Highlights of Women’s
Earnings in 2000
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
August 2001
Report 952
NOTE: The statistics in this report for the
year 2000 were revised after this report
was published.
These data were revised in 2003 to incorporate
Census 2000-based population controls and other
changes to the survey, but the report was not
reissued.
To obtain revised data for these years, contact the
Division of Labor Force Statistics by email at
[email protected] or by telephone at (202) 691-6378.
Highlights of Women’s
Earnings in 2000
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
August 2001
Report 952
Introduction
men, and 20- to 24-year-old women earned 91.9 percent as
much as did men. (See tables 1 and 8.)
n 2000, median weekly earnings for female full-time
wage and salary workers were $491, or 76 percent of the
$646 median for their male counterparts. In 1979, when
comparable earnings data were first available, women earned
about 63 percent as much as men did. (See chart 1.)
The women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio varies considerably by demographic group. Among blacks and Hispanics, for example, the ratios were about 85 and 88 percent,
respectively; for whites, the ratio was about 75 percent.
Young women and men (those 16 to 24 years old) had fairly
similar earnings; however, in the older age groups, women’s
earnings were much lower than men’s.
This report presents earnings data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly survey of approximately 50,000 households conducted by the
U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The
earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS
monthly sample. Users should note that the comparisons
by sex in this report are on a broad level and do not control
for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences. For a detailed description of the source of
the data and an explanation of the concepts and definitions
used, see the Technical Note included at the end of this
report.
• Between 1979 and 2000, the earnings gap between
women and men narrowed for most major age groups. The
women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio among 35- to 44-year-olds,
for example, increased from 58.3 percent in 1979 to 71.1 percent in 2000, and that for 45- to 54-year-olds rose from 56.9
percent to 72.7 percent. The earnings ratios for teenagers
and for workers aged 65 and over, however, showed no clear
trend over the period. (See table 13.)
I
• White workers of either gender earned more than their
black or Hispanic counterparts. The differences among
women were much smaller than those among men. White
women’s earnings ($500) were 16.6 percent higher than black
women’s ($429), and 37.4 percent higher than those of Hispanic women ($364). In contrast, white men’s earnings ($669)
were 33 percent higher than the earnings of their black counterparts ($503) and 61.6 percent greater than those of Hispanic men ($414). (See table 1.)
• The earnings difference between women and men was
widest for whites. White women earned 74.7 percent as much
as white men did. Black women’s earnings were 85.2 percent
of black men’s, and Hispanic women made 87.7 percent as
much as did Hispanic men. (See table 1 and chart 2.)
Highlights
• Between 1979 and 2000, inflation-adjusted earnings
for white women grew fairly steadily, rising by 22.9 percent.
Over the same period, earnings growth among black women,
at 14.7 percent, was much smaller, and Hispanic women’s
earnings rose just 4.6 percent. In contrast, real earnings for
both white and black men showed little or no net change
from 1979 to 2000, while those for Hispanic men fell. (See
table 14.)
Following are some highlights of women’s and men’s earnings in 2000:
Full-time workers
• Among women, 45- to 54-year-olds had the highest
earnings ($565), followed by 35- to 44-year-olds ($520). Men’s
earnings also peaked among 45- to 54-year-olds ($777). The
difference between women’s and men’s earnings is larger
among middle-aged and older workers than it is among
younger ones. For example, among workers aged 45 to 54,
women earned 72.7 percent as much as men did and, among
those 55 to 64 years old, the women’s-to-men’s earnings
ratio was just 68.5 percent. In contrast, among those 25 to 34
years old, women’s earnings were 81.9 percent of those of
• Median weekly earnings of full-time workers aged 25
and over without a high school diploma were considerably
below those of persons with college degrees. Among women,
those without a high school diploma earned $303 per week,
compared with $760 for those with college degrees. Among
1
• The earnings gap among parents was wider than that
among workers overall. Mothers earned just two-thirds of
what fathers earned; this ratio held whether their children
were preschoolers or of school age. (See table 9.)
men, school dropouts had earnings of $409 a week, compared with $1,022 for college graduates. (See table 7.)
• At all levels of education, women have fared better
over time with respect to earnings growth than have men.
Although both women and men without a high school diploma have experienced a decline in inflation-adjusted earnings since 1979, women’s earnings have fallen significantly
less—9.8 percent, compared with a 26.7-percent drop for men.
Earnings for women with college degrees have increased by
30.4 percent since 1979 on an inflation-adjusted basis, while
those of male college graduates rose by only 16.7 percent.
(See table 15 and chart 3.)
• The ratio of female-to-male earnings varied by State,
from a high of 89.3 percent in the District of Columbia to a
low of 66.8 percent in Wyoming. The differences among
the States reflect in part variations in the occupation, industry, and age composition of State labor forces. In addition, sampling error in the State estimates is considerably
larger than it is for the national data. (See table 4.)
Part-time workers
• Women who worked part time—that is, less than 35
hours per week—represented 24.5 percent of all female wage
and salary workers in 2000. In contrast, 10 percent of men in
wage and salary jobs worked part time. (See tables 5 and 6.)
• Women working full time in professional specialty occupations earned $725, more than did women in any other
occupational category. Within the professional specialty
occupations, women working as engineers, computer scientists, pharmacists, and lawyers had the highest median earnings. (See tables 2 and 3.)
• Median weekly earnings of female part-time workers
were $177, or 36 percent of the median for women who
worked full time. The earnings of male part-time workers
($156) were somewhat lower than those of female part-timers. This is largely because male part-time workers, unlike
their female counterparts, are highly concentrated in the
youngest age groups, which typically have low earnings.
About 56 percent of male part-time workers were 16 to 24
years old, compared with 32 percent of female part-timers.
(See table 5.)
• Women’s share of employment in occupations typified by high earnings has grown. In 2000, 47 percent of fulltime wage and salary workers in executive, administrative,
and managerial occupations were women, up from 34.2 percent in 1983 (the first year for which comparable data are
available). Over the same period, women’s share of employment in professional specialty occupations rose from 46.8
percent to 51.9 percent. (See table 2.)
• Despite increased representation in the higher paying
managerial and professional occupations, women remained
a relatively small proportion of other high paying occupations, such as protective service and precision production,
craft, and repair. Men were about 8 times as likely as women
to be employed in precision production, craft, and repair
occupations and about 4 times as likely to be in protective
service occupations. The proportions of women and men in
these occupations were very similar in 1983. (See tables 2
and 3.)
Workers paid by the hour
• About 63 percent of women and 58 percent of men
employed in wage and salary jobs were paid by the hour.
Women who worked at such jobs had median hourly earnings of $9.03 in 2000. This was 83.2 percent of the hourly
median for men ($10.85). (See tables 10, 11, 16, and 17.)
• About 5 percent of women who were paid hourly rates
in 2000 reported hourly earnings at or below the prevailing
Federal minimum wage of $5.15. This compares with approximately 3 percent of men in jobs paid by the hour. (See tables
12, 18, and chart 4. Also see the Technical Note for information about workers with earnings below the Federal minimum
wage.)
• In both the managerial and professional occupational
categories, women and men tend to work in different specific occupations. In the professional specialty occupations,
where women earned the most, they were much less likely
than men to be employed in some of the highest paying
occupations, such as engineers and mathematical and computer scientists. Women were more likely to work in relatively lower paying professional occupations, such as teachers (except college and university) and registered nurses.
(See table 3.)
• As would be expected, 16- to 19-year-old women and
men who were hourly paid workers were the most likely to
have earnings at or below the minimum wage. Women 45 to
54 years old and men 35 to 44 years old were the least likely
to earn the minimum wage or less. (See table 12.)
2
Chart 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2000)
dollars by sex, 1979-2000 annual averages
Ratio
Earnings
100
$700
90
Men's earnings
$650
80
$600
70
Ratio of women's to men's earnings
60
$550
50
$500
40
Women's earnings
30
$450
20
$400
10
$350
0
1979
1985
1990
1995
2000
Chart 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race,
and Hispanic origin, 2000 annual averages
Earnings
Earnings
$700
$669
$646
Men
$600
$500
$700
Women
$491
$600
$503
$500
$500
$429
$400
$414
$364
$400
$300
$300
$200
$200
$100
$100
$0
$0
Total
White
Black
3
Hispanic origin
Chart 3. Percent change between 1979 and 2000 median usual weekly earnings by educational
attainment and sex
No high school diploma
Women
Men
High school diploma only
Some college or
associate degree
College graduate
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Percent change
NOTE:
Data
relate
to to
full-time
wage
and
salary
workers
25 25
years
andand
over.
Changes are calculated from constant-dollar
NOTE:
Data
relate
full-time
wage
and
salary
workers
years
over.
annual averages.
Chart 4. Percent of women with earnings at or below the Federal minimum wage by age,
2000 annual averages
Percent
Percent
20
20
14.9
15
15
10
10
8.3
6.8
5
4.8
5
3.9
2.7
0
Total,
16 years
and over
16 to 19
years
20 to 24
years
25 to 34
years
35 to 44
years
NOTE: Data relate to female wage and salary workers paid hourly rates.
4
3.0
2.0
45 to 54
years
55 to 64
years
65 years
and over
0
Statistical tables
Page
01. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics,
2000 annual averages .........................................................................................................................................
7
02. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and sex,
1983 and 2000 annual averages ..........................................................................................................................
8
03. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2000 annual averages .........................................................................................................................................
9
04. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex and State,
2000 annual averages .........................................................................................................................................
15
05. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics,
2000 annual averages .........................................................................................................................................
16
06. Median usual weekly earnings of employed (full- and part-time) wage and salary workers
by hours usually worked and sex, 2000 annual averages ...................................................................................
17
07. Quartiles and selected deciles of usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected
characteristics, 2000 annual averages ................................................................................................................
18
08. Usual weekly earnings distribution of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics,
2000 annual averages .........................................................................................................................................
19
09. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, marital status,
and presence and age of own children under 18 years old, 2000 annual averages .............................................
20
10. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates by selected characteristics,
2000 annual averages .........................................................................................................................................
21
11. Hourly earnings distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates by selected characteristics,
2000 annual averages ........................................................................................................................................
22
12. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing
Federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2000 annual averages ........................................................
23
13. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2000) dollars
by sex and age, 1979-2000 annual averages .......................................................................................................
24
14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant
(2000) dollars by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 1979-2000 annual averages .....................................................
26
15. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and
over in constant (2000) dollars by sex and educational attainment, 1979-2000 annual averages ........................
28
16. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2000) dollars by sex
and age, 1979-2000 annual averages ..................................................................................................................
30
17. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2000) dollars
by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 1979-2000 annual averages ...........................................................................
32
18. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal
minimum wage by sex, 1979-2000 annual averages .............................................................................................
34
5
[Page intentionally blank]
6
Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2000 annual averages
Both sexes
Characteristic
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
AGE
Total, 16 years and over .................
16 to 24 years .......................................
16 to 19 years ....................................
20 to 24 years ....................................
25 years and over .................................
25 to 34 years ....................................
35 to 44 years ....................................
45 to 54 years ....................................
55 to 64 years ....................................
65 years and over ..............................
99,917
11,934
2,303
9,631
87,984
25,272
28,926
23,044
9,383
1,359
$576
361
294
383
611
550
631
671
617
442
$1
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
4
12
43,644
5,147
926
4,221
38,497
10,826
12,407
10,578
4,129
557
$491
342
279
364
515
493
520
565
505
378
$1
2
3
2
1
2
3
4
4
10
56,273
6,786
1,377
5,409
49,487
14,445
16,519
12,466
5,254
802
$646
376
304
396
700
603
731
777
738
537
$2
2
3
2
2
3
4
5
6
36
76.0
91.0
91.9
91.9
73.6
81.9
71.1
72.7
68.5
70.5
82,475
12,556
11,738
591
468
396
1
3
3
34,897
6,568
4,477
500
429
364
1
3
4
47,578
5,989
7,261
669
503
414
2
3
3
74.7
85.2
87.7
25,676
57,423
16,819
11,456
3,812
1,551
459
638
528
571
466
478
2
2
3
4
6
8
11,000
22,856
9,788
6,637
1,957
1,194
436
517
486
509
421
443
3
2
2
3
5
9
14,676
34,566
7,031
4,819
1,855
357
478
735
616
650
517
624
3
2
4
7
7
23
91.3
70.3
78.9
78.4
81.4
70.9
14,822
16,306
83,611
696
691
542
3
3
2
5,649
6,418
37,226
616
613
472
4
3
1
9,173
9,888
46,385
739
737
620
4
4
2
83.4
83.2
76.2
87,984
8,523
27,637
24,452
27,372
611
360
506
598
896
1
2
1
2
4
38,497
3,034
12,088
11,442
11,934
515
303
421
504
760
1
2
2
2
3
49,487
5,490
15,549
13,010
15,438
700
409
594
699
1022
2
3
2
3
6
73.6
74.1
70.9
72.2
74.4
RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
White ....................................................
Black .....................................................
Hispanic origin ......................................
MARITAL STATUS
Never married .......................................
Married, spouse present .......................
Other marital status ..............................
Divorced ............................................
Separated ..........................................
Widowed ............................................
UNION AFFILIATION2
Members of unions3 .............................
Represented by unions4 .......................
Not represented by a union ..................
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Total, 25 years and over .......................
Less than a high school diploma ........
High school graduates, no college .....
Some college or associate degree .....
College graduates, total ......................
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
2 Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union
affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective
bargaining agreement, including the distribution of male and female employees
by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region.
3 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar
to a union.
4 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar
to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are
covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to
totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics
are included in both the white and black population groups.
7
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and sex, 1983 and 2000 annual averages
1983
Occupation
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Percent
women
2000
Median weekly
earnings
Women
Men
Women’s
Number
earnings
of
as
workers
percent
(in
of men’s1 thousands)
Percent
women
Median weekly
earnings
Women
Men
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
Total, 16 years and over .................
70,976
40.4
$252
$379
66.6
99,917
43.7
$491
$646
76.0
Managerial and professional specialty
Executive, administrative,
and managerial ..............................
Professional specialty .........................
17,451
40.9
358
516
69.2
31,455
49.5
709
994
71.3
8,117
9,334
34.2
46.8
340
368
530
506
64.0
72.6
15,368
16,087
47.0
51.9
686
725
1,014
977
67.7
74.2
21,641
2,574
6,313
62.5
44.5
39.0
247
299
205
386
424
389
64.0
70.6
52.7
28,252
3,652
10,133
61.7
48.4
44.9
452
541
407
655
761
684
69.0
71.1
59.6
12,755
77.7
249
362
68.7
14,468
76.8
449
563
79.8
Service occupations .............................
Private household ..............................
Protective service ..............................
Service, except private household
and protective ................................
7,321
278
1,453
49.2
96.0
9.5
173
116
251
256
(2)
356
67.8
(3)
70.4
11,020
368
2,112
52.1
94.7
16.1
316
261
500
414
(2)
659
76.2
(3)
75.9
5,590
57.1
176
218
81.0
8,540
59.1
314
357
88.2
Precision production, craft, and repair ..
