Highlights of Women’s
Earnings in 2001
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
May 2002
Report 960
NOTE: The statistics in this report for the
years 2000 and 2001 were revised after
this report was published.
These data were revised in 2003 to incorporate
Census 2000-based population controls and other
changes to the survey, but the report was not
reissued.
To obtain revised data for these years, contact the
Division of Labor Force Statistics by email at
[email protected] or by telephone at (202) 691-6378.
Highlights of Women's
Earnings in 2001
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
May 2002
Report 960
• Between 1979 and 2001, the earnings gap between
women and men narrowed for most major age groups. The
women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio among 35- to 44-year-olds,
for example, was 72.3 percent in 2001 compared with 58.3
percent in 1979, and that for 45- to 54-year-olds was 73.6
percent compared with 56.9 percent. The earnings ratios for
teenagers and for workers aged 65 and over, however, showed
no consistent movement over the period. (See table 13.)
Introduction
I
n 2001, median weekly earnings for women who were fulltime wage and salary workers were $511, or 76 percent of
the $672 median for their male counterparts. The male-female
earnings ratio was about the same as it was in 2000. In 1979,
the first year of comparable earnings data, women earned 63
percent as much as men. (See chart 1.)
The women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio varies significantly
by demographic group. Among blacks and Hispanics, for
example, the ratios were about 87 and 88 percent, respectively, in 2001; for whites, the ratio was about 75 percent.
Young women and men (those 16 to 24 years old) had fairly
similar earnings; however, in the older age groups, women’s
earnings were much lower than men’s.
This report presents earnings data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly survey
of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S.
Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly
sample. Users should note that the comparisons by sex in
this report are on a broad level and do not control for many
factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences. For a detailed description of the source of the data
and an explanation of the concepts and definitions used,
please see the Technical Note included at the end of this
report.
• White workers of either gender earned more than their
black or Hispanic counterparts, although the differences
among women were much smaller than those among men.
White women’s earnings ($521) were 15.5 percent higher than
black women’s ($451), and 35.3 percent higher than those of
Hispanic women ($385). In contrast, white men’s earnings
($694) were 34 percent higher than the earnings of their black
counterparts ($518) and 58.4 percent greater than those of
Hispanic men ($438). Since 1979, earnings growth of white
women and men has outpaced that of blacks and Hispanics.
(See tables 1 and 14.)
• The earnings difference between women and men continued to be widest for whites. White women earned just
75.2 percent as much as white men in 2001. Black women’s
earnings were 87.1 percent of black men’s, and Hispanic
women made 88.0 percent as much as Hispanic men. (See
table 1 and chart 2.)
Highlights
• Between 1979 and 2001, inflation-adjusted earnings
for white women grew fairly steadily, rising by 24.6 percent.
Earnings growth over the period among black women was
much less, at 17.4 percent, and Hispanic women’s earnings
rose just 7.8 percent. In contrast, real earnings for white men
rose only 2.4 percent, earnings for black men were unchanged,
and those for Hispanic men fell. (See table 14.)
Following are some highlights of women’s and men’s earnings in 2001:
Full-time workers
• Among women, 45- to 54-year-olds had the highest
earnings ($588), followed by 35- to 44-year-olds ($545), as
has been the case in recent years. Men’s earnings also peaked
among 45- to 54-year-olds ($799). The difference between
women’s and men’s earnings is greater among middle-aged
and older workers than it is among younger workers. For
example, among workers aged 45 to 54, women earned 73.6
percent as much as men did; in contrast, women aged 16 to
24 earned 90.2 percent as much as their male counterparts.
(See tables 1, 8, and 13.)
• Median weekly earnings varied considerably by edu-
cational level. Among women, those with less than a high
school diploma earned $314 per week, compared with $784
for those with a college degree. Among men, high school
dropouts had earnings of $415 a week, compared with $1,082
for college graduates. (See table 7.)
1
• At all levels of education, women have fared better
• The ratio of female-to-male earnings varied by State,
over time with respect to earnings growth than have men.
Although both women and men with less than a high school
diploma have experienced a decline in inflation-adjusted earnings since 1979, women’s earnings have fallen significantly
less—9.0 percent, compared with a 27.6-percent drop for men.
Earnings for women with college degrees have increased by
30.9 percent since 1979 on an inflation-adjusted basis, while
those of male college graduates have risen by 20.2 percent.
(See table 15 and chart 3.)
from a high of 88.5 percent in the District of Columbia to a
low of 67.4 percent in Wyoming. The differences among the
States reflect, in part, variations in the occupation, industry,
and age composition of State labor forces. In addition, sampling error for the State estimates is considerably larger than
it is for the national data. (See table 4.)
Part-time workers
• Women who worked part time—that is, less than 35
hours per week—accounted for 24.6 percent of all female
wage and salary workers in 2001. In contrast, just 10.6 percent of men in wage and salary jobs worked part time. (See
tables 5 and 6.)
• Median weekly earnings of female part-time workers
were $186, or 36.4 percent of the median for women who
worked full time. The earnings of male part-time workers
($168) were somewhat lower than those of female part-timers. This is largely because, unlike women, male part-time
workers are highly concentrated in the youngest age groups,
which typically have low earnings. In 2001, about 54 percent
of male part-time workers were 16 to 24 years old, compared
with 32 percent of female part-timers. (See table 5.)
• Women working full time in professional specialty occupations earned $749 per week in 2001. This was more than
women earned in any other major occupational category.
Within the professional specialty occupations, women working as engineers, computer scientists, physicians, pharmacists, and lawyers had the highest median weekly earnings.
(See tables 2 and 3.)
• Women’s share of employment in occupations typified by high earnings has grown. In 2001, 47.1 percent of
full-time wage and salary workers in executive, administrative, and managerial occupations were women, up from 34.2
percent in 1983 (the first year for which comparable data are
available). Over the same period, women’s share of full-time
employment in professional specialty occupations rose from
46.8 percent to 51.8 percent. (See table 2.)
Workers paid by the hour
• About 63 percent of women and 57 percent of men
employed in wage and salary jobs were paid by the hour in
2001. Women who were hourly paid workers had median
hourly earnings of $9.57. This was 84.3 percent of the median for men paid by the hour ($11.36). (See tables 10, 11, 16,
and 17.)
• Despite increased representation in the higher paying
managerial and professional occupations, women remained
a small proportion of other relatively high-paying occupations such as protective service and precision production,
craft, and repair. Men were about 9 times as likely as women
to be employed in precision production, craft, and repair
occupations and nearly 4 times more likely to be in protective service occupations. (See tables 2 and 3.)
• About 4 percent of women who were paid hourly rates
in 2001 reported hourly earnings at or below the prevailing
Federal minimum wage of $5.15. This compares with approximately 2 percent of men who were paid by the hour.
(See tables 12, 18, and chart 4. Also see the Technical Note
for information about workers with earnings below the Federal minimum wage.)
• In both the managerial and professional occupational
categories, women and men tended to work in different specific occupations. Although professional specialty occupations were the highest paid for women, men were much more
likely to be employed in the highest paying professions,
such as engineers and mathematical and computer scientists. In contrast, women were more likely to work in lower
paying professional occupations, such as teachers (except
college and university). (See table 3.)
• As would be expected, 16- to 19-year-old women and
men who were hourly paid workers were the most likely to
have earnings at or below the minimum wage. Among both
women and men, those aged 45 to 54 were the least likely to
earn the minimum wage or less. (See table 12.)
2
Chart 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2001)
dollars by sex, 1979-2001 annual averages
Ratio
Earnings
$700
100
90
Men's earnings
$650
80
$600
70
Ratio of women's to men's earnings
60
$550
50
$500
40
Women's earnings
30
$450
20
$400
10
$350
1979
1985
1990
1995
2000
0
Chart 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race,
and Hispanic origin, 2001 annual averages
Earnings
Earnings
$700
$694
$672
$700
Women
Men
$600
$511
$521
$600
$518
$500
$500
$451
$438
$385
$400
$400
$300
$300
$200
$200
$100
$100
$0
Total
White
Black
3
Hispanic origin
$0
Chart 3. Percent change from 1979 to 2001 in median usual weekly earnings by educational
attainment and sex
No high school diploma
Women
Men
High school diploma only
Some college or associate degree
College graduate
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Percent change
NOTE: Data relate to full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over. Changes are calculated from constant-dollar
annual averages.
Chart 4. Percent of women with earnings at or below the Federal minimum wage by age,
2001 annual averages
Percent
Percent
20
20
15
15
11.2
10
10
7.6
5.5
5
5
4.0
3.3
2.3
1.8
2.5
0
0
Total,
16 years
and over
16 to 19
years
20 to 24
years
25 to 34
years
35 to 44
years
NOTE: Data relate to female wage and salary workers paid hourly rates.
4
45 to 54
years
55 to 64
years
65 years
and over
Statistical tables
Page
01. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics,
2001 annual averages .........................................................................................................................................
7
02. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and sex,
1983 and 2001 annual averages ..........................................................................................................................
8
03. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2001 annual averages .........................................................................................................................................
9
04. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex and State,
2001 annual averages .........................................................................................................................................
15
05. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics,
2001 annual averages .........................................................................................................................................
16
06. Median usual weekly earnings of employed (full- and part-time) wage and salary workers
by hours usually worked and sex, 2001 annual averages ...................................................................................
17
07. Quartiles and selected deciles of usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected
characteristics, 2001 annual averages ................................................................................................................
18
08. Usual weekly earnings distribution of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics,
2001 annual averages .........................................................................................................................................
19
09. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, marital status,
and presence and age of own children under 18 years old, 2001 annual averages .............................................
20
10. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates by selected characteristics,
2001 annual averages .........................................................................................................................................
21
11. Hourly earnings distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates by selected characteristics,
2001 annual averages ........................................................................................................................................
22
12. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing
Federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2001 annual averages ........................................................
23
13. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2001) dollars
by sex and age, 1979-2001 annual averages .......................................................................................................
24
14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant
(2001) dollars by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 1979-2001 annual averages .....................................................
26
15. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and
over in constant (2001) dollars by sex and educational attainment, 1979-2001 annual averages ........................
28
16. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2001) dollars by sex
and age, 1979-2001 annual averages ..................................................................................................................
30
17. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2001) dollars
by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, 1979-2001 annual averages ...........................................................................
32
18. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal
minimum wage by sex, 1979-2001 annual averages .............................................................................................
34
5
[Page intentionally blank]
6
Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2001 annual averages
Both sexes
Characteristic
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
AGE
Total, 16 years and over .................
16 to 24 years .......................................
16 to 19 years ....................................
20 to 24 years ....................................
25 years and over .................................
25 to 34 years ....................................
35 to 44 years ....................................
45 to 54 years ....................................
55 to 64 years ....................................
65 years and over ..............................
99,599
11,651
2,171
9,481
87,948
24,528
28,464
23,733
9,769
1,453
$597
376
304
395
632
579
658
693
640
472
$1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
5
13
43,671
5,098
922
4,176
38,573
10,513
12,243
10,867
4,356
594
$511
354
287
375
542
514
545
588
539
372
$1
2
3
2
2
2
4
3
6
10
55,928
6,554
1,249
5,305
49,374
14,016
16,221
12,865
5,413
859
$672
392
319
410
722
621
755
799
766
548
$2
2
3
2
2
3
4
5
8
21
76.1
90.2
89.9
91.6
75.1
82.7
72.3
73.6
70.4
67.9
82,149
12,533
11,790
612
487
414
1
2
3
34,871
6,607
4,561
521
451
385
2
4
3
47,279
5,925
7,230
694
518
438
2
3
6
75.2
87.1
88.0
25,563
57,203
16,833
11,400
3,883
1,550
480
665
557
596
478
492
2
2
4
3
5
7
11,008
22,797
9,867
6,661
2,005
1,201
453
548
505
536
427
468
3
3
2
5
7
9
14,555
34,406
6,966
4,739
1,878
348
497
759
636
676
522
631
2
2
6
6
9
34
91.3
72.2
79.5
79.2
81.8
74.2
14,809
16,218
83,381
718
712
575
3
3
2
5,753
6,457
37,214
643
639
494
4
4
1
9,056
9,761
46,167
765
761
647
4
4
2
84.1
83.9
76.4
87,948
8,259
27,142
24,764
27,783
632
378
520
621
924
2
2
2
2
3
38,573
2,922
11,883
11,618
12,151
542
314
441
525
784
2
2
2
3
4
49,374
5,337
15,259
13,146
15,632
722
415
610
725
1082
2
2
2
3
8
75.1
75.6
72.3
72.4
72.5
RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
White ....................................................
Black .....................................................
Hispanic origin ......................................
MARITAL STATUS
Never married .......................................
Married, spouse present .......................
Other marital status ..............................
Divorced ............................................
Separated ..........................................
Widowed ............................................
UNION AFFILIATION2
Members of unions3 .............................
Represented by unions4 .......................
Not represented by a union ..................
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Total, 25 years and over .......................
Less than a high school diploma ........
High school graduates, no college .....
Some college or associate degree .....
College graduates, total ......................
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
2 Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union
affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective
bargaining agreement, including the distribution of male and female employees
by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region.
3 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar
to a union.
4 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar
to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are
covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to
totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics
are included in both the white and black population groups.
7
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and sex, 1983 and 2001 annual averages
1983
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Percent
women
Total, 16 years and over .................
70,976
Managerial and professional specialty
Executive, administrative,
and managerial ..............................
Professional specialty .........................
Occupation
2001
Median weekly
earnings
Women’s
Number
earnings
of
as
workers
percent
(in
of men’s1 thousands)
Women
Men
40.4
$252
$379
66.6
99,599
17,451
40.9
358
516
69.2
8,117
9,334
34.2
46.8
340
368
530
506
21,641
2,574
6,313
62.5
44.5
39.0
247
299
205
12,755
77.7
Service occupations .............................
Private household ..............................
Protective service ..............................
Service, except private household
and protective ................................
7,321
278
1,453
Percent
women
Median weekly
earnings
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
Women
Men
43.8
$511
$672
76.1
32,221
49.5
732
1038
70.5
64.0
72.6
15,795
16,426
47.1
51.8
706
749
1060
1021
66.6
73.4
386
424
389
64.0
70.6
52.7
28,145
3,753
10,173
61.9
50.2
45.0
473
580
429
667
783
692
71.0
74.1
62.0
249
362
68.7
14,219
77.0
469
576
81.4
49.2
96.0
9.5
173
116
251
256
(2)
356
67.8
(3)
70.4
11,143
354
2,166
52.2
95.8
17.7
335
255
509
438
(2)
658
76.6
(3)
77.4
5,590
57.1
176
218
81.0
8,622
59.0
332
374
88.8
Precision production, craft, and repair ..
9,963
7.9
256
387
66.1
12,030
8.4
479
648
73.8
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .....
Machine operators, assemblers,
and inspectors ...............................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ...................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners,
helpers, and laborers .....................
13,319
26.2
205
308
66.5
14,568
22.4
368
501
73.5
6,990
40.8
202
320
63.3
6,073
34.9
369
512
72.1
3,358
4.7
253
335
75.5
4,505
7.9
439
587
74.8
2,970
16.0
211
252
83.9
3,990
19.6
342
401
85.4
Farming, forestry, and fishing ...............
