effects of these rotations on
cereal production.
5
Rep 1
Rep
Rep 2
Rep
Rep 3
Rep
Plot 2011 Phase
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Plot 2011 Phase
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Eastern Side
Peas
Grain
Pasture, Low seed bank
Spray-topped
Peas
Grain
Fallow
Knock Down
Canola, TT
Grain
Wheat
Grain
Oats
Hay cut
Vetch
Brown Manure
Vetch
Brown Manure
Chickpea
Grain
Fallow
Knock Down
Pasture, High seed bank
Spray-topped
Fallow
Knock Down
Fallow
Knock Down
Canola, TT
Grain
Wheat
Grain
Peas
Grain
Canola, TT
Grain
Canola CL
Hay cut
Canola/Pea Mix
Grain
Barley
Grain
Plot 2011 Phase
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
Eastern Side
Western Side
Barley
Hay cut
Grain
Canola/Pea Mix
Hay cut
Grain
Fallow
Knock Down
Knock Down
Pasture, Low seed bank
Grass cleaned+spraytopped
Spray-topped
Oats
Grazed
Hay cut
Wheat
Grain
Grain
Fallow
Knock Down
Knock Down
Canola, TT
Grain
Grain
Peas
Hay cut
Grain
Peas
Grain
Grain
Chickpea
Grain
Grain
Vetch
Hay cut
Brown Manure
Pasture, High seed bank
Grass cleaned+spraytopped
Spray-topped
Canola, TT
Grain
Grain
Peas
Hay cut
Grain
Wheat
Grain
Grain
Canola, TT
Grain
Grain
Fallow
Knock Down
Knock Down
Fallow
Knock Down
Knock Down
Vetch
Hay cut
Brown Manure
Canola CL
Hay cut
Grain
Eastern Side
Western Side
2012 Phase
Eastern Side
2013
2014
Wheat
Wheat
Fallow
Pasture, volunteer
Wheat
Wheat
Peas
Peas
Wheat
Vetch
Canola, TT
Peas
Pasture, volunteer
Chickpea
Canola, TT
Wheat
Vetch
Wheat
Canola, CL
Canola, TT
Wheat
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Knockdown
Knockdown
Grass Clean + Brown Manure
Spraytop
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Hay Cut
Grain
Hay Cut
Grain
Grain
Grain
Hay Cut
Brown Manure
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grass Clean + Brown Manure
Spraytop
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Hay Cut
Brown Manure
Grain
Grain
Hay Cut
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grenade
Grenade
Shield
Shield
Grenade
Grenade
Shield
Shield
Grenade
Shield
Shield
Shield
Shield
Shield
Shield
Grenade
Shield
Grenade
Shield
Shield
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
2013
2012 Phase
Eastern Side
Western Side
Grain
Spraytop
Brown Manure
Knockdown
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Spraytop
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Brown Manure
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grenade
Grass Clean + Brown Manure
Shield
Haycut
Shield
Knockdown
Shield
Grain
Shield
Grain
Grenade
Grain
Grenade
Grain
Shield
Grain
Shield
Grain
Shield
Hay
Shield
Grass Clean + Brown Manure
Shield
Grain
Grenade
Haycut
Shield
Haycut
Shield
Grain
Grenade
Grain
Shield
Haycut
Shield
Grain
Grenade
Grain
Grenade
Grain
Grenade
2012 Phase
Eastern Side
Western Side
Fallow
Wheat
Pasture, volunteer
Vetch
Vetch
Wheat
Canola, TT
Canola, TT
Wheat
Pasture, volunteer
Peas
Wheat
Wheat
Canola, TT
Canola, CL
Wheat
Wheat
Chickpea
Peas
Peas
Wheat
Knockdown
Knockdown
Grain
Grain
Grass Clean + Brown Manure
Spraytop
Hay Cut
Brown Manure
Hay Cut
Brown Manure
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grass Clean + Brown Manure
Spraytop
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Hay Cut
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Grain
Hay Cut
Grain
Hay Cut
Grain
Grain
Grain
Hay cut
Wheat
Grass cleaned+spraytopped
Pasture, volunteer
Hay cut
Vetch
Knock Down
Fallow
Grain
Chickpea
Grain
Wheat
Grazed
Wheat
Hay cut
Peas
Hay cut
Canola, TT
Grain
Canola, TT
Knock Down
Canola, CL
Grass cleaned+spraytopped
Pasture, volunteer
Knock Down
Wheat
Knock Down
Peas
Grain
Peas
Grain
Wheat
Grain
Canola, TT
Grain
Vetch
Grain
Wheat
Hay cut
Wheat
Hay cut
Wheat
Western Side
Fallow
Knock Down
Knock Down
Canola/Pea Mix
Hay cut
Grain
Pasture, High seed bank
Grass cleaned+spraytopped
Spray-topped
Canola, TT
Grain
Grain
Peas
Grain
Grain
Wheat
Grain
Grain
Chickpea
Grain
Grain
Peas
Hay cut
Grain
Barley
Hay cut
Grain
Pasture, Low seed bank
Grass cleaned+spraytopped
Spray-topped
Vetch
Hay cut
Brown Manure
Oats
Grazed
Hay cut
Fallow
Knock Down
Knock Down
Vetch
Hay cut
Brown Manure
Fallow
Knock Down
Knock Down
Wheat
Grain
Grain
Canola CL
Hay cut
Grain
Canola, TT
Grain
Grain
Fallow
Knock Down
Knock Down
Canola, TT
Grain
Grain
Peas
Hay cut
Grain
Western Side
2014
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
2013
2014
Shield
Grenade
Shield
Shield
Shield
Grenade
Shield
Shield
Grenade
Shield
Shield
Grenade
Grenade
Shield
Shield
Grenade
Grenade
Shield
Shield
Shield
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Grenade
Field Pea’s stand out in Northern
Mallee pulse crop comparison trials
Michael Moodie1 , Nigel Wilhelm2 , Todd McDonald1
1
Mallee Sustainable Farming Mildura; 2SARDI Waite campus Adelaide
Why was the trial done?