9,963
7.9
256
387
66.1
12,163
8.9
445
628
70.9
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .....
Machine operators, assemblers,
and inspectors ...............................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ...................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners,
helpers, and laborers .....................
13,319
26.2
205
308
66.5
15,411
23.2
351
487
72.2
6,990
40.8
202
320
63.3
6,636
36.1
355
495
71.6
3,358
4.7
253
335
75.5
4,587
8.0
407
558
72.9
2,970
16.0
211
252
83.9
4,189
19.4
320
394
81.2
Farming, forestry, and fishing ...............
1,280
11.2
169
201
84.2
1,616
15.0
294
347
84.9
Technical, sales, and
administrative support ....................
Technicians and related support ........
Sales occupations ..............................
Administrative support,
including clerical ............................
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
3 Data not shown where base for either the numerator or denominator is
less than 50,000.
8
Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2000 annual averages
Both sexes
Occupation
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
Total, 16 years and over .............................
99,917
$576
$1
43,644
$491
$1
56,273
$646
$2
76.0
Managerial and professional specialty ...........
Executive, administrative, and managerial ....
Administrators and officials, public
administration .........................................
Administrators, protective services ..............
Financial managers .....................................
Personnel and labor relations managers .....
Purchasing managers ..................................
Managers, marketing, advertising, and
public relations ........................................
Administrators, education and related fields
Managers, medicine and health ..................
Managers, food serving and lodging
establishments ........................................
Managers, properties and real estate ..........
Management-related occupations ...............
Accountants and auditors ..........................
Underwriters ..............................................
Other financial officers ...............................
Management analysts ...............................
Personnel, training, and labor relations
specialists ..............................................
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except
farm products ........................................
Construction inspectors .............................
Inspectors and compliance officers, except
construction ............................................
31,455
15,368
836
840
3
4
15,580
7,226
709
686
3
5
15,875
8,142
994
1,014
5
8
71.3
67.7
618
57
728
214
119
861
808
965
923
935
28
87
19
36
32
310
16
360
133
49
740
(2)
787
837
(2)
21
(2)
39
25
(2)
308
41
368
81
70
980
(2)
1,201
1,153
1,035
31
(2)
67
30
61
75.5
(3)
65.5
72.6
(3)
728
736
624
1,074
939
743
52
20
18
269
471
474
846
827
676
21
28
14
459
265
150
1,250
1,098
1,039
34
34
42
67.7
75.3
65.1
938
342
4,100
1,311
97
717
240
561
619
746
766
768
829
1,074
15
13
5
9
36
21
46
440
215
2,403
785
70
383
106
475
565
659
690
704
659
819
11
27
5
14
24
14
30
498
128
1,697
526
27
334
134
651
754
931
953
(2)
1,084
1,340
25
31
12
23
(2)
43
44
72.9
74.9
70.8
72.4
(3)
60.8
61.1
572
737
13
380
678
20
192
864
28
78.5
160
68
639
718
30
24
71
2
569
(2)
26
(2)
89
66
809
725
66
26
70.4
(3)
236
815
44
93
734
36
143
855
32
85.8
Professional specialty .....................................
Engineers, architects, and surveyors ...........
Architects ....................................................
Engineers ...................................................
Aerospace engineers ................................
Chemical engineers ..................................
Civil engineers ..........................................
Electrical and electronic engineers ...........
Industrial engineers ..................................
Mechanical engineers ...............................
Mathematical and computer scientists .........
Computer systems analysts and scientists
Operations and systems researchers and
analysts .................................................
Natural scientists ..........................................
Chemists, except biochemists ....................
Biological and life scientists ........................
Medical scientists .......................................
Health diagnosing occupations .....................
Physicians ..................................................
Health assessment and treating occupations
Registered nurses ......................................
Pharmacists ................................................
Dietitians .....................................................
Therapists ...................................................
Respiratory therapists ...............................
Physical therapists ....................................
Speech therapists .....................................
Physicians’ assistants .................................
Teachers, college and university ..................
Teachers, except college and university ......
Teachers, prekindergarten and
kindergarten ...........................................
Teachers, elementary school .....................
Teachers, secondary school .......................
Teachers, special education .......................
Counselors, educational and vocational .......
Librarians, archivists, and curators ...............
16,087
2,156
145
1,998
77
88
258
687
245
325
1,890
1,613
832
1,098
1,052
1,104
1,274
1,209
1,015
1,144
939
1,126
992
1,009
4
15
53
15
46
57
37
15
35
24
13
15
8,354
241
31
210
5
8
29
68
40
26
596
470
725
938
(2)
949
(2)
(2)
(2)
1,104
(2)
(2)
901
922
3
27
2
( )
25
(2)
(2)
(2)
27
(2)
(2)
11
15
7,733
1,915
114
1,788
72
81
229
618
205
300
1,295
1,143
977
1,122
1,126
1,126
1,289
1,255
1,046
1,150
995
1,128
1,055
1,065
7
13
63
12
28
50
38
16
26
25
19
22
74.2
83.6
(3)
84.3
(3)
(3)
(3)
96.0
(3)
(3)
85.4
86.6
228
490
133
100
80
535
461
2,147
1,518
163
79
326
64
93
71
61
647
4,255
891
913
945
799
770
1,279
1,340
800
790
1,243
598
751
677
903
788
962
939
711
20
18
48
84
166
79
77
9
9
27
20
17
19
45
49
35
24
6
101
168
43
47
40
172
144
1,785
1,385
77
69
223
35
47
63
31
249
3,166
817
726
(2)
(2)
(2)
940
899
778
782
1,152
609
727
(2)
(2)
774
(2)
805
673
34
28
(2)
(2)
(2)
35
100
7
8
75
17
18
(2)
(2)
29
(2)
44
5
126
321
90
53
41
363
317
362
133
87
10
103
29
46
8
29
398
1,089
986
1,007
1,013
874
(2)
1,459
1,553
949
890
1,312
(2)
831
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1,020
827
33
28
30
46
(2)
99
90
28
25
53
(2)
30
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
26
11
82.9
72.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
64.4
57.9
82.0
87.9
87.8
(3)
87.5
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
79.0
81.4
435
1,878
1,154
331
231
199
457
718
782
698
784
665
20
8
12
30
26
22
431
1,563
653
270
157
167
455
701
741
670
759
657
18
7
11
14
13
20
4
315
501
60
73
31
(2)
860
836
816
914
(2)
(2)
29
14
53
50
(2)
(3)
81.5
88.7
82.1
83.0
(3)
See footnotes at end of table.
9
Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2000 annual averages — Continued
Both sexes
Occupation
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
Librarians ....................................................
Social scientists and urban planners ............
Economists .................................................
Psychologists ..............................................
Social, recreation, and religious workers ......
Social workers ............................................
Recreation workers .....................................
Clergy .........................................................
Lawyers and judges ......................................
Lawyers ......................................................
Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes ....
Technical writers .........................................
Designers ...................................................
Actors and directors ....................................
Painters, sculptors, craft artists, and
artist printmakers ....................................
Photographers ............................................
Editors and reporters ..................................
Public relations specialists ..........................
173
296
110
149
1,254
734
88
322
611
565
1,377
56
479
72
667
826
876
770
610
602
413
700
1,314
1,304
727
848
692
790
23
33
44
50
6
7
31
20
56
58
10
44
25
84
148
154
53
87
683
523
58
43
179
165
636
36
229
33
657
708
785
698
577
589
398
(2)
1,054
1,053
641
(2)
609
(2)
21
27
85
32
7
7
26
(2)
41
42
11
(2)
14
(2)
25
142
57
61
572
211
30
279
431
400
741
21
250
40
(2)
963
1,148
893
678
637
(2)
716
1,448
1,439
789
(2)
805
(2)
(2)
83
60
45
18
36
(2)
21
48
49
24
(2)
33
(2)
(3)
73.6
68.4
78.2
85.1
92.4
(3)
(3)
72.8
73.1
81.3
(3)
75.6
(3)
105
52
210
166
737
738
742
744
24
36
20
20
33
13
107
99
(2)
(2)
718
670
(2)
(2)
41
28
72
39
103
67
750
(2)
795
923
28
(2)
54
52
(3)
(3)
90.2
72.6
Technical, sales, and administrative support ....
Technicians and related support ....................
Health technologists and technicians ...........
Clinical laboratory technologists and
technicians ...............................................
Radiologic technicians ................................
Licensed practical nurses ...........................
Engineering and related technologists and
technicians ...............................................
Electrical and electronic technicians ...........
Drafting occupations ...................................
Surveying and mapping technicians ...........
Science technicians ......................................
Biological technicians .................................
Chemical technicians ..................................
Technicians, except health, engineering,
and science ..............................................
Airplane pilots and navigators ....................
Computer programmers .............................
Legal assistants ..........................................
28,252
3,652
1,315
506
648
523
1
7
6
17,424
1,769
1,023
452
541
507
2
8
5
10,828
1,882
293
655
761
620
5
7
15
69.0
71.1
81.9
269
128
285
594
668
515
17
26
6
200
81
263
572
628
514
19
22
5
69
47
22
624
(2)
(2)
27
(2)
(2)
91.7
(3)
(3)
911
423
200
74
219
85
63
693
708
691
639
599
496
732
9
11
18
34
12
33
31
174
61
50
7
79
46
13
586
599
612
(2)
460
(2)
(2)
16
28
37
(2)
27
(2)
(2)
737
362
150
67
139
39
50
721
725
722
649
678
(2)
731
11
14
29
33
26
(2)
34
81.2
82.6
84.7
(3)
67.8
(3)
(3)
1,207
98
628
350
809
1,283
944
609
23
152
16
11
494
3
163
290
655
(2)
868
596
17
(2)
42
11
713
95
465
60
957
1,272
968
703
16
147
17
46
68.4
(3)
89.6
84.9
Sales occupations ..........................................
Supervisors and proprietors .........................
Sales representatives, finance and business
services ....................................................
Insurance sales ..........................................
Real estate sales ........................................
Securities and financial services sales .......
Advertising and related sales .....................
Sales occupations, other business services
Sales representatives, commodities, except
retail ..........................................................
Sales workers, retail and personal services
Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats ...
Sales workers, apparel ...............................
Sales workers, furniture and home
furnishings ..............................................
Sales workers, radio, television, hi-fi, and
appliances ..............................................
Sales workers, hardware and building
supplies ..................................................
Sales workers, parts ...................................
Sales workers, other commodities ..............
Sales counter clerks ...................................
Cashiers .....................................................
Street and door-to-door sales workers .......
10,133
3,374
550
608
7
5
4,550
1,386
407
485
4
7
5,583
1,988
684
695
7
10
59.6
69.8
1,921
369
357
431
135
628
738
679
713
907
723
682
11
29
30
51
44
27
857
175
204
141
83
254
591
551
585
641
679
575
8
18
17
27
34
26
1,063
194
154
290
51
374
887
856
890
1,118
870
777
20
38
42
77
118
42
66.7
64.4
65.8
57.3
78.1
74.0
1,315
3,486
297
152
768
349
676
307
9
4
32
8
334
1,945
30
107
665
301
(2)
301
15
2
(2)
8
980
1,542
268
44
832
470
703
(2)
12
9
30
2
( )
80.0
64.2
(3)
(3)
125
502
18
54
369
62.1
Administrative support, including clerical ........
Supervisors ...................................................
44
71
594
33
(2)
(2)
135
576
65
(3)
183
519
39
48
254
157
680
107
1,368
97
454
466
352
382
285
426
14
14
7
17
3
29
50
13
436
68
1,046
62
395
(2)
319
352
276
421
21
(2)
5
13
3
27
205
144
244
39
321
35
466
468
460
(2)
313
(2)
14
15
40
(2)
6
(2)
84.8
(3)
69.3
(3)
88.0
(3)
14,468
658
469
592
2
10
11,105
397
449
545
2
14
3,363
261
563
703
8
21
79.8
77.5
See footnotes at end of table.
10
Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2000 annual averages — Continued
Both sexes
Occupation
General office .............................................
Financial records processing ......................
Distribution, scheduling, and
adjusting clerks .......................................
Computer equipment operators ....................
Computer operators ....................................
Secretaries, stenographers, and typists .......
Secretaries .................................................
Stenographers ............................................
Typists ........................................................
Information clerks .........................................
Interviewers ................................................
Hotel clerks .................................................
Transportation ticket and reservation
agents .....................................................
Receptionists ..............................................
Records processing, except financial ...........
Order clerks ................................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping ............................................
File clerks ...................................................
Records clerks ............................................
Financial records processing ........................
Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing
clerks .....................................................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ...................
Billing clerks ................................................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine
operators .................................................
Communications equipment operators .........
Telephone operators ..................................
Mail and message distributing ......................
Postal clerks, except mail carriers ..............
Mail carriers, postal service ........................
Mail clerks, except postal service ...............
Messengers ................................................
Material recording, scheduling, and
distributing clerks .....................................
Dispatchers .................................................
Production coordinators ..............................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks ........
Stock and inventory clerks ..........................
Expediters ...................................................
Adjusters and investigators ..........................
Insurance adjusters, examiners, and
investigators ..........................................
Investigators and adjusters, except
insurance ...............................................
Eligibility clerks, social welfare ...................
Bill and account collectors ..........................
Miscellaneous administrative support
occupations ..............................................
General office clerks ...................................
Bank tellers .................................................
Data-entry keyers .......................................
Statistical clerks ..........................................
Teachers’ aides ..........................................
Service occupations .........................................
Private household ...........................................
Child care workers ........................................
Cleaners and servants ..................................
Protective service ...........................................
Supervisors ...................................................
Police and detectives ..................................
Firefighting and fire prevention .....................
Firefighting ..................................................
Police and detectives ....................................
Police and detectives, public service ..........