1,280
11.2
169
201
84.2
1,493
14.9
308
366
84.2
Technical, sales, and
administrative support ....................
Technicians and related support ........
Sales occupations ..............................
Administrative support,
including clerical ............................
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
3 Data not shown where base for either the numerator or denominator is
less than 50,000.
8
Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2001 annual averages
Both sexes
Occupation
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
Total, 16 years and over .............................
99,599
$597
$1
43,671
$511
$1
55,928
$672
$2
76.1
Managerial and professional specialty ...........
Executive, administrative, and managerial ....
Administrators and officials, public
administration .........................................
Administrators, protective services ..............
Financial managers .....................................
Personnel and labor relations managers .....
Purchasing managers ..................................
Managers, marketing, advertising, and
public relations ........................................
Administrators, education and related fields
Managers, medicine and health ..................
Managers, food serving and lodging
establishments ........................................
Managers, properties and real estate ..........
Management-related occupations ...............
Accountants and auditors ..........................
Underwriters ..............................................
Other financial officers ...............................
Management analysts ...............................
Personnel, training, and labor relations
specialists ..............................................
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except
farm products ........................................
Construction inspectors .............................
Inspectors and compliance officers, except
construction ............................................
32,221
15,795
859
867
3
5
15,956
7,446
732
706
2
4
16,265
8,349
1,038
1,060
6
10
70.5
66.6
686
62
682
209
135
889
891
1,016
924
919
17
50
23
46
76
349
18
352
141
59
747
(2)
816
861
749
19
(2)
32
65
34
337
44
330
68
76
1,051
(2)
1,262
1,113
1,125
35
(2)
33
129
60
71.1
(3)
64.6
77.4
66.5
727
717
665
1,095
945
789
43
18
18
276
445
508
853
819
725
27
31
13
451
272
157
1,219
1,189
1,146
41
42
34
69.9
68.8
63.3
971
348
4,197
1,374
98
729
270
598
702
758
773
780
861
1,084
10
27
6
12
32
21
24
451
187
2,473
793
73
371
117
486
620
670
687
732
712
969
9
13
6
10
22
18
35
520
162
1,724
581
26
357
152
707
880
942
954
(2)
1,065
1,214
17
23
12
19
(2)
62
100
68.7
70.5
71.1
72.0
(3)
66.8
79.8
590
710
15
414
670
10
175
876
50
76.4
162
54
649
670
41
37
84
4
586
(2)
18
(2)
79
50
797
698
37
84
73.5
(3)
215
858
36
94
749
29
121
923
39
81.1
Professional specialty .....................................
Engineers, architects, and surveyors ...........
Architects ....................................................
Engineers ...................................................
Aerospace engineers ................................
Chemical engineers ..................................
Civil engineers ..........................................
Electrical and electronic engineers ...........
Industrial engineers ..................................
Mechanical engineers ...............................
Mathematical and computer scientists .........
Computer systems analysts and scientists
Operations and systems researchers and
analysts .................................................
Natural scientists ..........................................
Chemists, except biochemists ....................
Biological and life scientists ........................
Medical scientists .......................................
Health diagnosing occupations .....................
Physicians ..................................................
Health assessment and treating occupations
Registered nurses ......................................
Pharmacists ................................................
Dietitians .....................................................
Therapists ...................................................
Respiratory therapists ...............................
Physical therapists ....................................
Speech therapists .....................................
Physicians’ assistants .................................
Teachers, college and university ..................
Teachers, except college and university ......
Teachers, prekindergarten and
kindergarten ...........................................
Teachers, elementary school .....................
Teachers, secondary school .......................
Teachers, special education .......................
Counselors, educational and vocational .......
Librarians, archivists, and curators ...............
16,426
2,148
152
1,979
84
75
270
695
255
309
1,878
1,603
854
1,131
981
1,142
1,246
1,350
1,041
1,174
1,053
1,131
1,074
1,100
4
10
31
9
42
40
34
22
39
16
19
23
8,510
228
36
191
9
9
26
61
44
14
549
430
749
989
(2)
1,022
(2)
(2)
(2)
1,200
(2)
(2)
898
918
3
22
2
( )
36
(2)
(2)
(2)
54
(2)
(2)
15
16
7,916
1,920
116
1,787
75
65
244
634
211
295
1,329
1,173
1,021
1,142
1,039
1,149
1,249
1,401
1,059
1,171
1,104
1,134
1,159
1,161
7
9
69
10
50
88
34
21
52
16
11
12
73.4
86.6
(3)
89.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
102.5
(3)
(3)
77.5
79.1
223
513
151
109
88
581
494
2,233
1,604
157
72
346
68
106
68
54
663
4,421
931
901
954
743
811
1,172
1,258
831
829
1,366
520
788
765
859
834
839
1,009
730
34
21
38
24
78
45
103
7
8
38
18
19
20
37
29
60
22
4
97
181
54
49
43
193
161
1,863
1,459
66
63
246
42
65
63
30
244
3,232
819
758
800
(2)
(2)
883
958
811
820
1,261
545
782
(2)
806
836
(2)
844
707
43
14
42
(2)
(2)
37
116
8
9
23
52
18
(2)
32
25
(2)
52
6
126
332
97
61
45
388
333
370
145
92
9
100
27
41
4
24
420
1,189
1,074
996
1,087
826
(2)
1,372
1,410
983
933
1,421
(2)
810
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1,126
780
80
32
58
90
(2)
50
76
24
46
22
(2)
44
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
25
15
76.2
76.1
73.6
(3)
(3)
64.4
68.0
82.5
87.9
88.7
(3)
96.5
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
74.9
90.6
495
1,959
1,155
314
225
181
480
740
774
761
766
724
16
6
10
19
26
31
487
1,596
651
261
157
148
476
731
759
764
734
713
14
6
7
18
24
40
8
362
504
53
67
33
(2)
770
826
742
854
(2)
(2)
11
17
53
78
(2)
(3)
94.9
91.9
103.0
86.0
(3)
See footnotes at end of table.
9
Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2001 annual averages — Continued
Both sexes
Occupation
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
Librarians ....................................................
Social scientists and urban planners ............
Economists .................................................
Psychologists ..............................................
Social, recreation, and religious workers ......
Social workers ............................................
Recreation workers .....................................
Clergy .........................................................
Lawyers and judges ......................................
Lawyers ......................................................
Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes ....
Technical writers .........................................
Designers ...................................................
Actors and directors ....................................
Painters, sculptors, craft artists, and
artist printmakers ....................................
Photographers ............................................
Editors and reporters ..................................
Public relations specialists ..........................
Athletes .......................................................
159
298
107
151
1,218
711
81
303
611
572
1,455
70
511
85
726
870
945
818
643
644
471
699
1,380
1,398
750
941
742
774
27
36
51
58
10
10
45
27
61
62
9
26
18
47
132
163
58
87
649
500
59
34
206
195
697
41
253
39
713
750
733
757
614
630
451
(2)
1,062
1,073
683
(2)
639
(2)
38
15
22
20
7
11
34
(2)
55
70
13
(2)
16
(2)
27
135
49
64
569
211
22
269
405
377
758
29
258
47
(2)
1,056
(2)
914
689
677
(2)
723
1,535
1,547
843
(2)
884
(2)
(2)
30
(2)
53
17
21
(2)
39
67
36
14
(2)
34
(2)
(3)
71.0
(3)
82.9
89.1
93.1
(3)
(3)
69.2
69.4
81.0
(3)
72.4
(3)
102
54
230
151
55
647
667
762
819
761
48
31
20
31
49
35
19
118
93
11
(2)
(2)
705
789
(2)
(2)
(2)
29
25
(2)
67
35
112
58
44
662
(2)
866
917
(2)
41
(2)
23
92
(2)
(3)
(3)
81.4
86.0
(3)
Technical, sales, and administrative support ....
Technicians and related support ....................
Health technologists and technicians ...........
Clinical laboratory technologists and
technicians ...............................................
Radiologic technicians ................................
Licensed practical nurses ...........................
Engineering and related technologists and
technicians ...............................................
Electrical and electronic technicians ...........
Drafting occupations ...................................
Surveying and mapping technicians ...........
Science technicians ......................................
Biological technicians .................................
Chemical technicians ..................................
Technicians, except health, engineering,
and science ..............................................
Airplane pilots and navigators ....................
Computer programmers .............................
Legal assistants ..........................................
28,145
3,753
1,389
521
673
562
2
6
8
17,411
1,883
1,099
473
580
534
2
5
7
10,733
1,870
290
667
783
698
4
11
16
71.0
74.1
76.5
289
140
287
609
707
567
17
14
11
220
91
271
575
694
562
17
13
9
68
49
16
717
(2)
(2)
38
(2)
(2)
80.2
(3)
(3)
924
437
198
62
237
93
62
713
727
703
666
625
535
761
9
16
17
30
21
64
42
187
84
35
6
98
53
15
608
628
(2)
(2)
558
491
(2)
16
31
(2)
(2)
32
25
(2)
736
352
164
56
139
40
47
743
751
737
680
689
(2)
(2)
12
17
30
29
29
(2)
(2)
81.7
83.6
(3)
(3)
80.9
(3)
(3)
1,203
101
602
344
827
1,150
952
645
15
41
19
13
499
3
164
289
705
(2)
867
637
15
(2)
18
15
704
98
438
55
949
1,145
975
665
17
40
20
18
74.3
(3)
88.9
95.9
Sales occupations ..........................................
Supervisors and proprietors .........................
Sales representatives, finance and business
services ....................................................
Insurance sales ..........................................
Real estate sales ........................................
Securities and financial services sales .......
Advertising and related sales .....................
Sales occupations, other business services
Sales representatives, commodities, except
retail ..........................................................
Sales workers, retail and personal services
Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats ...
Sales workers, apparel ...............................
Sales workers, furniture and home
furnishings ..............................................
Sales workers, radio, television, hi-fi, and
appliances ..............................................
Sales workers, hardware and building
supplies ..................................................
Sales workers, parts ...................................
Sales workers, other commodities ..............
Sales counter clerks ...................................
Cashiers .....................................................
Street and door-to-door sales workers .......
10,173
3,380
574
618
5
5
4,574
1,423
429
502
4
6
5,599
1,957
692
712
7
11
62.0
70.6
1,983
397
382
434
157
614
753
670
747
980
707
707
10
23
22
42
40
27
870
211
198
140
84
236
627
583
695
716
663
544
12
17
31
42
39
41
1,113
186
184
293
73
377
897
850
838
1,156
782
775
35
31
87
20
94
44
69.9
68.6
83.0
61.9
84.8
70.2
1,301
3,474
294
139
839
363
656
336
14
4
29
16
289
1,971
27
107
694
313
(2)
329
24
2
(2)
15
1,012
1,504
267
32
876
460
675
(2)
18
11
25
(2)
79.2
68.1
(3)
(3)
125
496
26
48
(2)
(2)
78
545
133
(3)
189
506
32
55
465
77
134
509
28
91.3
227
136
732
93
1,383
94
480
458
382
329
299
497
12
18
8
25
3
27
55
16
445
60
1,075
57
430
(2)
351
310
292
492
33
(2)
10
10
3
39
172
120
287
33
309
37
490
471
428
(2)
327
(2)
13
20
21
(2)
11
(2)
87.8
(3)
82.2
(3)
89.5
(3)
Administrative support, including clerical ........
14,219
486
2
10,954
469
2
3,264
576
6
81.4
See footnotes at end of table.
10
Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2001 annual averages — Continued
Both sexes
Occupation
Supervisors ...................................................
General office .............................................
Financial records processing ......................
Distribution, scheduling, and
adjusting clerks .......................................
Computer equipment operators ....................
Computer operators ....................................
Secretaries, stenographers, and typists .......
Secretaries .................................................
Stenographers ............................................
Typists ........................................................
Information clerks .........................................
Interviewers ................................................
Hotel clerks .................................................
Transportation ticket and reservation
agents .....................................................
Receptionists ..............................................
Records processing, except financial ...........
Order clerks ................................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping ............................................
Library clerks ..............................................
File clerks ...................................................
Records clerks ............................................
Financial records processing ........................
Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing
clerks .....................................................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ...................
Billing clerks ................................................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine
operators .................................................
Communications equipment operators .........
Telephone operators ..................................
Mail and message distributing ......................
Postal clerks, except mail carriers ..............
Mail carriers, postal service ........................
Mail clerks, except postal service ...............
Messengers ................................................
Material recording, scheduling, and
distributing clerks .....................................
Dispatchers .................................................
Production coordinators ..............................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks ........
Stock and inventory clerks ..........................
Meter readers .............................................
Expediters ...................................................
Adjusters and investigators ..........................
Insurance adjusters, examiners, and
investigators ..........................................
Investigators and adjusters, except
insurance ...............................................
Eligibility clerks, social welfare ...................
Bill and account collectors ..........................
Miscellaneous administrative support
occupations ..............................................
General office clerks ...................................
Bank tellers .................................................
Data-entry keyers .......................................
Statistical clerks ..........................................
Teachers’ aides ..........................................
Service occupations .........................................
Private household ...........................................
Child care workers ........................................
Cleaners and servants ..................................
Protective service ...........................................
Supervisors ...................................................
Police and detectives ..................................
Guards ........................................................
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
696
403
97
621
592
722
12
14
30
451
293
83
587
552
703
13
15
27
245
110
14
703
763
(2)
25
61
(2)
83.5
72.3
(3)
186
285
280
2,333
1,846
99
388
1,384
106
89
636
559
565
479
475
517
487
421
444
348
22
27
27
4
5
14
8
4
19
15
69
149
148
2,285
1,821
94
370
1,220
91
66
629
498
499
478
475
511
485
414
448
347
43
10
11
3
4
12
7
3
19
13
117
135
132
48
25
5
18
164
15
22
639
644
647
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
511
(2)
(2)
27
27
26
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
17
(2)
(2)
98.5
77.4
77.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
81.1
(3)
(3)
209
712
752
272
525
401
473
517
26
5
9
11
141
697
601
205
475
401
469
522
17
4
9
13
69
15
152
67
681
(2)
484
506
39
(2)
14
18
69.8
(3)
96.8
103.1
52
68
181
172
1,529
540
400
402
478
483
29
14
11
18
5
43
58
144
146
1,386
(2)
398
398
479
479
(2)
13
12
16
4
9
10
37
26
143
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
519
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
17
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
92.3
1,058
150
172
477
549
480
6
26
11
975
139
143
474
553
474
5
23
13
83
11
29
506
(2)
(2)
18
(2)
(2)
93.6
(3)
(3)
109
126
118
800
280
317
115
89
483
418
424
660
697
721
471
503
12
19
20
11
13
15
22
25
100
107
102
307
133
91
62
21
478
397
400
593
654
641
436
(2)
12
17
18
13
20
23
22
(2)
9
20
16
492
146
225
53
68
(2)
(2)
(2)
700
738
753
497
545
(2)
(2)
(2)
12
11
18
15
51
(3)
(3)
(3)
84.8
88.6
85.1
87.6
(3)
1,723
207
223
589
366
51
234
1,723
489
563
675
450
467
529
440
508
5
34
31
10
13
47
22
4
760
96
130
169
164
6
161
1,288
457
483
580
413
431
(2)
416
497
8
20
17
10
16
(2)
9
4
963
111
93
420
203
45
73
435
513
634
775
468
493
(2)
550
581
7
34
32
11
13
(2)
66
14
89.1
76.1
74.8
88.4
87.4
(3)
75.7
85.5
449
575
12
328
546
12
122
662
30
82.5
998
78
197
497
497
481
6
21
9
752
72
136
487
485
468
5
18
19
247
6
61
545
(2)
504
27
(2)
17
89.4
(3)
93.0
2,822
624
303
546
88
415
449
465
376
446
428
361
5
11
8
9
37
8
2,376
536
270
462
82
384
437
462
372
441
419
356
4
10
6
9
10
7
446
87
33
84
7
31
520
481
(2)
483
(2)
(2)
13
19
(2)
28
(2)
(2)
84.0
96.0
(3)
91.3
(3)
(3)
11,143
354
135
207
2,166
200
111
53
377
255
246
254
629
894
949
595
2
7
18
7
9
43
78
42
5,812
340
132
197
383
24
11
13
335
255
245
254
509
(2)
(2)
(2)
2
7
17
7
9
2
( )
2
( )
(2)
5,331
15
2
10
1,783
175
100
40
438
(2)
(2)
(2)
658
920
970
(2)
5
(2)
2
( )
(2)
10
43
63
(2)
76.6
(3)
(3)
(3)
77.4
(3)
(3)
(3)
See footnotes at end of table.
