Highlights of Women’s
Earnings in 2003
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
September 2004
Report 978
• Between 1979 and 2003, the earnings gap between
Introduction
women and men narrowed for most major age groups. The
women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio among 35- to 44-year-olds,
for example, was 76 percent in 2003 compared with 58 percent
in 1979, and that for 45- to 54-year-olds was 73 percent in
2003 compared with 57 percent in 1979. The earnings ratios
for teenagers and for workers aged 65 and older, however,
showed no consistent movement over the period. (See table
12.)
M
edian weekly earnings for women who were fulltime wage and salary workers were $552 in 2003.
This amount equaled 80 percent of men’s $695
weekly median, up from 78 percent in 2002. In 1979, the first
year of comparable earnings data, women earned 63 percent
as much as men. (See chart 1.)
The women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio varied significantly
by demographic group. The ratio was about 88 percent for
both blacks and Hispanics or Latinos in 2003; for whites it
was 79 percent; and for Asians it was 78 percent. Young
women (16 to 24 years old) earned almost as much as young
men, while women aged 35 years and older earned about
three-fourths as much as their male peers.
This report presents earnings data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly survey
of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S.
Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Information on earnings is collected from one-fourth of the CPS
sample each month. Users should note that the comparisons of earnings in this report are on a broad level and do
not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences. For a detailed description of
the source of the data and an explanation of the concepts
and definitions used, see the Technical Note.
• Asian workers of both sexes earned more than their
white, black, and Hispanic or Latino counterparts, although
the differences among women were smaller than those among
men. Asian women’s median weekly earnings ($598) were 5
percent higher than white women’s earnings ($567), 22 percent greater than black women’s earnings ($491), and 46 percent higher than the earnings of Hispanic or Latino women
($410). In comparison, Asian men’s earnings ($772) were 8
percent higher than the earnings of white men ($715), 39
percent greater than the earnings of black men ($555), and 66
percent higher than those of Hispanic or Latino men ($464).
(See tables 1 and 13 and chart 2.)
• Earnings differences between women and men were
widest for whites and Asians. White women earned 79 percent as much as white men in 2003, and Asian women earned
78 percent as much as Asian men. Both black and Hispanic
women’s earnings were about 88 percent of their male counterparts’ earnings. (See table 1.)
Highlights
Following are some highlights of women’s and men’s earnings in 2003:
• Growth in the earnings of white women has outpaced
that of their black and Hispanic or Latino counterparts. Between 1979 and 2003, inflation-adjusted earnings for white
women grew fairly steadily, rising by 31 percent. Earnings
growth over the period was 24 percent among black women
and 11 percent among Hispanic or Latino women. In contrast, real earnings for white and black men rose only slightly,
while those for Hispanic or Latino men fell by 10 percent.
(See table 13.)
Full-time workers
• Among women, 45- to 54-year-olds had the highest
median weekly earnings ($609), followed closely by 55- to
64-year-olds ($601) and 35- to 44-year-olds ($590). Men’s
earnings were highest among 45- to 54-year-olds ($834) and
55- to 64-year-olds ($827). The difference between women’s
and men’s earnings was much larger among middle-aged
and older workers than it was among younger workers. For
instance, among workers aged 45 to 54, women earned 73
percent as much as men. By comparison, among 16- to 24year-olds, women earned 93 percent as much as men. (See
table 1.)
• Median weekly earnings varied considerably by educational level in 2003. Among women, those with less than a
high school diploma earned $329 per week, compared with
$832 for those with a college degree. Among men, high school
1
dropouts had earnings of $429 a week, compared with $1,131
for college graduates. (See table 6.)
• Just 5 percent of women earned $1,500 or more per
week, compared with 12 percent of men. Not surprisingly,
given their higher earnings overall, Asian women were more
likely to earn at least $1,500 per week than were white, black,
or Hispanic or Latino women. (See table 7.)
• At all levels of education, women have fared better
than men with respect to earnings growth. Although both
women and men with less than a high school diploma experienced a decline in inflation-adjusted earnings from 1979 to
2003, the drop for women was significantly less than that for
men—8 percent compared with 28 percent. Earnings of
women with college degrees increased by 34 percent on an
inflation-adjusted basis, while earnings of male college graduates rose by 22 percent. (See table 14 and chart 3.)
• Among parents of children under the age of 18, married mothers’ earnings were 22 percent higher than the earnings of unmarried mothers. The difference was even greater
for men: married fathers earned 34 percent more than unmarried fathers. (See table 8.)
Part-time workers
• Women who worked part time—that is, fewer than 35
hours per week—made up 25 percent of all female wage and
salary workers in 2003. In contrast, just 11 percent of men in
wage and salary jobs worked part time. (See tables 4 and 5.)
• Women working full time in management, business,
and financial operations occupations earned $799 per week
in 2003. This was more than women earned in any other
major occupational category. The second highest paying
job group was professional and related occupations, in which
women earned $739 per week. Within management and business fields, the highest paying occupations for women were
chief executives, computer and information systems managers, management analysts, and general and operations managers. Within professional occupations, women working as
computer software engineers, computer programmers, physicians and surgeons, pharmacists, and lawyers had the highest median weekly earnings. (See table 2.)
• Median weekly earnings of female part-time workers
were $197, compared with $180 for male part-time workers.
The men had lower earnings than the women because male
part-time workers tend to be highly concentrated in the
youngest age groups, which typically have low earnings.
One-half of male part-time workers were 16 to 24 years old,
compared with about 30 percent of female part-timers. (See
table 4.)
Workers paid by the hour
• About 63 percent of women and 57 percent of men
employed in wage and salary jobs were paid by the hour in
2003. Women in this category had median hourly earnings
of $10.08. This was 85 percent of the median for men ($11.89).
(See tables 9, 10, 15, and 16.)
• In both managerial and professional occupational
groups, women and men tend to work in different specific
occupations. In professional and related occupations, for
example, women were much less likely than men to be employed in some of the highest paying fields, such as engineering and computer and mathematical occupations. Instead, women were more likely to work in lower paying
professions, such as education, training, and library occupations. (See table 2.)
• About 4 percent of women who were paid hourly rates
in 2003 reported earnings equal to or less than the prevailing
Federal minimum wage of $5.15 an hour. The corresponding
share of men was 2 percent. (See tables 11 and 17 and chart
4. Also see the Technical Note for information about workers with earnings below the Federal minimum wage.)
• The ratio of women’s to men’s earnings varied by place
of residence, from a high of 95 percent in the District of
Columbia to a low of 65 percent in Wyoming. The differences among the States reflect, in part, variations in the occupational, industrial, and age composition of each State’s
labor force. In addition, sampling error for the State estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national data;
thus, comparisons of State estimates should be made with
particular care. (See table 3.)
• As would be expected, 16- to 19-year-old women and
men who are paid hourly rates are the most likely to have
earnings at or below the minimum wage. Relatively few workers aged 25 and older earn the minimum wage or less, although for women the incidence of minimum wage work rises
again at age 65. (See table 11.)
2
Chart 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2003)
dollars by sex, 1979-2003 annual averages
Earnings
100
100
$700
$ 7 0 0 .0 0
Men’s earnings
90
90
$650
80
80
$ 6 5 0 .0 0
Women’s earnings as a percent of men’s
$ 6 0 0 .0 0
$600
70
70
60
60
$550
$ 5 5 0 .0 0
$500
$ 5 0 0 .0 0
$450
50
50
40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
Women’s earnings
$ 4 5 0 .0 0
$400
$ 4 0 0 .0 0
$350
$ 3 5 0 .0 0
0
1979
1983
1979
1987
1983
1987
1991
1991
1995
1999
1995
2003
2003
1999
Chart 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003 annual averages
Earnings
$800
$800
$772
$700
$715
$695
123
123
Women
$598
$600
$567
$552
$600
$555
$491
$500
$464
$410
$400
$700
Men
$500
$400
$300
$300
$200
$200
$100
$100
$0
$0
Total
White
Black or
African
American
3
Asian
Hispanic
or
Latino
0
Chart 3. Change in median usual weekly earnings from 1979 to 2003 by educational
attainment and sex
Highest educational level
123
123
123
Bachelor’s degree
and higher
Women
Men
Some college or
associate degree
High school graduate,
no college
Less than a high school
diploma
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
40
30
Percent change
NOTE: Data relate to earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years old and older. Changes are calculated
from constant-dollar annual averages.
Chart 4. Women with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage
by age, 2003 annual averages
Percent
Percent
20
20
15
15
11.7
10
10
7.6
6.4
5
5
3.8
3.2
2.0
1.6
1.5
45 to 54
years
55 to 64
years
0
0
Total,
16 years
and older
16 to 19
years
20 to 24
years
25 to 34
years
35 to 44
years
NOTE: Data relate to female wage and salary workers paid hourly rates.