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
368
66
572
640
14
29
265
55
532
588
15
34
103
11
706
(2)
33
(2)
75.3
(3)
209
291
289
2,523
2,023
86
413
1,439
130
98
615
532
533
456
451
501
469
404
439
342
19
15
15
4
5
17
9
4
20
16
71
139
138
2,483
2,002
84
397
1,274
115
73
544
492
493
455
450
496
467
400
441
343
60
10
10
4
4
15
8
3
18
16
138
151
151
40
21
3
17
166
15
25
692
634
633
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
486
(2)
(2)
28
43
43
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
16
(2)
(2)
78.6
77.7
77.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
82.2
(3)
(3)
212
709
764
256
476
389
466
496
17
4
8
16
144
688
614
193
433
388
459
478
16
4
8
18
68
21
150
64
598
(2)
492
528
28
(2)
15
40
72.3
(3)
93.3
90.6
78
190
185
1,573
511
380
495
478
15
14
17
4
62
153
157
1,425
512
382
486
473
16
14
16
4
15
37
28
147
(2)
(2)
(2)
544
(2)
(2)
(2)
33
(3)
(3)
(3)
86.9
1,119
150
162
483
508
435
5
15
13
1,014
138
149
478
504
428
4
13
11
105
12
13
539
(2)
(2)
39
(2)
(2)
88.8
(3)
(3)
105
128
119
834
279
323
136
96
459
389
392
639
696
723
385
480
18
11
12
14
12
11
11
22
92
107
99
307
144
86
64
13
457
381
384
563
663
652
367
(2)
16
10
11
20
21
29
15
(2)
13
21
20
527
135
236
72
83
(2)
(2)
(2)
679
728
739
402
494
(2)
(2)
(2)
13
9
8
16
25
(3)
(3)
(3)
82.8
91.0
88.3
91.5
(3)
1,825
251
203
632
408
220
1,597
479
514
610
438
483
420
493
6
14
20
11
12
9
5
807
131
116
204
176
140
1,201
450
450
522
416
464
413
477
7
17
15
10
12
9
4
1,018
119
87
428
232
80
395
504
649
729
455
503
450
584
8
17
29
15
17
42
11
89.3
69.4
71.6
91.5
92.3
91.8
81.6
424
533
17
311
503
7
113
677
32
74.3
941
92
140
479
485
474
7
14
17
713
79
98
459
485
473
8
13
16
227
13
42
556
(2)
(2)
18
(2)
(2)
82.5
(3)
(3)
2,797
595
303
609
88
402
433
438
357
444
440
343
5
10
7
8
31
8
2,327
498
275
507
78
364
420
430
354
436
427
338
3
10
6
8
25
8
470
96
27
101
9
38
523
471
(2)
489
(2)
(2)
16
21
(2)
16
(2)
(2)
80.3
91.2
(3)
89.2
(3)
(3)
11,020
368
130
228
2,112
193
114
240
226
1,034
541
355
264
265
262
623
846
908
801
802
690
775
2
7
14
8
8
45
40
22
23
12
15
5,736
348
128
213
341
27
17
11
8
169
62
316
261
264
259
500
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
559
693
1
6
12
7
9
2
( )
(2)
(2)
(2)
18
29
5,284
20
2
15
1,771
166
97
230
218
865
479
414
(2)
(2)
(2)
659
881
941
803
805
716
792
3
(2)
2
( )
(2)
10
36
79
22
23
12
20
76.2
(3)
(3)
(3)
75.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
78.0
87.5
See footnotes at end of table.
11
Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2000 annual averages — Continued
Both sexes
Occupation
Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement
officers ...................................................
Correctional institution officers ...................
Guards ..........................................................
Guards and police, exc. public services .....
Service occupations, except private
household and protective ...........................
Food preparation and service occupations ...
Supervisors .................................................
Bartenders ..................................................
Waiters and waitresses ..............................
Cooks, except short order ..........................
Food counter, fountain and related
occupations ............................................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ..............
Waiters’ and waitresses’ assistants ............
Miscellaneous food preparation
occupations ............................................
Health service occupations ...........................
Dental assistants ........................................
Health aides, except nursing ......................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants ....
Cleaning and building service occupations ..
Supervisors .................................................
Maids and housemen .................................
Janitors and cleaners .................................
Pest control .................................................
Personal service occupations .......................
Supervisors .................................................
Hairdressers and cosmetologists ...............
Attendants, amusement and recreation
facilities ....................................................
Public transportation attendants .................
Welfare service aids ...................................
Early childhood teachers’ assistants ..........
Precision production, craft, and repair ..............
Mechanics and repairers ................................
Supervisors ...................................................
Mechanics and repairers, except
supervisors ..............................................
Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics
and repairers .........................................
Automobile mechanics .............................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine
mechanics ...........................................
Aircraft engine mechanics ........................
Automobile body and related repairers .....
Heavy equipment mechanics ...................
Industrial machinery repairers ....................
Electrical and electronic equipment
repairers .................................................
Electronic repairers, communications and
industrial equipment .............................
Data processing equipment repairers .......
Telephone installers and repairers ...........
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics .............................................
Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers ....
Millwrights .................................................
Construction trades ........................................
Supervisors ...................................................
Construction trades, except supervisors ......
Brickmasons and stonemasons ..................
Carpet installers ..........................................
Carpenters ..................................................
Drywall installers .........................................
Electricians .................................................
Electrical power installers and repairers .....
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
143
350
645
611
678
587
411
417
30
13
9
9
26
81
134
115
(2)
495
385
414
(2)
12
17
17
117
269
511
497
692
618
418
417
29
13
10
10
(3)
80.1
92.2
99.2
8,540
3,204
229
214
595
1,313
327
309
359
351
315
310
2
2
13
10
6
3
5,047
1,610
121
93
411
532
314
294
321
336
301
290
1
2
8
11
6
4
3,493
1,594
109
121
184
781
357
325
415
370
346
324
3
4
18
17
11
4
88.2
90.7
77.4
90.8
87.2
89.6
101
152
284
251
293
303
8
7
7
69
98
128
245
289
293
9
10
9
32
54
157
(2)
297
312
(2)
9
10
(3)
97.2
93.8
315
1,833
137
259
1,437
2,298
149
470
1,613
61
1,205
56
310
290
343
414
355
336
345
442
304
349
481
340
498
343
5
4
22
10
4
4
35
5
5
24
6
23
10
158
1,607
132
208
1,267
912
53
374
483
3
918
31
279
288
339
417
350
333
307
384
297
309
(2)
321
(2)
339
5
3
21
10
4
3
14
4
4
(2)
3
(2)
9
157
226
5
51
169
1,386
96
96
1,131
58
287
26
31
293
377
(2)
375
378
382
501
348
372
487
400
(2)
(2)
10
10
(2)
20
12
5
16
19
6
24
12
(2)
(2)
98.1
90.1
(3)
93.4
88.0
80.5
76.7
85.2
83.0
(3)
80.2
(3)
(3)
132
78
71
259
399
568
356
285
16
40
22
6
56
62
60
249
365
603
358
283
46
64
25
5
76
16
11
11
428
(2)
(2)
(2)
24
(2)
(2)
(2)
85.3
(3)
(3)
(3)
12,163
4,227
219
613
648
804
3
6
19
1,088
203
18
445
627
(2)
9
24
2
( )
11,075
4,024
202
628
649
814
4
6
19
70.9
96.7
(3)
4,008
640
6
185
621
96.9
1,485
663
604
533
7
19
16
5
(2)
(2)
321
125
132
161
493
633
744
572
665
668
14
24
28
24
11
1
6
(2)
(2)
2
( )
909
702
13
20
106
648
31
3,822
641
6
(2)
(2)
1,469
658
605
538
7
20
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
2
( )
320
119
132
161
473
632
748
572
665
669
14
26
28
24
11
(3)
(3)
3
( )
21
803
710
13
91.2
(2)
166
311
288
607
676
763
26
18
25
13
52
36
(2)
638
(2)
21
(2)
153
259
252
611
692
776
25
23
24
(3)
92.2
(3)
296
810
73
4,430
567
3,863
170
62
1,012
161
769
137
623
630
777
596
744
576
562
491
533
464
688
802
19
13
36
5
15
6
27
21
13
22
11
22
4
38
1
88
13
75
(2)
(2)
(2)
475
(2)
451
(2)
2
( )
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
28
(2)
37
(2)
2
( )
(2)
(2)
(2)
292
772
71
4,341
554
3,788
170
60
1,006
151
752
134
622
634
783
599
745
579
562
493
533
476
693
805
18
14
36
5
15
6
27
20
13
17
11
22
(3)
(3)
(3)
79.4
(3)
77.9
(3)
3
( )
(3)
(3)
(3)
3
6
10
17
3
See footnotes at end of table.
12
Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2000 annual averages — Continued
Both sexes
Occupation
Painters, construction and maintenance ....
Plumbers, pipefitters, steamfitters, and
apprentices .............................................
Concrete and terrazzo finishers ..................
Roofers .......................................................
Structural metalworkers ..............................
Extractive occupations ....................................
Precision production occupations ...................
Supervisors ...................................................
Precision metalworking occupations ............
Tool and die makers ...................................
Machinists ...................................................
Sheet-metal workers ...................................
Precision woodworking occupations .............
Cabinet makers and bench carpenters .......
Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings
machine workers ......................................
Precision workers, assorted materials ..........
Optical goods workers ................................
Electrical and electronic equipment
assemblers ..............................................
Precision food production occupations .........
Butchers and meat cutters ..........................
Bakers ........................................................
Food batchmakers ......................................
Precision inspectors, testers, and related
workers .....................................................
Inspectors, testers, and graders .................
Plant and system operators ..........................
Water and sewage treatment plant
operators ...............................................
Stationary engineers ...................................
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .................
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors ..................................................
Machine operators and tenders, except
precision ..................................................
Metalworking and plastic working machine
operators ...............................................
Punching and stamping press machine
operators .............................................
Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing
machine operators ................................
Metal and plastic processing machine
operators ...............................................
Molding and casting machine operators ...
Woodworking machine operators ...............
Sawing machine operators .......................
Printing machine operators .........................
Printing press operators ...........................
Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine
operators ...............................................
Winding and twisting machine operators ..
Textile sewing machine operators ............
Pressing machine operators .....................
Laundering and dry cleaning machine
operators ..............................................
Machine operators, assorted materials ......
Packaging and filling machine operators ..
Mixing and blending machine operators ...
Separating, filtering, and clarifying
machine operators ................................
Painting and paint spraying machine
operators ..............................................
Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, exc.
food .......................................................
Slicing and cutting machine operators ......
Photographic process machine operators
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
366
483
10
11
(2)
(2)
355
484
10
(3)
450
82
138
85
126
3,380
1,051
792
117
455
109
90
63
644
542
478
706
793
589
691
654
816
622
678
448
478
17
42
21
57
38
6
10
12
28
13
18
39
24
7
1
2
2
3
793
200
49
2
25
4
11
-
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
414
520
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
-
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
5
14
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
-
444
81
136
83
123
2,587
851
744
115
431
105
78
63
644
546
477
716
801
645
726
665
817
633
677
473
478
17
42
23
85
44
8
12
12
27
16
24
34
24
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
64.2
71.6
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
-
108
513
56
400
433
487
16
11
34
49
273
33
(2)
397
(2)
(2)
10
(2)
59
240
23
429
493
(2)
33
19
(2)
(3)
80.6
(3)
334
424
249
125
50
408
407
414
398
391
9
7
8
14
17
212
160
76
45
39
390
366
355
(2)
(2)
11
14
13
(2)
(2)
121
264
173
79
11
439
441
456
426
(2)
18
15
21
21
(2)
88.7
83.0
77.9
(3)
(3)
147
137
255
691
691
721
37
48
23
38
36
13
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
109
101
242
762
768
721
33
37
23
(3)
(3)
(3)
65
112
640
736
40
44
4
8
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
62
104
622
750
47
56
(3)
(3)
15,411
446
3
3,574
351
2
11,837
487
2
72.2
6,636
436
3
2,396
355
3
4,240
495
3
71.6
4,168
427
4
1,483
342
4
2,685
491
4
69.6
345
502
11
64
450
86.8
29
281
519
14
(2)
66
481
20
(3)
92
464
42
25
(2)
98
452
19
15
(2)
(2)
83
458
19
(3)
140
79
101
59
334
264
449
450
416
420
514
548
16
26
24
37
14
32
35
26
15
8
80
44
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
345
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
18
(2)
105
52
86
51
254
219
481
506
429
428
589
590
19
24
22
28
18
18
(3)
(3)
3
( )
58.6
(3)
715
50
376
69
316
404
303
287
4
14
6
15
500
39
297
43
304
(2)
301
(2)
4
(2)
5
(2)
215
11
79
26
379
(2)
315
(2)
13
(2)
16
(2)
80.1
(3)
95.8
(3)
144
2,510
317
113
307
447
346
519
8
6
9
13
87
783
195
9
279
363
327
(2)
8
5
8
(2)
58
1,727
123
105
396
495
404
521
21
5
25
13
70.4
73.4
80.8
(3)
59
726
82
3
(2)
(2)
56
726
78
(3)
176
464
21
19
(2)
(2)
156
482
15
(3)
53
123
77
492
410
379
24
13
22
3
34
46
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
50
89
31
500
430
(2)
23
32
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
See footnotes at end of table.
13
Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2000 annual averages — Continued
Both sexes
Occupation
Fabricators, assemblers, and hand working
occupations ...........................................
Welders and cutters ..................................
Assemblers ...............................................
Production inspectors, testers, samplers,
and weighers ..........................................
Production inspectors, checkers, and
examiners .............................................
Production testers .....................................
Graders and sorters, except agricultural ..
Transportation and material moving
occupations ................................................
Motor vehicle operators ................................
Supervisors .................................................
Truck drivers ...............................................
Drivers-sales workers .................................
Bus drivers ..................................................
Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs ..................
Transportation occupations, except motor
vehicles ....................................................
Rail transportation ......................................
Locomotive operating occupations .............
Water transportation ....................................
Material moving equipment operators ..........
Operating engineers ...................................
Crane and tower operators .........................
Excavating and loading machine operators
Industrial truck and tractor equipment
operators ................................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers ......................................................
Helpers, construction and extractive
occupations ..............................................
Helpers, construction trades .......................
Construction laborers ...................................
Production helpers ........................................
Freight, stock, and material handlers ...........
Stock handlers and baggers .......................
Machine feeders and offbearers .................
Garage and service station related
occupations .............................................
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners ....
Hand packers and packagers .......................
Laborers, except construction ......................
Farming, forestry, and fishing ...........................
Farm operators and managers .......................
Farm managers ............................................
Other agricultural and related occupations .....
Farm occupations, except managerial ..........
Farm workers ..............................................
Related agricultural occupations ..................
Supervisors, related agricultural .................
Groundskeepers and gardeners, except
farm .......................................................
Animal caretakers, except farm ..................
Graders and sorters, agricultural
products ..................................................
Forestry and logging occupations ...................