11
Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2001 annual averages — Continued
Both sexes
Occupation
Firefighting and fire prevention .....................
Firefighting ..................................................
Police and detectives ....................................
Police and detectives, public service ..........
Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement
officers ...................................................
Correctional institution officers ...................
Guards ..........................................................
Guards and police, exc. public services .....
Service occupations, except private
household and protective ...........................
Food preparation and service occupations ...
Supervisors .................................................
Bartenders ..................................................
Waiters and waitresses ..............................
Cooks, except short order ..........................
Food counter, fountain and related
occupations ............................................
Kitchen workers, food preparation ..............
Waiters’ and waitresses’ assistants ............
Miscellaneous food preparation
occupations ............................................
Health service occupations ...........................
Dental assistants ........................................
Health aides, except nursing ......................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants ....
Cleaning and building service occupations ..
Supervisors .................................................
Maids and housemen .................................
Janitors and cleaners .................................
Pest control .................................................
Personal service occupations .......................
Supervisors .................................................
Hairdressers and cosmetologists ...............
Attendants, amusement and recreation
facilities ....................................................
Public transportation attendants .................
Welfare service aids ...................................
Early childhood teachers’ assistants ..........
Precision production, craft, and repair ..............
Mechanics and repairers ................................
Supervisors ...................................................
Mechanics and repairers, except
supervisors ..............................................
Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics
and repairers .........................................
Automobile mechanics .............................
Bus, truck, and stationary engine
mechanics ...........................................
Aircraft engine mechanics ........................
Automobile body and related repairers .....
Heavy equipment mechanics ...................
Industrial machinery repairers ....................
Electrical and electronic equipment
repairers .................................................
Electronic repairers, communications and
industrial equipment .............................
Data processing equipment repairers .......
Telephone line installers and repairers .....
Telephone installers and repairers ...........
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics .............................................
Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers ....
Millwrights .................................................
Construction trades ........................................
Supervisors ...................................................
Construction trades, except supervisors ......
Brickmasons and stonemasons ..................
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
256
242
1,038
545
792
795
691
782
20
20
14
17
10
6
182
73
(2)
(2)
594
725
(2)
(2)
22
29
245
235
856
471
796
793
717
796
21
21
15
20
(3)
(3)
82.8
91.2
163
330
673
629
647
573
424
440
22
15
11
17
37
71
167
142
(2)
502
391
413
(2)
10
13
14
125
259
507
488
651
603
447
451
22
17
18
18
(3)
83.2
87.4
91.6
8,622
3,285
292
178
558
1,382
349
322
394
369
331
326
2
2
11
14
9
4
5,089
1,638
157
89
396
546
332
309
350
338
317
305
2
3
18
13
6
4
3,532
1,648
135
89
162
836
374
343
445
408
363
347
3
5
13
18
13
6
88.8
90.2
78.6
82.9
87.3
87.8
114
138
278
266
315
315
9
6
8
75
95
140
261
308
310
9
6
10
39
42
138
(2)
(2)
319
(2)
(2)
10
(3)
(3)
97.0
346
1,867
130
266
1,472
2,228
159
471
1,536
53
1,242
69
326
291
367
435
375
360
361
444
316
365
475
370
521
381
5
4
15
10
4
4
23
4
4
30
7
20
8
139
1,640
127
204
1,309
893
46
375
466
3
919
38
291
296
363
433
364
356
315
(2)
308
318
(2)
355
(2)
374
8
3
13
9
4
3
(2)
4
4
2
( )
7
(2)
10
207
227
3
62
162
1,335
113
96
1,070
51
323
31
35
288
408
(2)
438
397
399
500
385
389
483
404
(2)
(2)
7
13
(2)
34
15
5
23
19
6
24
11
(2)
(2)
102.7
89.0
(3)
83.0
89.6
79.0
(3)
79.9
81.5
(3)
87.8
(3)
(3)
146
85
74
239
371
552
394
306
14
43
15
6
56
68
62
229
343
561
395
306
21
52
13
6
90
17
12
10
388
(2)
(2)
(2)
18
(2)
(2)
(2)
88.3
(3)
(3)
(3)
12,030
4,153
251
629
665
783
4
7
20
1,012
201
23
479
594
(2)
8
16
2
( )
11,018
3,951
228
648
670
794
4
7
20
73.8
88.8
(3)
3,901
656
7
179
586
88.8
21
3,723
661
8
(2)
(2)
1,475
633
615
545
7
18
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
306
121
174
142
403
685
803
575
690
659
19
27
23
26
19
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
1,495
641
614
541
7
18
20
8
(2)
(2)
309
127
175
143
420
686
791
577
688
650
19
28
22
26
18
3
7
1
1
18
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
884
748
14
95
651
37
789
760
15
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
)
)
)
)
172
231
52
243
692
743
976
803
25
21
53
16
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
35
(2)
25
(2)
261
776
61
4,407
546
3,861
179
713
637
827
613
749
595
551
29
15
29
4
15
4
21
(3)
(3)
(3)
71.3
(3)
71.3
(3)
181
275
54
278
695
708
953
803
22
30
149
16
9
44
1
35
(
(
(
(
265
817
63
4,501
559
3,942
183
714
627
813
611
749
593
545
29
13
82
4
15
4
21
4
40
2
94
13
81
4
(2)
(2)
(2)
437
(2)
424
(2)
See footnotes at end of table.
12
)
)
)
)
(
(
(
(
85.6
Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2001 annual averages — Continued
Both sexes
Occupation
Tile setters, hard and soft ...........................
Carpet installers ..........................................
Carpenters ..................................................
Drywall installers .........................................
Electricians .................................................
Electrical power installers and repairers .....
Painters, construction and maintenance ....
Plumbers, pipefitters, steamfitters, and
apprentices .............................................
Concrete and terrazzo finishers ..................
Insulation workers .......................................
Roofers .......................................................
Structural metalworkers ..............................
Extractive occupations ....................................
Precision production occupations ...................
Supervisors ...................................................
Precision metalworking occupations ............
Tool and die makers ...................................
Machinists ...................................................
Sheet-metal workers ...................................
Precision woodworking occupations .............
Cabinet makers and bench carpenters .......
Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings
machine workers ......................................
Precision workers, assorted materials ..........
Optical goods workers ................................
Electrical and electronic equipment
assemblers ..............................................
Precision food production occupations .........
Butchers and meat cutters ..........................
Bakers ........................................................
Precision inspectors, testers, and related
workers .....................................................
Inspectors, testers, and graders .................
Plant and system operators ..........................
Water and sewage treatment plant
operators ...............................................
Stationary engineers ...................................
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .................
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors ..................................................
Machine operators and tenders, except
precision ..................................................
Metalworking and plastic working machine
operators ...............................................
Punching and stamping press machine
operators .............................................
Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing
machine operators ................................
Metal and plastic processing machine
operators ...............................................
Molding and casting machine operators ...
Woodworking machine operators ...............
Sawing machine operators .......................
Printing machine operators .........................
Printing press operators ...........................
Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine
operators ...............................................
Textile sewing machine operators ............
Pressing machine operators .....................
Laundering and dry cleaning machine
operators ..............................................
Machine operators, assorted materials ......
Packaging and filling machine operators ..
Mixing and blending machine operators ...
Separating, filtering, and clarifying
machine operators ................................
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Women
Standard
error
of
median
57
71
1,036
136
752
146
359
530
497
573
517
714
758
460
45
23
11
12
11
26
14
466
104
55
131
71
125
3,252
1,028
811
109
476
110
83
56
672
545
542
491
701
784
618
707
687
811
671
674
510
550
18
79
34
14
29
28
6
10
13
27
16
23
33
27
99
459
61
422
474
530
299
355
200
117
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
-
-
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
16
5
14
6
13
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
57
71
1,020
131
739
140
347
8
3
2
2
2
714
195
50
3
23
5
10
3
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
451
571
510
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
9
17
30
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
458
104
52
130
69
123
2,537
833
761
106
453
104
74
53
674
547
547
491
699
789
680
732
697
817
680
673
537
558
18
79
37
14
39
28
7
12
13
27
15
23
28
31
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
66.3
78.0
73.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
17
9
27
57
239
29
390
418
(2)
21
7
(2)
42
220
31
(2)
517
(2)
(2)
10
(2)
(3)
80.8
(3)
448
424
445
406
10
11
18
17
184
115
33
54
411
375
(2)
363
7
12
2
( )
15
114
240
168
62
506
472
471
461
14
17
20
30
81.2
79.5
(3)
78.6
157
150
259
716
726
783
43
35
18
39
36
10
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
118
114
248
760
763
789
25
25
18
(3)
(3)
(3)
67
102
748
779
30
24
1
5
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
67
97
746
788
30
23
(3)
(3)
14,568
467
3
3,258
368
3
11,310
501
2
73.5
6,073
457
4
2,119
369
3
3,954
512
4
72.1
3,797
449
5
1,301
360
4
2,496
509
5
70.7
305
531
16
59
458
82.7
-
-
530
497
576
522
716
767
460
45
23
10
13
12
27
15
-
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
22
246
554
18
(2)
64
525
51
(3)
(3)
91
464
14
27
(2)
86
512
18
11
(2)
(2)
75
516
21
122
73
84
51
312
250
485
475
415
399
562
565
23
39
16
19
21
22
25
21
14
9
66
38
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
418
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
13
(2)
97
52
71
42
246
212
521
511
431
(2)
618
607
25
22
28
(2)
20
25
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
67.6
(3)
615
317
55
330
316
288
7
6
12
422
231
37
319
311
(2)
(2)
4
6
193
86
18
373
345
(2)
15
28
(2)
85.4
90.1
(3)
133
2,338
286
103
324
463
380
550
9
6
9
25
87
712
179
12
306
372
346
(2)
7
5
9
(2)
46
1,627
107
91
(2)
508
446
559
(2)
6
42
24
(3)
73.3
77.6
(3)
53
793
49
6
(2)
(2)
47
(2)
(2)
(3)
See footnotes at end of table.
13
Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2001 annual averages — Continued
Both sexes
Occupation
Painting and paint spraying machine
operators ..............................................
Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, exc.
food .......................................................
Slicing and cutting machine operators ......
Photographic process machine operators
Fabricators, assemblers, and hand working
occupations ...........................................
Welders and cutters ..................................
Assemblers ...............................................
Production inspectors, testers, samplers,
and weighers ..........................................
Production inspectors, checkers, and
examiners .............................................
Production testers .....................................
Graders and sorters, except agricultural ..
Transportation and material moving
occupations ................................................
Motor vehicle operators ................................
Supervisors .................................................
Truck drivers ...............................................
Drivers-sales workers .................................
Bus drivers ..................................................
Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs ..................
Transportation occupations, except motor
vehicles ....................................................
Rail transportation ......................................
Locomotive operating occupation .............
Material moving equipment operators ..........
Operating engineers ...................................
Crane and tower operators .........................
Excavating and loading machine operators
Grader, dozer, and scraper operators ........
Industrial truck and tractor equipment
operators ................................................
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers ......................................................
Helpers, construction and extractive
occupations ..............................................
Helpers, construction trades .......................
Construction laborers ...................................
Freight, stock, and material handlers ...........
Stock handlers and baggers .......................
Machine feeders and offbearers .................
Garage and service station related
occupations .............................................
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners ....
Hand packers and packagers .......................
Laborers, except construction ......................
Farming, forestry, and fishing ...........................
Farm operators and managers .......................
Farm managers ............................................
Other agricultural and related occupations .....
Farm occupations, except managerial ..........
Farm workers ..............................................
Related agricultural occupations ..................
Supervisors, related agricultural .................
Groundskeepers and gardeners, except
farm .......................................................
Animal caretakers, except farm ..................
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
152
498
15
13
(2)
(2)
139
508
15
(3)
57
130
54
607
454
353
57
24
15
5
32
32
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
52
98
22
630
490
(2)
36
19
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
1,623
500
1,015
464
539
433
7
15
8
489
15
431
376
(2)
381
7
(2)
8
1,134
485
584
505
546
481
6
15
10
74.5
(3)
79.2
652
484
9
329
400
7
323
592
18
67.6
469
69
108
495
603
334
10
31
20
246
21
58
410
(2)
313
8
(2)
12
223
48
50
616
(2)
388
19
(2)
29
66.6
(3)
80.6
4,505
3,303
72
2,530
144
346
162
573
575
609
593
630
457
487
6
6
33
6
34
13
16
356
299
15
108
7
143
19
439
422
(2)
456
(2)
415
(2)
12
13
(2)
22
(2)
15
(2)
4,149
3,004
57
2,421
137
203
143
587
591
683
600
647
487
509
5
5
161
6
40
21
17
74.8
71.5
(3)
76.1
(3)
85.2
(3)
151
102
57
1,052
231
64
72
55
911
947
947
536
675
726
665
568
40
23
27
11
39
53
59
39
6
5
1
51
5
1
1
(2)
(2)
(2)
486
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
29
(2)
(2)
(2)
144
98
56
1,001
226
63
71
54
919
950
950
540
675
718
661
571
37
23
26
12
40
60
60
46
(3)
(3)
(3)
90.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
538
474
10
34
(2)
(2)
504
476
10
(3)
3,990
389
3
783
-
342
5
3,207
401
3
85.4
(2)
(2)
(2)
391
386
427
398
330
(2)
19
20
11
6
10
2
( )
(3)
(3)
(3)
85.7
96.0
(3)
89
83
878
1,277
595
72
394
389
424
384
324
399
19
21
9
5
5
13
3
3
29
305
207
25
(2)
(2)
(2)
341
317
(2)
10
6
(2)
86
79
849
972
388
47
127
211
291
1,037
326
339
326
400
16
10
9
5
9
28
182
212
(2)
(2)
321
365
(2)
(2)
6
10
118
183
108
824
328
346
344
410
19
11
20
5
(3)
(3)
93.2
88.9
1,493
77
65
1,354
540
491
814
82
354
510
525
342
319
313
360
561
5
58
42
6
4
4
7
59
222
18
18
199
77
70
122
9
308
(2)
(2)
303
283
284
315
(2)
5
(2)
2
( )
5
9
9
7
2
( )
1,271
59
48
1,155
463
421
692
73
366
560
(2)
353
328
319
370
625
6
37
2
( )
6
9
5
8
73
84.2
(3)
(3)
85.7
86.4
88.9
85.1
(3)
609
80
356
341
7
22
36
55
(2)
323
(2)
17
574
25
358
(2)
8
(2)
(3)
(3)
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
3 Data not shown where base for either the numerator or denominator is
less than 50,000.