4
65 years
and older
Technical Note
In addition, the introduction of the new occupational and
industrial classification systems effectively created a break
in series from 2000 forward for data disaggregated by class
of worker status—that is, the classification of workers as
either self-employed or wage and salary. This change resulted in a slightly lower estimate of the number of wage and
salary workers (those featured in this publication) and minor
revisions to the earnings measures for 2000-2002. Users
therefore will note some differences with previously published women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios for those years in
this publication. For more information about these and other
recent changes to the survey, see “Revisions to the Current
Population Survey Effective in January 2003” in the February 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings on the Internet
at www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf or the “Explanatory Notes
and Estimates of Error” section of the February 2003 and
subsequent issues of Employment and Earnings.
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current
Population Survey (CPS), which provides a wide range of
information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a
national sample of about 60,000 households, with coverage
in all 50 States and the District of Columbia. The earnings
data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample.
Material in this report is in the public domain and, with
appropriate credit, may be used without permission. This
information is available to sensory-impaired individuals upon
request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service:
1-800-877-8339.
Recent survey changes
Beginning in January 2003, several major changes were introduced into the CPS. As a result, most data for 2003 forward are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years.
Among these changes:
Concepts and definitions
The principal concepts and definitions used in connection
with the earnings data in this report are described below.
• Population controls were updated by the Census Bureau to incorporate new intercensal information and assumptions about the growth of the population, especially regarding estimates of net international migration. Employment
and earnings estimates prior to 2003 were not revised to
reflect the new population controls.
Usual weekly earnings. Data are collected on wages and
salaries before taxes and other deductions, and include any
overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the
principal job in the case of multiple jobholders). Self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether their
businesses are incorporated. Prior to 1994, respondents were
asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly,
twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they
usually earn in the reported period. Earnings reported on a
basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If
the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers
are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks
worked during the past 4 or 5 months.
• Survey questions on Hispanic ethnicity and race were
modified to comply with new standards on race and ethnicity
data from Federal agencies. In accordance with the new
standards, individuals now are asked whether they are of
Hispanic ethnicity before being asked about their race. Also,
individuals now are asked directly if they are Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino, instead of being asked a general question
on country of origin. With respect to race, the response
category of Asian and Pacific Islanders was split into two
categories: Asian, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders. Population controls were developed for Asians; as
a result, data for Asians are presented in this report for the
first time. Also in accordance with the new standards, individuals were allowed to choose more than one race category.
Prior to 2003, individuals who considered themselves to belong to more than one race were required to select a single
primary race. In this report, data by race for 2003 include
only those who chose a single race category.
Medians (and quantiles) of weekly earnings. Most of the
earnings estimates shown in this report are medians. The
median (or upper limit of the second quartile) is the amount
that divides a given earnings distribution into two equal
groups, one having earnings above the median, and the other
having earnings below the median. Ten percent of workers
in a given distribution have earnings below the upper limit of
the first decile (90 percent have higher earnings); 25 percent
have earnings below the upper limit of the first quartile (75
percent have higher earnings); 75 percent have earnings below
the upper limit of the third quartile (25 percent have higher
earnings); and 90 percent have earnings below the upper
limit of the ninth decile (10 percent have higher earnings).
• New occupational and industrial classification systems were introduced. These systems were derived from
the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) and
the 2002 North American Industry Classification System
(NAICS). The new classification systems differ substantially from the previous systems.
5
The BLS estimating procedure for determining the median of an earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is
centered on a multiple of $50. The actual value of the median
is estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in
which the median lies.
Over-the-year changes in the medians (and quantile
boundaries) for specific groups may not necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for the overall quantile
boundary. The most common reasons for this possible
anomaly are:
available at the time of production. Users should note, however, that the CPI-U-RS is subject to periodic revision. As a
result, the rate of inflation incorporated into the constantdollar earnings estimates in this report may differ from that
used in previous reports in this series or in other publications.
Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive
wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece
rates. The group includes employees in both the private and
public sectors but, for purposes of the earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
• There could be a change in the relative weights of the
subgroups. For example, the medians of both 16- to 24-yearolds and those 25 years and older may rise, but if the lower
earning 16-to-24 age group accounts for a greatly increased
share of the total, the overall median could actually fall.
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or
more per week at their sole or principal job are defined as
working full time for estimates of earnings.
• There could be a large change in the shape of the
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35
hours per week at their sole or principal job are defined as
working part time for estimates of earnings.
distribution of reported earnings, particularly near a quantile
boundary. This could be caused by survey observations
that are clustered at rounded values, for example, $250, $300,
or $400. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval
containing such a cluster, or “spike,” tends to change more
slowly than one in other intervals. For example, medians
measure the central tendency of a multipeaked distribution
that shifts over time. As the distribution shifts, the median
does not necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically, the
median takes relatively more time to move through a frequently reported interval but, once above the upper limit of
such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the next
frequently reported earnings interval. BLS procedures for
estimating medians (and other quantile boundaries) mitigate such irregular movements of the measures; however,
users should be cautious of these effects when evaluating
short-term changes in the medians, as well as in ratios of the
medians.
Hourly paid workers. Workers who are paid an hourly wage
make up approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary
workers. Workers paid by the hour are, therefore, included
in the full- and part-time worker tables in this report, along
with salaried workers and other workers not paid by the hour.
(Data for workers paid at hourly rates are presented separately in tables 9 to 11 and 15 to 17.)
Workers paid at or below the Federal minimum wage. The
estimates of the numbers of workers with reported earnings
at or below the Federal minimum wage in tables 11 and 17
pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried
workers and other workers who are not paid by the hour are
not included, even though some have earnings that, when
converted to hourly rates, are at or below the minimum wage.
Consequently, the estimates presented in this report likely
understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. Research has shown,
however, that the degree of understatement is small. BLS
does not routinely estimate hourly earnings for workers not
paid by the hour because of data quality concerns associated with such an estimation process.
The prevailing Federal minimum wage was: $2.90 effective January 1979; $3.10 effective January 1980; $3.35 effective January 1981; $3.80 effective April 1990; $4.25 effective
April 1991; $4.75 effective October 1996; and $5.15 effective
September 1997. Data for 1990-91 and 1996-97 in table 17
reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place during
those years.
The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the
minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of
the Fair Labor Standards Act, as there are exemptions to the
minimum wage provisions of the law. In addition, some workers might have rounded their hourly earnings to the nearest
dollar in response to survey questions. As a result, some
Constant dollars. The Consumer Price Index research series
using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current
dollars to constant dollars. BLS has made numerous improvements to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over the past
quarter-century. While these improvements make the present
and future CPI more accurate, historical price index series are
not adjusted to reflect the improvements. Because many
researchers need a historical series that measures price
change consistently over the entire period, the CPI-U-RS
provides an estimate of the CPI that incorporates most of the
methodological improvements made since 1978 into the entire series. For further information, see “CPI research series
using current methods, 1978-98” by Kenneth J. Stewart and
Stephen B. Reed, Monthly Labor Review, June 1999, pp. 2938; and “Questions and Answers: Consumer Price Index Research Series Using Current Methods” on the Internet at
www.bls.gov/cpi/cpirsdc.htm.
This report uses the most recent version of the CPI-U-RS
6
than 1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value
because of sampling error. BLS analyses generally are conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. Estimates of
earnings and their standard errors can be used to construct
approximate confidence intervals, or ranges of values that
include the true population value with known probabilities.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including
the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to
obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in data collection or processing.
For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS
and information on estimating standard errors, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and Earnings.
might have been reported with hourly earnings below the
minimum wage when, in fact, they earned the minimum wage
or higher. This may be more likely to occur in years during
which the minimum wage level is just above a whole dollar
value, as has been the case since September 1997 ($5.15).
Reliability
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and
nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire
population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the “true” population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
7
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8
Statistical tables
1.
Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics,
2003 annual averages ......................................................................................................................................... 11
2.
Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2003 annual averages ......................................................................................................................................... 12
3.
Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex and State,
2003 annual averages ......................................................................................................................................... 19
4.
Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics,
2003 annual averages ......................................................................................................................................... 20
5.
Median usual weekly earnings of employed (full- and part-time) wage and salary workers by hours
usually worked and sex, 2003 annual averages ................................................................................................. 21
6.
Quartiles and selected deciles of usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected
characteristics, 2003 annual averages ............................................................................................................... 22
7.
Usual weekly earnings distribution of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics,
2003 annual averages ......................................................................................................................................... 23
8.
Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, marital status, and presence
and age of own children under 18 years old, 2003 annual averages .................................................................. 24
9.
Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates by selected characteristics,
2003 annual averages ......................................................................................................................................... 25
10.
Hourly earnings distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates by selected characteristics,
2003 annual averages ......................................................................................................................................... 26
11.
Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage
by selected characteristics, 2003 annual averages ............................................................................................ 27
12.
Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2003) dollars
by sex and age, 1979-2003 annual averages ...................................................................................................... 28
13.
Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2003) dollars
by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2003 annual averages ...................................................... 30
14.
Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over in constant
(2003) dollars by sex and educational attainment, 1979-2003 annual averages ................................................. 33
15.
Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2003) dollars
by sex and age, 1979-2003 annual averages ...................................................................................................... 35
16.
Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2003) dollars
by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2003 annual averages ...................................................... 37
17.
Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum
wage by sex, 1979-2003 annual averages ........................................................................................................... 40
9
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10
Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2003 annual averages
Both sexes
Characteristic
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
AGE
Total, 16 years and over .................
16 to 24 years .......................................
16 to 19 years ....................................
20 to 24 years ....................................
25 years and over .................................
25 to 34 years ....................................
35 to 44 years ....................................
45 to 54 years ....................................
55 to 64 years ....................................
65 years and over ..............................
100,302
10,790
1,602
9,187
89,513
24,776
27,095
24,446
11,439
1,756
$620
387
311
402
662
594
687
723
708
516
$1
2
3
2
2
2
3
4
6
11
44,076
4,632
666
3,965
39,444
10,475
11,646
11,296
5,286
742
$552
371
299
387
584
546
590
609
601
435
$2
3
4
3
2
4
3
3
5
15
56,227
6,158
936
5,222
50,069
14,301
15,449
13,150
6,154
1,015
$695
398
321
412
744
628
775
834
827
612
$2
2
4
3
2
4
5
6
9
13
79.5
93.3
93.2
94.0
78.5
87.0
76.2
73.0
72.6
71.2
81,916
11,887
4,314
13,634
636
514
693
440
2
3
9
4
34,916
6,301
1,872
4,957
567
491
598
410
3
4
8
4
47,001
5,585
2,442
8,677
715
555
772
464
3
7
13
5
79.4
88.4
77.5
88.3
25,210
58,228
16,865
11,520
3,793
1,552
502
697
588
616
496
535
2
2
3
3
5
13
10,941
23,230
9,904
6,788
1,939
1,177
488
588
545
579
464
510
3
2
5
4
8
8
14,269
34,997
6,960
4,731
1,854
375
514
786
647
692
528
622
3
4
7
8
14
22
95.0
74.9
84.3
83.6
87.8
82.0
14,263
15,732
84,571
760
755
599
4
4
1
5,687
6,421
37,655
696
691
523
6
6
2
8,576
9,311
46,916
805
802
667
5
5
3
86.4
86.1
78.5
89,513
8,594
27,082
24,610
29,226
662
396
554
639
964
2
2
3
3
4
39,444
2,839
11,810
11,719
13,075
584
329
474
560
832
2
4
2
3
4
50,069
5,755
15,272
12,891
16,151
744
429
628
740
1,131
2
4
3
4
5
78.5
76.7
75.6
75.7
73.6
RACE AND HISPANIC OR
LATINO ETHNICITY
White ....................................................
Black or African American ....................
Asian .....................................................
Hispanic or Latino .................................
MARITAL STATUS
Never married .......................................
Married, spouse present .......................
Other marital status ..............................
Divorced ............................................
Separated ..........................................
Widowed ............................................
UNION AFFILIATION2
Members of unions3 .............................
Represented by unions4 .......................
Not represented by a union ..................
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Total, 25 years and over .......................
Less than a high school diploma ........
High school graduates, no college .....
Some college or associate degree .....
Bachelor’s degree and higher .............
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
2 Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union
affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective
bargaining agreement, including the distribution of male and female
employees by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region.
3 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union.
4 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose
jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African
American, and Asian) include persons who selected this race group only;
persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Estimates
for the race groups will not sum to totals because data are not presented for
all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be
of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race.
11
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2003 annual averages
Both sexes
Occupation
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Total, 16 years and over ............................. 100,302
Management, professional, and related
occupations ....................................
Management, business, and financial
operations occupations ...................
Management occupations ........................
Chief executives ...................................
General and operations managers .......
Advertising and promotions managers
Marketing and sales managers ............
Administrative services managers ........
Computer and information systems
managers ........................................
Financial managers ..............................
Human resources managers ................
Industrial production managers ............
Purchasing managers ...........................
Transportation, storage, and
distribution managers .....................
Farm, ranch, and other agricultural
managers ........................................
Construction managers ........................
Education administrators ......................
Engineering managers .........................
Food service managers ........................
Lodging managers ................................
Medical and health services managers
Property, real estate, and community
association managers .....................
Social and community service
managers ........................................
Business and financial operations
occupations ....................................
Wholesale and retail buyers, except
farm products ..................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale,
retail, and farm products .................
Claims adjusters, appraisers,
examiners, and investigators ..........
Compliance officers, except agriculture,
construction, health and safety, and
transportation ..................................
Cost estimators .....................................
Human resources, training, and labor
relations specialists ........................
Management analysts ..........................
Accountants and auditors .....................
Appraisers and assessors of real
estate ..............................................
Personal financial advisors ...................
Insurance underwriters .........................
Loan counselors and officers ................
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue
agents .............................................
Professional and related occupations ...........
Computer and mathematical occupations
Computer scientists and systems
analysts ..........................................
Computer programmers .......................
Computer software engineers ..............
Computer support specialists ...............
Database administrators .......................
Network and computer systems
administrators .................................
Network systems and data
communications analysts ...............
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
$620
$1
44,076
$552
$2
56,227
$695
$2
79.5
35,680
887
4
17,962
758
3
17,718
1,059
6
71.6
14,493
10,115
1,040
662
57
800
75
961
1,023
1,558
1,136
800
1,127
910
5
9
24
19
159
30
29
6,446
3,973
244
173
34
302
24
799
849
1,243
966
(2)
904
(2)
7
9
46
93
(2)
51
(2)
8,047
6,143
796
490
22
498
51
1,143
1,172
1,736
1,170
(2)
1,271
997
7
13
37
30
(2)
85
27
69.9
72.4
71.6
82.6
(3)
71.2
(3)
331
952
246
269
168
1,401
1,004
971
1,046
1,108
37
22
38
52
48
99
491
161
45
65
1,280
823
872
(2)
844
89
21
36
(2)
33
233
461
85
224
102
1,437
1,314
1,242
1,135
1,297
61
39
40
40
166
89.1
62.6
70.2
(3)
65.1
215
776
45
29
(2)
(2)
187
797
45
92
352
646
77
506
97
416
631
1,014
981
1,484
648
687
986
44
34
26
129
20
76
36
11
23
411
8
217
54
285
(2)
(2)
878
(2)
584
609
954
(2)
(2)
31
(2)
25
45
31
81
329
235
68
289
43
132
655
1,016
1,172
1,476
706
(2)
1,149
41
32
56
106
31
(2)
160
(3)
(3)
74.9
(3)
82.7
(3)
83.0
316
722
26
176
638
36
140
849
76
75.1
258
788
45
163
770
28
94
848
54
90.8
4,378
842
8
2,474
744
7
1,904
1,014
22
73.3
163
737
35
73
670
39
90
812
90
82.5
207
784
55
108
718
51
99
873
55
82.2
258
735
33
161
648
24
97
868
42
74.6
126
89
887
875
59
46
63
15
783
(2)
38
(2)
63
74
1,062
882
94
41
73.7
(3)
602
302
1,344
819
1,115
862
21
42
11
421
135
784
774
977
756
19
47
12
181
166
561
961
1,267
1,041
39
77
28
80.6
77.1
72.6
54
212
102
385
765
1,094
752
786
56
76
55
46
19
64
72
227
(2)
800
683
668
(2)
115
76
21
36
148
29
158
(2)
1,242
(2)
1,115
(2)
65
(2)
94
(3)
64.4
(3)
59.9
73
711
36
48
(2)
(2)
25
(2)
(2)
(3)
21,186
2,790
845
1,049
4
11
11,516
777
739
906
4
21
9,671
2,013
1,005
1,130
7
12
73.6
80.2
614
492
701
307
71
1,001
1,065
1,242
748
1,073
24
22
25
23
181
186
131
156
109
30
869
973
1,005
727
(2)
44
37
32
37
(2)
428
362
545
198
41
1,073
1,115
1,336
769
(2)
41
40
31
46
(2)
81.0
87.3
75.2
94.6
(3)
166
979
23
41
(2)
(2)
126
1,007
22
291
1,045
33
62
130
229
1,113
49
See footnotes at end of table.
12
817
(3)
(3)
73.4
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2003 annual averages — Continued
Both sexes
Occupation
Operations research analysts ...............
Architecture and engineering occupations
Architects, except naval ........................
Aerospace engineers ............................