The value of break crops in cropping rotations has been evident overthe past
few seasons in the Northern Mallee. Selecting which break crop to grow,
especially pulse crops, is challenging as there is very little trial information on the performance of
break crops and varieties. To address this, Mallee Sustainable Farming (MSF) with funding fromGRDC
implemented two ‘Best Bet Pulse Crop Demonstration Trials’ in 2013 to provide farmers with more
information on the productivity of legume break crops and varieties in the northern Mallee region.
How was the trial done?
Two trial sites were established in 2013 near Mildura and Ouyen. Both sites were on a sandy loam
soil although the Ouyen site had a small amount of rubbly limestone on the surface. Each trial had
the following crops and varieties:
• Field Pea (Twilight, Wharton and Pearl)
• Chickpea (Striker, Genesis 090 and Genesis 079)
• Lupin (Narrow leaf: Mandelup and Albus: Luxor)
• Vetch (Rasina and Volga)
• Faba Bean (Farah)
• Lentil (Bolt)
The Mildura site was sown dry on the 15th of May and the Ouyen site was dry sown on the 20th of
May 2013.
Key messages
•
•
•
•
•
Pulse production was generally much higher at the Mildura site than the Ouyen site.
Field pea was the best yielding pulse crop at both sites.
Selecting the right crop was more important than selecting the best variety.
Field pea, lupins and faba beans had the greatest biomass production.
Vetch biomass production was low due to the late break.
Acknowledgements
These trials were conducted as part of the Mallee Low Rainfall Crop Sequencing Project which is a
collaboration between MSF and SARDI with funding from the GRDC.
1
Background
The aim of these trials was to provide farmers and advisors in the northern Mallee region with
information on the productivity of the different pulse crops and varieties. This information is vital as
farmers are increasingly looking to include legume break crops in their cropping rotations, however
there is a lack of formal evaluation information for most break crops as opposed to cereal crops,where
information is generated through the National Variety Trial (NVT) system. Without trialssuchasthese,
the suitability of pulse crops and varieties to the northern Mallee region will only occurthroughfarmer
trial and error or ad hoc inclusion in research trials such as the Low Rainfall Crop Sequencing Trials.
About the trial
Two trial sites were established in 2013 near Mildura and Ouyen. Each trial had 12 treatments which
covered seven different legume crop types (Table 1). Varieties were selected after consultationwith
industry experts to determine which varieties for each of the pulse crops were likely to be best
adapted to the northern Mallee cropping region.
Table 1. The pulse crops and varieties for each crop type included in the trial
Crop
Varieties
Fi el d Pea
Twi l i ght
Wha rton
Pea rl
Stri ker
Genes i s 090
Genes i s 079
Ma ndel up
Luxor
Ra s i na
Vol ga
Fa ra h
Bol t
Chi ckpea
Na rrow Lea f Lupi n
Al bus Lupi n
Vetch
Fa ba Bea n
Lenti l
Both sites were on a sandy loam soil although the Ouyen site had a small amount of rubbly limestone
on the surface. The soil analysis results for both sites is provided in Table 2. Due to a very drysummer,
it is assumed that there was very little plant available soil water prior to sowing.
Table 2. Soil Analysis results for the Ouyen and Mildura trial sites prior to sowing
Soil Parameter
2
Site
Ouyen
Mildura
Depth (cm)
0-10
10-30
30-60
0-10
10-30
30-60
Ammonium Nitrogen
mg/Kg
5
4
2
0
1
0
Nitrate Nitrogen
mg/Kg
8
3
1
4
1
0
Phosphorus Colwell
mg/Kg
22
11
2
16
7
2
Potassium Colwell
mg/Kg
200
191
215
274
281
189
Sulphur
mg/Kg
8.0
5.3
2.4
5.2
3.5
6.6
Organic Carbon
%
0.42
0.21
0.08
0.25
0.19
0.14
Conductivity
dS/m
0.092
0.089
0.090
0.081
0.081
0.091
pH Level (CaCl2)
pH
7.4
7.9
8.3
8
8.2
8.1
The Mildura site was sown dry on the 15th of May and the Ouyen Site was dry sown on the 20th of
May 2013. Both trials were sown into standing cereal stubble with no-till plot seeders with tynes and
press wheels. Glyphosate and Trifluralin (1.5 L/ha each) and 700 (g/ha) of Terbyne® were appliedprior
to sowing and 300 g/ha of Terbyne® was applied post sow pre-emergent. Fertiliser (19-13-0-9) was
banded below the seed at 50 kg/ha. No in-crop fungicides were required due to a dry growingseason,
however 300 ml/ha of Alpha-Cypermethrin insecticide was applied on the 14th of Septembertocontrol
Native Budworm.
Both sites received approximately 150 mm of growing season rainfall with approximately 90mm of
this rain falling in the early winter (May-June-July) period. As a consequence of the early seasonrain,
Bolt lentils were severely damaged by Terbyne® herbicide washing into the seed row, therefore no
results for lentils were obtained.
Results
The productivity of most pulse crops was substantially better at the Mildura site than at the Ouyen
site. The three field pea varieties were the highest yielders at each site with Twilight the highest
yielding treatment at both Mildura (1.3 t/ha) and Ouyen (0.6 t/ha). Mandelup lupins and Striker and
Genesis 090 chickpeas also performed well at Mildura (> 0.8 t/ha) and were among the better yielders
at Ouyen although yields were still poor. As shown in Figure 1, selecting the best suited crop type had
a greater impact on yield than selecting the best variety within a pulse crop type.