14
Table 4. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex and State, 2001 annual averages
Both sexes
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
UNITED STATES .....................
99,599
$597
Alabama .......................................
Alaska ...........................................
Arizona .........................................
Arkansas .......................................
California ......................................
1,576
221
1,738
866
11,909
Colorado .......................................
Connecticut ...................................
Delaware ......................................
District of Columbia ......................
Florida ...........................................
Women
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
$1
43,671
$511
531
720
574
472
637
12
12
10
8
6
722
90
737
409
5,011
1,592
1,189
313
220
5,522
646
734
620
658
522
14
11
9
11
5
Georgia .........................................
Hawaii ...........................................
Idaho .............................................
Illinois ............................................
Indiana ..........................................
3,182
414
434
4,576
2,205
576
571
520
613
586
Iowa ..............................................
Kansas ..........................................
Kentucky .......................................
Louisiana ......................................
Maine ............................................
1,080
933
1,386
1,485
446
Maryland .......................................
Massachusetts ..............................
Michigan .......................................
Minnesota .....................................
Mississippi ....................................
Men
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
$1
55,928
$672
$2
76.1
443
635
511
414
579
14
14
9
7
6
854
131
1,002
457
6,897
623
830
627
522
701
13
22
16
11
7
71.0
76.5
81.6
79.3
82.5
637
524
143
110
2,494
570
608
574
624
468
12
12
14
11
6
955
665
170
109
3,028
730
854
692
704
600
15
20
18
21
7
78.0
71.1
82.9
88.5
78.1
8
13
8
5
8
1,471
190
177
2,032
954
502
503
436
525
489
6
9
11
7
9
1,711
223
257
2,544
1,251
641
624
598
707
667
19
18
9
12
15
78.3
80.6
72.9
74.2
73.3
564
583
537
502
562
10
10
11
7
11
481
423
620
673
196
492
496
470
417
490
9
10
11
11
10
598
510
766
812
250
622
669
612
600
617
12
17
14
10
10
79.1
74.1
76.7
69.6
79.4
2,077
2,271
3,493
1,799
930
698
671
651
689
494
16
9
9
11
8
934
978
1,502
782
446
614
600
540
598
407
11
8
11
10
10
1,143
1,293
1,991
1,018
484
763
733
753
769
573
14
12
12
16
14
80.5
81.8
71.7
77.8
71.1
Missouri ........................................
Montana ........................................
Nebraska ......................................
Nevada .........................................
New Hampshire ............................
2,088
274
593
773
465
588
488
534
541
645
7
8
11
13
13
938
120
257
334
200
508
412
458
489
546
8
6
9
7
18
1,150
154
337
439
265
654
557
611
604
728
15
15
11
9
16
77.7
74.0
74.9
80.9
75.0
New Jersey ...................................
New Mexico ..................................
New York ......................................
North Carolina ..............................
North Dakota ................................
3,035
577
6,243
2,890
220
698
520
626
529
495
9
9
5
7
7
1,324
258
2,755
1,347
102
600
457
554
482
418
7
16
7
6
7
1,711
318
3,488
1,542
118
799
586
702
597
576
12
11
9
8
13
75.1
78.0
78.9
80.8
72.5
Ohio ..............................................
Oklahoma .....................................
Oregon ..........................................
Pennsylvania ................................
Rhode Island ................................
4,005
1,153
1,145
4,176
336
599
517
602
610
621
5
8
9
5
11
1,730
520
467
1,817
152
506
425
517
515
537
5
9
10
6
17
2,274
632
678
2,358
184
685
619
681
694
708
11
11
16
9
18
73.9
68.7
75.8
74.1
75.9
South Carolina ..............................
South Dakota ................................
Tennessee ....................................
Texas ............................................
Utah ..............................................
1,407
252
1,998
7,650
714
551
502
539
530
594
13
6
11
6
8
676
112
897
3,281
260
484
429
470
467
483
9
8
10
6
10
731
140
1,101
4,369
454
619
586
613
605
668
11
10
11
7
15
78.2
73.2
76.6
77.3
72.4
Vermont ........................................
Virginia ..........................................
Washington ...................................
West Virginia ................................
Wisconsin .....................................
Wyoming .......................................
215
2,807
1,953
610
1,984
177
577
622
642
503
615
561
9
8
14
7
9
13
97
1,298
808
265
845
74
509
549
536
419
502
452
12
14
20
10
9
11
119
1,510
1,145
346
1,140
104
622
724
733
590
708
671
12
16
21
13
13
15
81.7
75.8
73.1
71.1
70.9
67.4
State
Standard
error
of
median
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
Standard
error
of
median
Standard
error
of
median
NOTE: Data refer to persons 16 years and over.
15
Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2001 annual averages
Both sexes
Characteristic
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
20,926
8,128
4,604
3,524
12,798
3,135
3,602
2,714
1,812
1,535
$180
138
117
169
218
224
237
235
204
163
18,026
1,963
1,978
9,490
8,941
2,495
1,336
523
637
Women
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
$1
1
1
2
1
2
3
3
3
3
14,259
4,538
2,437
2,100
9,721
2,330
3,025
2,244
1,304
819
$186
136
114
165
218
220
236
232
201
153
181
170
180
1
2
4
12,452
1,240
1,266
146
223
198
213
205
164
1
2
2
3
4
4
5,167
7,107
1,985
1,036
398
551
Standard
error
of
median
Men
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
$1
1
1
2
1
3
3
4
3
3
6,667
3,590
2,166
1,424
3,077
806
577
470
508
716
$168
140
121
177
219
237
246
248
214
177
$1
1
1
3
2
5
8
9
6
5
110.4
97.3
94.8
93.2
99.4
92.5
96.0
93.6
94.1
86.1
187
175
177
1
3
4
5,575
722
712
168
160
185
1
4
6
111.1
109.6
95.4
144
223
197
211
206
165
1
2
3
4
5
4
4,323
1,834
511
300
125
86
149
224
205
218
202
159
1
4
6
8
10
10
97.2
99.5
95.9
96.8
101.5
103.5
Standard
error
of
median
Standard
error
of
median
AGE
Total, 16 years and over .........
16 to 24 years ...............................
16 to 19 years ............................
20 to 24 years ............................
25 years and over .........................
25 to 34 years ............................
35 to 44 years ............................
45 to 54 years ............................
55 to 64 years ............................
65 years and over ......................
RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
White ............................................
Black .............................................
Hispanic origin ..............................
MARITAL STATUS
Never married ...............................
Married, spouse present ...............
Other marital status ......................
Divorced ....................................
Separated ..................................
Widowed ....................................
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum
to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and
Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
16
Table 6. Median usual weekly earnings of employed (full- and part-time) wage and salary workers by hours usually worked and sex, 2001 annual
averages
Both sexes
Hours of work
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Total, 16 years and over ........ 120,760
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
$515
$1
58,033
Median
weekly
earnings
Men
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
$428
$1
62,727
$617
$2
69.4
Median
weekly
earnings
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
1 to 34 hours .................................
1 to 4 hours .................................
5 to 9 hours .................................
10 to 14 hours .............................
15 to 19 hours .............................
20 to 24 hours .............................
25 to 29 hours .............................
30 to 34 hours .............................
18,525
409
1,139
1,686
2,469
5,642
2,462
4,720
184
47
63
91
123
174
217
276
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
12,748
279
769
1,155
1,685
3,830
1,688
3,342
190
46
65
93
130
183
220
280
1
3
1
2
2
2
2
3
5,777
130
370
531
784
1,812
774
1,377
170
49
60
87
114
163
210
269
1
6
2
2
1
1
3
3
111.8
92.8
109.7
108.0
114.3
112.5
104.6
104.4
35 hours and over .........................
35 to 39 hours .............................
40 hours ....................................
41 hours and over .....................
41 to 44 hours .........................
45 to 48 hours .........................
49 to 59 hours .........................
60 hours and over ...................
94,149
6,964
65,618
21,567
1,449
6,327
9,459
4,332
598
409
542
878
657
779
952
1,002
1
3
2
4
10
7
5
10
41,650
4,911
30,352
6,387
617
2,216
2,629
926
514
408
495
772
598
739
864
830
1
3
1
5
10
6
8
19
52,499
2,053
35,266
15,180
832
4,111
6,831
3,406
674
413
600
929
707
818
988
1,060
2
7
2
5
15
9
8
19
76.3
98.6
82.5
83.1
84.7
90.3
87.5
78.3
Hours vary ....................................
Usually less than 35 hours .........
Usually 35 hours or more ...........
8,086
2,400
5,450
385
150
570
4
2
9
3,635
1,510
2,021
271
150
412
4
3
7
4,451
890
3,429
522
152
646
10
4
9
51.9
98.5
63.8
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.
Detail for the above "hours vary" groups will not sum to totals because data
are not presented for a small number of multiple jobholders whose usual
number of hours on the principal job is not identifiable.
17
Table 7. Quartiles and selected deciles of usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected
characteristics, 2001 annual averages
Characteristic
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Upper limit of:
First
decile
First
quartile
Second
quartile
(median)
Third
quartile
Ninth
decile
SEX, RACE, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
Total, 16 years and over ...........................................................
Women ...................................................................................
Men .........................................................................................
99,599
43,671
55,928
$290
270
311
$396
356
439
$597
511
672
$898
750
1,014
$1,346
1,073
1,511
White ........................................................................................
Women ...................................................................................
Men .........................................................................................
82,149
34,871
47,279
295
276
316
406
366
456
612
521
694
923
763
1,041
1,378
1,104
1,542
Black .........................................................................................
Women ...................................................................................
Men .........................................................................................
12,533
6,607
5,925
264
248
285
338
317
372
487
451
518
708
648
760
1,004
912
1,127
Hispanic origin ..........................................................................
Women ...................................................................................
Men .........................................................................................
11,790
4,561
7,230
243
230
256
302
284
314
414
385
438
623
564
667
919
808
987
Total, 25 years and over ...........................................................
Less than a high school diploma ............................................
High school graduates, no college .........................................
Some college or associate degree .........................................
College graduates, total ..........................................................
87,948
8,259
27,142
24,764
27,783
305
234
290
324
467
423
289
381
442
644
632
378
520
621
924
945
516
738
868
1,369
1,403
716
1,001
1,179
1,902
Women, 25 years and over ......................................................
Less than a high school diploma ............................................
High school graduates, no college .........................................
Some college or associate degree .........................................
College graduates, total ..........................................................
38,573
2,922
11,883
11,618
12,151
282
207
263
295
423
379
257
333
391
589
542
314
441
525
784
780
410
597
719
1,104
1,125
533
784
954
1,510
Men, 25 years and over ............................................................
Less than a high school diploma ............................................
High school graduates, no college .........................................
Some college or associate degree .........................................
College graduates, total ..........................................................
49,374
5,337
15,259
13,146
15,632
338
257
322
377
505
487
312
436
513
729
722
415
610
725
1,082
1,078
584
844
990
1,556
1,569
788
1,123
1,341
2,180
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
NOTE: Ten percent of all full-time wage and salary workers
earn less than the upper limit of the first decile; 25 percent earn
less than the upper limit of the first quartile; 50 percent earn less
than the upper limit of the second quartile, or median; 75 percent
earn less than the upper limit of the third quartile; and 90 percent
earn less than the upper limit of the ninth decile. Detail for the
above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals
because data for the "other races" group are not presented and
Hispanics are included in both the white and black population
groups.
18
Table 8. Usual weekly earnings distribution of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2001 annual averages
(In thousands)
Usual weekly earnings distribution
Characteristic
Total
employed
Under
$150.00
$150.00
to
$249.99
$250.00
to
$349.99
$350.00
to
$499.99
$500.00
to
$749.99
$750.00
to
$999.99
$1000.00
to
$1499.99
$1500.00
or
more
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over .............................
16 to 24 years .......................................................
16 to 19 years ....................................................
20 to 24 years ....................................................
25 years and over .................................................
25 to 34 years ....................................................
35 to 44 years ....................................................
45 to 54 years ....................................................
55 to 64 years ....................................................
65 years and over ..............................................
99,599
11,651
2,171
9,481
87,948
24,528
28,464
23,733
9,769
1,453
1,024
301
117
184
722
141
209
180
127
66
4,208
1,286
465
821
2,922
908
888
649
334
144
12,595
3,308
813
2,495
9,287
3,054
2,791
2,141
1,012
289
20,569
3,712
573
3,139
16,856
5,522
5,165
4,067
1,826
277
25,348
2,176
165
2,011
23,173
7,285
7,351
5,859
2,425
252
15,391
566
26
540
14,825
3,763
4,923
4,389
1,569
182
13,039
254
11
243
12,785
2,686
4,459
4,022
1,492
127
7,426
49
1
48
7,376
1,170
2,680
2,427
983
117
Women, 16 years and over ........................
16 to 24 years .......................................................
16 to 19 years ....................................................
20 to 24 years ....................................................
25 years and over .................................................
25 to 34 years ....................................................
35 to 44 years ....................................................
45 to 54 years ....................................................
55 to 64 years ....................................................
65 years and over ..............................................
43,671
5,098
922
4,176
38,573
10,513
12,243
10,867
4,356
594
595
162
65
97
434
90
130
107
72
34
2,570
674
231
444
1,895
555
609
446
205
79
7,003
1,573
378
1,195
5,429
1,610
1,716
1,347
600
156
10,720
1,610
200
1,410
9,110
2,666
2,879
2,399
1,043
123
11,423
806
42
764
10,617
3,152
3,260
2,894
1,215
96
5,852
189
6
183
5,663
1,335
1,824
1,821
618
65
3,914
74
–
74
3,840
809
1,252
1,322
427
29
1,595
10
–
10
1,585
295
574
529
175
11
Men, 16 years and over ..............................
16 to 24 years .......................................................
16 to 19 years ....................................................
20 to 24 years ....................................................
25 years and over .................................................
25 to 34 years ....................................................
35 to 44 years ....................................................
45 to 54 years ....................................................
55 to 64 years ....................................................
65 years and over ..............................................
55,928
6,554
1,249
5,305
49,374
14,016
16,221
12,865
5,413
859
428
140
52
87
289
51
79
73
55
31
1,638
611
234
377
1,027
353
279
202
129
64
5,592
1,735
434
1,300
3,858
1,444
1,076
793
412
133
9,849
2,103
373
1,729
7,746
2,857
2,286
1,667
783
153
13,925
1,370
123
1,247
12,555
4,133
4,091
2,965
1,210
156
9,539
376
20
356
9,162
2,428
3,099
2,567
952
117
9,125
180
11
169
8,946
1,876
3,207
2,700
1,065
98
5,831
39
1
38
5,791
875
2,105
1,898
808
106
White, 16 years and over ............................