Chemical engineers ..............................
Civil engineers ......................................
Computer hardware engineers .............
Electrical and electronics engineers .....
Industrial engineers, including health
and safety .......................................
Mechanical engineers ...........................
Drafters .................................................
Engineering technicians, except
drafters ...........................................
Surveying and mapping technicians .....
Life, physical, and social science
occupations ....................................
Biological scientists ..............................
Medical scientists .................................
Chemists and materials scientists ........
Environmental scientists and
geoscientists ...................................
Market and survey researchers ............
Psychologists ........................................
Chemical technicians ............................
Community and social services
occupations ....................................
Counselors ...........................................
Social workers ......................................
Miscellaneous community and social
service specialists ...........................
Clergy ...................................................
Directors, religious activities and
education ........................................
Religious workers, all other ..................
Legal occupations .....................................
Lawyers ................................................
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial
workers ...........................................
Paralegals and legal assistants ............
Miscellaneous legal support workers ....
Education, training, and library
occupations ....................................
Postsecondary teachers .......................
Preschool and kindergarten teachers ...
Elementary and middle school teachers
Secondary school teachers ..................
Special education teachers ..................
Other teachers and instructors .............
Librarians ..............................................
Teacher assistants ...............................
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and
media occupations ..........................
Artists and related workers ...................
Designers .............................................
Producers and directors .......................
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and
related workers ...............................
News analysts, reporters and
correspondents ...............................
Public relations specialists ....................
Editors ..................................................
Writers and authors ..............................
Broadcast and sound engineering
technicians and radio operators .....
Photographers ......................................
Healthcare practitioner and technical
occupations ....................................
Dietitians and nutritionists .....................
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
104
2,487
118
74
76
264
97
337
$1,022
1,053
1,013
1,362
1,250
1,150
1,083
1,332
$65
13
41
38
62
19
145
41
50
345
30
7
15
27
11
25
$955
827
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
$32
21
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
54
2,142
87
66
62
238
86
312
$1,145
1,094
1,131
1,353
1,289
1,164
1,137
1,348
$77
16
54
36
152
21
145
34
180
268
197
1,080
1,168
757
65
43
20
39
12
38
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
140
256
158
1,144
1,174
776
29
45
22
(3)
(3)
(3)
382
62
792
651
19
46
81
11
569
(2)
49
(2)
301
51
821
632
23
74
69.3
(3)
1,085
91
90
126
891
874
864
948
16
46
25
62
447
41
47
44
773
(2)
(2)
(2)
21
(2)
(2)
(2)
638
50
43
82
970
876
(2)
997
25
58
(2)
73
79.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
71
105
86
73
1,018
838
996
818
56
46
57
53
22
65
58
19
(2)
739
938
(2)
(2)
29
69
(2)
49
40
27
55
(2)
(2)
(2)
859
(2)
(2)
(2)
69
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
1,814
514
576
686
666
692
11
19
16
1,063
339
444
655
657
685
10
19
15
751
175
132
746
690
735
13
38
32
87.7
95.3
93.2
265
350
647
761
16
19
174
46
611
(2)
27
(2)
90
303
761
767
38
19
80.3
(3)
53
56
1,024
584
662
603
1,051
1,560
88
34
45
31
33
27
533
184
(2)
(2)
796
1,413
(2)
(2)
28
112
21
29
491
400
(2)
(2)
1,480
1,619
(2)
(2)
82
74
(3)
(3)
53.8
87.3
50
238
152
1,110
696
657
80
20
37
27
206
116
(2)
685
653
(2)
21
53
23
32
36
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
5,884
748
484
2,208
1,009
332
292
142
580
754
982
494
767
856
799
681
797
351
5
24
22
6
12
22
29
45
11
4,258
305
476
1,780
540
269
181
122
527
708
878
493
757
824
785
627
789
344
8
28
21
6
20
25
32
45
11
1,625
443
8
428
469
63
111
21
53
904
1,111
(2)
843
903
870
831
(2)
422
14
47
(2)
23
27
67
55
(2)
48
78.2
79.0
(3)
89.8
91.2
90.2
75.5
(3)
81.4
1,473
80
479
94
745
860
727
929
11
37
21
93
637
24
227
34
648
(2)
619
(2)
18
(2)
14
(2)
836
56
252
60
837
929
818
1,139
15
61
34
141
77.5
(3)
75.7
(3)
90
661
52
25
(2)
(2)
66
733
52
70
105
122
72
733
897
762
815
33
34
42
82
27
70
62
42
(2)
805
690
(2)
(2)
80
45
(2)
43
35
61
30
(2)
(2)
864
(2)
(2)
(2)
64
(2)
(3)
(3)
79.9
(3)
72
61
845
622
67
41
2
23
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
70
38
853
(2)
66
(2)
(3)
(3)
4,630
54
816
631
9
54
3,454
49
770
(2)
7
(2)
1,176
6
1,002
(2)
25
(2)
76.8
(3)
See footnotes at end of table.
13
83.3
75.6
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2003 annual averages — Continued
Both sexes
Occupation
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
Pharmacists ..........................................
Physicians and surgeons ......................
Physician assistants .............................
Registered nurses ................................
Physical therapists ................................
Respiratory therapists ...........................
Speech-language pathologists .............
Clinical laboratory technologists and
technicians ......................................
Diagnostic related technologists and
technicians ......................................
Emergency medical technicians and
paramedics .....................................
Health diagnosing and treating
practitioner support technicians ......
Licensed practical and licensed
vocational nurses ............................
Medical records and health information
technicians ......................................
156
531
55
1,829
120
72
67
$1,477
1,405
1,003
899
892
737
867
$43
53
83
10
26
50
48
74
167
37
1,650
78
37
64
$1,364
989
(2)
887
837
(2)
868
$48
69
(2)
10
33
(2)
45
82
364
18
179
42
35
3
$1,533
1,677
(2)
1,006
(2)
(2)
(2)
$111
189
(2)
40
(2)
(2)
(2)
89.0
59.0
(3)
88.2
(3)
(3)
(3)
233
751
21
168
738
23
65
810
97
91.1
204
759
30
137
718
41
67
869
65
82.6
109
662
26
31
(2)
78
683
38
(3)
288
497
14
229
497
15
59
495
29
100.5
401
587
10
380
584
10
22
(2)
(2)
(3)
85
505
25
83
502
24
3
(2)
(2)
(3)
Service occupations .........................................
Healthcare support occupations ...................
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health
aides ...............................................
Dental assistants ..................................
Protective service occupations .....................
First-line supervisors/managers of
police and detectives ......................
Fire fighters ...........................................
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers
Detectives and criminal investigators ...
Police and sheriff’s patrol officers .........
Private detectives and investigators .....
Security guards and gaming
surveillance officers ........................
Food preparation and serving related
occupations ....................................
Chefs and head cooks ..........................
First-line supervisors/managers of food
preparation and serving workers ....
Cooks ...................................................
Food preparation workers .....................
Bartenders ............................................
Combined food preparation and
serving workers, including fast food
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food
concession, and coffee shop ..........
Waiters and waitresses ........................
Food servers, nonrestaurant ................
Dining room and cafeteria attendants
and bartender helpers ....................
Dishwashers .........................................
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant,
lounge, and coffee shop .................
Building and grounds cleaning and
maintenance occupations ...............
First-line supervisors/managers of
housekeeping and janitorial work ...
First-line supervisors/managers of
landscaping, lawn service, and
groundskeeping workers ................
Janitors and building cleaners ..............
Maids and housekeeping cleaners .......
Pest control workers .............................
Grounds maintenance workers .............
Personal care and service occupations ........
First-line supervisors/managers of
gaming workers ..............................
13,333
2,023
403
400
2
4
6,625
1,802
366
396
3
4
6,708
221
463
469
5
33
79.0
84.5
1,285
169
2,405
377
492
630
5
15
11
1,144
157
441
372
490
505
5
15
12
141
12
1,964
438
(2)
666
35
(2)
12
85.0
(3)
75.9
123
235
373
116
596
50
904
816
629
941
764
637
31
35
21
77
18
72
25
7
95
25
69
21
(2)
(2)
521
(2)
731
(2)
(2)
(2)
18
(2)
38
(2)
98
229
278
91
527
29
920
819
671
1,017
770
(2)
38
39
25
84
26
(2)
(3)
(3)
77.7
(3)
94.9
(3)
652
445
13
151
387
15
500
468
14
82.6
3,819
241
349
463
4
22
1,886
42
326
(2)
4
(2)
1,933
199
373
490
5
21
87.2
(3)
509
1,149
305
183
413
334
320
408
8
5
8
18
283
452
152
89
391
317
310
361
9
5
10
23
226
697
152
93
485
348
334
466
19
7
16
55
80.6
90.9
92.7
77.4
125
316
13
96
319
15
29
(2)
(2)
(3)
80
775
90
276
335
382
12
10
18
51
528
53
271
318
368
12
6
13
28
247
37
(2)
385
(2)
(2)
11
(2)
(3)
82.6
(3)
152
154
331
288
15
8
66
28
306
(2)
18
(2)
87
126
353
290
20
9
86.6
(3)
55
321
17
43
(2)
(2)
12
3,280
390
4
1,157
329
6
2,123
421
5
78.2
151
469
19
65
411
15
86
516
17
79.7
111
1,405
806
58
749
1,806
626
402
323
528
395
391
18
6
4
62
7
5
3
364
682
4
38
1,339
(2)
349
317
(2)
(2)
370
(2)
11
4
(2)
2
( )
6
108
1,041
124
53
711
467
628
420
371
542
397
476
18
7
12
97
7
17
(3)
83.1
85.7
(3)
(3)
77.8
87
590
26
36
(2)
(2)
51
685
30
(3)
See footnotes at end of table.