Figure 1. Grain yield (t/ha) of pulse crops and varieties grown at Ouyen and Mildura in 2013
Biomass was also measured for each treatment in both trials at pod fill. The biomass of legumes such
as pulse crops is critical as it is a key determinant of nitrogen fixation. As a general rule, 15 – 25
kilograms of nitrogen is fixed per tonne of above ground legume dry matter produced. Twilight and
Wharton field pea produced some of the highest biomass levels at both sites at around 2500 kg/ha at
Mildura and 1500 kg/ha at Ouyen. Mandelup lupins produced high biomass at Mildura but poor levels
of biomass at Ouyen where the soils were slightly heavier with some surface limestone. Luxor lupins
and Farah faba beans are not normally grown in the Mallee, however both produced reasonable levels
of biomass compared to the rest at both locations. Further assessment is required, but both could be
looked at as brown manure crop options because early vigour of both crops was impressive due to
their very large seed size. Biomass production of vetch (Rasina and Volga) was poor at both sites,
however vetch is known to struggle in late breaks like the one experienced in 2013.
3
Figure 2. Biomass (kg dry-matter/ha) at pod fill of pulse crops and varieties grown at Ouyen and
Mildura in 2013
Implications for commercial practice
These trials were conducted as part of the Mallee Low Rainfall Crop Sequencing Project which has
shown big productivity benefits by including break crops in low rainfall cropping rotations. The aimof
these trials was to provide farmers with local relevant data about selecting pulse crops for their
farming systems. The key messages resulting from the 2013 trials were:
• Pulse production was generally much higher at the Mildura site than the Ouyen site
• Field pea was the best yielding pulse crop at both sites
• Selecting the right crop was more important than selecting the best variety
• Field pea, lupins and faba beans had the greatest biomass production
• Vetch biomass production was low due to the late break
These trials will continue in 2014 so visit www.msfp.org.au to keep informed on the location and
progress of the trials.
4
Mallee Sustainable Farming
Pulse Crop Demonstration Trial
Grain Treatments
Crop
Field Pea
Field Pea
Field Pea
Narrow Lupin
Narrow Lupin
Albus Lupin
Faba Bean
Faba Bean
Lentil
Chickpea
Chickpea
Chickpea
Variety
Wharton
Pearl
Twilight
Mandelup
Barlock
Luxor
Farah
AF5069-2
Bolt
Striker
Monarch
Genisis 090
Target Plants m-2
45
45
45
50
50
50
20
20
120
45
30
30
Seeding Rate (kg ha-1)
95
100
95
70
70
180
150
150
55
110
160
110
Target Plants m-2
45
45
Seeding Rate (kg ha-1)
90
90
40
40
Forage/Brown Manure Treatments
Crop
Field Pea
Field Pea
Vetch
Vetch
Variety
Coogee
Hayman
Volga
Rasina
Agronomic Details
Sowing Date:
5th May 2014
Fertiliser:
100 kg ha-1 Single Super
Herbicides:
700 g ha-1 Terbyne 750 WGS IBS + 300 g ha-1Terbyne 750 WGS PSPE
75 ml ha-1 Haloxyfop
Insecticides
250 ml ha-1 Alpha-cypermethrin+ 250 ml ha-1 Dimethoate
Rep 3
Rep 4
Buffer - TT Canola
Ko - Koogee
Ve - Rasina
Ve - Volga
FP - Haymen
FP - Haymen
Ko - Koogee
Ve - Rasina
Ve - Volga
Buffer - TT Canola
Buffer
Buffer
Buffer - TT Canola
Ch - Gen090
Lu - Barlock
FP - Twilight
FP - Wharton
FB - AF50692
Ch - Monarch
Ch - Striker
FP - Pearl
Lu - Mandelup
FB - Farah
Lu - Luxor
Le - Bolt
FB - AF50692
Lu - Mandelup
Lu - Barlock
FP - Wharton
Lu - Luxor
Le - Bolt
FP - Pearl
Ch - Gen090
Ch - Monarch
Ch - Striker
FB - Farah
FP - Twilight
Buffer - TT Canola
Rep 3
Buffer - TT Canola
FP - Haymen
Ve - Rasina
Ko - Koogee
Ve - Volga
Ve - Rasina
Ko - Koogee
FP - Haymen
Ve - Volga
Buffer - TT Canola
Buffer
Buffer
Buffer - TT Canola
Ch - Striker
Lu - Luxor
Ch - Monarch
FP - Twilight
Ch - Gen090
FP - Wharton
Le - Bolt
FB - Farah
Lu - Mandelup
FB - AF50692
Lu - Barlock
FP - Pearl
Ch - Monarch
Lu - Luxor
Lu - Barlock
Ch - Striker
Lu - Mandelup
FP - Pearl
FB - Farah
FP - Twilight
FP - Wharton
FB - AF50692
Le - Bolt
Ch - Gen090
Buffer - TT Canola
Rep 4
Rep 2
Rep 1
Rep 2
Rep 1
Trail Plan
Grain and Graze
Pasture Agronomy Demonstration Trial
Vetch Input Strategies
Treatments
Treatments are a combination of:
·
·
·
Seeding Rate: 40 kg ha-1 (HiSR) or 20 kg ha-1 (LoSR)
Fertiliser input: Single Super at 0, 40 or 80 kg ha-1
Inoculation: + / -
Trial Details
Sowing Date:
5th May 2014
Fertiliser:
100 kg ha-1 Single Super
Herbicides:
700 g ha-1 Terbyne 750 WGS IBS + 300 g ha-1Terbyne 750 WGS PSPE
75 ml ha-1 Haloxyfop
Rep 3
Rep 2
Rep 1
Insecticides
250 ml ha-1 Alpha-cypermethrin+ 250 ml ha-1 Dimethoate
Buffer - TT Canola
No 80 HiSR
No 0 HiSR
No 40 HiSR
Innoc 40 HiSR
Innoc 80 HiSR
Innoc 0 LoSR
Innoc 80 HiSR
Innoc 40 LoSR
Innoc 0 LoSR
No 80 LoSR
No 0 LoSR
No 40 HiSR
No 40 HiSR
No 80 HiSR
No 0 HiSR
Innoc 0 HiSR
Innoc 40 HiSR
Innoc 80 HiSR
Buffer - TT Canola
Buffer - TT Canola
No 80 LoSR
No 0 LoSR
No 40 LoSR
Innoc 40 LoSR
Innoc 80 LoSR
Innoc 0 HiSR
Innoc 80 LoSR
Innoc 40 HiSR
Innoc 0 HiSR
No 80 HiSR
No 0 HiSR
No 40 LoSR
No 40 LoSR
No 80 LoSR
No 0 LoSR
Innoc 0 LoSR
Innoc 40 LoSR
Innoc 80 LoSR
Buffer - TT Canola
Maximising the Nitrogen benefits of rhizobial inoculation
Maarten Ryder1, Matt Denton1 and Ross Ballard2
1School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide
2SARDI, Waite Campus, Urrbrae SA
Take Home Messages
· Inoculation of legumes with rhizobia can deliver substantial nitrogen (N) inputs to
southern farming systems even when the impact on legume yield is small.