Women .................................................................
Men .......................................................................
82,149
34,871
47,279
800
456
345
3,161
1,891
1,270
9,717
5,287
4,430
16,332
8,461
7,871
21,046
9,315
11,731
13,150
4,800
8,350
11,348
3,281
8,067
6,595
1,381
5,214
Black, 16 years and over ............................
Women .................................................................
Men .......................................................................
12,533
6,607
5,925
164
103
61
831
561
269
2,267
1,376
891
3,271
1,759
1,511
3,153
1,567
1,586
1,509
736
773
974
393
581
365
112
253
Hispanic origin, 16 years and over .............
Women .................................................................
Men .......................................................................
11,790
4,561
7,230
161
89
72
1,097
567
531
2,961
1,280
1,681
3,094
1,183
1,911
2,479
868
1,611
1,000
315
684
708
192
516
290
67
223
RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to
totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and
Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
19
Table 9. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, marital status, and
presence and age of own children under 18 years old, 2001 annual averages
Standard
error
of
median
Number of
workers
(in thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Total, all marital statuses ............................................
With children under 18 years old ............................
With children 6 to 17, none younger ....................
With children under 6 years old ...........................
With no children under 18 years old .......................
43,671
16,863
10,657
6,206
26,808
$511
496
509
476
521
$1
2
2
3
2
Total, married, spouse present ...................................
With children under 18 years old ............................
With children 6 to 17, none younger ....................
With children under 6 years old ...........................
With no children under 18 years old .......................
22,797
11,310
7,056
4,254
11,487
548
524
529
520
572
3
3
4
4
3
Total, other marital statuses1 .....................................
With children under 18 years old ............................
With children 6 to 17, none younger ....................
With children under 6 years old ...........................
With no children under 18 years old .......................
20,875
5,553
3,601
1,952
15,322
481
430
474
379
496
2
4
4
4
2
Total, all marital statuses ............................................
With children under 18 years old ............................
With children 6 to 17, none younger ....................
With children under 6 years old ...........................
With no children under 18 years old .......................
55,928
21,769
11,797
9,972
34,159
672
747
777
712
621
2
3
5
5
2
Total, married, spouse present ...................................
With children under 18 years old ............................
With children 6 to 17, none younger ....................
With children under 6 years old ...........................
With no children under 18 years old .......................
34,406
20,255
10,885
9,370
14,151
759
759
790
729
759
2
3
5
5
4
Total, other marital statuses1 .....................................
With children under 18 years old ............................
With children 6 to 17, none younger ....................
With children under 6 years old ...........................
With no children under 18 years old .......................
21,521
1,514
911
602
20,008
534
591
663
481
528
4
8
15
13
3
Characteristic
WOMEN
MEN
1 Includes never-married, divorced, separated,
and widowed persons.
NOTE: Children refer to "own" children and
include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted
children. Excluded are other related children such as
grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and
unrelated children.
20
Table 10. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates by selected characteristics, 2001 annual averages
Both sexes
Characteristic
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Women
Median
hourly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
72,486
16,602
6,319
10,283
55,884
15,924
17,875
13,898
6,334
1,852
$10.17
7.65
6.75
8.32
11.47
10.82
11.98
12.18
11.21
8.37
$0.01
.03
.02
.04
.05
.04
.04
.05
.10
.15
59,152
10,014
10,030
10.25
9.66
8.98
24,995
35,290
12,201
7,761
2,945
1,495
Men
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
Median
hourly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
hourly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
36,457
8,111
3,166
4,945
28,346
7,488
9,154
7,338
3,376
989
$9.57
7.21
6.62
7.99
10.19
9.98
10.38
10.81
10.20
8.07
$0.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.03
.07
.05
.05
.06
36,029
8,491
3,153
5,338
27,538
8,436
8,721
6,560
2,958
863
$11.36
7.97
6.90
8.85
13.00
11.82
13.98
14.46
12.98
8.97
$0.03
.02
.03
.04
.04
.05
.05
.16
.12
.11
84.3
90.5
96.0
90.3
78.4
84.4
74.2
74.7
78.6
90.0
.03
.06
.05
29,360
5,431
4,258
9.70
9.06
8.21
.03
.04
.05
29,792
4,583
5,772
11.76
10.10
9.65
.05
.04
.12
82.5
89.7
85.1
8.46
11.87
10.42
11.15
9.68
9.65
.04
.02
.07
.05
.10
.19
11,554
17,295
7,608
4,739
1,633
1,236
8.00
10.22
9.90
10.22
9.03
9.22
.02
.03
.03
.06
.08
.13
13,441
17,995
4,593
3,022
1,312
259
8.99
13.67
12.12
13.09
10.16
10.69
.03
.08
.07
.11
.07
.29
89.0
74.8
81.7
78.1
88.9
86.3
10,636
11,507
60,979
14.88
14.79
9.86
.05
.08
.01
3,759
4,188
32,269
12.21
12.19
9.19
.10
.08
.02
6,877
7,319
28,709
16.18
16.06
10.28
.12
.08
.04
75.4
75.9
89.3
55,884
7,725
22,373
17,634
8,151
11.47
8.77
10.97
12.22
15.81
.05
.05
.03
.05
.14
28,346
3,193
10,992
9,547
4,614
10.19
7.72
9.77
11.01
15.09
.02
.05
.03
.04
.06
27,538
4,532
11,381
8,087
3,537
13.00
9.84
12.95
14.31
16.89
.04
.03
.05
.12
.19
78.4
78.4
75.4
76.9
89.4
AGE
Total, 16 years and over .............
16 to 24 years .......................................
16 to 19 years ....................................
20 to 24 years ....................................
25 years and over .................................
25 to 34 years ....................................
35 to 44 years ....................................
45 to 54 years ....................................
55 to 64 years ....................................
65 years and over ..............................
RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
White ....................................................
Black .....................................................
Hispanic origin ......................................
MARITAL STATUS
Never married .......................................
Married, spouse present .......................
Other marital status ..............................
Divorced ............................................
Separated ..........................................
Widowed ............................................
UNION AFFILIATION2
Members of unions3 .............................
Represented by unions4 .......................
Not represented by a union ..................
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Total, 25 years and over .......................
Less than a high school diploma ........
High school graduates, no college .....
Some college or associate degree .....
College graduates, total ......................
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
2 Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union
affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective
bargaining agreement, including the distribution of male and female employees
by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region.
3 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar
to a union.
4 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar
to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are
covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Hourly-paid workers account for approximately three-fifths of all
wage and salary workers. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups
will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented
and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
21
Table 11. Hourly earnings distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates by selected characteristics, 2001 annual averages
(In thousands)
Hourly earnings distribution
Characteristic
Total
employed
Under
$4.00
$4.00
to
$4.99
$5.00
to
$5.99
$6.00
to
$7.99
$8.00
to
$9.99
$10.00
to
$11.99
$12.00
to
$15.99
$16.00
to
$19.99
$20.00
or
more
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over .............................
16 to 24 years .......................................................
16 to 19 years .....................................................
20 to 24 years .....................................................
25 years and over .................................................
25 to 34 years .....................................................
35 to 44 years .....................................................
45 to 54 years .....................................................
55 to 64 years .....................................................
65 years and over ...............................................
72,486
16,602
6,319
10,283
55,884
15,924
17,875
13,898
6,334
1,852
875
446
158
288
429
172
136
71
41
9
201
90
55
34
112
44
27
19
10
11
3,401
1,950
1,254
696
1,451
448
379
287
178
159
14,298
6,217
3,126
3,091
8,081
2,475
2,410
1,707
929
560
13,534
3,811
1,102
2,709
9,722
3,064
2,831
2,206
1,178
444
11,368
2,210
439
1,771
9,158
2,896
2,852
2,138
1,013
259
13,670
1,376
159
1,217
12,294
3,705
3,993
3,042
1,352
201
6,763
331
16
315
6,431
1,562
2,262
1,809
722
77
8,376
170
8
162
8,206
1,558
2,984
2,619
913
132
Women, 16 years and over ........................
16 to 24 years .......................................................
16 to 19 years .....................................................
20 to 24 years .....................................................
25 years and over .................................................
25 to 34 years .....................................................
35 to 44 years .....................................................
45 to 54 years .....................................................
55 to 64 years .....................................................
65 years and over ...............................................
36,457
8,111
3,166
4,945
28,346
7,488
9,154
7,338
3,376
989
649
320
115
206
328
135
101
53
30
9
122
54
31
24
68
20
21
14
9
4
2,065
1,071
659
412
994
288
269
216
124
97
8,619
3,322
1,664
1,658
5,297
1,479
1,702
1,189
596
331
7,573
1,757
480
1,276
5,816
1,619
1,783
1,434
739
241
5,998
935
164
771
5,062
1,361
1,654
1,303
602
142
6,084
504
48
455
5,581
1,508
1,772
1,501
705
95
2,437
87
3
84
2,350
526
799
709
280
36
2,910
60
1
59
2,850
553
1,054
919
291
34
Men, 16 years and over ..............................
16 to 24 years .......................................................
16 to 19 years .....................................................
20 to 24 years .....................................................
25 years and over .................................................
25 to 34 years .....................................................
35 to 44 years .....................................................
45 to 54 years .....................................................
55 to 64 years .....................................................
65 years and over ...............................................
36,029
8,491
3,153
5,338
27,538
8,436
8,721
6,560
2,958
863
227
126
43
82
101
37
36
18
11
–
79
35
25
11
44
24
6
5
2
7
1,336
879
595
284
457
160
110
71
54
62
5,678
2,895
1,462
1,433
2,783
997
707
518
332
229
5,961
2,055
622
1,432
3,906
1,444
1,048
772
439
203
5,370
1,275
275
1,000
4,096
1,535
1,199
835
410
117
7,586
873
111
762
6,714
2,197
2,222
1,542
647
106
4,325
244
13
231
4,081
1,036
1,462
1,100
441
41
5,466
110
7
103
5,356
1,005
1,930
1,700
622
98
White, 16 years and over ............................
Women .................................................................
Men .......................................................................
59,152
29,360
29,792
791
587
204
162
93
69
2,694
1,638
1,056
11,389
6,779
4,610
10,641
5,964
4,678
9,246
4,870
4,376
11,236
4,947
6,290
5,730
2,029
3,701
7,262
2,452
4,810
Black, 16 years and over ............................
Women .................................................................
Men .......................................................................
10,014
5,431
4,583
48
36
12
33
25
8
579
348
231
2,219
1,431
788
2,293
1,283
1,010
1,619
865
754
1,787
852
934
752
299
453
684
291
393
Hispanic origin, 16 years and over .............
Women .................................................................
Men .......................................................................
10,030
4,258
5,772
76
47
29
25
12
13
604
353
251
2,841
1,405
1,436
2,181
937
1,244
1,562
625
937
1,526
547
979
630
175
456
585
158
427
RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
NOTE: Hourly-paid workers account for approximately three-fifths of all
wage and salary workers. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin
groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are
not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black
population groups.
22
Table 12. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by selected
characteristics, 2001 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Workers paid hourly rates
Characteristic
Total
Below
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
At
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Total at or below prevailing Federal
minimum wage
Number
Percent of
hourly-paid
workers
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over .............................
16 to 24 years .......................................................
16 to 19 years ....................................................
20 to 24 years ....................................................
25 years and over .................................................
25 to 34 years ....................................................
35 to 44 years ....................................................
45 to 54 years ....................................................
55 to 64 years ....................................................
65 years and over ..............................................
72,486
16,602
6,319
10,283
55,884
15,924
17,875
13,898
6,334
1,852
1,602
830
388
442
771
283
229
131
80
49
636
376
241
134
260
80
59
51
35
36
2,238
1,206
629
577
1,032
362
288
182
115
85
3.1
7.3
10.0
5.6
1.8
2.3
1.6
1.3
1.8
4.6
Women, 16 years and over ........................
16 to 24 years .......................................................
16 to 19 years ....................................................
20 to 24 years ....................................................
25 years and over .................................................
25 to 34 years ....................................................
35 to 44 years ....................................................
45 to 54 years ....................................................
55 to 64 years ....................................................
65 years and over ..............................................
36,457
8,111
3,166
4,945
28,346
7,488
9,154
7,338
3,376
989
1,073
534
233
301
539
191
163
92
61
32
381
199
122
77
182
55
43
38
24
23
1,454
733
355
377
721
246
206
130
85
54
4.0
9.0
11.2
7.6
2.5
3.3
2.3
1.8
2.5
5.5
Men, 16 years and over ..............................
16 to 24 years .......................................................
16 to 19 years ....................................................
20 to 24 years ....................................................
25 years and over .................................................
25 to 34 years ....................................................
35 to 44 years ....................................................
45 to 54 years ....................................................
55 to 64 years ....................................................
65 years and over ..............................................
36,029
8,491
3,153
5,338
27,538
8,436
8,721
6,560
2,958
863
529
296
155
142
233
92
66
39
18
17
255
177
119
58
78
25
16
13
11
14
784
473
274
199
311
117
82
52
30
31
2.2
5.6
8.7
3.7
1.1
1.4
.9
.8
1.0
3.6
White, 16 years and over ............................
Women .................................................................
Men .......................................................................
59,152
29,360
29,792
1,359
915
444
502
304
198
1,861
1,219
641
3.1
4.2
2.2
Black, 16 years and over ............................
Women .................................................................
Men .......................................................................
10,014
5,431
4,583
183
119
64
114
64
50
297
183
114
3.0
3.4
2.5
Hispanic origin, 16 years and over .............
Women .................................................................
Men .......................................................................
10,030
4,258
5,772
187
104
83
114
59
55
302
164
138
3.0
3.8
2.4
Full-time workers ..................................................
Women ...............................................................
Men .....................................................................
55,232
24,780
30,452
662
413
249
191
112
79
853
525
328
1.5
2.1
1.1
Part-time workers .................................................
Women ...............................................................
Men .....................................................................
17,124
11,613
5,511
937
657
279
441
266
176
1,378
923
455
8.0
7.9
8.3
RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN
FULL- AND PART-TIME STATUS
AND SEX1
1 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on
hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or
part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number
of multiple jobholders.
NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not
sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented
and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population
groups. See Technical Note for more information about minimum wage
workers.
23
Table 13. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2001) dollars by sex and age, 1979-2001 annual averages
16 to 24 years
25 years and over
Total, 16
years and
over
Total
16 to 19
years
20 to 24
years
Total
25 to 34
years
35 to 44
years
45 to 54
years
55 to 64
years
65 years
and over
1979 ..........................................
$548
$391
$327
$423
$603
$581
$637
$628
$595
$450
1980 ..........................................
1981 ..........................................
1982 ..........................................
1983 ..........................................
1984 ..........................................
1985 ..........................................
19861 ........................................
1987 ..........................................
1988 ..........................................
1989 ..........................................