14
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2003 annual averages — Continued
Both sexes
Occupation
First-line supervisors/managers of
personal service workers ................
Gaming services workers .....................
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and
cosmetologists ................................
Baggage porters, bellhops, and
concierges ......................................
Transportation attendants .....................
Child care workers ................................
Personal and home care aides .............
Recreation and fitness workers ............
Sales and office occupations ............................
Sales and related occupations .....................
First-line supervisors/managers of retail
sales workers ..................................
First-line supervisors/managers of
non-retail sales workers ..................
Cashiers ...............................................
Counter and rental clerks .....................
Parts salespersons ...............................
Retail salespersons ..............................
Advertising sales agents .......................
Insurance sales agents .........................
Securities, commodities, and financial
services sales agents .....................
Travel agents ........................................
Sales representatives, services, all
other ...............................................
Sales representatives, wholesale and
manufacturing .................................
Real estate brokers and sales agents ..
Telemarketers .......................................
Door-to-door sales workers, news and
street vendors, and related workers
Office and administrative support
occupations ....................................
First-line supervisors/managers of
office and administrative support ....
Bill and account collectors ....................
Billing and posting clerks and machine
operators ........................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing
clerks ..............................................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks .............
Tellers ...................................................
Court, municipal, and license clerks .....
Customer service representatives ........
Eligibility interviewers, government
programs ........................................
File clerks .............................................
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks .....
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan
Library assistants, clerical ....................
Loan interviewers and clerks ................
Order clerks ..........................................
Human resources assistants, except
payroll and timekeeping ..................
Receptionists and information clerks ....
Reservation and transportation ticket
agents and travel clerks ..................
Couriers and messengers ....................
Dispatchers ...........................................
Postal service clerks .............................
Postal service mail carriers ...................
Postal service mail sorters, processors,
and processing machine operators
Production, planning, and expediting
clerks ..............................................
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
58
75
$472
446
$62
37
45
38
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
13
37
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
307
390
13
286
$381
$13
21
(2)
(2)
(3)
57
75
377
270
150
432
587
330
351
453
36
44
12
10
38
7
57
359
237
104
(2)
510
326
342
408
(2)
37
11
11
23
49
18
18
33
46
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
25,108
9,924
545
598
3
4
15,652
4,367
502
452
2
6
9,456
5,557
$658
731
$5
7
76.3
61.9
2,259
611
7
938
496
8
1,321
705
12
70.4
880
1,378
110
131
1,840
162
380
828
319
450
488
488
670
743
24
3
37
46
8
40
18
263
1,040
56
13
765
99
183
732
315
411
(2)
382
594
609
28
3
38
(2)
9
28
16
618
338
54
118
1,075
63
197
887
339
527
527
599
880
981
27
16
100
53
10
64
40
82.5
93.0
78.0
(3)
63.7
67.5
62.1
315
60
1,010
589
39
26
103
50
699
588
35
23
211
10
1,255
(2)
234
(2)
55.7
(3)
418
826
30
141
760
36
277
861
26
88.3
1,163
410
114
885
695
375
24
58
15
279
251
68
675
608
346
38
18
14
884
159
46
947
953
(2)
20
30
(2)
71.3
63.7
(3)
68
409
25
23
(2)
45
(2)
(2)
(3)
15,184
523
2
11,286
513
2
3,899
584
6
87.9
1,450
195
650
498
10
13
984
137
609
491
7
15
467
58
766
518
16
25
79.4
94.7
379
508
8
339
505
9
40
(2)
(2)
(3)
978
143
275
77
1,503
515
549
395
563
514
7
21
8
34
7
894
129
250
62
1,038
512
540
393
551
503
7
22
9
37
7
84
14
25
16
465
595
(2)
(2)
(2)
560
27
(2)
(2)
(2)
22
86.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
89.9
78
254
75
89
50
179
88
581
482
397
504
449
572
517
22
13
29
21
17
29
24
59
215
53
68
46
153
61
571
478
392
505
(2)
554
485
20
14
50
20
(2)
28
24
19
40
22
21
5
26
26
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
57
892
580
449
21
9
51
831
585
446
19
9
6
61
(2)
500
(2)
20
(3)
89.2
142
166
224
175
296
542
594
551
753
777
32
24
25
23
17
97
28
121
71
95
502
(2)
527
721
765
16
(2)
22
44
38
45
138
103
104
201
(2)
599
588
784
782
(2)
32
21
17
23
(3)
(3)
89.5
92.0
97.8
109
776
28
48
(2)
(2)
61
822
35
236
634
28
125
16
111
722
41
See footnotes at end of table.
15
(2)
601
(3)
83.3
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2003 annual averages — Continued
Both sexes
Occupation
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks ...
Stock clerks and order fillers ................
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and
samplers, recordkeeping ................
Secretaries and administrative
assistants ........................................
Computer operators ..............................
Data entry keyers .................................
Word processors and typists ................
Insurance claims and policy processing
clerks ..............................................
Mail clerks and mail machine
operators, except postal service .....
Office clerks, general ............................
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance occupations ...............
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ...
Graders and sorters, agricultural
products ..........................................
Construction and extraction occupations ......
First-line supervisors/managers of
construction trades and extraction
workers ...........................................
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and
stonemasons ..................................
Carpenters ............................................
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and
finishers ..........................................
Cement masons, concrete finishers,
and terrazzo workers ......................
Construction laborers ...........................
Operating engineers and other
construction equipment operators ..
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers,
and tapers .......................................
Electricians ...........................................
Painters, construction and
maintenance ...................................
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and
steamfitters .....................................
Roofers .................................................
Sheet metal workers .............................
Structural iron and steel workers ..........
Helpers, construction trades .................
Construction and building inspectors ....
Highway maintenance workers .............
Installation, maintenance, and repair
occupations ....................................
First-line supervisors/managers of
mechanics, installers, and repairers
Computer, automated teller, and office
machine repairers ...........................
Radio and telecommunications
equipment installers and repairers
Security and fire alarm systems
installers .........................................
Aircraft mechanics and service
technicians ......................................
Automotive body and related repairers
Automotive service technicians and
mechanics ......................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel
engine specialists ...........................
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment
service technicians and mechanics
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
494
967
$476
414
$11
6
134
375
$452
403
$21
8
361
592
$485
425
$13
13
66
513
31
31
(2)
(2)
35
(2)
(2)
(3)
2,794
168
464
270
532
604
494
518
6
30
10
11
2,692
83
377
246
531
515
488
515
6
15
10
10
101
85
88
24
573
685
529
(2)
50
24
19
(2)
92.7
75.3
92.2
(3)
238
549
16
203
546
15
35
(2)
(2)
(3)
124
610
451
502
17
10
65
511
425
502
20
10
59
100
475
502
22
30
89.4
99.9
11,082
778
608
369
3
7
469
152
449
318
22
9
10,612
626
613
384
3
8
73.2
82.7
62
387
18
38
(2)
24
5,973
599
5
141
16
5,831
602
5
569
810
22
13
(2)
(2)
555
815
23
(3)
148
1,048
597
551
23
14
1
13
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
147
1,036
598
552
24
14
(3)
(3)
160
472
32
2
(2)
(2)
158
478
34
(3)
102
871
591
494
33
8
2
28
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
100
843
596
496
34
8
(3)
(3)
354
646
25
7
(2)
(2)
347
649
25
(3)
138
671
477
748
18
20
2
14
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
136
657
475
748
25
20
(3)
(3)
420
480
9
22
(2)
(2)
398
485
10
(3)
470
157
130
57
101
82
64
678
487
703
782
420
778
546
20
15
33
35
12
43
42
4
2
5
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
2
( )
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
2
( )
(2)
466
155
125
57
98
75
60
678
486
717
782
418
795
557
19
16
34
35
12
33
41
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
4,331
673
7
4
7
4
176
(2)
497
629
(2)
(2)
93.1
94.8
(3)
82.6
27
4,155
675
7
(2)
93.1
290
832
20
(3)
316
832
18
26
(2)
233
672
27
33
(2)
(2)
199
707
37
(3)
235
786
34
36
(2)
(2)
199
815
33
(3)
53
669
24
2
(2)
(2)
51
676
48
(3)
122
148
821
531
39
50
3
2
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
119
146
834
541
67
62
(3)
(3)
663
606
14
5
(2)
(2)
658
605
14
(3)
317
681
15
-
-
317
680
16
(3)
186
692
38
(2)
(2)
184
688
38
(3)
2
See footnotes at end of table.