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
1,818
537
1,178
449
519
420
6
8
5
603
31
531
380
(2)
382
6
(2)
6
1,215
506
647
493
523
465
6
9
9
77.2
(3)
82.1
651
447
11
311
368
9
340
552
20
66.7
459
60
124
475
687
318
13
123
9
220
18
70
379
(2)
305
10
(2)
12
239
42
54
592
(2)
357
28
(2)
70
64.0
(3)
85.5
4,587
3,343
77
2,562
151
328
181
540
543
688
564
558
460
468
6
7
116
8
32
20
22
366
300
15
94
14
148
20
407
399
(2)
407
(2)
401
(2)
8
9
(2)
17
(2)
15
(2)
4,221
3,043
62
2,468
136
180
161
558
564
740
573
582
506
480
7
8
28
7
23
17
14
72.9
70.7
(3)
71.1
(3)
79.4
(3)
182
127
60
55
1,062
238
64
82
816
863
920
778
511
616
663
576
23
70
84
41
6
16
55
20
5
4
1
1
61
3
1
3
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
424
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
20
(2)
(2)
(2)
177
123
59
54
1,001
234
64
80
821
883
926
784
516
615
667
581
30
44
79
32
6
16
53
15
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
82.2
(3)
(3)
(3)
537
447
11
42
(2)
(2)
495
453
11
(3)
4,189
378
3
812
320
3
3,376
394
3
81.2
2
2
2
2
92
86
887
67
1,303
596
76
376
375
443
401
365
322
385
12
14
13
16
5
4
24
6
4
23
16
279
195
21
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
316
304
(2)
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
5
5
(2)
86
82
864
51
1,024
401
55
375
371
445
396
381
339
461
14
18
13
17
6
9
50
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
82.9
89.6
(3)
147
233
309
1,104
322
345
314
391
8
11
4
6
8
40
208
231
(2)
(2)
309
339
(2)
(2)
4
8
139
193
101
874
324
347
331
407
10
12
19
6
(3)
(3)
93.2
83.2
1,616
69
54
1,483
654
589
828
70
334
547
547
325
312
309
345
559
5
79
73
4
4
5
8
25
242
11
8
227
99
81
128
5
294
(2)
(2)
291
285
281
295
(2)
6
(2)
2
( )
6
10
11
8
(2)
1,374
58
46
1,256
556
508
701
66
347
578
(2)
337
316
313
361
564
6
19
2
( )
6
5
5
8
25
84.9
(3)
(3)
86.5
90.0
89.9
81.8
(3)
625
65
343
335
9
20
32
44
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
593
21
343
(2)
8
(2)
(3)
(3)
60
54
269
483
8
24
43
3
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
17
50
(2)
487
(2)
24
(3)
(3)
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
2
2
2
2
2 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
3 Data not shown where base for either the numerator or denominator is
less than 50,000.
14
Table 4. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex and State, 2000 annual averages
Both sexes
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
UNITED STATES .....................
99,917
$576
Alabama .......................................
Alaska ...........................................
Arizona .........................................
Arkansas .......................................
California ......................................
1,591
214
1,682
907
11,845
Colorado .......................................
Connecticut ...................................
Delaware ......................................
District of Columbia ......................
Florida ...........................................
Women
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
$1
43,644
$491
498
680
523
448
610
7
14
8
9
4
727
94
724
411
5,016
1,588
1,212
297
220
5,495
645
688
582
649
504
13
10
9
11
4
Georgia .........................................
Hawaii ...........................................
Idaho .............................................
Illinois ............................................
Indiana ..........................................
3,149
396
427
4,687
2,245
514
556
509
604
564
Iowa ..............................................
Kansas ..........................................
Kentucky .......................................
Louisiana ......................................
Maine ............................................
1,059
972
1,427
1,431
445
Maryland .......................................
Massachusetts ..............................
Michigan .......................................
Minnesota .....................................
Mississippi ....................................
Men
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
$1
56,273
$646
$2
76.0
416
579
484
383
551
8
11
8
9
8
864
120
958
495
6,830
582
798
580
501
671
11
23
16
8
8
71.5
72.6
83.4
76.5
82.1
660
538
135
110
2,452
542
590
513
616
443
15
10
9
9
6
928
674
162
110
3,043
733
773
657
690
578
13
22
26
21
8
74.0
76.3
78.1
89.3
76.6
6
16
7
5
11
1,457
189
171
2,083
920
461
495
426
521
464
9
10
11
7
9
1,691
207
257
2,604
1,325
573
624
573
699
661
12
17
13
11
15
80.5
79.2
74.4
74.5
70.2
551
542
518
497
509
10
16
8
8
7
462
443
636
635
200
478
456
450
412
442
8
9
10
8
12
597
529
791
796
244
618
625
599
586
586
11
13
9
12
12
77.3
72.9
75.1
70.3
75.4
2,074
2,284
3,611
1,769
945
642
639
620
668
477
12
8
6
10
8
921
981
1,483
751
441
589
566
512
562
389
9
10
5
12
10
1,153
1,303
2,128
1,018
503
703
714
711
754
550
13
13
10
14
18
83.8
79.3
72.0
74.6
70.7
Missouri ........................................
Montana ........................................
Nebraska ......................................
Nevada .........................................
New Hampshire ............................
2,169
276
615
770
446
571
475
500
510
624
10
8
7
5
11
978
119
282
336
191
484
395
420
457
513
8
9
5
8
10
1,191
157
333
434
255
658
546
596
581
717
12
16
11
11
15
73.6
72.3
70.4
78.6
71.5
New Jersey ...................................
New Mexico ..................................
New York ......................................
North Carolina ..............................
North Dakota ................................
3,044
572
6,338
2,922
210
663
495
600
509
480
9
8
4
5
8
1,322
256
2,832
1,344
99
579
427
519
452
400
7
12
4
8
8
1,721
316
3,506
1,578
111
753
573
674
583
556
11
18
8
8
18
77.0
74.5
77.1
77.4
72.0
Ohio ..............................................
Oklahoma .....................................
Oregon ..........................................
Pennsylvania ................................
Rhode Island ................................
4,043
1,154
1,147
4,116
339
596
493
572
590
609
5
7
11
5
12
1,755
514
472
1,763
147
494
412
476
487
526
5
7
11
6
11
2,288
640
675
2,353
192
685
583
649
671
685
10
12
15
9
17
72.2
70.8
73.4
72.6
76.7
South Carolina ..............................
South Dakota ................................
Tennessee ....................................
Texas ............................................
Utah ..............................................
1,471
255
2,007
7,557
729
524
491
516
513
576
9
7
6
4
10
696
114
887
3,249
273
457
414
447
452
456
7
6
11
6
11
776
141
1,120
4,308
456
623
589
596
587
673
13
12
11
6
15
73.4
70.3
75.1
77.0
67.8
Vermont ........................................
Virginia ..........................................
Washington ...................................
West Virginia ................................
Wisconsin .....................................
Wyoming .......................................
211
2,736
2,059
594
1,995
172
531
615
620
500
575
505
12
7
10
8
10
8
96
1,263
833
258
857
69
493
519
512
410
493
402
8
11
11
8
8
8
116
1,473
1,226
337
1,138
103
589
720
723
583
654
601
11
18
17
12
16
12
83.7
72.1
70.8
70.3
75.4
66.8
State
Standard
error
of
median
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
Standard
error
of
median
Standard
error
of
median
NOTE: Data refer to persons 16 years and over.
15
Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2000 annual averages
Both sexes
Characteristic
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
20,619
8,203
4,852
3,351
12,416
3,080
3,469
2,560
1,785
1,523
$170
131
114
163
207
212
223
231
186
153
17,762
1,966
1,866
9,482
8,746
2,391
1,269
507
615
Women
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
$1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
14,161
4,563
2,594
1,969
9,599
2,357
2,993
2,153
1,284
811
$177
132
114
162
208
211
222
229
184
139
171
161
168
1
2
3
12,343
1,264
1,246
140
211
188
204
190
152
1
1
3
3
5
4
5,167
7,070
1,924
984
409
531
Standard
error
of
median
Men
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
$1
1
1
2
1
2
3
4
3
4
6,458
3,640
2,258
1,383
2,817
723
476
406
501
712
$156
131
115
164
203
216
234
245
191
167
$1
1
1
2
2
4
11
10
5
4
113.2
101.2
98.9
99.0
102.2
97.5
94.8
93.5
96.7
83.2
178
165
165
1
2
3
5,419
702
620
156
154
174
1
3
5
114.2
107.0
95.0
140
213
186
202
189
153
1
2
3
4
6
4
4,315
1,675
467
284
98
84
139
205
196
214
194
142
1
3
6
8
13
12
100.5
103.8
94.6
94.1
97.6
107.7
Standard
error
of
median
Standard
error
of
median
AGE
Total, 16 years and over .........
16 to 24 years ...............................
16 to 19 years ............................
20 to 24 years ............................
25 years and over .........................
25 to 34 years ............................
35 to 44 years ............................
45 to 54 years ............................
55 to 64 years ............................
65 years and over ......................
RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
White ............................................
Black .............................................
Hispanic origin ..............................
MARITAL STATUS
Never married ...............................
Married, spouse present ...............
Other marital status ......................
Divorced ....................................
Separated ..................................
Widowed ....................................
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum
to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and
Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
16
Table 6. Median usual weekly earnings of employed (full- and part-time) wage and salary workers by hours usually worked and sex, 2000 annual
averages
Both sexes
Hours of work
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Total, 16 years and over ........ 120,786
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
$498
$1
57,933
Median
weekly
earnings
Men
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
$411
$1
62,853
$599
$2
68.5
Median
weekly
earnings
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
1 to 34 hours .................................
1 to 4 hours .................................
5 to 9 hours .................................
10 to 14 hours .............................
15 to 19 hours .............................
20 to 24 hours .............................
25 to 29 hours .............................
30 to 34 hours .............................
18,376
413
1,033
1,691
2,521
5,728
2,368
4,621
173
45
61
88
117
166
207
264
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
12,725
306
688
1,154
1,700
3,894
1,693
3,289
182
44
63
91
120
173
214
271
1
3
1
2
1
1
2
2
5,651
107
345
536
822
1,834
675
1,332
158
48
59
80
110
154
192
250
1
7
2
2
1
1
3
3
115.0
91.7
106.4
114.7
109.1
112.2
111.8
108.3
35 hours and over .........................
35 to 39 hours .............................
40 hours ....................................
41 hours and over .....................
41 to 44 hours .........................
45 to 48 hours .........................
49 to 59 hours .........................
60 hours and over ...................
94,545
6,882
65,000
22,663
1,524
6,767
9,841
4,531
578
397
515
831
621
741
894
965
1
3
1
4
7
5
6
10
41,654
4,814
30,068
6,772
624
2,339
2,820
989
495
393
473
729
565
683
785
802
1
3
1
4
10
8
10
16
52,890
2,068
34,931
15,891
900
4,428
7,021
3,542
648
409
580
879
670
771
934
1,009
2
7
2
5
11
7
7
11
76.3
96.0
81.5
82.9
84.3
88.6
84.0
79.4
Hours vary ....................................
Usually less than 35 hours .........
Usually 35 hours or more ...........
7,865
2,244
5,373
374
139
525
5
2
8
3,554
1,437
1,990
250
139
376
4
3
8
4,311
807
3,383
517
139
622
7
4
8
48.3
100.2
60.4
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.
Detail for the above "hours vary" groups will not sum to totals because data
are not presented for a small number of multiple jobholders whose usual
number of hours on the principal job is not identifiable.
17
Table 7. Quartiles and selected deciles of usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected
characteristics, 2000 annual averages
Characteristic
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Upper limit of:
First
decile
First
quartile
Second
quartile
(median)
Third
quartile
Ninth
decile
SEX, RACE, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
Total, 16 years and over ...........................................................
Women ...................................................................................
Men .........................................................................................
99,917
43,644
56,273
$280
257
299
$380
337
420
$576
491
646
$862
721
972
$1,266
1,022
1,443
White ........................................................................................
Women ...................................................................................
Men .........................................................................................
82,475
34,897
47,578
284
261
304
389
345
435
591
500
669
888
733
997
1,318
1,044
1,469
Black .........................................................................................
Women ...................................................................................
Men .........................................................................................
12,556
6,568
5,989
253
241
273
325
308
357
468
429
503
683
626
736
953
867
1,017
Hispanic origin ..........................................................................
Women ...................................................................................
Men .........................................................................................
11,738
4,477
7,261
235
217
248
292
273
305
396
364
414
603
533
638
892
786
949
Total, 25 years and over ...........................................................
Less than a high school diploma ............................................
High school graduates, no college .........................................
Some college or associate degree .........................................
College graduates, total ..........................................................
87,984
8,523
27,637
24,452
27,372
294
225
279
312
448
407
280
364
422
625
611
360
506
598
896
909
508
716
834
1,325
1,344
706
966
1,136
1,870
Women, 25 years and over ......................................................
Less than a high school diploma ............................................
High school graduates, no college .........................................
Some college or associate degree .........................................
College graduates, total ..........................................................
38,497
3,034
12,088
11,442
11,934
270
193
251
286
402
358
245
315
377
567
515
303
421
504
760
751
387
579
688
1,066
1,069
506
753
908
1,460
Men, 25 years and over ............................................................
Less than a high school diploma ............................................
High school graduates, no college .........................................
Some college or associate degree .........................................
College graduates, total ..........................................................
49,487
5,490
15,549
13,010
15,438
324
246
311
360
498
473
303
419
497
712
700
409
594
699
1,022
1,021
583
816
953
1,481
1,503
774
1,073
1,277
2,021
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
NOTE: Ten percent of all full-time wage and salary workers
earn less than the upper limit of the first decile; 25 percent earn
less than the upper limit of the first quartile; 50 percent earn less
than the upper limit of the second quartile, or median; 75 percent
earn less than the upper limit of the third quartile; and 90 percent
earn less than the upper limit of the ninth decile. Detail for the
above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals
because data for the "other races" group are not presented and
Hispanics are included in both the white and black population
groups.
18
Table 8. Usual weekly earnings distribution of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2000 annual averages
(In thousands)
Usual weekly earnings distribution
Characteristic
Total
employed
Under
$150.00
$150.00
to
$249.99
$250.00
to
$349.99
$350.00
to
$499.99
$500.00
to
$749.99
$750.00
to
$999.99
$1000.00
to
$1499.99
$1500.00
or
more
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over .............................
16 to 24 years .......................................................
16 to 19 years ....................................................
20 to 24 years ....................................................
25 years and over .................................................
25 to 34 years ....................................................
35 to 44 years ....................................................
45 to 54 years ....................................................
55 to 64 years ....................................................
65 years and over ..............................................
99,917
11,934
2,303
9,631
87,984
25,272
28,926
23,044
9,383
1,359
999
259
86
174
740
192
206
153
127
61
5,340
1,683
603
1,080
3,657
1,173
1,155
786
391
153
13,941
3,568
901
2,667
10,373
3,569
3,108
2,270
1,148
278
20,862
3,622
499
3,124
17,239
5,819
5,454
4,000
1,698
269
25,200
2,069
169
1,901
23,131
7,295
7,425
5,807
2,377
226
15,022
507
27
480
14,515
3,706
5,002
4,179
1,488
140
12,082
175
14
161
11,907
2,479
4,228
3,695
1,372
132
6,473
50
5
45
6,423
1,038
2,349
2,154
782
100
Women, 16 years and over ........................
16 to 24 years .......................................................
16 to 19 years ....................................................
20 to 24 years ....................................................
25 years and over .................................................
25 to 34 years ....................................................
35 to 44 years ....................................................
45 to 54 years ....................................................
55 to 64 years ....................................................
65 years and over ..............................................