536
530
534
532
532
542
556
561
558
553
383
374
368
358
354
353
360
364
360
360
315
302
290
278
275
274
276
278
283
283
410
398
389
378
376
379
385
388
384
383
586
577
578
583
590
597
606
604
600
593
564
554
550
545
547
551
558
560
554
546
617
609
625
627
635
640
649
653
651
655
608
599
610
623
628
632
644
643
655
655
583
577
575
588
596
601
615
608
607
598
416
415
447
442
444
468
462
465
468
463
19901 ........................................
1991 ..........................................
1992 ..........................................
1993 ..........................................
19941 ........................................
1995 ..........................................
1996 ..........................................
19971 ........................................
19981 ........................................
19991 ........................................
544
542
546
554
553
553
551
554
567
583
355
353
343
341
339
337
335
337
346
363
276
271
263
258
261
266
269
277
290
299
376
371
360
359
354
353
350
353
367
386
592
595
594
594
591
589
585
594
620
629
537
529
523
528
520
521
520
529
544
550
642
634
624
626
635
635
628
637
647
649
645
645
648
655
670
672
667
668
673
693
603
597
599
595
593
593
601
614
643
642
453
485
469
475
455
449
432
433
439
429
20001 ........................................
2001 ..........................................
592
597
371
376
302
304
393
395
628
632
565
579
648
658
690
693
634
640
454
472
1979 ..........................................
414
350
300
367
443
452
445
437
429
387
1980 ..........................................
1981 ..........................................
1982 ..........................................
1983 ..........................................
1984 ..........................................
1985 ..........................................
19861 ........................................
1987 ..........................................
1988 ..........................................
1989 ..........................................
411
409
422
428
432
438
451
455
456
455
342
337
339
336
332
332
339
340
341
341
297
288
279
268
264
262
263
258
266
273
357
358
356
352
348
349
359
363
364
361
435
436
450
454
462
467
478
481
485
486
446
447
455
461
464
466
474
474
473
472
438
445
456
462
476
484
495
505
512
513
427
421
445
448
455
460
478
486
491
495
419
415
432
437
440
449
458
462
459
461
358
353
373
360
357
382
397
391
405
405
19901 ........................................
1991 ..........................................
1992 ..........................................
1993 ..........................................
19941 ........................................
1995 ..........................................
1996 ..........................................
19971 ........................................
19981 ........................................
19991 ........................................
457
467
471
476
472
468
470
474
495
503
335
339
331
331
326
318
319
321
331
344
261
261
254
248
250
248
251
264
270
283
355
357
347
350
343
336
335
337
346
365
487
493
496
502
499
494
499
508
526
528
470
472
474
477
470
466
467
470
490
500
515
519
519
526
530
524
520
530
540
535
498
507
517
532
533
536
540
544
559
568
459
462
466
478
471
465
472
476
517
523
396
406
407
405
398
407
376
383
380
393
20001 ........................................
2001 ..........................................
505
511
352
354
287
287
374
375
529
542
507
514
534
545
581
588
519
539
389
372
Year and sex
BOTH SEXES
WOMEN
See footnotes at end of table.
24
Table 13. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2001) dollars by sex and age, 1979-2001 annual averages —
Continued
Year and sex
Total, 16
years and
over
16 to 24 years
Total
25 years and over
16 to 19
years
20 to 24
years
Total
25 to 34
years
35 to 44
years
45 to 54
years
55 to 64
years
65 years
and over
MEN
1979 ..........................................
$663
$446
$352
$479
$714
$671
$763
$767
$710
$498
1980 ..........................................
1981 ..........................................
1982 ..........................................
1983 ..........................................
1984 ..........................................
1985 ..........................................
19861 ........................................
1987 ..........................................
1988 ..........................................
1989 ..........................................
640
635
644
643
639
642
650
650
650
649
426
408
397
379
377
379
381
386
378
376
331
314
300
285
285
288
288
294
297
290
458
444
431
410
408
408
409
412
404
402
694
695
695
690
689
699
717
716
705
693
643
635
632
629
623
621
623
617
609
602
751
742
746
751
769
768
773
765
749
752
750
741
740
753
766
771
784
779
795
789
705
705
705
707
717
737
751
743
736
722
468
498
530
523
535
579
555
570
571
546
19901 ........................................
1991 ..........................................
1992 ..........................................
1993 ..........................................
19941 ........................................
1995 ..........................................
1996 ..........................................
19971 ........................................
19981 ........................................
19991 ........................................
635
628
622
617
618
621
626
636
649
657
372
364
352
349
348
350
345
349
362
378
287
279
271
267
270
282
282
289
305
310
393
382
369
366
363
364
361
372
387
403
676
666
665
671
682
679
673
676
693
709
593
584
579
575
567
565
561
567
590
613
739
733
721
720
731
721
711
716
734
746
780
780
786
790
794
791
784
784
793
810
720
717
718
709
713
719
722
736
758
771
531
595
522
546
522
509
536
497
523
500
20001 ........................................
2001 ..........................................
664
672
387
392
312
319
407
410
719
722
619
621
752
755
798
799
758
766
552
548
1979 ..........................................
62.5
78.5
85.2
76.5
62.1
67.4
58.3
56.9
60.5
77.8
1980 ..........................................
1981 ..........................................
1982 ..........................................
1983 ..........................................
1984 ..........................................
1985 ..........................................
19861 ........................................
1987 ..........................................
1988 ..........................................
1989 ..........................................
64.3
64.5
65.5
66.6
67.6
68.2
69.3
69.9
70.1
70.1
80.1
82.6
85.3
88.6
87.9
87.5
88.9
88.1
90.0
90.7
89.5
91.8
92.8
94.1
92.7
90.8
91.5
87.8
89.8
94.0
78.0
80.7
82.5
85.9
85.3
85.5
87.7
88.0
90.1
89.8
62.7
62.7
64.7
65.8
67.0
66.9
66.7
67.3
68.7
70.2
69.4
70.4
72.1
73.3
74.5
75.1
76.2
76.8
77.7
78.4
58.4
59.9
61.2
61.5
61.9
63.1
64.0
66.1
68.4
68.1
56.9
56.8
60.1
59.5
59.4
59.7
61.0
62.3
61.8
62.7
59.4
58.9
61.3
61.8
61.4
60.9
61.0
62.2
62.4
63.9
76.5
70.9
70.4
68.7
66.8
66.0
71.4
68.7
70.8
74.2
19901 ........................................
1991 ..........................................
1992 ..........................................
1993 ..........................................
19941 ........................................
1995 ..........................................
1996 ..........................................
19971 ........................................
19981 ........................................
19991 ........................................
71.9
74.3
75.8
77.1
76.4
75.4
75.0
74.5
76.3
76.5
90.1
93.3
94.0
94.8
93.7
90.8
92.4
92.1
91.3
91.0
91.0
93.5
93.8
93.0
92.7
87.9
88.9
91.4
88.5
91.3
90.2
93.5
94.2
95.6
94.5
92.2
92.8
90.6
89.4
90.5
72.1
74.0
74.6
74.7
73.1
72.7
74.1
75.1
75.9
74.4
79.2
80.9
82.0
82.9
82.9
82.4
83.2
82.9
83.0
81.5
69.7
70.8
71.9
73.0
72.5
72.7
73.2
74.0
73.5
71.7
63.8
64.9
65.8
67.3
67.1
67.8
68.9
69.4
70.5
70.1
63.7
64.4
64.9
67.4
66.1
64.8
65.4
64.7
68.2
67.8
74.5
68.4
78.1
74.1
76.3
79.9
70.0
77.1
72.6
78.7
20001 ........................................
2001 ..........................................
76.0
76.1
91.0
90.2
91.9
89.9
91.9
91.6
73.6
75.1
81.9
82.7
71.1
72.3
72.7
73.6
68.5
70.4
70.5
67.9
WOMEN’S
EARNINGS
AS PERCENT
OF MEN’S2
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at
various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current
Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS
periodical.
2 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
NOTE: The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods
(CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant dollars. See
Technical Note.
25
Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2001) dollars by sex, race,
and Hispanic origin, 1979-2001 annual averages
Total, 16 years
and over
White
Black
Hispanic origin
1979 ..................................................................
$548
$563
$452
$440
1980 ..................................................................
1981 ..................................................................
1982 ..................................................................
1983 ..................................................................
1984 ..................................................................
1985 ..................................................................
19861 ................................................................
1987 ..................................................................
1988 ..................................................................
1989 ..................................................................
536
530
534
532
532
542
556
561
558
553
549
543
547
543
549
561
575
576
571
568
434
439
433
444
439
437
451
451
455
443
428
417
424
424
423
425
429
427
420
414
19901 ................................................................
1991 ..................................................................
1992 ..................................................................
1993 ..................................................................
19941 ................................................................
1995 ..................................................................
1996 ..................................................................
19971 ................................................................
19981 ................................................................
19991 ................................................................
544
542
546
554
553
553
551
554
567
583
559
564
568
575
572
571
568
571
591
609
434
443
442
446
440
442
435
440
462
473
401
398
399
400
384
379
381
387
402
409
20001 ................................................................
2001 ..................................................................
592
597
608
612
481
487
407
414
1979 ..................................................................
414
418
384
357
1980 ..................................................................
1981 ..................................................................
1982 ..................................................................
1983 ..................................................................
1984 ..................................................................
1985 ..................................................................
19861 ................................................................
1987 ..................................................................
1988 ..................................................................
1989 ..................................................................
411
409
422
428
432
438
451
455
456
455
415
413
427
432
438
444
456
461
461
463
379
385
384
393
393
398
409
413
417
418
353
355
359
364
364
362
374
377
377
374
19901 ................................................................
1991 ..................................................................
1992 ..................................................................
1993 ..................................................................
19941 ................................................................
1995 ..................................................................
1996 ..................................................................
19971 ................................................................
19981 ................................................................
19991 ................................................................
457
467
471
476
472
468
470
474
495
503
466
475
480
485
483
479
481
489
507
514
407
411
416
420
410
409
407
412
433
434
367
372
375
378
360
352
356
350
365
370
20001 ................................................................
2001 ..................................................................
505
511
514
521
440
451
374
385
Year and sex
BOTH SEXES
WOMEN
See footnotes at end of table.
26
Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2001) dollars by sex,
race, and Hispanic origin, 1979-2001 annual averages — Continued
Total, 16 years
and over
White
Black
Hispanic origin
1979 ........................................................
$663
$678
$517
$499
1980 ........................................................
1981 ........................................................
1982 ........................................................
1983 ........................................................
1984 ........................................................
1985 ........................................................
19861 ......................................................
1987 ........................................................
1988 ........................................................
1989 ........................................................
640
635
644
643
639
642
650
650
650
649
654
654
663
657
654
659
672
675
673
668
500
502
492
499
494
481
494
490
503
483
479
470
474
466
468
466
464
459
446
436
19901 ......................................................
1991 ........................................................
1992 ........................................................
1993 ........................................................
19941 ......................................................
1995 ........................................................
1996 ........................................................
19971 ......................................................
19981 ......................................................
19991 ......................................................
635
628
622
617
618
621
626
636
649
657
651
644
638
633
648
654
652
655
667
678
476
477
472
474
474
474
462
475
507
519
419
411
420
418
406
404
400
409
422
431
20001 ......................................................
2001 ........................................................
664
672
687
694
517
518
426
438
1979 ........................................................
62.5
61.7
74.3
71.7
1980 ........................................................
1981 ........................................................
1982 ........................................................
1983 ........................................................
1984 ........................................................
1985 ........................................................
19861 ......................................................
1987 ........................................................
1988 ........................................................
1989 ........................................................
64.3
64.5
65.5
66.6
67.6
68.2
69.3
69.9
70.1
70.1
63.5
63.1
64.4
65.7
67.0
67.4
67.9
68.2
68.5
69.2
75.8
76.7
78.0
78.9
79.6
82.8
82.7
84.4
83.0
86.5
73.6
75.6
75.7
78.3
77.8
77.7
80.7
82.1
84.6
85.6
19901 ......................................................
1991 ........................................................
1992 ........................................................
1993 ........................................................
19941 ......................................................
1995 ........................................................
1996 ........................................................
19971 ......................................................
19981 ......................................................
19991 ......................................................
71.9
74.3
75.8
77.1
76.4
75.4
75.0
74.5
76.3
76.5
71.5
73.7
75.2
76.5
74.5
73.2
73.8
74.6
76.1
75.7
85.5
86.1
88.1
88.8
86.5
86.3
88.1
86.8
85.4
83.7
87.6
90.5
89.1
90.4
88.8
87.3
89.0
85.6
86.5
85.7
20001 ......................................................
2001 ........................................................
76.0
76.1
74.7
75.2
85.2
87.1
87.7
88.0
Year and sex
MEN
WOMEN’S
EARNINGS
AS PERCENT
OF MEN’S2
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has
been affected at various times by methodological and
conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey
(CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes
and Estimates of Error section of Employment and
Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.
2 These figures are computed using unrounded
medians and may differ slightly from percents computed
using the rounded medians displayed in this table.
NOTE: Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any
race; thus they are included in both the white and black
population groups. The Consumer Price Index research
series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to
convert current dollars to constant dollars. See
Technical Note.
27
Table 15. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over in constant (2001) dollars by sex
and educational attainment, 1979-2001 annual averages
Total,
25 years and
over
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates, no
college
1979 ........................................................
$603
$477
$565
$641
$782
1980 ........................................................
1981 ........................................................
1982 ........................................................
1983 ........................................................
1984 ........................................................
1985 ........................................................
19861 ......................................................
1987 ........................................................
1988 ........................................................
1989 ........................................................
586
577
578
583
590
597
606
604
600
593
454
448
438
434
430
426
431
425
417
413
545
535
533
529
526
526
533
534
533
520
621
606
620
616
623
629
634
631
623
628
770
760
773
783
792
797
813
845
847
845
19901 ......................................................
1991 ........................................................
1992 ........................................................
1993 ........................................................
19941 ......................................................
1995 ........................................................
1996 ........................................................
19971 ......................................................
19981 ......................................................
19991 ......................................................
592
595
594
594
591
589
585
594
620
629
400
391
386
380
364
357
356
353
365
368
509
506
500
502
498
498
498
507
520
521
628
624
601
597
590
586
581
589
605
616
841
848
863
864
868
862
852
857
890
913
20001 ......................................................
2001 ........................................................
628
632
370
378
520
520
615
621
921
924
1979 ........................................................
443
345
420
479
599
1980 ........................................................
1981 ........................................................
1982 ........................................................
1983 ........................................................
1984 ........................................................
1985 ........................................................
19861 ......................................................
1987 ........................................................
1988 ........................................................
1989 ........................................................
435
436
450
454
462
467
478
481
485
486
335
327
326
331
326
319
322
321
319
321
410
406
417
418
422
422
429
431
431
422
472
477
485
488
497
500
511
521
521
526
593
595
612
626
636
654
676
698
702
704
19901 ......................................................
1991 ........................................................
1992 ........................................................
1993 ........................................................
19941 ......................................................
1995 ........................................................
1996 ........................................................
19971 ......................................................
19981 ......................................................
19991 ......................................................
487
493
496
502
499
494
499
508
526
528
317
318
317
318
304
302
301
302
306
308
415
418
418
419
416
411
410
416
429
430
521
520
505
510
500
493
496
505
517
519
706
716
737
738
750
744
738
740
767
786
20001 ......................................................