16
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2003 annual averages — Continued
Both sexes
Occupation
Heating, air conditioning, and
refrigeration mechanics and
installers .........................................
Industrial and refractory machinery
mechanics ......................................
Maintenance and repair workers,
general ............................................
Millwrights .............................................
Electrical power-line installers and
repairers .........................................
Telecommunications line installers and
repairers .........................................
Production, transportation, and material
moving occupations ........................
Production occupations ................................
First-line supervisors/managers of
production and operating workers ..
Electrical, electronics, and
electromechanical assemblers .......
Bakers ..................................................
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and
fish processing workers ..................
Food batchmakers ................................
Computer control programmers and
operators ........................................
Cutting, punching, and press machine
setters, operators, and tenders .......
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and
buffing machine tool setters,
operators ........................................
Machinists .............................................
Molders and molding machine setters,
operators, and tenders, metal .........
Tool and die makers .............................
Welding, soldering, and brazing
workers ...........................................
Job printers ...........................................
Printing machine operators ...................
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers .......
Pressers, textile, garment, and related
materials .........................................
Sewing machine operators ...................
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers ........
Sawing machine setters, operators,
and tenders, wood ..........................
Stationary engineers and boiler
operators ........................................
Water and liquid waste treatment plant
and system operators .....................
Chemical processing machine setters,
operators, and tenders ...................
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing,
and blending workers .....................
Cutting workers .....................................
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers,
and weighers ..................................
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic
laboratory technicians .....................
Packaging and filling machine
operators and tenders ....................
Painting workers ...................................
Paper goods machine setters,
operators, and tenders ...................
Helpers--production workers ................
Transportation and material moving
occupations ....................................
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
302
$621
$21
3
(2)
(2)
299
$621
$20
(3)
461
686
19
9
(2)
(2)
452
690
19
(3)
264
69
607
809
18
48
8
2
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
256
67
608
821
18
55
(3)
(3)
111
800
29
1
(2)
(2)
110
801
29
(3)
152
713
43
11
(2)
(2)
141
699
41
(3)
15,100
8,599
519
519
2
3
3,367
2,530
$407
406
$3
4
11,733
6,069
570
583
4
4
71.4
69.6
867
693
16
166
516
15
701
737
18
69.9
244
125
440
418
29
29
147
48
404
(2)
14
(2)
97
78
510
483
19
20
79.1
(3)
275
86
421
472
11
28
73
25
335
(2)
37
(2)
202
61
472
450
23
30
71.0
(3)
51
616
44
4
(2)
(2)
47
147
507
16
40
(2)
(2)
108
77
438
504
616
17
13
13
23
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
66
77
443
776
48
46
18
3
(2)
(2)
484
72
167
116
577
597
594
348
16
19
18
14
36
8
23
73
56
277
62
323
344
472
13
13
33
62
452
106
(2)
(3)
535
24
(3)
64
414
512
626
20
16
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
48
74
(2)
772
(2)
40
(3)
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
328
(2)
(2)
(2)
18
448
64
144
44
597
608
606
(2)
15
20
16
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
42
210
39
(2)
326
(2)
(2)
13
(2)
14
68
23
(2)
389
(2)
(2)
29
(2)
(3)
83.9
(3)
56
11
(2)
(2)
51
481
23
(3)
711
41
2
(2)
(2)
104
711
40
(3)
58
688
32
3
(2)
(2)
55
695
31
(3)
67
848
54
9
(2)
(2)
58
881
35
(3)
105
84
582
460
22
67
8
15
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
96
69
586
504
25
36
(3)
(3)
645
571
15
259
16
386
657
20
448
82
527
32
43
(2)
272
142
390
509
10
20
148
21
362
(2)
13
(2)
123
121
63
61
435
412
67
23
22
20
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
40
41
6,501
520
4
837
8
5,664
See footnotes at end of table.
17
410
(2)
39
(2)
(2)
430
530
(2)
(2)
547
(2)
25
30
(2)
(2)
7
68.2
(3)
84.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
75.0
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 2003 annual averages — Continued
Both sexes
Occupation
Supervisors, transportation and
material moving workers .................
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers ........
Bus drivers ............................................
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs ..................
Railroad conductors and yardmasters ..
Service station attendants ....................
Crane and tower operators ...................
Dredge, excavating, and loading
machine operators ..........................
Industrial truck and tractor operators ....
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment ....
Laborers and freight, stock, and
material movers, hand ....................
Machine feeders and offbearers ...........
Packers and packagers, hand ..............
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
Median
of
weekly
workers
earnings
(in
thousands)
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
185
90
334
2,611
188
54
68
60
$705
1,350
501
603
481
884
369
589
$31
183
15
6
16
32
30
33
27
4
137
101
21
2
8
2
(2)
(2)
$470
474
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
$15
29
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
158
86
197
2,510
166
52
60
58
$705
1,360
536
606
497
892
371
598
$35
146
49
6
16
31
42
33
62
502
217
653
488
373
30
9
14
1
39
32
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
61
463
186
656
488
375
30
9
13
(3)
(3)
(3)
1,261
53
350
464
437
348
9
26
10
191
23
217
415
(2)
350
16
(2)
12
1,069
30
133
475
(2)
345
9
(2)
16
87.4
(3)
101.4
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
(3)
(3)
87.6
78.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
2 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
3 Data not shown where base for either the numerator or denominator is
less than 50,000.
18
Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex and State, 2003 annual averages
Both sexes
State
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
UNITED STATES ..................... 100,302
Median
weekly
earnings
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Men
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
$620
$1
44,076
$552
$2
56,227
$695
$2
79.5
Alabama .......................................
Alaska ...........................................
Arizona .........................................
Arkansas .......................................
California ......................................
1,547
219
1,771
870
11,816
588
725
623
515
664
10
12
11
10
7
677
99
720
387
4,939
482
629
558
445
615
19
20
15
13
5
869
120
1,051
483
6,877
663
802
682
587
706
18
22
18
10
8
72.7
78.4
81.9
75.8
87.1
Colorado .......................................
Connecticut ...................................
Delaware ......................................
District of Columbia ......................
Florida ...........................................
1,631
1,163
309
244
5,641
670
783
646
729
568
13
18
12
14
7
682
525
144
124
2,608
611
666
583
708
502
10
18
16
23
5
949
638
165
120
3,033
725
900
713
745
623
18
23
20
17
8
84.2
74.1
81.8
95.1
80.7
Georgia .........................................
Hawaii ...........................................
Idaho .............................................
Illinois ............................................
Indiana ..........................................
3,222
422
421
4,466
2,269
598
610
535
645
612
7
9
14
8
8
1,453
191
172
1,951
954
561
544
476
571
520
14
24
11
10
11
1,769
231
249
2,516
1,315
639
683
601
725
696
15
23
11
12
19
87.7
79.6
79.2
78.7
74.7
Iowa ..............................................
Kansas ..........................................
Kentucky .......................................
Louisiana ......................................
Maine ............................................
1,060
944
1,364
1,431
429
604
601
568
543
591
8
10
11
14
12
468
428
617
672
189
520
528
498
454
505
11
16
12
13
14
593
516
747
758
240
668
673
632
636
657
17
19
20
17
16
77.9
78.4
78.7
71.4
76.9
Maryland .......................................
Massachusetts ..............................
Michigan .......................................
Minnesota .....................................
Mississippi ....................................
2,089
2,322
3,329
1,875
958
738
755
674
730
517
11
10
10
12
8
971
1,000
1,445
818
444
666
665
579
615
454
16
13
10
12
17
1,118
1,322
1,883
1,057
515
791
853
778
834
580
26
17
13
20
17
84.3
78.0
74.3
73.8
78.3
Missouri ........................................
Montana ........................................
Nebraska ......................................
Nevada .........................................
New Hampshire ............................
2,104
273
644
823
478
613
518
569
561
690
10
8
14
14
17
944
120
286
351
201
525
449
484
505
572
16
12
10
8
17
1,160
153
357
472
278
684
603
652
606
794
17
15
17
10
26
76.7
74.5
74.3
83.3
72.1
New Jersey ...................................