43,644
5,147
926
4,221
38,497
10,826
12,407
10,578
4,129
557
587
125
40
85
462
110
143
100
73
35
3,227
879
287
592
2,348
672
790
536
275
75
7,728
1,613
377
1,237
6,114
1,889
1,900
1,473
714
138
10,727
1,527
168
1,360
9,200
2,825
2,926
2,376
939
134
11,127
786
45
740
10,341
3,110
3,226
2,814
1,111
80
5,375
159
4
155
5,216
1,279
1,724
1,649
512
51
3,535
42
2
39
3,493
694
1,218
1,160
386
34
1,339
16
3
13
1,323
247
480
469
118
9
Men, 16 years and over ..............................
16 to 24 years .......................................................
16 to 19 years ....................................................
20 to 24 years ....................................................
25 years and over .................................................
25 to 34 years ....................................................
35 to 44 years ....................................................
45 to 54 years ....................................................
55 to 64 years ....................................................
65 years and over ..............................................
56,273
6,786
1,377
5,409
49,487
14,445
16,519
12,466
5,254
802
412
135
46
89
278
82
63
53
54
26
2,113
804
316
488
1,309
501
365
250
116
78
6,213
1,954
524
1,431
4,258
1,680
1,208
797
434
140
10,134
2,095
331
1,764
8,039
2,994
2,528
1,624
759
135
14,073
1,284
123
1,160
12,790
4,185
4,199
2,993
1,266
146
9,647
348
24
325
9,299
2,428
3,278
2,529
975
88
8,547
133
12
121
8,414
1,785
3,010
2,534
987
98
5,134
34
2
32
5,100
791
1,869
1,685
664
91
White, 16 years and over ............................
Women .................................................................
Men .......................................................................
82,475
34,897
47,578
797
464
333
4,077
2,437
1,641
10,862
5,908
4,954
16,618
8,519
8,099
20,952
9,043
11,910
12,825
4,420
8,405
10,581
2,971
7,610
5,762
1,135
4,627
Black, 16 years and over ............................
Women .................................................................
Men .......................................................................
12,556
6,568
5,989
157
95
62
999
625
374
2,422
1,468
954
3,283
1,743
1,540
3,093
1,542
1,552
1,476
657
819
832
342
490
293
95
198
Hispanic origin, 16 years and over .............
Women .................................................................
Men .......................................................................
11,738
4,477
7,261
150
84
65
1,421
751
670
3,055
1,223
1,832
2,970
1,126
1,844
2,303
765
1,538
943
291
652
638
190
449
259
49
210
RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to
totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and
Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
19
Table 9. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, marital status, and
presence and age of own children under 18 years old, 2000 annual averages
Standard
error
of
median
Number of
workers
(in thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Total, all marital statuses ............................................
With children under 18 years old ............................
With children 6 to 17, none younger ....................
With children under 6 years old ...........................
With no children under 18 years old .......................
43,644
17,104
10,585
6,519
26,540
$491
479
492
456
499
$1
2
2
4
2
Total, married, spouse present ...................................
With children under 18 years old ............................
With children 6 to 17, none younger ....................
With children under 6 years old ...........................
With no children under 18 years old .......................
22,856
11,476
7,056
4,421
11,380
517
507
512
501
527
2
2
3
3
3
Total, other marital statuses1 .....................................
With children under 18 years old ............................
With children 6 to 17, none younger ....................
With children under 6 years old ...........................
With no children under 18 years old .......................
20,788
5,628
3,529
2,099
15,160
461
418
453
374
479
2
3
5
4
2
Total, all marital statuses ............................................
With children under 18 years old ............................
With children 6 to 17, none younger ....................
With children under 6 years old ...........................
With no children under 18 years old .......................
56,273
22,008
11,706
10,303
34,265
646
721
756
681
601
2
3
4
4
2
Total, married, spouse present ...................................
With children under 18 years old ............................
With children 6 to 17, none younger ....................
With children under 6 years old ...........................
With no children under 18 years old .......................
34,566
20,484
10,808
9,676
14,083
735
733
765
696
738
2
3
4
4
3
Total, other marital statuses1 .....................................
With children under 18 years old ............................
With children 6 to 17, none younger ....................
With children under 6 years old ...........................
With no children under 18 years old .......................
21,707
1,524
898
626
20,182
512
570
643
476
510
2
13
18
11
2
Characteristic
WOMEN
MEN
1 Includes never-married, divorced, separated,
and widowed persons.
NOTE: Children refer to "own" children and
include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted
children. Excluded are other related children such as
grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and
unrelated children.
20
Table 10. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates by selected characteristics, 2000 annual averages
Both sexes
Characteristic
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Women
Median
hourly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
72,744
16,938
6,698
10,240
55,806
16,497
17,982
13,326
6,236
1,764
$9.91
7.21
6.37
8.06
10.93
10.18
11.56
11.85
10.81
8.00
$0.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.08
.04
.08
.06
59,374
10,105
9,847
9.98
9.27
8.50
25,198
35,463
12,083
7,733
2,894
1,455
Men
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
Median
hourly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
hourly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
36,516
8,194
3,336
4,859
28,321
7,861
9,135
7,102
3,289
934
$9.03
6.97
6.22
7.78
9.89
9.69
10.05
10.19
9.75
7.76
$0.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.06
.03
.04
.07
.08
36,228
8,743
3,362
5,381
27,485
8,636
8,847
6,224
2,947
830
$10.85
7.59
6.57
8.40
12.41
10.98
13.24
13.94
12.82
8.29
$0.03
.04
.04
.07
.06
.05
.09
.07
.15
.19
83.2
91.8
94.7
92.6
79.7
88.2
76.0
73.1
76.1
93.7
.01
.05
.09
29,404
5,457
4,060
9.06
8.82
7.89
.02
.04
.04
29,970
4,648
5,787
11.04
9.91
9.01
.03
.04
.05
82.1
89.0
87.5
8.05
11.18
10.14
10.86
9.42
9.09
.02
.04
.03
.06
.15
.12
11,539
17,489
7,488
4,650
1,642
1,196
7.72
9.89
9.60
9.97
8.78
8.83
.03
.02
.07
.04
.10
.12
13,659
17,975
4,595
3,084
1,252
259
8.45
13.01
11.86
12.62
10.04
10.90
.06
.04
.06
.20
.07
.46
91.3
76.1
80.9
79.0
87.5
81.0
10,691
11,624
61,120
14.22
14.08
9.29
.09
.05
.03
3,711
4,182
32,333
11.91
11.87
8.79
.07
.07
.02
6,980
7,442
28,786
15.68
15.34
10.01
.15
.14
.02
75.9
77.4
87.8
55,806
7,949
22,630
17,259
7,968
10.93
8.21
10.53
11.90
15.02
.02
.04
.05
.03
.05
28,321
3,299
11,184
9,367
4,471
9.89
7.23
9.21
10.65
14.20
.02
.03
.03
.06
.15
27,485
4,649
11,446
7,892
3,497
12.41
9.33
12.44
13.83
15.96
.06
.12
.09
.07
.14
79.7
77.5
74.0
77.0
89.0
AGE
Total, 16 years and over .............
16 to 24 years .......................................
16 to 19 years ....................................
20 to 24 years ....................................
25 years and over .................................
25 to 34 years ....................................
35 to 44 years ....................................
45 to 54 years ....................................
55 to 64 years ....................................
65 years and over ..............................
RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
White ....................................................
Black .....................................................
Hispanic origin ......................................
MARITAL STATUS
Never married .......................................
Married, spouse present .......................
Other marital status ..............................
Divorced ............................................
Separated ..........................................
Widowed ............................................
UNION AFFILIATION2
Members of unions3 .............................
Represented by unions4 .......................
Not represented by a union ..................
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Total, 25 years and over .......................
Less than a high school diploma ........
High school graduates, no college .....
Some college or associate degree .....
College graduates, total ......................
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
2 Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union
affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective
bargaining agreement, including the distribution of male and female employees
by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region.
3 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar
to a union.
4 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar
to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are
covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Hourly-paid workers account for approximately three-fifths of all
wage and salary workers. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups
will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented
and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
21
Table 11. Hourly earnings distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates by selected characteristics, 2000 annual averages
(In thousands)
Hourly earnings distribution
Characteristic
Total
employed
Under
$4.00
$4.00
to
$4.99
$5.00
to
$5.99
$6.00
to
$7.99
$8.00
to
$9.99
$10.00
to
$11.99
$12.00
to
$15.99
$16.00
to
$19.99
$20.00
or
more
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over .............................
16 to 24 years .......................................................
16 to 19 years .....................................................
20 to 24 years .....................................................
25 years and over .................................................
25 to 34 years .....................................................
35 to 44 years .....................................................
45 to 54 years .....................................................
55 to 64 years .....................................................
65 years and over ...............................................
72,744
16,938
6,698
10,240
55,806
16,497
17,982
13,326
6,236
1,764
945
483
198
284
463
218
119
77
34
14
259
122
79
43
137
42
34
22
14
25
5,158
2,849
1,873
976
2,309
771
660
415
267
195
15,388
6,328
3,087
3,241
9,060
2,946
2,573
1,850
1,100
591
13,551
3,594
945
2,648
9,957
3,267
3,033
2,186
1,130
342
10,798
1,923
331
1,593
8,875
2,859
2,798
2,040
963
215
13,012
1,263
144
1,120
11,749
3,496
3,969
2,870
1,228
186
6,230
224
23
201
6,005
1,555
2,072
1,657
667
54
7,401
151
18
133
7,250
1,343
2,723
2,208
834
142
Women, 16 years and over ........................
16 to 24 years .......................................................
16 to 19 years .....................................................
20 to 24 years .....................................................
25 years and over .................................................
25 to 34 years .....................................................
35 to 44 years .....................................................
45 to 54 years .....................................................
55 to 64 years .....................................................
65 years and over ...............................................
36,516
8,194
3,336
4,859
28,321
7,861
9,135
7,102
3,289
934
695
339
134
205
356
156
102
63
26
10
138
69
46
24
69
20
20
13
8
7
3,124
1,547
991
555
1,577
485
488
294
185
126
9,065
3,230
1,558
1,672
5,835
1,689
1,749
1,307
749
341
7,673
1,685
436
1,249
5,988
1,686
1,897
1,505
707
192
5,414
745
111
635
4,668
1,333
1,498
1,179
555
103
5,677
460
48
412
5,217
1,451
1,741
1,340
594
93
2,235
69
7
62
2,166
567
718
629
230
21
2,493
50
5
45
2,444
474
921
773
235
41
Men, 16 years and over ..............................
16 to 24 years .......................................................
16 to 19 years .....................................................
20 to 24 years .....................................................
25 years and over .................................................
25 to 34 years .....................................................
35 to 44 years .....................................................
45 to 54 years .....................................................
55 to 64 years .....................................................
65 years and over ...............................................
36,228
8,743
3,362
5,381
27,485
8,636
8,847
6,224
2,947
830
251
144
64
80
106
63
17
14
8
4
121
52
33
19
69
22
14
9
6
18
2,034
1,302
882
420
732
286
172
122
82
70
6,323
3,098
1,529
1,569
3,225
1,257
824
543
351
250
5,877
1,908
509
1,399
3,969
1,581
1,136
681
423
150
5,384
1,178
220
958
4,206
1,526
1,300
862
407
111
7,335
803
96
708
6,531
2,045
2,228
1,530
634
93
3,995
155
16
139
3,839
988
1,354
1,028
437
32
4,908
102
14
88
4,806
869
1,802
1,435
599
101
White, 16 years and over ............................
Women .................................................................
Men .......................................................................
59,374
29,404
29,970
849
633
216
213
120
94
4,160
2,531
1,630
12,229
7,158
5,071
10,831
6,120
4,711
8,702
4,366
4,336
10,825
4,610
6,215
5,191
1,791
3,400
6,374
2,077
4,297
Black, 16 years and over ............................
Women .................................................................
Men .......................................................................
10,105
5,457
4,648
60
36
24
38
14
24
750
458
292
2,478
1,510
968
2,153
1,232
922
1,581
801
780
1,661
818
843
762
339
423
620
248
372
Hispanic origin, 16 years and over .............
Women .................................................................
Men .......................................................................
9,847
4,060
5,787
70
41
29
34
15
19
1,005
546
459
2,865
1,373
1,492
2,112
861
1,251
1,369
509
861
1,374
457
916
522
136
386
496
122
374
RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
NOTE: Hourly-paid workers account for approximately three-fifths of all
wage and salary workers. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin
groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are
not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black
population groups.
22
Table 12. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by selected
characteristics, 2000 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Workers paid hourly rates
Characteristic
Total
Below
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
At
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Total at or below prevailing Federal
minimum wage
Number
Percent of
hourly-paid
workers
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over .............................
16 to 24 years .......................................................
16 to 19 years ....................................................
20 to 24 years ....................................................
25 years and over .................................................
25 to 34 years ....................................................
35 to 44 years ....................................................
45 to 54 years ....................................................
55 to 64 years ....................................................
65 years and over ..............................................
72,744
16,938
6,698
10,240
55,806
16,497
17,982
13,326
6,236
1,764
1,844
938
508
429
906
361
243
148
86
69
866
510
340
170
357
114
92
62
49
40
2,710
1,447
848
599
1,263
474
335
209
135
109
3.7
8.5
12.7
5.9
2.3
2.9
1.9
1.6
2.2
6.2
Women, 16 years and over ........................
16 to 24 years .......................................................
16 to 19 years ....................................................
20 to 24 years ....................................................
25 years and over .................................................
25 to 34 years ....................................................
35 to 44 years ....................................................
45 to 54 years ....................................................
55 to 64 years ....................................................
65 years and over ..............................................
36,516
8,194
3,336
4,859
28,321
7,861
9,135
7,102
3,289
934
1,212
592
299
292
621
229
187
106
62
37
544
308
198
110
237
78
60
37
36
26
1,757
899
497
402
857
307
247
143
97
63
4.8
11.0
14.9
8.3
3.0
3.9
2.7
2.0
3.0
6.8
Men, 16 years and over ..............................
16 to 24 years .......................................................
16 to 19 years ....................................................
20 to 24 years ....................................................
25 years and over .................................................
25 to 34 years ....................................................
35 to 44 years ....................................................
45 to 54 years ....................................................
55 to 64 years ....................................................
65 years and over ..............................................
36,228
8,743
3,362
5,381
27,485
8,636
8,847
6,224
2,947
830
632
346
209
137
286
132
56
42
24
31
322
202
142
60
120
36
32
25
13
14
954
548
351
197
406
168
88
66
38
46
2.6
6.3
10.4
3.7
1.5
1.9
1.0
1.1
1.3
5.5
White, 16 years and over ............................
Women .................................................................
Men .......................................................................
59,374
29,404
29,970
1,555
1,049
506
687
441
246
2,242
1,490
752
3.8
5.1
2.5
Black, 16 years and over ............................
Women .................................................................
Men .......................................................................
10,105
5,457
4,648
213
119
94
148
85
63
361
204
157
3.6
3.7
3.4
Hispanic origin, 16 years and over .............
Women .................................................................
Men .......................................................................