2001 ........................................................
529
542
311
314
433
441
518
525
781
784
Year and sex
Some college or
College
associate degree graduates, total
BOTH SEXES
WOMEN
See footnotes at end of table.
28
Table 15. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over in constant (2001) dollars by sex
and educational attainment, 1979-2001 annual averages — Continued
Total,
25 years and
over
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates, no
college
1979 ........................................................
$714
$573
$701
$749
$900
1980 ........................................................
1981 ........................................................
1982 ........................................................
1983 ........................................................
1984 ........................................................
1985 ........................................................
19861 ......................................................
1987 ........................................................
1988 ........................................................
1989 ........................................................
694
695
695
690
689
699
717
716
705
693
547
534
518
512
502
495
497
486
481
480
669
666
661
658
650
643
644
634
632
624
733
727
727
717
727
744
753
745
728
717
874
888
889
880
916
931
958
979
983
978
19901 ......................................................
1991 ........................................................
1992 ........................................................
1993 ........................................................
19941 ......................................................
1995 ........................................................
1996 ........................................................
19971 ......................................................
19981 ......................................................
19991 ......................................................
676
666
665
671
682
679
673
676
693
709
461
445
436
431
405
401
401
402
416
419
605
599
594
589
587
586
580
588
606
616
716
717
688
692
694
688
679
684
698
706
978
974
981
974
978
976
982
986
1,018
1,038
20001 ......................................................
2001 ........................................................
719
722
420
415
610
610
718
725
1,051
1,082
1979 ........................................................
62.1
60.2
60.0
64.0
66.6
1980 ........................................................
1981 ........................................................
1982 ........................................................
1983 ........................................................
1984 ........................................................
1985 ........................................................
19861 ......................................................
1987 ........................................................
1988 ........................................................
1989 ........................................................
62.7
62.7
64.7
65.8
67.0
66.9
66.7
67.3
68.7
70.2
61.3
61.1
62.8
64.6
64.8
64.4
64.7
66.1
66.4
66.8
61.3
61.0
63.1
63.5
64.9
65.7
66.6
68.0
68.3
67.6
64.5
65.6
66.7
68.1
68.4
67.2
67.9
69.9
71.5
73.3
67.8
66.9
68.9
71.1
69.5
70.2
70.6
71.3
71.4
71.9
19901 ......................................................
1991 ........................................................
1992 ........................................................
1993 ........................................................
19941 ......................................................
1995 ........................................................
1996 ........................................................
19971 ......................................................
19981 ......................................................
19991 ......................................................
72.1
74.0
74.6
74.7
73.1
72.7
74.1
75.1
75.9
74.4
68.8
71.5
72.8
73.8
74.9
75.4
75.2
75.2
73.7
73.5
68.6
69.9
70.3
71.3
70.8
70.2
70.7
70.8
70.9
69.8
72.8
72.6
73.4
73.7
72.0
71.6
73.1
73.8
74.0
73.5
72.2
73.5
75.0
75.8
76.7
76.2
75.2
75.0
75.3
75.7
20001 ......................................................
2001 ........................................................
73.6
75.1
74.1
75.6
70.9
72.3
72.2
72.4
74.4
72.5
Year and sex
Some college or
College
associate degree graduates, total
MEN
WOMEN’S
EARNINGS
AS PERCENT
OF MEN’S2
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been
affected at various times by methodological and conceptual
changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an
explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error
section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.
2 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and
may differ slightly from percents computed using the rounded
medians displayed in this table.
NOTE: The Consumer Price Index research series using
current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to
constant dollars. See Technical Note.
29
Table 16. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2001) dollars by sex and age, 1979-2001 annual averages
16 to 24 years
25 years and over
Total, 16
years and
over
Total
16 to 19
years
20 to 24
years
Total
25 to 34
years
35 to 44
years
45 to 54
years
55 to 64
years
65 years
and over
1979 ..............................
$10.11
$7.95
$7.08
$9.17
$11.64
$11.84
$12.06
$11.75
$11.31
$7.36
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
9.89
9.65
9.56
9.51
9.53
9.53
9.63
9.71
9.75
9.71
7.61
7.44
7.17
6.94
6.83
6.73
6.85
6.89
6.94
6.88
6.61
6.71
6.38
6.14
5.97
5.81
5.76
5.72
5.84
5.87
8.79
8.63
8.26
7.98
7.87
7.81
7.86
7.83
7.80
7.86
11.37
11.22
11.12
11.13
11.17
11.13
11.23
11.20
11.22
11.03
11.59
11.41
11.23
11.05
11.05
10.93
10.89
10.80
10.77
10.61
11.80
11.61
11.70
11.75
11.72
11.83
12.09
11.91
11.84
11.89
11.58
11.26
11.36
11.44
11.57
11.65
12.01
11.81
11.82
11.69
11.05
10.88
10.81
10.89
10.81
10.91
11.13
11.13
10.84
10.86
7.31
7.34
7.30
7.48
7.57
7.48
7.71
7.63
7.59
7.53
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
9.56
9.57
9.59
9.52
9.49
9.45
9.45
9.64
9.88
10.14
6.82
6.72
6.67
6.67
6.66
6.71
6.68
6.77
7.15
7.32
5.94
5.98
5.88
5.81
5.82
5.83
5.82
6.07
6.38
6.47
7.81
7.66
7.50
7.45
7.38
7.43
7.53
7.61
7.86
8.24
10.78
10.82
10.85
10.83
10.81
10.82
10.82
10.87
11.00
11.14
10.44
10.25
10.15
10.01
9.93
10.07
9.92
9.96
10.48
10.61
11.65
11.69
11.65
11.63
11.75
11.59
11.41
11.41
11.79
11.72
11.61
11.62
11.82
11.94
11.87
11.71
11.51
11.67
11.90
12.05
10.60
10.44
10.54
10.77
10.69
10.63
10.56
10.72
10.94
11.04
7.60
7.57
7.63
7.74
7.57
7.69
7.61
7.59
8.04
8.19
20001 ............................
2001 ..............................
10.19
10.17
7.42
7.65
6.55
6.75
8.30
8.32
11.25
11.47
10.47
10.82
11.89
11.98
12.19
12.18
11.12
11.21
8.23
8.37
1979 ..............................
8.24
7.26
6.90
8.01
8.88
9.20
9.04
8.75
8.55
7.12
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
8.11
8.01
8.15
8.17
8.12
8.11
8.28
8.41
8.47
8.49
7.07
6.95
6.70
6.50
6.42
6.34
6.38
6.34
6.50
6.52
6.44
6.60
6.29
6.05
5.87
5.71
5.67
5.57
5.67
5.70
7.78
7.67
7.42
7.24
7.13
7.21
7.32
7.35
7.33
7.27
8.69
8.79
8.89
8.90
8.96
9.06
9.23
9.25
9.33
9.42
9.11
9.16
9.19
9.25
9.16
9.14
9.24
9.22
9.22
9.28
8.78
8.94
8.99
9.03
9.16
9.33
9.52
9.54
9.80
9.86
8.67
8.60
8.77
8.83
9.01
9.09
9.30
9.42
9.54
9.59
8.36
8.29
8.50
8.62
8.62
8.62
8.93
9.05
8.82
8.86
6.94
6.96
6.96
7.08
7.15
7.01
7.36
7.29
7.42
7.14
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
8.51
8.61
8.64
8.62
8.59
8.62
8.70
8.74
8.94
9.19
6.54
6.49
6.42
6.38
6.31
6.35
6.39
6.56
6.77
7.03
5.76
5.92
5.83
5.73
5.73
5.71
5.73
5.97
6.28
6.36
7.36
7.28
7.17
7.22
7.09
7.05
7.04
7.22
7.53
7.68
9.34
9.37
9.51
9.53
9.53
9.45
9.49
9.64
9.92
10.14
9.26
9.17
9.25
9.22
9.22
9.16
9.07
9.03
9.55
9.68
9.73
9.87
9.93
9.87
10.00
9.97
10.00
10.07
10.49
10.46
9.45
9.70
9.86
9.90
10.02
10.09
10.05
10.20
10.61
10.59
8.89
8.87
8.95
9.15
9.26
9.17
9.08
9.15
9.60
9.93
7.20
7.35
7.42
7.49
7.39
7.46
7.26
7.52
7.83
7.98
20001 ............................
2001 ..............................
9.29
9.57
7.17
7.21
6.40
6.62
8.01
7.99
10.18
10.19
9.97
9.98
10.34
10.38
10.48
10.81
10.04
10.20
7.99
8.07
Year and sex
BOTH SEXES
WOMEN
See footnotes at end of table.
30
Table 16. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2001) dollars by sex and age, 1979-2001 annual averages —
Continued
16 to 24 years
25 years and over
Total, 16
years and
over
Total
16 to 19
years
20 to 24
years
Total
25 to 34
years
35 to 44
years
45 to 54
years
55 to 64
years
65 years
and over
1979 ..............................
$12.87
$8.89
$7.27
$10.57
$15.23
$14.51
$16.21
$16.16
$14.99
$8.12
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
12.49
12.29
12.12
11.77
11.64
11.58
11.78
11.67
11.47
11.25
8.41
8.08
7.75
7.46
7.47
7.40
7.44
7.37
7.29
7.18
6.92
6.83
6.48
6.24
6.08
5.94
5.94
5.94
6.01
6.10
10.08
9.57
9.07
8.58
8.44
8.27
8.43
8.53
8.40
8.36
14.78
14.56
14.30
14.13
14.05
13.97
13.99
13.76
13.58
13.48
14.18
13.73
13.56
13.16
12.88
12.63
12.47
12.40
12.18
11.89
15.99
15.52
15.72
15.66
15.53
15.48
15.51
15.15
14.81
14.71
15.94
15.90
15.71
15.57
15.83
15.75
15.75
15.36
15.49
15.11
14.82
14.75
14.40
14.86
14.48
14.28
14.80
14.58
14.11
13.88
7.77
7.90
7.90
8.08
8.02
7.88
8.05
7.99
8.01
8.19
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
10.92
10.96
10.77
10.73
10.66
10.67
10.71
10.83
10.92
10.97
7.19
7.12
7.02
6.96
6.96
6.99
6.95
7.10
7.50
7.58
6.13
6.05
5.96
5.90
5.91
5.95
5.91
6.19
6.49
6.58
8.16
7.95
7.76
7.67
7.78
7.89
7.87
7.91
8.45
8.55
13.00
12.72
12.49
12.32
12.19
12.40
12.12
12.23
12.72
12.77
11.67
11.41
11.20
11.01
10.79
10.94
10.91
10.93
11.10
11.53
14.17
14.01
13.58
13.51
13.62
13.74
13.39
13.29
13.55
13.59
14.70
14.93
14.93
14.71
14.33
14.23
13.94
14.09
14.15
14.55
13.43
12.85
12.90
13.27
13.10
12.84
12.54
12.99
13.27
12.99
8.04
7.93
8.02
8.12
7.87
7.92
7.92
7.67
8.41
8.37
20001 ............................
2001 ..............................
11.16
11.36
7.81
7.97
6.76
6.90
8.65
8.85
12.76
13.00
11.30
11.82
13.61
13.98
14.33
14.46
13.19
12.98
8.53
8.97
1979 ..............................
64.0
81.7
94.9
75.8
58.3
63.4
55.8
54.1
57.0
87.7
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
64.9
65.2
67.3
69.5
69.8
70.1
70.3
72.0
73.9
75.5
84.1
86.0
86.5
87.1
86.0
85.7
85.8
86.0
89.1
90.8
93.1
96.6
97.1
96.9
96.6
96.1
95.5
93.7
94.4
93.4
77.2
80.2
81.8
84.4
84.5
87.2
86.9
86.2
87.3
86.9
58.8
60.3
62.2
63.0
63.8
64.8
66.0
67.3
68.7
69.9
64.2
66.7
67.8
70.3
71.1
72.4
74.1
74.4
75.7
78.1
54.9
57.6
57.2
57.6
59.0
60.3
61.4
62.9
66.2
67.0
54.4
54.1
55.8
56.7
56.9
57.8
59.1
61.4
61.6
63.5
56.4
56.2
59.0
58.0
59.5
60.4
60.3
62.1
62.5
63.8
89.3
88.1
88.1
87.6
89.1
88.9
91.3
91.2
92.6
87.2
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
77.9
78.6
80.2
80.4
80.6
80.8
81.2
80.8
81.8
83.8
91.0
91.2
91.4
91.6
90.6
90.9
92.0
92.3
90.3
92.7
93.8
97.8
97.7
97.2
97.0
96.0
96.9
96.6
96.7
96.7
90.2
91.6
92.5
94.1
91.1
89.4
89.5
91.3
89.1
89.8
71.9
73.6
76.1
77.3
78.2
76.2
78.3
78.9
77.9
79.4
79.4
80.4
82.6
83.7
85.5
83.7
83.1
82.7
86.1
84.0
68.7
70.4
73.1
73.1
73.4
72.6
74.7
75.8
77.4
76.9
64.3
65.0
66.0
67.3
69.9
70.9
72.1
72.4
75.0
72.8
66.2
69.0
69.4
69.0
70.7
71.4
72.4
70.5
72.4
76.4
89.6
92.6
92.5
92.2
94.0
94.1
91.7
98.1
93.1
95.4
20001 ............................
2001 ..............................
83.2
84.3
91.8
90.5
94.7
96.0
92.6
90.3
79.7
78.4
88.2
84.4
76.0
74.2
73.1
74.7
76.1
78.6
93.7
90.0
Year and sex
MEN
WOMEN’S
EARNINGS
AS PERCENT
OF MEN’S2
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at
various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current
Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS
periodical.
2 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
NOTE: The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods
(CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant dollars. See
Technical Note.
31
Table 17. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2001) dollars by sex,
race, and Hispanic origin, 1979-2001 annual averages
Total, 16 years and
over
White
Black
Hispanic origin
1979 ..............................
$10.11
$10.27
$9.36
$9.29
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
9.89
9.65
9.56
9.51
9.53
9.53
9.63
9.71
9.75
9.71
9.99
9.71
9.68
9.63
9.64
9.64
9.75
9.85
9.87
9.84
9.11
9.19
8.96
8.75
8.77
8.69
9.01
8.99
8.92
8.93
9.10
9.01
8.87
8.66
8.62
8.64
8.78
8.74
8.63
8.44
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
9.56
9.57
9.59
9.52
9.49
9.45
9.45
9.64
9.88
10.14
9.69
9.71
9.71
9.65
9.61
9.61
9.64
9.78
10.01
10.36
9.00
8.93
8.77
8.69
8.64
8.86
8.73
8.82
9.11
9.41
8.30
8.24
8.26
8.27
8.21
8.10
8.07
8.14
8.60
8.59
20001 ............................
2001 ..............................
10.19
10.17
10.26
10.25
9.53
9.66
8.74
8.98
1979 ..............................