· When inoculating, CARE needs to be taken in situations where the survival of rhizobia is
compromised, such as dry sowing, acid soils, mixing rhizobia with fertilisers and
pesticides: follow the guidelines.
· In late winter or early spring, digging up legumes to check on nodulation success will help
with planning inoculation in future seasons and troubleshooting.
· To maximise the chances of getting a positive response to inoculation, follow the
guidelines that are set out in several recent Grains Research and Development
Corporation (GRDC) publications.
Introduction
Inoculation of legumes with rhizobia is a standard practice but we can optimise legume
nodulation and improve nitrogen inputs by following a few basic rules of thumb and by finetuning inoculation practices.
Inoculation can greatly increase the amount of biologically fixed N from legumes where they
are sown for the first time or where soils are not conducive to rhizobial survival. For example,
inoculation of faba bean in south western Victoria boosted fixed N from 32 to 196 kg N/ha, as
well as increasing dry matter production and increasing yield by 1 tonne/ha compared with
an uninoculated crop*. It is also common for growers to get fixed N benefits from inoculation
even when the inoculation only leads to a small yield increase.
You have probably heard the phrases “if in doubt, inoculate” and “inoculation is cheap
insurance” as well as the message to “inoculate every year”. These messages are sometimes
appropriate but may lead to unnecessary inoculation in some instances or alternatively cause
growers to become cynical about the need for inoculation, which can result in the sub-optimal
use of inoculant.
After making the decision to inoculate, it is worth maximising the chances of success, as
inoculation failure is generally difficult and expensive to remedy. Following some general
guidelines will be helpful, to ensure successful legume nodulation, noting that there is a range
of inoculant products available, with different application methods.
Changing practices on farm, such as the trend towards early (dry) sowing in some regions, is
taking us into new territory with respect to recommendations about rhizobial inoculation.
Another important and common practical issue is the degree of compatibility between
rhizobial inoculant and fertilizers and seed-applied pesticides and additives. Although it
would be useful to know the compatibility of each rhizobial strain with all of the common
chemical formulations, only limited information is currently available.
* Denton MD, Pearce DJ, Peoples MB (2013) Plant and Soil 365, 363-374.
When, where and how to inoculate?
If the legume (or another that uses the same rhizobia) has not been grown in the last four
years, or soil conditions are hostile then the chance of getting a good response to inoculation
is high. There is a low likelihood of response to inoculating grain legume crops or pastures
where there has been a recent history of inoculation with the correct rhizobia (i.e. the right
inoculant group), the soil pH is above 6 (in CaCl2), and recent nodulation, grain yields and
pasture production have been good. In these situations, inoculation every four years or so
will be adequate because soil rhizobial populations will generally be maintained at above
1,000 per gram, which is considered adequate for good nodulation.
Where acid-sensitive legumes (eg peas and beans) are sown into acid soils (pH 5.5 or less in
CaCl2), it is a good idea to inoculate every time a crop is sown because rhizobial populations
tend to diminish quickly under these soil conditions. The exception to this acid soil rule is
lupin, because both lupin and its rhizobial strain are well-adapted to acid soils.
Where a crop such as chickpea, which has a very specific rhizobia requirement, is grown for
the first time, inoculation is essential as there will be no background of suitable rhizobia
present. A double rate of inoculant is often used in these situations, to enhance the likelihood
of good nodulation.
Common inoculation issues faced by legume growers
Can I sow inoculated seed into dry soil?
Sowing inoculated seed into dry soil is not recommended where a legume crop is sown for
the first time. On the other hand, where a legume has been used frequently and the soil is
not particularly hostile to rhizobia, the risk of nodulation failure resulting from dry sowing is
very much reduced. Granular formulations which are applied in furrow are placed deeper in
the soil and will have a better chance of survival, as soil conditions will be less extreme at
greater depth.
Can I mix inoculated seed with fertilizer, including trace elements?
Some growers claim success in mixing rhizobial inoculant with fertiliser and/or trace
elements. Rhizobium biologists recommend against mixing inoculant with fertilisers
(particularly superphosphate and others that are very acidic), acidic formulations of trace
elements or novel plant nutrition treatments. However we recognise that farming operations
need to be practical and economic. Small scale testing is highly recommended where mixing
inoculum with fertilisers and micro-nutrients is contemplated. Tanks should be cleaned well
before they are used for rhizobial inoculum. Placement of the fertiliser or trace elements
away from the rhizobial inoculum (e.g. in furrow below the seed) is highly recommended. It
is worth noting that the detrimental effects of mixing inoculants and fertilisers etc. are often
overlooked because legumes are often sown in paddocks that are not responsive to
inoculation. It is only when a nodulation problem suddenly appears in a paddock that should
be responsive to inoculation, that the harmful effect of mixing rhizobia with other products
can become very clear.