9,847
4,060
5,787
189
99
91
129
78
50
318
177
141
3.2
4.4
2.4
Full-time workers ..................................................
Women ...............................................................
Men .....................................................................
55,701
24,845
30,856
736
450
286
289
176
113
1,025
626
400
1.8
2.5
1.3
Part-time workers .................................................
Women ...............................................................
Men .....................................................................
16,909
11,601
5,308
1,096
754
342
577
369
208
1,673
1,123
550
9.9
9.7
10.4
RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
FULL- AND PART-TIME STATUS
AND SEX1
1 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on
hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or
part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number
of multiple jobholders.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not
sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented
and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population
groups. See technical note for more information about minimum wage
workers.
23
Table 13. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2000) dollars by sex and age, 1979-2000 annual averages
16 to 24 years
25 years and over
Total, 16
years and
over
Total
16 to 19
years
20 to 24
years
Total
25 to 34
years
35 to 44
years
45 to 54
years
55 to 64
years
65 years
and over
1979 ..........................................
$533
$381
$319
$411
$587
$565
$620
$611
$579
$438
1980 ..........................................
1981 ..........................................
1982 ..........................................
1983 ..........................................
1984 ..........................................
1985 ..........................................
19861 ........................................
1987 ..........................................
1988 ..........................................
1989 ..........................................
522
516
519
517
518
528
541
545
542
538
373
364
358
348
345
344
350
354
350
349
307
293
282
270
268
267
269
271
275
275
399
387
379
367
366
369
374
377
374
372
570
561
562
567
574
581
590
588
583
576
549
539
535
530
532
536
543
544
539
531
601
592
608
610
618
623
632
634
633
636
593
582
593
605
611
615
627
625
637
636
567
561
559
571
580
585
598
591
590
581
405
404
435
430
432
456
450
452
454
450
19901 ........................................
1991 ..........................................
1992 ..........................................
1993 ..........................................
19941 ........................................
1995 ..........................................
1996 ..........................................
19971 ........................................
19981 ........................................
19991 ........................................
529
527
531
539
537
538
536
538
551
567
345
343
333
332
330
328
325
328
337
353
269
264
256
251
254
259
262
269
282
291
366
361
350
349
345
343
341
343
357
375
576
578
577
578
575
572
569
578
603
611
522
514
509
513
505
506
506
515
529
535
624
617
607
609
618
617
610
619
629
631
627
628
630
637
651
653
649
649
654
674
587
581
583
579
576
577
585
597
625
624
441
472
456
462
442
436
420
421
427
417
20001 ........................................
576
361
294
383
611
550
631
671
617
442
1979 ..........................................
403
341
292
357
431
440
433
425
418
377
1980 ..........................................
1981 ..........................................
1982 ..........................................
1983 ..........................................
1984 ..........................................
1985 ..........................................
19861 ........................................
1987 ..........................................
1988 ..........................................
1989 ..........................................
401
398
410
416
421
426
438
442
443
442
333
328
330
326
323
323
330
330
331
332
289
280
271
261
257
255
256
251
259
265
348
348
346
342
339
340
349
353
354
351
424
424
437
442
449
455
465
468
471
473
435
435
443
448
452
454
461
461
460
458
427
432
444
449
463
472
482
491
498
498
416
409
432
435
443
448
465
472
477
481
408
404
420
425
428
437
446
449
446
448
348
344
363
349
347
372
386
380
393
393
19901 ........................................
1991 ..........................................
1992 ..........................................
1993 ..........................................
19941 ........................................
1995 ..........................................
1996 ..........................................
19971 ........................................
19981 ........................................
19991 ........................................
444
454
458
463
459
455
457
461
481
489
326
330
322
322
317
309
310
312
321
334
254
254
247
241
243
241
244
257
263
275
345
348
338
340
333
327
326
328
336
355
474
480
482
488
485
480
485
494
512
513
457
459
461
464
457
453
454
457
476
486
501
505
504
512
515
509
506
515
525
520
484
493
503
517
518
521
525
529
544
552
446
449
453
465
458
452
459
463
502
508
385
395
396
394
387
396
365
372
369
382
20001 ........................................
491
342
279
364
515
493
520
565
505
378
Year and sex
BOTH SEXES
WOMEN
See footnotes at end of table.
24
Table 13. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2000) dollars by sex and age, 1979-2000 annual averages —
Continued
Year and sex
Total, 16
years and
over
16 to 24 years
Total
25 years and over
16 to 19
years
20 to 24
years
Total
25 to 34
years
35 to 44
years
45 to 54
years
55 to 64
years
65 years
and over
MEN
1979 ..........................................
$645
$434
$342
$467
$695
$653
$742
$747
$691
$485
1980 ..........................................
1981 ..........................................
1982 ..........................................
1983 ..........................................
1984 ..........................................
1985 ..........................................
19861 ........................................
1987 ..........................................
1988 ..........................................
1989 ..........................................
623
618
626
625
622
625
632
632
632
631
415
397
386
368
367
370
371
375
368
366
323
305
292
277
277
281
280
286
288
282
446
432
420
399
397
397
398
401
393
391
676
676
676
671
670
680
698
696
686
674
626
617
615
612
607
605
606
600
592
585
732
722
725
730
748
748
752
744
727
731
730
721
719
732
745
751
763
758
772
767
686
686
685
687
697
718
731
722
715
702
455
484
516
508
520
564
540
554
555
530
19901 ........................................
1991 ..........................................
1992 ..........................................
1993 ..........................................
19941 ........................................
1995 ..........................................
1996 ..........................................
19971 ........................................
19981 ........................................
19991 ........................................
618
611
604
601
601
604
609
619
631
639
361
354
342
339
338
340
336
339
352
368
279
271
263
260
263
274
274
281
297
301
383
372
359
356
353
354
351
362
376
392
658
648
646
653
663
660
655
658
674
690
577
568
562
560
551
550
545
551
574
596
719
713
701
701
710
700
691
696
714
725
759
759
764
769
772
768
763
762
772
788
700
698
698
689
694
699
702
715
737
749
517
578
507
531
507
495
522
483
509
486
20001 ........................................
646
376
304
396
700
603
731
777
738
537
1979 ..........................................
62.5
78.5
85.2
76.5
62.1
67.4
58.3
56.9
60.5
77.8
1980 ..........................................
1981 ..........................................
1982 ..........................................
1983 ..........................................
1984 ..........................................
1985 ..........................................
19861 ........................................
1987 ..........................................
1988 ..........................................
1989 ..........................................
64.3
64.5
65.5
66.6
67.6
68.2
69.3
69.9
70.1
70.1
80.1
82.6
85.3
88.6
87.9
87.5
88.9
88.1
90.0
90.7
89.5
91.8
92.8
94.1
92.7
90.8
91.5
87.8
89.8
94.0
78.0
80.7
82.5
85.9
85.3
85.5
87.7
88.0
90.1
89.8
62.7
62.7
64.7
65.8
67.0
66.9
66.7
67.3
68.7
70.2
69.4
70.4
72.1
73.3
74.5
75.1
76.2
76.8
77.7
78.4
58.4
59.9
61.2
61.5
61.9
63.1
64.0
66.1
68.4
68.1
56.9
56.8
60.1
59.5
59.4
59.7
61.0
62.3
61.8
62.7
59.4
58.9
61.3
61.8
61.4
60.9
61.0
62.2
62.4
63.9
76.5
70.9
70.4
68.7
66.8
66.0
71.4
68.7
70.8
74.2
19901 ........................................
1991 ..........................................
1992 ..........................................
1993 ..........................................
19941 ........................................
1995 ..........................................
1996 ..........................................
19971 ........................................
19981 ........................................
19991 ........................................
71.9
74.3
75.8
77.1
76.4
75.4
75.0
74.5
76.3
76.5
90.1
93.3
94.0
94.8
93.7
90.8
92.4
92.1
91.3
91.0
91.0
93.5
93.8
93.0
92.7
87.9
88.9
91.4
88.5
91.3
90.2
93.5
94.2
95.6
94.5
92.2
92.8
90.6
89.4
90.5
72.1
74.0
74.6
74.7
73.1
72.7
74.1
75.1
75.9
74.4
79.2
80.9
82.0
82.9
82.9
82.4
83.2
82.9
83.0
81.5
69.7
70.8
71.9
73.0
72.5
72.7
73.2
74.0
73.5
71.7
63.8
64.9
65.8
67.3
67.1
67.8
68.9
69.4
70.5
70.1
63.7
64.4
64.9
67.4
66.1
64.8
65.4
64.7
68.2
67.8
74.5
68.4
78.1
74.1
76.3
79.9
70.0
77.1
72.6
78.7
20001 ........................................
76.0
91.0
91.9
91.9
73.6
81.9
71.1
72.7
68.5
70.5
WOMEN’S
EARNINGS
AS PERCENT
OF MEN’S2
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at
various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current
Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS
periodical.
2 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
NOTE: The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods
(CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant dollars. See
Technical Note.
25
Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2000) dollars by sex, race,
and Hispanic origin, 1979-2000 annual averages
Total, 16 years
and over
White
Black
Hispanic origin
1979 ..................................................................
$533
$548
$440
$428
1980 ..................................................................
1981 ..................................................................
1982 ..................................................................
1983 ..................................................................
1984 ..................................................................
1985 ..................................................................
19861 ................................................................
1987 ..................................................................
1988 ..................................................................
1989 ..................................................................
522
516
519
517
518
528
541
545
542
538
535
528
532
528
534
546
559
560
555
552
423
427
421
431
427
426
439
439
442
431
417
405
413
412
412
414
418
415
408
402
19901 ................................................................
1991 ..................................................................
1992 ..................................................................
1993 ..................................................................
19941 ................................................................
1995 ..................................................................
1996 ..................................................................
19971 ................................................................
19981 ................................................................
19991 ................................................................
529
527
531
539
537
538
536
538
551
567
544
548
553
559
556
555
553
555
575
592
423
431
430
434
427
429
423
428
449
459
390
387
388
389
373
369
370
376
391
398
20001 ................................................................
576
591
468
396
1979 ..................................................................
403
407
374
348
1980 ..................................................................
1981 ..................................................................
1982 ..................................................................
1983 ..................................................................
1984 ..................................................................
1985 ..................................................................
19861 ................................................................
1987 ..................................................................
1988 ..................................................................
1989 ..................................................................
401
398
410
416
421
426
438
442
443
442
404
401
416
420
426
432
444
448
448
450
369
375
373
382
383
388
398
402
406
406
344
345
350
354
354
353
364
366
366
363
19901 ................................................................
1991 ..................................................................
1992 ..................................................................
1993 ..................................................................
19941 ................................................................
1995 ..................................................................
1996 ..................................................................
19971 ................................................................
19981 ................................................................
19991 ................................................................
444
454
458
463
459
455
457
461
481
489
454
462
466
472
469
465
468
475
494
499
396
400
404
409
398
398
396
401
421
422
357
362
364
368
350
343
346
340
355
359
20001 ................................................................
491
500
429
364
Year and sex
BOTH SEXES
WOMEN
See footnotes at end of table.
26
Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2000) dollars by sex,
race, and Hispanic origin, 1979-2000 annual averages — Continued
Total, 16 years
and over
White
Black
Hispanic origin
1979 ........................................................
$645
$660
$503
$486
1980 ........................................................
1981 ........................................................
1982 ........................................................
1983 ........................................................
1984 ........................................................
1985 ........................................................
19861 ......................................................
1987 ........................................................
1988 ........................................................
1989 ........................................................
623
618
626
625
622
625
632
632
632
631
637
636
645
639
636
641
654
657
654
649
487
488
478
485
481
468
481
476
489
469
467
457
461
453
455
454
451
446
433
424
19901 ......................................................
1991 ........................................................
1992 ........................................................
1993 ........................................................
19941 ......................................................
1995 ........................................................
1996 ........................................................
19971 ......................................................
19981 ......................................................
19991 ......................................................
618
611
604
601
601
604
609
619
631
639
634
627
620
616
630
636
634
637
648
659
463
464
459
461
461
461
450
462
493
504
408
400
409
407
395
392
389
397
411
419
20001 ......................................................
646
669
503
414
1979 ........................................................
62.5
61.7
74.3
71.7
1980 ........................................................
1981 ........................................................
1982 ........................................................
1983 ........................................................
1984 ........................................................
1985 ........................................................
19861 ......................................................
1987 ........................................................
1988 ........................................................
1989 ........................................................
64.3
64.5
65.5
66.6
67.6
68.2
69.3
69.9
70.1
70.1
63.5
63.1
64.4
65.7
67.0
67.4
67.9
68.2
68.5
69.2
75.8
76.7
78.0
78.9
79.6
82.8
82.7
84.4
83.0
86.5
73.6
75.6
75.7
78.3
77.8
77.7
80.7
82.1
84.6
85.6
19901 ......................................................
1991 ........................................................
1992 ........................................................
1993 ........................................................
19941 ......................................................
1995 ........................................................
1996 ........................................................
19971 ......................................................
19981 ......................................................
19991 ......................................................
71.9
74.3
75.8
77.1
76.4
75.4
75.0
74.5
76.3
76.5
71.5
73.7
75.2
76.5
74.5
73.2
73.8
74.6
76.1
75.7
85.5
86.1
88.1
88.8
86.5
86.3
88.1
86.8
85.4
83.7
87.6
90.5
89.1
90.4
88.8
87.3
89.0
85.6
86.5
85.7
20001 ......................................................
76.0
74.7
85.2
87.7
Year and sex
MEN
WOMEN’S
EARNINGS
AS PERCENT
OF MEN’S2
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has
been affected at various times by methodological and
conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey
(CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes
and Estimates of Error section of Employment and
Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.
2 These figures are computed using unrounded
medians and may differ slightly from percents computed
using the rounded medians displayed in this table.
NOTE: Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any
race; thus they are included in both the white and black
population groups. The Consumer Price Index research
series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to
convert current dollars to constant dollars. See
Technical Note.
27
Table 15. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over in constant (2000) dollars by sex
and educational attainment, 1979-2000 annual averages
Total,
25 years and
over
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates, no
college
1979 ........................................................
$587
$465
$550
$624
$762
1980 ........................................................
1981 ........................................................
1982 ........................................................
1983 ........................................................
1984 ........................................................
1985 ........................................................
19861 ......................................................
1987 ........................................................
1988 ........................................................
1989 ........................................................
570
561
562
567
574
581
590
588
583
576
443
436
426
422
418
415
419
413
405
401
531
520
519
514
512
512
518
519
518
505
605
590
603
599
606
612
617
613
605
610
750
739
752
761
771
777
791
821
823
821
19901 ......................................................
1991 ........................................................
1992 ........................................................
1993 ........................................................
19941 ......................................................
1995 ........................................................
1996 ........................................................
19971 ......................................................
19981 ......................................................
19991 ......................................................
576
578
577
578
575
572
569
578
603
611
389
381
375
370
354
347
346
343
355
358
495
492
487
488
484
484
485
493
505
506
611
607
584
581
574
570
566
572
588
599
819
825
839
841
844
838
829
833
866
888
20001 ......................................................