New Mexico ..................................
New York ......................................
North Carolina ..............................
North Dakota ................................
3,136
583
6,456
2,958
218
750
548
650
579
520
9
16
7
6
9
1,379
262
2,921
1,318
97
655
483
590
509
451
15
16
6
7
11
1,757
321
3,535
1,640
121
821
606
723
634
607
15
18
9
13
14
79.8
79.7
81.7
80.3
74.2
Ohio ..............................................
Oklahoma .....................................
Oregon ..........................................
Pennsylvania ................................
Rhode Island ................................
4,007
1,167
1,155
4,230
378
624
550
621
626
642
8
15
11
8
15
1,744
526
480
1,833
171
524
485
536
539
579
9
9
16
13
14
2,263
641
675
2,398
207
697
620
715
716
723
11
12
16
11
22
75.2
78.2
74.9
75.3
80.0
South Carolina ..............................
South Dakota ................................
Tennessee ....................................
Texas ............................................
Utah ..............................................
1,398
278
2,024
7,715
748
579
518
561
550
606
11
6
13
8
9
656
127
927
3,356
297
503
468
497
501
507
12
10
8
6
12
743
150
1,097
4,358
451
649
582
640
600
672
19
13
18
7
15
77.5
80.3
77.7
83.5
75.4
Vermont ........................................
Virginia ..........................................
Washington ...................................
West Virginia ................................
Wisconsin .....................................
Wyoming .......................................
213
2,738
1,998
558
2,028
180
613
667
691
552
631
594
8
15
15
14
10
11
96
1,264
837
236
890
77
555
581
579
457
547
467
14
13
17
14
14
15
117
1,474
1,161
323
1,138
103
674
761
797
621
713
715
18
15
24
15
16
13
82.4
76.4
72.6
73.6
76.8
65.3
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
NOTE: Data refer to persons 16 years and over.
19
Table 4. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2003 annual averages
Both sexes
Characteristic
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
21,809
8,078
4,187
3,891
13,731
3,348
3,566
3,065
2,159
1,593
$192
142
115
177
231
236
251
253
217
175
18,450
2,023
781
2,419
9,648
9,373
2,788
1,500
607
681
Women
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
$1
1
1
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
14,941
4,570
2,289
2,281
10,370
2,416
2,969
2,523
1,558
905
$197
140
114
173
230
233
247
252
214
161
192
182
212
190
1
3
6
3
12,748
1,319
524
1,540
152
240
206
223
196
182
1
2
3
4
7
6
5,320
7,440
2,180
1,155
433
592
Standard
error
of
median
Men
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
$1
2
2
3
2
4
4
5
5
6
6,868
3,508
1,898
1,610
3,361
932
598
542
601
688
$180
144
117
182
235
245
270
255
222
193
$2
2
2
3
4
7
9
9
6
6
109.3
97.4
97.1
95.1
97.9
94.9
91.3
98.9
96.2
83.5
199
180
219
183
2
4
8
4
5,702
704
257
880
178
185
199
204
2
5
11
5
111.3
97.0
110.2
89.7
150
238
204
221
193
181
2
3
3
5
8
6
4,328
1,933
608
344
174
89
155
244
216
228
203
189
2
5
7
11
13
20
96.9
97.5
94.7
96.9
94.7
96.0
Standard
error
of
median
Standard
error
of
median
AGE
Total, 16 years and over .................
16 to 24 years .......................................
16 to 19 years ....................................
20 to 24 years ....................................
25 years and over .................................
25 to 34 years ....................................
35 to 44 years ....................................
45 to 54 years ....................................
55 to 64 years ....................................
65 years and over ..............................
RACE AND HISPANIC OR
LATINO ETHNICITY
White ....................................................
Black or African American ....................
Asian .....................................................
Hispanic or Latino .................................
MARITAL STATUS
Never married .......................................
Married, spouse present .......................
Other marital status ..............................
Divorced ............................................
Separated ..........................................
Widowed ............................................
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African
American, and Asian) include persons who selected this race group only;
persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Estimates
for the race groups will not sum to totals because data are not presented for
all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be
of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race.
20
Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of employed (full- and part-time) wage and salary workers by hours usually worked and sex, 2003 annual
averages
Both sexes
Hours of work
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Total, 16 years and over ........ 122,358
Women
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
$541
$2
59,122
Median
weekly
earnings
Men
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
$461
$2
63,236
$633
$2
72.8
Median
weekly
earnings
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
1 to 34 hours .................................
1 to 4 hours .................................
5 to 9 hours .................................
10 to 14 hours .............................
15 to 19 hours .............................
20 to 24 hours .............................
25 to 29 hours .............................
30 to 34 hours .............................
19,222
478
1,150
1,735
2,539
5,820
2,543
4,958
196
51
64
96
126
187
228
298
1
3
1
2
2
2
3
3
13,288
333
779
1,186
1,791
4,052
1,766
3,381
201
48
66
98
132
196
230
307
1
4
2
2
3
2
4
3
5,933
144
371
549
749
1,767
777
1,576
185
59
60
92
120
170
224
279
2
6
2
3
2
2
4
5
109.0
81.7
109.8
106.5
110.0
115.4
102.9
109.9
35 hours and over .........................
35 to 39 hours .............................
40 hours ......................................
41 hours and over .......................
41 to 44 hours ...........................
45 to 48 hours ...........................
49 to 59 hours ...........................
60 hours and over .....................
94,517
7,287
67,040
20,191
1,336
5,832
8,773
4,251
622
418
583
938
721
817
1,015
1,060
1
4
1
5
13
8
7
20
41,872
5,048
30,795
6,029
575
2,010
2,486
958
559
430
529
831
657
759
909
896
2
6
2
7
18
9
12
17
52,645
2,239
36,245
14,161
761
3,821
6,286
3,293
696
395
621
989
770
853
1,066
1,134
3
6
2
6
19
10
11
13
80.2
108.8
85.3
84.0
85.4
88.9
85.3
79.0
Hours vary ....................................
Usually less than 35 hours .........
Usually 35 hours or more ...........
8,619
2,587
5,785
384
158
569
6
3
11
3,962
1,652
2,204
271
162
415
5
4
9
4,657
935
3,581
520
151
666
11
5
13
52.1
107.2
62.3
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.
Detail for the above "hours vary" groups will not sum to totals because data
are not presented for a small number of multiple jobholders whose usual
number of hours on the principal job is not identifiable.
21
Table 6. Quartiles and selected deciles of usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by selected
characteristics, 2003 annual averages
Characteristic
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Upper limit of:
First
decile
First
quartile
Second
quartile
(median)
Third
quartile
Ninth
decile
$301
284
320
$413
380
456
$620
552
695
$948
806
1,066
$1,419
1,155
1,577
SEX, RACE, AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Total, 16 years and over ........................................................... 100,302
Women ...................................................................................
44,076
Men .........................................................................................
56,227
White ........................................................................................
Women ...................................................................................
Men .........................................................................................
81,916
34,916
47,001
306
287
326
422
386
472
636
567
715
972
819
1,099
1,453
1,170
1,628
Black or African American ........................................................
Women ...................................................................................
Men .........................................................................................
11,887
6,301
5,585
281
268
294
369
349
390
514
491
555
757
724
799
1,069
1,010
1,140
Asian .........................................................................................
Women ...................................................................................
Men .........................................................................................
4,314
1,872
2,442
305
286
324
431
398
479
693
598
772
1,106
908
1,247
1,654
1,321
1,860
Hispanic or Latino .....................................................................
Women ...................................................................................
Men .........................................................................................
13,634
4,957
8,677
260
243
275
318
302
331
440
410
464
656
607
687
964
873
1,016
Total, 25 years and over ...........................................................
Less than a high school diploma ............................................
High school graduates, no college .........................................
Some college or associate degree .........................................
Bachelor’s degree and higher .................................................
89,513
8,594
27,082
24,610
29,226
318
243
301
339
477
447
302
399
462
671
662
396
554
639
964
994
535
772
907
1,430
1,470
753
1,049
1,235
1,976
Women, 25 years and over ......................................................
Less than a high school diploma ............................................
High school graduates, no college .........................................
Some college or associate degree .........................................
Bachelor’s degree and higher .................................................
39,444
2,839
11,810
11,719
13,075
295
217
277
310
439
400
273
351
409
608
584
329
474
560
832
843
430
631
759
1,157
1,195
575
847
1,012
1,580
Men, 25 years and over ............................................................
Less than a high school diploma ............................................
High school graduates, no college .........................................
Some college or associate degree .........................................
Bachelor’s degree and higher .................................................