If molybdenum is required as a seed treatment (Mo is sometimes needed for optimum
nodulation, especially in acid soils), then molybdenum trioxide or ammonium molybdate
should be used, NOT sodium molybdate (toxic to rhizobia!).
Can I mix rhizobial inoculant with seed pickles and pesticides?
Some combinations of rhizobia with some pickles and pesticides appear to perform
satisfactorily, whereas others are very effective at destroying rhizobia. The GRDC booklet
“Inoculating Legumes: a practical guide” contains a table (p. 40) that lists the compatibility of
different rhizobia groups with seed-applied fungicides, and also discusses specific
compatibility issues between rhizobia and certain insecticides and herbicides. Pickled seed
can be coated with rhizobia (except soybean and peanut) but the time interval between
inoculation and sowing should be kept to a minimum, usually less than six hours. The use of
granular inoculants or liquid inoculation into furrows can reduce this impact by separating the
pickled seed from the inoculant.
The following mixtures are NOT compatible with peat, liquid and freeze-dried inoculants:
· chemicals containing high levels of zinc, copper or mercury;
· fertilisers and seed dressings containing sodium molybdate, zinc and manganese;
· fungicides such as Sumisclex® or Rovral®
· herbicides such as MCPA, 2,4-D and Dinoseb;
· insecticides containing endosulfan, dimethoate, omethoate, or carbofuran
Checking for nodulation success
In recent GRDC publications about rhizobial inoculation, ‘good nodulation’ and ‘wellnodulated crops’ are frequently referred to and guidelines are given about adequate numbers
of nodules per plant. How do we go about checking this? We strongly encourage growers
and consultants to look below the soil surface: dig up several plants about 2 to 3 months after
sowing, wash out the root systems gently and look at the level of nodulation on the roots.
A visual check of root systems is worthwhile, to see if a reasonable number of nodules is
present and if they are well distributed across the root system or whether there has been a
nodulation delay or failure. Carefully breaking open nodules to determine if there is a pink or
reddish colour in the nodules will show that the nodules are active. Neither of these visual
assessments however will give an indication of the actual level of N fixation being achieved:
sophisticated scientific techniques are required to measure this.
Checking nodulation success will help to decide about the need for inoculation in future years.
A
guide
to
assessing
nodulation
in
pulse
crops
is
provided
at
www.agwine.adelaide.edu.au/research/farming/legumes-nitrogen/legume-inoculation/.
Several recent GRDC publications give useful information about optimising inoculation and
nitrogen inputs from N fixation. These publications are available online or from the GRDC,
or through http://www.agwine.adelaide.edu.au/research/farming/legumesnitrogen/legume-inoculation/.
Further reading
“Inoculating Legumes: a practical guide” (GRDC 2012) Free, online
http://www.grdc.com.au/GRDC-Booklet-InoculatingLegumes
“Inoculating Legumes: The Back Pocket Guide” (GRDC 2013) Free, online
http://www.grdc.com.au/Resources/Publications/2013/09/Inoculating-legumes-backpocket-guide
“Fact Sheet: Rhizobial inoculants” (GRDC 2013) Free, online
http://www.grdc.com.au/~/media/B943F697AF9A406ABBA20E136FDB7DC4.pdf
Further information
Maarten Ryder, University of Adelaide
[email protected]
Tel 0409 696 360
WHEAT VARIETY UPDATE
Prepared by Rob Wheeler
New Variety Agronomy, Waite Precinct, SARDI
TAKE HOME MESSAGES
• Most new varieties exhibit test weights well above the new milling wheat minimum of 76kg/hl but
significant variation exists for grain protein, test weight and screenings.
• The regular use of fungicides for stripe rust control within wheat NVT has reduced the impact of
disease on grain yield performance, hence placing greater importance on the use of disease guides
for varietal choice. This is a further reminder of the need to minimise or avoid sowing of susceptible
varieties which do not meet minimum disease standards unless a vigilant and successful disease
control strategy is in place.
COMMENTS ON SELECTED NEWER WHEAT VARIETIES IN 2014
(Note: quality classification based on max. eligibility for SA grades, stripe rust ratings generally refer
to reaction to WA+Yr17 strain )
Corack
Corack is an early maturing, APW quality wheat. It has CCN resistance and good yellow leaf spot
resistance but is moderately susceptible to leaf and stripe rust and very susceptible to powdery
mildew. Corack shows high yield potential, particularly in low to medium rainfall situations, with
good grain quality. Seed from AGT (conditional Seed Sharing allowed).
Emu Rock
Emu Rock is an early maturing, AH quality variety. It has large grain, is susceptible to CCN but has
moderate resistance to stem and stripe rust and yellow leaf spot but is MSS to leaf rust. Emu Rock
shows high yield potential, particularly in low to medium rainfall situations. Seed from Intergrain
(conditional Seed Sharing allowed).
Estoc
Estoc is a mid to late maturing, moderate yielding, APW quality wheat. Estoc is moderately resistant
to CCN, SVS to P. thornei, with good levels of resistance to all rusts, low yellow leaf spot resistance
but good physical grain quality and sprouting tolerance. Seed from AGT (conditional Seed Sharing
allowed).
Grenade CL Plus
Grenade is an imidazolinone herbicide tolerant replacement for Justica CLPLUS. It is early to mid
season flowering with moderate resistance to CCN, useful rust resistance and susceptible to yellow
leaf spot. It has improved test weight and sprouting tolerance over Justica and an AH classification.
Seed from AGT.