611
360
506
598
896
1979 ........................................................
431
336
409
466
583
1980 ........................................................
1981 ........................................................
1982 ........................................................
1983 ........................................................
1984 ........................................................
1985 ........................................................
19861 ......................................................
1987 ........................................................
1988 ........................................................
1989 ........................................................
424
424
437
442
449
455
465
468
471
473
326
318
317
321
317
310
313
312
310
312
400
395
405
406
411
411
417
419
419
410
460
464
472
475
484
487
497
506
506
511
578
579
595
609
619
637
658
679
682
684
19901 ......................................................
1991 ........................................................
1992 ........................................................
1993 ........................................................
19941 ......................................................
1995 ........................................................
1996 ........................................................
19971 ......................................................
19981 ......................................................
19991 ......................................................
474
480
482
488
485
480
485
494
512
513
309
309
309
309
295
294
293
294
298
299
404
407
406
408
404
400
399
405
418
418
507
506
491
496
486
479
483
491
502
504
687
696
716
718
730
723
718
719
746
764
20001 ......................................................
515
303
421
504
760
Year and sex
Some college or
College
associate degree graduates, total
BOTH SEXES
WOMEN
See footnotes at end of table.
28
Table 15. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over in constant (2000) dollars by sex
and educational attainment, 1979-2000 annual averages — Continued
Total,
25 years and
over
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates, no
college
1979 ........................................................
$695
$558
$682
$729
$876
1980 ........................................................
1981 ........................................................
1982 ........................................................
1983 ........................................................
1984 ........................................................
1985 ........................................................
19861 ......................................................
1987 ........................................................
1988 ........................................................
1989 ........................................................
676
676
676
671
670
680
698
696
686
674
533
520
504
497
489
482
484
472
468
467
652
647
643
640
633
626
627
616
614
607
714
707
707
697
707
725
732
724
708
697
852
864
864
856
892
907
932
952
955
951
19901 ......................................................
1991 ........................................................
1992 ........................................................
1993 ........................................................
19941 ......................................................
1995 ........................................................
1996 ........................................................
19971 ......................................................
19981 ......................................................
19991 ......................................................
658
648
646
653
663
660
655
658
674
690
449
433
424
419
394
389
390
391
404
408
589
583
577
573
571
569
564
572
589
599
696
697
669
673
675
669
660
665
679
687
951
947
954
948
951
948
955
958
990
1,009
20001 ......................................................
700
409
594
699
1,022
1979 ........................................................
62.1
60.2
60.0
64.0
66.6
1980 ........................................................
1981 ........................................................
1982 ........................................................
1983 ........................................................
1984 ........................................................
1985 ........................................................
19861 ......................................................
1987 ........................................................
1988 ........................................................
1989 ........................................................
62.7
62.7
64.7
65.8
67.0
66.9
66.7
67.3
68.7
70.2
61.3
61.1
62.8
64.6
64.8
64.4
64.7
66.1
66.4
66.8
61.3
61.0
63.1
63.5
64.9
65.7
66.6
68.0
68.3
67.6
64.5
65.6
66.7
68.1
68.4
67.2
67.9
69.9
71.5
73.3
67.8
66.9
68.9
71.1
69.5
70.2
70.6
71.3
71.4
71.9
19901 ......................................................
1991 ........................................................
1992 ........................................................
1993 ........................................................
19941 ......................................................
1995 ........................................................
1996 ........................................................
19971 ......................................................
19981 ......................................................
19991 ......................................................
72.1
74.0
74.6
74.7
73.1
72.7
74.1
75.1
75.9
74.4
68.8
71.5
72.8
73.8
74.9
75.4
75.2
75.2
73.7
73.5
68.6
69.9
70.3
71.3
70.8
70.2
70.7
70.8
70.9
69.8
72.8
72.6
73.4
73.7
72.0
71.6
73.1
73.8
74.0
73.5
72.2
73.5
75.0
75.8
76.7
76.2
75.2
75.0
75.3
75.7
20001 ......................................................
73.6
74.1
70.9
72.2
74.4
Year and sex
Some college or
College
associate degree graduates, total
MEN
WOMEN’S
EARNINGS
AS PERCENT
OF MEN’S2
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been
affected at various times by methodological and conceptual
changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an
explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error
section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.
2 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and
may differ slightly from percents computed using the rounded
medians displayed in this table.
NOTE: The Consumer Price Index research series using
current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to
constant dollars. See Technical Note.
29
Table 16. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2000) dollars by sex and age, 1979-2000 annual averages
16 to 24 years
25 years and over
Total, 16
years and
over
Total
16 to 19
years
20 to 24
years
Total
25 to 34
years
35 to 44
years
45 to 54
years
55 to 64
years
65 years
and over
1979 ..............................
$9.82
$7.71
$6.87
$8.90
$11.31
$11.51
$11.71
$11.42
$10.99
$7.14
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
9.61
9.36
9.28
9.23
9.25
9.26
9.36
9.43
9.46
9.43
7.40
7.22
6.96
6.73
6.63
6.54
6.65
6.69
6.73
6.67
6.42
6.51
6.19
5.96
5.79
5.64
5.59
5.55
5.66
5.69
8.54
8.37
8.01
7.74
7.65
7.59
7.64
7.60
7.57
7.62
11.05
10.89
10.79
10.80
10.86
10.83
10.91
10.87
10.89
10.71
11.27
11.08
10.90
10.72
10.74
10.63
10.58
10.48
10.45
10.29
11.47
11.28
11.36
11.40
11.39
11.51
11.75
11.57
11.49
11.54
11.26
10.93
11.03
11.10
11.24
11.33
11.67
11.46
11.48
11.35
10.74
10.56
10.50
10.57
10.51
10.61
10.81
10.81
10.52
10.54
7.10
7.12
7.08
7.25
7.35
7.27
7.49
7.41
7.36
7.30
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
9.29
9.30
9.31
9.25
9.22
9.17
9.18
9.36
9.60
9.84
6.62
6.52
6.48
6.48
6.47
6.51
6.49
6.57
6.94
7.10
5.77
5.81
5.70
5.64
5.65
5.65
5.65
5.89
6.20
6.28
7.59
7.44
7.28
7.24
7.16
7.21
7.32
7.39
7.64
8.00
10.48
10.51
10.53
10.52
10.50
10.50
10.51
10.55
10.68
10.82
10.15
9.96
9.86
9.73
9.64
9.78
9.64
9.67
10.18
10.30
11.32
11.36
11.32
11.31
11.42
11.25
11.09
11.08
11.46
11.38
11.29
11.29
11.48
11.60
11.53
11.37
11.19
11.34
11.56
11.71
10.30
10.14
10.23
10.47
10.38
10.32
10.26
10.41
10.63
10.72
7.39
7.36
7.41
7.52
7.35
7.47
7.40
7.37
7.81
7.95
20001 ............................
9.91
7.21
6.37
8.06
10.93
10.18
11.56
11.85
10.81
8.00
1979 ..............................
8.00
7.05
6.69
7.78
8.62
8.93
8.78
8.50
8.30
6.91
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
7.88
7.77
7.91
7.93
7.88
7.89
8.04
8.16
8.22
8.23
6.87
6.74
6.50
6.30
6.23
6.16
6.20
6.15
6.30
6.32
6.26
6.40
6.10
5.86
5.70
5.54
5.50
5.40
5.50
5.52
7.56
7.44
7.20
7.02
6.92
7.01
7.11
7.13
7.11
7.05
8.45
8.53
8.63
8.63
8.70
8.81
8.97
8.98
9.05
9.14
8.85
8.89
8.92
8.97
8.90
8.89
8.97
8.95
8.95
9.01
8.54
8.68
8.73
8.76
8.90
9.08
9.25
9.26
9.51
9.56
8.42
8.35
8.51
8.56
8.75
8.84
9.03
9.15
9.26
9.31
8.12
8.05
8.25
8.37
8.37
8.38
8.67
8.79
8.55
8.59
6.74
6.75
6.75
6.87
6.94
6.81
7.14
7.07
7.20
6.93
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
8.27
8.36
8.39
8.38
8.34
8.37
8.45
8.49
8.68
8.92
6.35
6.30
6.23
6.19
6.13
6.16
6.21
6.36
6.58
6.82
5.59
5.75
5.65
5.56
5.56
5.54
5.57
5.80
6.09
6.17
7.15
7.07
6.96
7.01
6.88
6.84
6.84
7.01
7.31
7.45
9.08
9.10
9.23
9.26
9.26
9.17
9.22
9.36
9.63
9.84
9.00
8.91
8.99
8.96
8.96
8.89
8.81
8.77
9.28
9.40
9.46
9.58
9.64
9.60
9.71
9.68
9.72
9.78
10.19
10.15
9.19
9.42
9.57
9.62
9.73
9.79
9.77
9.91
10.31
10.28
8.63
8.61
8.69
8.89
8.99
8.91
8.82
8.88
9.33
9.64
6.99
7.13
7.20
7.27
7.18
7.24
7.05
7.30
7.60
7.75
20001 ............................
9.03
6.97
6.22
7.78
9.89
9.69
10.05
10.19
9.75
7.76
Year and sex
BOTH SEXES
WOMEN
See footnotes at end of table.
30
Table 16. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2000) dollars by sex and age, 1979-2000 annual averages —
Continued
16 to 24 years
25 years and over
Total, 16
years and
over
Total
16 to 19
years
20 to 24
years
Total
25 to 34
years
35 to 44
years
45 to 54
years
55 to 64
years
65 years
and over
1979 ..............................
$12.50
$8.63
$7.06
$10.27
$14.80
$14.11
$15.75
$15.71
$14.57
$7.88
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
12.14
11.94
11.77
11.42
11.31
11.26
11.44
11.33
11.13
10.91
8.17
7.84
7.52
7.23
7.25
7.19
7.23
7.15
7.07
6.97
6.72
6.62
6.29
6.05
5.90
5.77
5.76
5.76
5.82
5.91
9.79
9.29
8.80
8.33
8.20
8.04
8.19
8.27
8.15
8.11
14.38
14.15
13.89
13.72
13.65
13.59
13.60
13.36
13.19
13.08
13.80
13.33
13.17
12.78
12.51
12.28
12.12
12.04
11.83
11.54
15.56
15.08
15.27
15.21
15.09
15.06
15.07
14.72
14.38
14.28
15.50
15.44
15.26
15.12
15.38
15.32
15.30
14.92
15.04
14.66
14.42
14.33
13.99
14.42
14.07
13.89
14.39
14.16
13.70
13.48
7.55
7.66
7.67
7.84
7.79
7.66
7.82
7.76
7.77
7.95
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
10.61
10.65
10.46
10.42
10.36
10.36
10.41
10.52
10.61
10.65
6.98
6.91
6.81
6.76
6.76
6.78
6.75
6.89
7.29
7.35
5.96
5.88
5.79
5.73
5.74
5.77
5.74
6.00
6.30
6.39
7.93
7.72
7.53
7.45
7.55
7.65
7.64
7.68
8.20
8.30
12.64
12.36
12.13
11.98
11.84
12.04
11.78
11.88
12.36
12.40
11.34
11.08
10.88
10.70
10.48
10.62
10.60
10.61
10.78
11.19
13.78
13.61
13.19
13.13
13.24
13.34
13.01
12.91
13.16
13.20
14.29
14.51
14.50
14.30
13.92
13.82
13.55
13.69
13.75
14.13
13.06
12.49
12.53
12.90
12.72
12.47
12.19
12.61
12.89
12.61
7.81
7.70
7.78
7.89
7.64
7.69
7.69
7.44
8.16
8.12
20001 ............................
10.85
7.59
6.57
8.40
12.41
10.98
13.24
13.94
12.82
8.29
1979 ..............................
64.0
81.6
94.9
75.7
58.2
63.3
55.7
54.1
57.0
87.6
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
64.9
65.1
67.2
69.4
69.7
70.0
70.3
72.0
73.8
75.4
84.0
85.9
86.4
87.1
85.9
85.6
85.7
86.0
89.1
90.7
93.1
96.6
97.0
96.9
96.6
96.1
95.5
93.7
94.4
93.4
77.2
80.1
81.8
84.3
84.4
87.1
86.9
86.2
87.2
86.9
58.7
60.3
62.2
62.9
63.8
64.8
65.9
67.2
68.6
69.9
64.2
66.7
67.8
70.2
71.1
72.4
74.0
74.4
75.7
78.1
54.9
57.5
57.2
57.6
59.0
60.3
61.3
62.9
66.1
67.0
54.3
54.1
55.8
56.7
56.9
57.7
59.0
61.3
61.6
63.5
56.3
56.2
59.0
58.0
59.5
60.3
60.3
62.0
62.4
63.8
89.2
88.1
88.1
87.6
89.1
88.9
91.3
91.1
92.6
87.1
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
77.9
78.5
80.2
80.3
80.5
80.8
81.2
80.7
81.8
83.8
91.0
91.2
91.4
91.6
90.6
90.9
92.0
92.3
90.3
92.7
93.8
97.8
97.7
97.2
97.0
96.0
96.9
96.6
96.7
96.7
90.2
91.5
92.5
94.1
91.1
89.3
89.5
91.3
89.1
89.8
71.8
73.6
76.1
77.3
78.2
76.2
78.2
78.8
77.9
79.4
79.3
80.4
82.6
83.7
85.5
83.7
83.1
82.6
86.1
84.0
68.6
70.4
73.1
73.1
73.4
72.6
74.7
75.8
77.4
76.9
64.3
65.0
66.0
67.3
69.9
70.8
72.1
72.4
75.0
72.7
66.1
69.0
69.3
68.9
70.7
71.4
72.4
70.4
72.4
76.4
89.5
92.6
92.5
92.2
94.0
94.1
91.7
98.1
93.1
95.4
20001 ............................
83.2
91.8
94.7
92.6
79.7
88.2
76.0
73.1
76.1
93.7
Year and sex
MEN
WOMEN’S
EARNINGS
AS PERCENT
OF MEN’S2
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at
various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current
Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS
periodical.
2 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
NOTE: The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods
(CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant dollars. See
Technical Note.
31
Table 17. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2000) dollars by sex,
race, and Hispanic origin, 1979-2000 annual averages
Total, 16 years and
over
White
Black
Hispanic origin
1979 ..............................
$9.82
$9.97
$9.09
$9.02
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
9.61
9.36
9.28
9.23
9.25
9.26
9.36
9.43
9.46
9.43
9.71
9.43
9.39
9.35
9.36
9.37
9.47
9.57
9.58
9.54
8.85
8.92
8.70
8.49
8.51
8.45
8.75
8.73
8.65
8.66
8.84
8.74
8.61
8.40
8.37
8.40
8.53
8.49
8.37
8.19
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
9.29
9.30
9.31
9.25
9.22
9.17
9.18
9.36
9.60
9.84
9.41
9.43
9.43
9.38
9.33
9.33
9.37
9.50
9.72
10.06
8.74
8.67
8.52
8.44
8.39
8.60
8.48
8.57
8.85
9.14
8.06
8.01
8.02
8.03
7.97
7.86
7.83
7.91
8.35
8.34
20001 ............................