8.24
8.25
8.08
7.83
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
8.11
8.01
8.15
8.17
8.12
8.11
8.28
8.41
8.47
8.49
8.12
8.03
8.17
8.18
8.13
8.12
8.31
8.43
8.50
8.52
7.96
7.85
7.96
8.03
7.97
7.97
8.03
8.12
8.14
8.17
7.75
7.68
7.68
7.52
7.61
7.62
7.77
7.67
7.66
7.69
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
8.51
8.61
8.64
8.62
8.59
8.62
8.70
8.74
8.94
9.19
8.54
8.63
8.69
8.67
8.70
8.72
8.77
8.81
9.05
9.29
8.23
8.36
8.25
8.32
8.21
8.23
8.10
8.36
8.58
8.66
7.67
7.63
7.67
7.65
7.59
7.63
7.61
7.51
7.84
7.94
20001 ............................
2001 ..............................
9.29
9.57
9.32
9.70
9.08
9.06
8.11
8.21
Year and sex
BOTH SEXES
WOMEN
See footnotes at end of table.
32
Table 17. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2001) dollars by sex,
race, and Hispanic origin, 1979-2001 annual averages — Continued
Year and sex
Total, 16 years and
over
White
Black
Hispanic origin
MEN
1979 ..............................
$12.87
$13.19
$11.13
$10.91
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
12.49
12.29
12.12
11.77
11.64
11.58
11.78
11.67
11.47
11.25
12.75
12.56
12.35
12.02
11.86
11.98
12.08
11.91
11.68
11.50
10.61
10.87
10.57
10.13
10.06
9.71
10.20
10.12
10.05
9.83
10.30
10.05
10.14
9.88
9.86
9.59
9.61
9.56
9.43
9.25
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
10.92
10.96
10.77
10.73
10.66
10.67
10.71
10.83
10.92
10.97
11.29
11.25
11.04
10.98
10.91
11.12
11.01
10.97
11.05
11.29
9.74
9.65
9.47
9.29
9.38
9.43
9.20
9.55
9.87
10.40
8.91
8.78
8.68
8.62
8.50
8.40
8.57
8.70
8.95
9.16
20001 ............................
2001 ..............................
11.16
11.36
11.35
11.76
10.20
10.10
9.27
9.65
1979 ..............................
64.0
62.6
72.6
71.8
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
64.9
65.2
67.3
69.5
69.8
70.1
70.3
72.0
73.9
75.5
63.6
63.9
66.1
68.1
68.6
67.8
68.8
70.8
72.8
74.1
75.0
72.2
75.3
79.3
79.2
82.0
78.8
80.2
80.9
83.2
75.2
76.4
75.7
76.1
77.1
79.5
80.8
80.3
81.2
83.1
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
77.9
78.6
80.2
80.4
80.6
80.8
81.2
80.8
81.8
83.8
75.6
76.7
78.7
78.9
79.7
78.4
79.6
80.3
81.9
82.3
84.5
86.6
87.2
89.6
87.5
87.3
88.0
87.5
86.9
83.2
86.1
86.9
88.4
88.7
89.3
90.9
88.9
86.3
87.5
86.7
20001 ............................
2001 ..............................
83.2
84.3
82.1
82.5
89.0
89.7
87.5
85.1
WOMEN’S
EARNINGS
AS PERCENT
OF MEN’S2
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has
been affected at various times by methodological and
conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey
(CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings, a
monthly BLS periodical.
2 These figures are computed using unrounded medians
and may differ slightly from percents computed using the
rounded medians displayed in this table.
NOTE: Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race;
thus they are included in both the white and black
population groups. The Consumer Price Index research
series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert
current dollars to constant dollars. See Technical Note.
33
Table 18. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by sex, 1979-2001 annual
averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Workers paid hourly rates
Year and sex
Total
wage and
salary
workers
Total
Percent of
total wage
and salary
workers
Total at or below
prevailing Federal
minimum wage
Below
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
At
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Number
Percent
of hourly
paid
workers
BOTH SEXES
1979 ..............................
87,529
51,721
59.1
2,916
3,997
6,912
13.4
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
87,644
88,516
87,368
88,290
92,194
94,521
96,903
99,303
101,407
103,480
51,335
51,869
50,846
51,820
54,143
55,762
57,529
59,552
60,878
62,389
58.6
58.6
58.2
58.7
58.7
59.0
59.4
60.0
60.0
60.3
3,087
3,513
2,348
2,077
1,838
1,639
1,599
1,468
1,319
1,372
4,686
4,311
4,148
4,261
4,125
3,899
3,461
3,229
2,608
1,790
7,773
7,824
6,496
6,338
5,963
5,538
5,060
4,698
3,927
3,162
15.1
15.1
12.8
12.2
11.0
9.9
8.8
7.9
6.5
5.1
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
104,876
103,723
104,668
106,101
107,989
110,038
111,960
114,533
116,730
118,963
63,172
62,627
63,610
64,274
66,549
68,354
69,255
70,735
71,440
72,306
60.2
60.4
60.8
60.6
61.6
62.1
61.9
61.8
61.2
60.8
22,132
21,096
23,228
25.1
22,377
22,906
25,283
28.4
1,939
1,707
1,995
1,699
21,863
22,990
2,834
2,194
2,982
2,625
2,132
1,956
21,861
21,764
1,593
1,146
4,921
4,332
4,128
3,656
23,724
24,754
4,427
3,340
7.7
6.7
6.2
5.3
25.4
26.7
6.2
4.6
20001 ............................
2001 ..............................
120,786
120,760
72,744
72,486
60.2
60.0
1,844
1,602
866
636
2,710
2,238
3.7
3.1
1979 ..............................
38,129
23,329
61.2
2,070
2,644
4,714
20.2
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
38,944
39,672
39,777
40,433
42,172
43,506
44,961
46,365
47,495
48,691
23,626
24,294
24,365
24,989
26,003
26,869
27,863
29,078
29,820
30,702
60.7
61.2
61.3
61.8
61.7
61.8
62.0
62.7
62.8
63.1
2,104
2,394
1,651
1,492
1,348
1,198
1,192
1,105
1,008
994
2,990
2,778
2,561
2,603
2,499
2,356
2,125
1,946
1,542
1,056
5,095
5,172
4,212
4,095
3,847
3,554
3,317
3,051
2,550
2,050
21.6
21.3
17.3
16.4
14.8
13.2
11.9
10.5
8.6
6.7
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
49,323
49,105
49,842
50,626
51,419
52,369
53,488
54,708
55,757
57,050
31,069
30,988
31,454
31,937
33,021
33,934
34,418
35,214
35,680
36,233
63.0
63.1
63.1
63.1
64.2
64.8
64.3
64.4
64.0
63.5
21,420
2711
22,131
26.9
21,582
21,792
23,374
210.9
1,286
1,133
1,322
1,157
21,244
21,843
1,794
1,426
1,751
1,534
1,241
1,161
21,106
21,092
965
700
3,036
2,667
2,563
2,318
22,350
22,935
2,760
2,126
9.7
8.4
7.8
6.8
26.8
28.3
7.7
5.9
20001 ............................
2001 ..............................
57,933
58,033
36,516
36,457
63.0
62.8
1,212
1,073
544
381
1,757
1,454
4.8
4.0
WOMEN
See footnotes at end of table.
34
Table 18. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by sex, 1979-2001 annual
averages — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Workers paid hourly rates
Year and sex
Total
wage and
salary
workers
Total
Percent of
total wage
and salary
workers
Below
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Total at or below
prevailing Federal
minimum wage
At
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Number
Percent
of hourly
paid
workers
MEN
1979 ..............................
49,400
28,392
57.5
846
1,353
2,199
7.7
1980 ..............................
1981 ..............................
1982 ..............................
1983 ..............................
1984 ..............................
1985 ..............................
19861 ............................
1987 ..............................
1988 ..............................
1989 ..............................
48,700
48,844
47,591
47,856
50,022
51,015
51,942
52,938
53,912
54,789
27,709
27,576
26,481
26,831
28,140
28,893
29,666
30,474
31,058
31,687
56.9
56.5
55.6
56.1
56.3
56.6
57.1
57.6
57.6
57.8
983
1,119
697
585
490
440
408
364
311
379
1,696
1,533
1,587
1,658
1,626
1,544
1,336
1,283
1,066
733
2,678
2,652
2,284
2,243
2,116
1,984
1,743
1,647
1,377
1,112
9.7
9.6
8.6
8.4
7.5
6.9
5.9
5.4
4.4
3.5
19901 ............................
1991 ..............................
1992 ..............................
1993 ..............................
19941 ............................
1995 ..............................
1996 ..............................
19971 ............................
19981 ............................
19991 ............................
55,553
54,618
54,826
55,475
56,570
57,669
58,473
59,825
60,973
61,914
32,104
31,639
32,155
32,337
33,528
34,420
34,838
35,521
35,761
36,073
57.8
57.9
58.6
58.3
59.3
59.7
59.6
59.4
58.7
58.3
2712
2385
21,097
23.4
2795
21,114
21,909
26.0
653
573
674
542
2619
21,147
1,039
768
1,231
1,091
891
796
2755
2673
628
446
1,885
1,664
1,565
1,338
21,374
21,820
1,667
1,214
5.9
5.1
4.7
3.9
23.9
25.1
4.7
3.4
20001 ............................
2001 ..............................
62,853
62,727
36,228
36,029
57.6
57.4
632
529
322
255
954
784
2.6
2.2
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at
various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current
Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes
and Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly
BLS periodical.
2 Data for 1990-91 and 1996-97 reflect changes in the minimum wage
that took place in those years.
NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage was $2.90 in 1979, $3.10
in 1980, and $3.35 in 1981-89. The minimum wage rose to $3.80 in April
1990, to $4.25 in April 1991, to $4.75 in October 1996, and to $5.15 in
September 1997. See Technical Note for more information about minimum
wage workers.
35
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36
Technical Note
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current
Population Survey (CPS), which provides a wide range of
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a
scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 households, with coverage in all 50 States and the District of Columbia. The earnings data are collected from one-fourth of
the CPS monthly sample.
Material in this report is in the public domain and, with
appropriate credit, may be used without permission. This
information is available to sensory impaired individuals upon
request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service:
1-800-877-8339.
median is estimated through the linear interpolation of the
interval in which the median lies.
Over-the-year changes in the medians (and quantile
boundaries) for specific groups may not necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for the overall quantile
boundary. The most common reasons for this possible
anomaly are: (1) There could be a change in the relative
weights of the subgroups. For example, the medians of both
16- to 24-year-olds and those 25 years and over may rise, but
if the lower earning 16-to-24 age group accounts for a greatly
increased share of the total, the overall median could actually fall. (2) There could be a large change in the shape of the
distribution of reported earnings, particularly near a quantile
boundary. This could be caused by survey observations
that are clustered at rounded values, for example, $250, $300,
or $400. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval containing such a cluster, or “spike,” tends to change more slowly
than one in other intervals. For example, medians measure
the central tendency of a multipeaked distribution that shifts
over time. As the distribution shifts, the median does not
necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically, the median
takes relatively more time to move through a frequently reported interval but, once above the upper limit of such an
interval, it can move relatively quickly to the next frequently
reported earnings interval. BLS procedures for estimating
medians (and other quantile boundaries) mitigate such irregular movements of the measures; however, users should
be cautious of these effects when evaluating short-term
changes in the medians, as well as in ratios of the medians.
Concepts and definitions
The principal concepts and definitions used in connection
with the earnings data in this report are described below.
Usual weekly earnings. Data are collected on wages and
salaries before taxes and other deductions, and include any
overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the
principal job in the case of multiple jobholders). Self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether their
businesses are incorporated. Prior to 1994, respondents were
asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly,
twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they
usually earn in the reported period. Earnings reported on a
basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If
the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers
are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks
worked during the past 4 or 5 months.
Constant dollars. The Consumer Price Index research series
using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current
dollars to constant dollars. BLS has made numerous improvements to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over the past
quarter-century. While these improvements make the present
and future CPI more accurate, historical price index series are
not adjusted to reflect the improvements. However, many
researchers have expressed interest in having a historical
series that measures price change consistently over the entire period. Accordingly, the CPI-U-RS presents an estimate
of the CPI that incorporates most of the methodological improvements made since 1978 into the entire series. For further information, see “CPI research series using current methods, 1978-98” by Kenneth J. Stewart and Stephen B. Reed,
Monthly Labor Review, June 1999, pp. 29-38; and “Questions and Answers: Consumer Price Index Research Series
Using Current Methods” on the Internet at http://
www.bls.gov/cpi/cpirsdc.htm.
Medians (and quantiles) of weekly earnings. The median
(or upper limit of the second quartile) is the amount that
divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups,
one having earnings above the median, and the other having
earnings below the median. Ten percent of a given distribution have earnings below the upper limit of the first decile (90
percent have higher earnings); 25 percent have earnings
below the upper limit of the first quartile (75 percent have
higher earnings); 75 percent have earnings below the upper
limit of the third quartile (25 percent have higher earnings);
and 90 percent have earnings below the upper limit of the
ninth decile (10 percent have higher earnings).
The BLS estimating procedure for determining the median of an earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is
centered around a multiple of $50. The actual value of the
Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive
wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece
rates. The group includes employees in both the private and
37
public sectors but, for purposes of the earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, regardless of whether their
businesses are incorporated.
reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place during
those years.
The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the
minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of
the Fair Labor Standards Act, as there are exemptions to the
minimum wage provisions of the law. In addition, some workers might have rounded their hourly earnings to the nearest
dollar in response to survey questions. As a result, some
might have been reported with hourly earnings below the
minimum wage when, in fact, they earned the minimum wage
or higher. This may be more likely to occur in years during
which the minimum wage level is just above a whole dollar
value, as has been the case since September 1997 ($5.15).
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or
more per week at their sole or principal job are defined as
working full time for estimates of earnings.
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work less than 35
hours per week at their sole or principal job are defined as
working part time for estimates of earnings.
Hourly paid workers. Workers who are paid an hourly wage
are a subset of wage and salary workers, representing approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers. Workers paid by the hour are, therefore, included in the full- and
part-time worker tables in this report, along with salaried
workers and other workers not paid by the hour. (Data for
workers paid at hourly rates are presented separately in tables
10 to 12 and 16 to 18.)
Reliability
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and
nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire
population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the “true” population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
than 1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value
because of sampling error. BLS analyses generally are conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. Estimates of
earnings and their standard errors can be used to construct
approximate confidence intervals, or ranges of values that
include the true population value with known probabilites.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including
the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to
obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of
the data.
For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS
and information on estimating standard errors, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and Earnings.
Workers paid at or below the Federal minimum wage. The
estimates of the numbers of workers with reported earnings
at or below the Federal minimum wage in tables 12 and 18
pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried
workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are
not included, even though some have earnings that, when
converted to hourly rates, are at or below the minimum wage.
Consequently, the estimates presented in this report likely
understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. Research has shown,
however, that the degree of understatement is small. BLS
does not routinely estimate hourly earnings for workers not
paid by the hour because of data quality concerns associated with such an estimation process.
The prevailing Federal minimum wage was: $2.90 effective January 1979; $3.10 effective January 1980; $3.35 effective January 1981; $3.80 effective April 1990; $4.25 effective
April 1991; $4.75 effective October 1996; and $5.15 effective
September 1997. Data for 1990-91 and 1996-97 in table 18
38