Longreach Cobra
Cobra is an early maturing, AH quality variety with high yield potential, particularly in medium to
high rainfall districts. Cobra has good resistance to yellow leaf spot and stem and leaf rust but is
rated MSS to stripe rust and MRMS to CCN. Cobra has good grain size and moderate test weight and
is moderately susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting. Seed from Pacific Seeds.
Longreach Dart
Dart is a very early maturing, AH quality wheat with good early vigour and good resistance to all
rusts and yellow leaf spot but susceptible to CCN. Dart shows restricted tillering and in combination
with quick maturity, seeding rates should be kept up to maximise yield. Seed from Pacific Seeds.
Longreach Phantom
Phantom is a mid to late flowering, AH quality variety with some resistance to CCN (MRMS), good
resistance to powdery mildew and all rusts but rated SVS to yellow leaf spot and shows mid-season
“yellowing” similar to Yitpi. Phantom has good black point tolerance and boron tolerance and
moderate screenings and test weight. Seed from Pacific Seeds.
Longreach Trojan
Trojan is a mid to late maturing, AH quality variety with high yield potential, particulary in medium
to high rainfall districts. It is moderately susceptible to CCN, moderately resistance to all rusts and is
MSS to yellow spot. Trojan has moderate boron tolerance and grain is large with low screenings and
high test weight and acceptable black point resistance. Seed from Pacific Seeds.
Longreach Scout
Scout is a mid-season flowering, AH quality variety with high yield potential, particulary in medium
to high rainfall districts. It has good resistance to CCN, stem and leaf rust and powdery mildew but is
moderately susceptible to stripe rust and SVS to yellow leaf spot. Scout has good physical grain
quality and sprouting tolerance but is susceptible to black point. Seed from Pacific Seeds (conditional
Seed Sharing allowed).
Mace
Mace is an early flowering AH variety with high yield potential in a broad range of environments.
Mace has good resistance to stem rust, leaf rust, CCN and yellow leaf spot but is rated SVS to stripe
rust and if grown, must be carefully monitored and best avoided in districts prone to stripe rust
unless a fungicide regime is in place. Mace has good grain quality albeit shows low protein and is
suitable for wheat on wheat application. Seed from AGT (conditional Seed Sharing allowed).
Shield
Shield is an early to mid-season flowering, moderate yielding AH milling wheat. Shield has some
resistance to CCN (MRMS), good resistance to all rusts and powdery mildew and rated MSS to yellow
spot. Shield has moderate test weight and plumpness and a low sprouting risk. Seed available from
AGT.
Wallup
Wallup is an early to mid season flowering AH quality wheat with moderate yield more suited to
medium to higher rainfall environments. Wallup has CCN resistance, acceptable stem, stripe and leaf
rust resistance, moderate (MSS) levels of yellow leaf spot resistance and good black point resistance.
It has useful resistance to root lesion nematodes. Seed available through AGT (conditional Seed
Sharing allowed).
NEW VARIETIES FOR 2015
VX2485
An alternative to Bolac for higher rainfall districts with AH quality, mid to late maturity and excellent
rust resistance but susceptibility to CCN and black point. Seed from AGT affiliates in 2015.
RAC1843
An imidazolinone tolerant alternative to Axe for late sowing, marginal rainfall districts and brome
and barley grass control. It is slightly earlier flowering than Axe, has excellent rust resistance and
CCN resistance but yellow leaf spot and sprouting susceptibility like Axe. AH quality currently
subject to LMA clearance. Seed from AGT affiliates in 2015.
IGW3423
A broadly adapted early to mid season flowering, AH quality wheat suited to low to medium rainfall
districts. IGW3423 has good resistance to stem and leaf rust and yellow leaf spot but is moderately
susceptible to stripe rust and susceptible to CCN. Seed from Intergrain affiliates in 2015.
Current and New Barley Varieties
Stewart Coventry and Jason Eglinton, University of Adelaide
Take Home Messages
· Commander is an internationally accepted malting barley
· Fleet and Fathom are Mallee adapted high yielding feed varieties
· Compass and La Trobe are the new high yielding potential malting varieties to watch
· 2013 results highlight varietal differences in grain size
The current barley variety mix
The trends in variety adoption seen over the past few years continued in 2013 with
Hindmarsh, Commander, Fleet and Buloke firmly established as the dominant varieties.
Hindmarsh had proportionally less production in the SA Mallee than in other areas due to
other feed varieties such as Fleet and Fathom having more tolerance to fungicide amended
seed treatments and pre-emergent herbicides, weed competition and better establishment
through a longer coleoptile length, improved vigour and height. A number of newer varieties
have achieved malting accreditation however of these only Scope will be segregated in the
Mallee. Preliminary segregation plans in the SA and Victorian Mallee indicate Commander,
Scope and Hindmarsh will be the preferred segregated varieties. Until international markets
have been fully developed for Scope, it is likely to achieve only a modest premium, and is
currently priced the same as Hindmarsh, just above Feed 1. The imidazolinone tolerance of
Scope has application as a management tool for paddocks with high weed burden or
suspected imidazolinone residues. Although Scope is an imi-tolerant version of Buloke it
cannot be co-binned as the malting barley industry purchases varieties based on their purity.
Commander has both domestic and international market acceptance, attracting a premium.
Commander is the current benchmark malting barley combining high yield and large grain size
to achieving the highest frequency of malt 1 at receival.
In the Mallee, the 2013 site average was 2.3t/ha which is similar to the long term average
reflecting the dry spring conditions. Winter conditions were favourable for development of
both spot and net forms of net blotch which were the most prevalent diseases. For spot form
net blotch it is only important to consider a fungicide treatment for very susceptible varieties
in stubbles likely to carry a high inoculum load.