9.91
9.98
9.27
8.50
1979 ..............................
8.00
8.01
7.85
7.60
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
7.88
7.77
7.91
7.93
7.88
7.89
8.04
8.16
8.22
8.23
7.89
7.79
7.93
7.93
7.90
7.90
8.07
8.19
8.25
8.27
7.73
7.62
7.72
7.79
7.74
7.74
7.80
7.88
7.90
7.93
7.53
7.46
7.45
7.30
7.39
7.41
7.54
7.45
7.43
7.46
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
8.27
8.36
8.39
8.38
8.34
8.37
8.45
8.49
8.68
8.92
8.29
8.38
8.44
8.42
8.44
8.47
8.52
8.55
8.79
9.02
7.99
8.12
8.01
8.08
7.98
7.99
7.86
8.11
8.33
8.40
7.45
7.41
7.45
7.43
7.37
7.41
7.40
7.29
7.61
7.71
20001 ............................
9.03
9.06
8.82
7.89
Year and sex
BOTH SEXES
WOMEN
See footnotes at end of table.
32
Table 17. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2000) dollars by sex,
race, and Hispanic origin, 1979-2000 annual averages — Continued
Year and sex
Total, 16 years and
over
White
Black
Hispanic origin
MEN
1979 ..............................
$12.50
$12.82
$10.81
$10.60
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
12.14
11.94
11.77
11.42
11.31
11.26
11.44
11.33
11.13
10.91
12.40
12.20
12.00
11.66
11.52
11.65
11.74
11.56
11.33
11.16
10.32
10.56
10.27
9.83
9.77
9.44
9.91
9.82
9.76
9.53
10.01
9.76
9.85
9.59
9.58
9.32
9.34
9.28
9.15
8.97
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
10.61
10.65
10.46
10.42
10.36
10.36
10.41
10.52
10.61
10.65
10.98
10.93
10.72
10.67
10.59
10.80
10.69
10.65
10.73
10.97
9.46
9.38
9.19
9.02
9.11
9.16
8.94
9.27
9.59
10.10
8.66
8.53
8.43
8.38
8.25
8.15
8.33
8.45
8.70
8.90
20001 ............................
10.85
11.04
9.91
9.01
1979 ..............................
64.0
62.5
72.6
71.7
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
64.9
65.1
67.2
69.4
69.7
70.0
70.3
72.0
73.8
75.4
63.6
63.8
66.1
68.0
68.6
67.8
68.7
70.8
72.8
74.0
74.9
72.2
75.2
79.2
79.2
82.0
78.7
80.2
80.9
83.1
75.2
76.4
75.6
76.1
77.1
79.5
80.8
80.2
81.2
83.1
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
77.9
78.5
80.2
80.3
80.5
80.8
81.2
80.7
81.8
83.8
75.6
76.7
78.7
78.9
79.7
78.4
79.6
80.3
81.9
82.2
84.5
86.5
87.1
89.6
87.5
87.2
88.0
87.5
86.9
83.2
86.0
86.9
88.3
88.6
89.3
90.9
88.8
86.3
87.5
86.6
20001 ............................
83.2
82.1
89.0
87.5
WOMEN’S
EARNINGS
AS PERCENT
OF MEN’S2
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has
been affected at various times by methodological and
conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey
(CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings, a
monthly BLS periodical.
2 These figures are computed using unrounded medians
and may differ slightly from percents computed using the
rounded medians displayed in this table.
NOTE: Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race;
thus they are included in both the white and black
population groups. The Consumer Price Index research
series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert
current dollars to constant dollars. See Technical Note.
33
Table 18. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by sex, 1979-2000 annual
averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Workers paid hourly rates
Year and sex
Total
wage and
salary
workers
Total
Percent of
total wage
and salary
workers
Total at or below
prevailing Federal
minimum wage
Below
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
At
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Number
Percent
of hourly
paid
workers
BOTH SEXES
1979 ..............................
87,529
51,721
59.1
2,916
3,997
6,912
13.4
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
87,644
88,516
87,368
88,290
92,194
94,521
96,903
99,303
101,407
62,389
51,335
51,869
50,846
51,820
54,143
55,762
57,529
59,552
60,878
62,389
58.6
58.6
58.2
58.7
58.7
59.0
59.4
60.0
60.0
100.0
3,087
3,513
2,348
2,077
1,838
1,639
1,599
1,468
1,319
1,372
4,686
4,311
4,148
4,261
4,125
3,899
3,461
3,229
2,608
1,790
7,773
7,824
6,496
6,338
5,963
5,538
5,060
4,698
3,927
3,162
15.1
15.1
12.8
12.2
11.0
9.9
8.8
7.9
6.5
5.1
19901,2 ..........................
19912 ............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
19962 ............................
19971,2 ..........................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
63,172
62,627
63,610
64,274
107,989
110,038
111,960
114,533
116,730
118,963
63,172
62,627
63,610
64,274
66,549
68,354
69,255
70,735
71,440
72,306
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
61.6
62.1
61.9
61.8
61.2
60.8
2,132
2,377
1,939
1,707
1,995
1,699
1,863
2,990
2,834
2,194
1,096
2,906
2,982
2,625
2,132
1,956
1,861
1,764
1,593
1,146
3,228
5,283
4,921
4,332
4,128
3,656
3,724
4,754
4,427
3,340
5.1
8.4
7.7
6.7
6.2
5.3
5.4
6.7
6.2
4.6
20001 ............................
120,786
72,744
60.2
1,844
866
2,710
3.7
1979 ..............................
38,129
23,329
61.2
2,070
2,644
4,714
20.2
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
38,944
39,672
39,777
40,433
42,172
43,506
44,961
46,365
47,495
30,702
23,626
24,294
24,365
24,989
26,003
26,869
27,863
29,078
29,820
30,702
60.7
61.2
61.3
61.8
61.7
61.8
62.0
62.7
62.8
100.0
2,104
2,394
1,651
1,492
1,348
1,198
1,192
1,105
1,008
994
2,990
2,778
2,561
2,603
2,499
2,356
2,125
1,946
1,542
1,056
5,095
5,172
4,212
4,095
3,847
3,554
3,317
3,051
2,550
2,050
21.6
21.3
17.3
16.4
14.8
13.2
11.9
10.5
8.6
6.7
19901,2 ..........................
19912 ............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
19962 ............................
19971,2 ..........................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
31,069
30,988
31,454
31,937
51,419
52,369
53,488
54,708
55,757
57,050
31,069
30,988
31,454
31,937
33,021
33,934
34,418
35,214
35,680
36,233
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
64.2
64.8
64.3
64.4
64.0
63.5
1,420
1,582
1,286
1,133
1,322
1,157
1,244
1,843
1,794
1,426
711
1,792
1,751
1,534
1,241
1,161
1,106
1,092
965
700
2,131
3,374
3,036
2,667
2,563
2,318
2,350
2,935
2,760
2,126
6.9
10.9
9.7
8.4
7.8
6.8
6.8
8.3
7.7
5.9
20001 ............................
57,933
36,516
63.0
1,212
544
1,757
4.8
WOMEN
See footnotes at end of table.
34
Table 18. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by sex, 1979-2000 annual
averages — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Workers paid hourly rates
Year and sex
Total
wage and
salary
workers
Total
Percent of
total wage
and salary
workers
Below
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Total at or below
prevailing Federal
minimum wage
At
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Number
Percent
of hourly
paid
workers
MEN
1979 ..............................
49,400
28,392
57.5
846
1,353
2,199
7.7
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
48,700
48,844
47,591
47,856
50,022
51,015
51,942
52,938
53,912
31,687
27,709
27,576
26,481
26,831
28,140
28,893
29,666
30,474
31,058
31,687
56.9
56.5
55.6
56.1
56.3
56.6
57.1
57.6
57.6
100.0
983
1,119
697
585
490
440
408
364
311
379
1,696
1,533
1,587
1,658
1,626
1,544
1,336
1,283
1,066
733
2,678
2,652
2,284
2,243
2,116
1,984
1,743
1,647
1,377
1,112
9.7
9.6
8.6
8.4
7.5
6.9
5.9
5.4
4.4
3.5
19901,2 ..........................
19912 ............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
19962 ............................
19971,2 ..........................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
32,104
31,639
32,155
32,337
56,570
57,669
58,473
59,825
60,973
61,914
32,104
31,639
32,155
32,337
33,528
34,420
34,838
35,521
35,761
36,073
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
59.3
59.7
59.6
59.4
58.7
58.3
712
795
653
573
674
542
619
1,147
1,039
768
385
1,114
1,231
1,091
891
796
755
673
628
446
1,097
1,909
1,885
1,664
1,565
1,338
1,374
1,820
1,667
1,214
3.4
6.0
5.9
5.1
4.7
3.9
3.9
5.1
4.7
3.4
20001 ............................
62,853
36,228
57.6
632
322
954
2.6
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at
various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current
Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes
and Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly
BLS periodical.
2 Data for 1990-91 and 1996-97 reflect changes in the minimum wage
that took place in those years.
NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage was $2.90 in 1979, $3.10
in 1980, and $3.35 in 1981-89. The minimum wage rose to $3.80 in April
1990, to $4.25 in April 1991, to $4.75 in October 1996, and to $5.15 in
September 1997. See Technical Note for more information about minimum
wage workers.
35
Technical Note
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current
Population Survey (CPS), which provides a wide range of
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau using a scientifically selected national sample of about 50,000 households,
with coverage in all 50 States and the District of Columbia.
The earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS
monthly sample.
Material in this report is in the public domain and, with
appropriate credit, may be used without permission. This
information is available to sensory impaired individuals upon
request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service:
1-800-877-8339.
median is estimated through the linear interpolation of the
interval in which the median lies.
Over-the-year changes in the medians (and quantile
boundaries) for specific groups may not necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for the overall quantile
boundary. The most common reasons for this possible
anomaly are: (1) There could be a change in the relative
weights of the subgroups. For example, the medians of both
16- to 24-year-olds and those 25 years and over may rise, but
if the lower earning 16-to-24 age group accounts for a greatly
increased share of the total, the overall median could actually fall. (2) There could be a large change in the shape of the
distribution of reported earnings, particularly near a quantile
boundary. This could be caused by survey observations
that are clustered at rounded values, for example, $250, $300,
or $400. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval containing such a cluster, or “spike,” tends to change more slowly
than one in other intervals. Medians, for example, measure
the central tendency of a multipeaked distribution that shifts
over time. As the distribution shifts, the median does not
necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically, the median
takes relatively more time to move through a frequently reported interval but, once above the upper limit of such an
interval, it can move relatively quickly to the next frequently
reported earnings interval. BLS procedures for estimating
medians (and other quantile boundaries) mitigate such irregular movements of the measures; however, users should
be cautious of these effects when evaluating short-term
changes in the medians, as well as in ratios of the medians.
Concepts and definitions
The principal concepts and definitions used in connection
with the earnings data in this report are described below.
Usual weekly earnings. Data are collected on wages and
salaries before taxes and other deductions, and include any
overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the
principal job in the case of multiple jobholders). Self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether their
businesses are incorporated. Prior to 1994, respondents were
asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly,
twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they
usually earn in the reported period. Earnings reported on a
basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If
the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers
are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks
worked during the past 4 or 5 months.
Constant dollars. The Consumer Price Index research series
using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current
dollars to constant dollars. BLS has made numerous improvements to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over the past
quarter-century. While these improvements make the present
and future CPI more accurate, historical price index series are
not adjusted to reflect the improvements. However, many
researchers have expressed interest in having a historical
series that measures price change consistently over the entire period. Accordingly, the CPI-U-RS presents an estimate
of the CPI that incorporates most of the methodological improvements made since 1978 into the entire series. For further information, see “CPI research series using current methods, 1978-98” by Kenneth J. Stewart and Stephen B. Reed,
Monthly Labor Review, June 1999, pp. 29-38.
Medians (and quantiles) of weekly earnings. The median
(or upper limit of the second quartile) is the amount that
divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups,
one having earnings above the median, and the other having
earnings below the median. Ten percent of a given distribution have earnings below the upper limit of the first decile (90
percent have higher earnings); 25 percent have earnings
below the upper limit of the first quartile (75 percent have
higher earnings); 75 percent have earnings below the upper
limit of the third quartile (25 percent have higher earnings);
and 90 percent have earnings below the upper limit of the
ninth decile (10 percent have higher earnings).
The BLS estimating procedure for determining the median of an earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is
centered around a multiple of $50. The actual value of the
Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive
wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece
rates. The group includes employees in both the private and
public sectors but, for purposes of the earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, regardless of whether their
businesses are incorporated.
36
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or
more per week at their sole or principal job are defined as
working full time for estimates of earnings.
minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of
the Fair Labor Standards Act, as there are exemptions to the
minimum wage provisions of the law. In addition, some workers might have rounded their hourly earnings to the nearest
dollar in response to survey questions. As a result, some
might have been reported with hourly earnings below the
minimum wage when, in fact, they earned the minimum wage
or higher. This may be more likely to occur in years during
which the minimum wage level is just above a whole dollar
value, as has been the case since September 1997 ($5.15).
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work less than 35
hours per week at their sole or principal job are defined as
working part time for estimates of earnings.
Hourly paid workers. Workers who are paid an hourly wage
are a subset of wage and salary workers, representing approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers. Workers paid by the hour are, therefore, included in the full- and
part-time worker tables in this report, along with salaried
workers and other workers not paid by the hour. (Data for
workers paid at hourly rates are presented separately in tables
10 to 12 and 16 to 18.)
Reliability
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and
nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire
population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the “true” population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
than 1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value
because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The standard
errors included in this report were rounded for presentation
purposes, as were the earnings estimates. Consequently, a
precise confidence interval cannot be constructed using
these data.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including
the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to
obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of
the data.
For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS
and information on estimating standard errors, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and Earnings.
Workers paid at or below the Federal minimum wage. The
estimates of the numbers of workers with reported earnings
at or below the Federal minimum wage in tables 12 and 18
pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried
workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are
not included, even though some have earnings that, when
converted to hourly rates, are at or below the minimum wage.
Consequently, the estimates presented in this report likely
understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. Research has shown,
however, that the degree of understatement is small. BLS
does not routinely estimate hourly earnings for workers not
paid by the hour because of data quality concerns associated with such an estimation process.
The prevailing Federal minimum wage was: $2.90 effective January 1979; $3.10 effective January 1980; $3.35 effective January 1981; $3.80 effective April 1990; $4.25 effective
April 1991; $4.75 effective October 1996; and $5.15 effective
September 1997. Data for 1990-91 and 1996-97 in table 18
reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place during
those years.
The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the
37