In the Mallee, the feed varieties Fathom and Fleet were the best performers for yield and had
excellent grain size. Hindmarsh was also a top performer in the Victorian Mallee and has a
proven track record in reliably meeting Feed 1 screenings levels but with increasing
opportunities to market Hindmarsh above the feed grades it is timely to consider retention
values in comparison to other malting options as shown in Table 1. In areas with heavy
pressure on grain size the plumpness values for Hindmarsh are generally lower than
Commander, reducing its probability of achieving premium prices. Although now an older
variety, Keel also featured in the top list within SA Mallee sites, where it’s very early maturity
was an advantage under very dry spring conditions.
Of the malting varieties, Commander has been yielding equivalent to the highest feed variety
Fleet in the SA Mallee long term data, though last year fell back to the yield of Hindmarsh. In
the Victorian Mallee the yield, of Commander tends to drop below Hindmarsh, but the
retention values of Commander to make Malt 1 grade tends to be better. Commander was
higher yielding than Buloke and Scope in the Mallee based on its long term yield performance,
and has been the better option particularly since Buloke and Scope have inferior grain size
albeit with slightly higher test weights. Buloke and Scope were often below the 70% retention
limit for malt1 while Commander was significantly better. Until the new potential malt
varieties are accredited, Commander’s yield and grain characteristics will ensure that it is one
of the most profitable varieties to grow with a greater likely-hood of achieving malt grain
quality.
New potential malting varieties
Of the next generation of barley varieties undergoing malting accreditation (Table 1),
Compass, La Trobe, and Skipper are likely to be most relevant to the Mallee. Both La Trobe
and Skipper have expected accreditation dates of 2015 and Compass in 2016. There will be
retail seed availability for Compass and La Trobe in 2015 to be delivered as feed until malt
accredited. It should be noted that there may be some lag between the year a variety is malt
accredited and when variety segregations are offered since domestic and international
market development and acceptance is needed.
Compass
Compass, which has now been tested for two seasons in National Variety Trials (NVT),
produced consistent and very high yields in all districts. In the long term and 2013 Mallee NVT
yield analysis, Compass is the highest yielding variety even against other feed varieties. This
represents the next step change in yield and grain size. Compass offers an agronomic package
similar to Commander with much improved yield and disease resistance. Compass has good
resistance to CCN, net form net blotch, powdery mildew and root lesion nematode. It
produces very plump grain with good retention and low screenings but moderate test weight
like Commander and susceptibility to black point like Buloke and Schooner. Irrespective of its
final malt status, Compass will be a very profitable variety to grow.
La Trobe
La Trobe performed well across all regions in 2013 showing yields generally similar or slightly
higher than Hindmarsh. La Trobe is derived from Hindmarsh with similar wide adaptation but
like Hindmarsh is less suited to sandy Mallee soils, reflected in the SA Mallee yield results. La
Trobe has a similar disease resistance profile as Hindmarsh but is more resistant to root lesion
nematode and more susceptible to leaf rust. La Trobe has a short coleoptile, like Hindmarsh,
good test weight but moderate plumpness and screenings.
Skipper
Data from NVT in SA since 2009 has shown Skipper to yield similarly to Commander and would
be a useful alternative in the lower rainfall environments. It is early maturing with good early
vigour, weed competitiveness and grainsize. Skipper has strong resistance to both forms of
net blotch, powdery mildew and Cereal Cyst Nematode (CCN)but is susceptible to some
strains of leaf rust and leaf scald. It has very plump grain with improved test weight, retention
and protein relative to Commander.
Table 1: Barley NVT data of long term (2008-2013) and 2013 SA and Victorian Mallee Grain yield and 2013
SA and Victorian Mallee Retention values. Varieties in bold underline have the highest grain yield or retention.
FEED
Fathom
Fleet
Keel
Maritime
Oxford
MALTING / FOOD*
Bass
Buloke
Commander
Flagship
GrangeR
Hindmarsh*
Schooner
Scope
Sloop SA
UNDERGOING
ACCREDITATION
Compass
Flinders
La Trobe
Skipper
Regional Mean
Yield (t/ha)
2008-2013 SA
Murray Mallee
Grain Yield
(% site mean)
2013 SA
Murray Mallee
Grain Yield
(% site mean)
2013 SA
Murray Mallee
Retention
(% site mean)
2008-2013 VIC
Mallee
Grain Yield
(% site mean)
2013 Vic
Mallee
Grain Yield
(% site mean)
2013 Vic
Mallee
Retention
(% site mean)
109
114
99
101
109
108
112
110
94
99
91
87
89
93
59
114
112
110
102
104
111
105
108
91
92
90
90
84
97
66
93
106
112
103
108
105
92
109
100
87
96
104
107
101
104
84
99
93
88
70
83
78
82
82
76
76
81
102
106
109
100
103
114
95
104
100
99
103
101
97
94
107
93
101
91
94
81
89
82
79
86
86
83
89
116
101
108
107
115
96
102
104
93
79
78
91
119
101
115
111
113
92
108
99
94
87
85
89
2.16
2.34
2.46
2.30
Compass and Skipper are bred by the University of Adelaide Barley Program and seed is available through
Seednet. La Trobe and Flinders are bred by Intergrain Pty. Ltd and seed is available through Syngenta Australia.
Further information
Stewart Coventry, University of Adelaide Barley Program
[email protected], 83136531
Is Nitrous Oxide an issue in low
rainfall cropping systems?
•
•
•
Low soil nitrogen levels
Increasd soil organic carbon
Increased soil temperatures
Crop management can alter these
factors and improve nitrogen use
efficiency.
HOW MUCH ARE WE LOSING IN
THESE SYSTEMS?
WHAT IS NITROUS OXIDE?
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas which
has worldwide agricultural, environmental and
political implications. N2O has a global warming
potential (GWP) of 298 (the GWP of carbon
dioxide is 1). This differential is a measure of
how much heat a greenhouse gas can trap in the
atmosphere. Agriculture is by far the biggest
contributor to Australian N2O emissions.
N2O is produced by two chemical processes:
nitrification and denitrification. The presence of
favourable levels of nitrogen, soil microbes,
carbon and moisture influences these processes
(DAFF, 2011).
The process of nitrification requires oxygen and a
moist, but not waterlogged soil in which
ammonium (NH4) is converted to nitrate (NO3).
N2O is produced as a by-product.
The process of denitrification occurs in
waterlogged soils as oxygen is not required.
Nitrate (NO3) is converted into nitrogen gas (N2)
and N2O is an intermediate product.
The key driver of N2O emissions are:
•
High soil water levels
Urease inhibitor coated on the granule.
Trials to date have shown very small
N2O losses in low rainfall
environments, indicating a relatively
low loss of N from the cropping system. Static
chamber N2O losses from the Victorian Mallee
resulted in peak emissions of up to 4.5g
N/ha/day following 10mm rainfall (83kg N/ha
top-dressed and high baseline soil nitrogen). In
the Upper North peak emissions of 3.1g
N/ha/day following 20mm rainfall were recorded,
although soil type appeared to have a greater
impact on emissions than N rate. This compares
to emissions in high rainfall fertile pasture soils in
south–eastern Victoria where they were in
excess of 1kg/ha/day.
CAN WE REDUCE N2O LOSSES?
Reducing N2O losses will not only reduce global
warming but also reduce ammonia losses and
improve nitrogen use efficiency. Products and
management options to reduce N2O emissions
include:
1.
Urease inhibitors
Urease activity of soil
Urea hydrolysis rates are directly related to
urease activity in the soil. Urea hydrolysis
increases with increasing soil temperature, being
fastest at 25C and slowest at 5C.
Upper North Farming Systems ABN 85 989 501 980
Address: Box 223, Jamestown, SA 5491 Phone: 08 8664 1408 Fax: 08 8664 1405
Urease inhibitors slow the rate of urea hydrolysis
by inhibiting the action of the enzyme urease,
reducing the pH hotspot around the granule and
lowers ammonia gas (NH3) losses. This allows
more time for urea to be washed into the soil.
Green Urea (46% N): a granular urea product
coated with urease inhibitor designed to reduce
volatilisation. This product delays the conversion
of urea to ammonium by suppressing urease
activity for a period of time, allowing the fertiliser
to move into the soil where it is less susceptible
to volatilisation. It is suited to situations in
which rainfall immediately following fertiliser
topdressing is insufficient to wash the fertiliser
into the soil.
Green urea is most effective if nitrogen fertiliser
is applied to the soil in the absence of follow up
rainfall (conditions suited to volatilisation).
Polymer Coated Urea (43% N): an external
polymer coating around the urea granule core.
Nutrients are released gradually and can be
taken up as the plant grows, reducing the
potential for leaching.
This product appears to take a long time to
break down, making it unsuitable for post sowing
N application in medium to low rainfall
environments. It is more likely to be suited to
high rainfall leaching situations when applied
earlier in the season either at or soon after
sowing.
2.
Nitrification inhibitors
ENTEC (46% N): a nitrification inhibitor that
slows the activity of nitrosomonas bacteria which
in turn delays the conversion of ammonium to
nitrite and then nitrate. Nitrogen is retained in
the ammonium form longer and is therefore less
prone to leaching as nitrate.
This product has not given any advantage in low
rainfall farming systems as these soils very rarely
become waterlogged.
3.
N2O emissions from fluid fertiliser treatments
increased slightly following rainfall but at a lower
rate than urea.
4.
Timing of N fertiliser application
•
Needs to be applied just ahead of a rain
event (preferably within one to two days)
•
Requires efficient application techniques
to cover large areas in a short time.
5.
N decision support tools
•
Yield Prophet® can help predict both
yield potential and soil N levels.
•
Soil moisture probes can be used to
predict plant available water and yield potential.
•
Soil tests for texture, constraints,
moisture and N at sowing can be used in Yield
Prophet® and other decision support tools. By
more strategically matching nitrogen applications
to crop demand, both the farm business and the
environment will benefit through improved water
and N use efficiency.
6.
Rotations
•
Include more legumes in the rotation to
increase soil N levels and reduce reliance on
fertiliser N.
•
Include break crops to reduce disease
levels and increase cereal yields.
•
The way legume pastures are managed
can affect soil mineral N levels, however initial
work does not appear to show a correlation
between mineral soil N and N2O emissions.
Acknowledgements
This project is supported by funding from the
Australian Government Department of
Agriculture, Action on the Ground program
through the Birchip Cropping Group; project
AOTGR1-222 ‘Efficient grain production
compared with N2O
emission’.
Fluid fertilisers
Upper North Farming Systems ABN 85 989 501 980
Address: Box 223, Jamestown, SA 5491 Phone: 08 8664 1408 Fax: 08 8664 1405
←Rep 1→
Carwarp Rd
←Rep 2→
Corack
Grenade
Corack
Sheild
Corack
Scout
Corack
Emu Rock
Corack
Mace
Corack
Shield
Corack
Grenade
Corack
Scout
Corack
Mace
Corack
Emu Rock
Corack
2014 Paddock Scale Variety Trial: Hunts
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”ƒ’Š͚Ǥ‘‹Ž‘‹•–—”‡Ȃ–ƒ…‡†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‡•‘”—Ž›Ȁ—‰—•–˜‹‡™Ȃ—›‡
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Š‹•œ‘‘‡†‹˜‹‡™†‹•’Žƒ›•†ƒ›–‹‡‘‹•–—”‡—•‡„›–Š‡…”‘’ƒ–͔͗ƒ†͔͘…™Š‹…Š…‡ƒ•‡•†—”‹‰–Š‡‹‰Š–’‡”‹‘†Ǥ