50,069
5,755
15,272
12,891
16,151
352
269
339
385
516
498
324
458
524
755
744
429
628
740
1,131
1,131
599
875
1,023
1,636
1,655
827
1,163
1,406
2,293
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
NOTE: Ten percent of all full-time wage and salary workers
earn less than the upper limit of the first decile; 25 percent earn
less than the upper limit of the first quartile; 50 percent earn less
than the upper limit of the second quartile, or median; 75 percent
earn less than the upper limit of the third quartile; and 90 percent
earn less than the upper limit of the ninth decile. Estimates for the
above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian)
include persons who selected this race group only; persons who
selected more than one race group are not included. Estimates
for the race groups will not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as
Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are
classified by ethnicity as well as by race.
22
Table 7. Usual weekly earnings distribution of full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2003 annual averages
(In thousands)
Usual weekly earnings distribution
Characteristic
Total
employed
Under
$150.00
$150.00
to
$249.99
$250.00
to
$349.99
$350.00
to
$499.99
$500.00
to
$749.99
$750.00
to
$999.99
$1000.00 $1500.00
to
or
$1499.99
more
Total, 16 years and over ..................................... 100,302
16 to 24 years ............................................................... 10,790
16 to 19 years ............................................................
1,602
20 to 24 years ............................................................
9,187
25 years and over ......................................................... 89,513
25 to 34 years ............................................................ 24,776
35 to 44 years ............................................................ 27,095
45 to 54 years ............................................................ 24,446
55 to 64 years ............................................................ 11,439
65 years and over ......................................................
1,756
979
222
73
149
756
206
203
191
104
52
3,381
963
284
679
2,418
809
681
534
284
110
11,252
3,028
643
2,385
8,224
2,800
2,308
1,864
945
306
19,951
3,495
422
3,073
16,456
5,396
4,830
3,982
1,880
367
25,450
2,202
142
2,060
23,248
7,299
6,801
6,016
2,800
332
16,130
610
20
589
15,521
3,997
4,790
4,460
2,057
217
14,402
219
15
204
14,183
2,992
4,488
4,530
1,966
208
8,757
50
3
47
8,707
1,278
2,994
2,869
1,403
164
Women, 16 years and over ................................
16 to 24 years ...............................................................
16 to 19 years ............................................................
20 to 24 years ............................................................
25 years and over .........................................................
25 to 34 years ............................................................
35 to 44 years ............................................................
45 to 54 years ............................................................
55 to 64 years ............................................................
65 years and over ......................................................
44,076
4,632
666
3,965
39,444
10,475
11,646
11,296
5,286
742
552
117
31
86
435
114
121
114
67
19
2,016
497
139
357
1,520
454
455
360
190
61
6,189
1,377
289
1,088
4,811
1,422
1,405
1,208
601
175
10,133
1,466
158
1,308
8,667
2,519
2,559
2,338
1,070
182
11,857
892
44
848
10,966
3,170
3,120
3,068
1,469
139
6,607
210
1
209
6,397
1,603
1,891
1,928
895
80
4,653
61
3
59
4,592
879
1,418
1,567
664
64
2,068
11
1
10
2,057
313
678
714
331
22
Men, 16 years and over ......................................
16 to 24 years ...............................................................
16 to 19 years ............................................................
20 to 24 years ............................................................
25 years and over .........................................................
25 to 34 years ............................................................
35 to 44 years ............................................................
45 to 54 years ............................................................
55 to 64 years ............................................................
65 years and over ......................................................
56,227
6,158
936
5,222
50,069
14,301
15,449
13,150
6,154
1,015
426
105
42
63
322
92
82
77
38
33
1,364
466
144
322
898
354
226
174
94
49
5,063
1,651
354
1,297
3,412
1,377
903
656
344
131
9,818
2,029
264
1,765
7,789
2,877
2,271
1,644
811
186
13,593
1,310
98
1,213
12,283
4,129
3,681
2,948
1,331
193
9,523
400
19
381
9,124
2,393
2,899
2,533
1,162
137
9,749
157
12
146
9,591
2,113
3,070
2,964
1,302
144
6,689
39
3
36
6,650
965
2,316
2,155
1,072
142
White, 16 years and over ....................................
Women .........................................................................
Men ...............................................................................
81,916
34,916
47,001
770
429
342
2,547
1,495
1,052
8,710
4,690
4,020
15,608
7,833
7,775
20,809
9,555
11,253
13,517
5,371
8,146
12,271
3,791
8,480
7,684
1,752
5,932
Black or African American, 16 years and over ...
Women .........................................................................
Men ...............................................................................
11,887
6,301
5,585
144
89
55
600
379
221
1,780
1,086
694
3,079
1,670
1,408
3,128
1,588
1,540
1,613
806
807
1,138
523
616
405
161
244
Asian, 16 years and over ....................................
Women .........................................................................
Men ...............................................................................
4,314
1,872
2,442
46
24
22
151
85
66
432
228
204
743
363
380
950
483
467
680
296
383
748
262
486
565
131
434
Hispanic or Latino, 16 years and over ................
Women .........................................................................
Men ...............................................................................
13,634
4,957
8,677
189
84
105
892
447
445
3,019
1,258
1,761
3,851
1,348
2,503
3,017
1,014
2,003
1,374
463
911
920
265
655
372
80
293
AGE AND SEX
RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC OR
LATINO ETHNICITY
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African
American, and Asian) include persons who selected this race group only;
persons who selected more than one race group are not included.
Estimates for the race groups will not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or
Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well
as by race.
23
Table 8. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, marital status, and
presence and age of own children under 18 years old, 2003 annual averages
Standard
error
of
median
Number of
workers
(in thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Total, all marital statuses ............................................
With children under 18 years old ............................
With children 6 to 17, none younger ....................
With children under 6 years old ...........................
With no children under 18 years old .......................
44,076
16,772
10,663
6,109
27,304
$552
539
554
515
561
$2
4
5
5
3
Total, married, spouse present ...................................
With children under 18 years old ............................
With children 6 to 17, none younger ....................
With children under 6 years old ...........................
With no children under 18 years old .......................
23,230
11,238
7,009
4,230
11,992
588
582
581
583
594
2
3
4
5
3
Total, other marital statuses1 .....................................
With children under 18 years old ............................
With children 6 to 17, none younger ....................
With children under 6 years old ...........................
With no children under 18 years old .......................
20,845
5,534
3,655
1,879
15,312
512
476
511
404
526
2
4
5
5
4
Total, all marital statuses ............................................
With children under 18 years old ............................
With children 6 to 17, none younger ....................
With children under 6 years old ...........................
With no children under 18 years old .......................
56,227
22,021
11,732
10,289
34,206
695
767
806
727
646
2
4
7
6
3
Total, married, spouse present ...................................
With children under 18 years old ............................
With children 6 to 17, none younger ....................
With children under 6 years old ...........................
With no children under 18 years old .......................
34,997
20,344
10,764
9,580
14,653
786
786
823
750
786
4
5
7
6
5
Total, other marital statuses1 .....................................
With children under 18 years old ............................
With children 6 to 17, none younger ....................
With children under 6 years old ...........................
With no children under 18 years old .......................
21,229
1,676
968
709
19,553
561
587
669
497
558
4
9
17
10
4
Characteristic
WOMEN
MEN
1 Includes never-married, divorced, separated,
and widowed persons.
NOTE: Children refer to "own" children and
include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted
children. Excluded are other related children such as
grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, and
unrelated children.
24
Table 9. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates by selected characteristics, 2003 annual averages
Both sexes
Characteristic
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Women
Median
hourly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
72,946
15,871
5,412
10,460
57,075
16,499
16,827
14,544
7,130
2,075
$10.85
7.90
6.93
8.66
12.05
11.25
12.46
12.97
12.19
9.19
$0.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.06
.10
.06
.08
.10
59,109
9,419
2,528
11,462
10.97
10.15
11.12
9.76
24,737
35,963
12,246
7,840
2,881
1,524
Men
Women’s
earnings
as
percent
of men’s1
Median
hourly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
hourly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
37,093
7,841
2,804
5,037
29,252
7,734
8,604
7,852
3,928
1,134
$10.08
7.59
6.85
8.19
11.01
10.51
11.17
11.79
11.05
8.84
$0.02
.04
.03
.03
.03
.09
.06
.07
.08
.12
35,853
8,031
2,608
5,423
27,823
8,765
8,224
6,691
3,202
941
$11.89
8.14
7.02
9.00
13.25
12.01
14.13
14.93
14.09
9.79
$0.03
.03
.03
.04
.06
.05
.10
.06
.14
.08
84.8
93.2
97.6
91.1
83.1
87.6
79.0
79.0
78.4
90.4
.03
.03
.13
.05
29,668
5,173
1,320
4,687
10.11
9.91
10.68
8.88
.02
.04
.24
.06
29,441
4,246
1,208
6,775
12.03
10.81
11.89
10.03
.03
.10
.14
.03
84.1
91.6
89.8
88.5
8.93
12.33
11.12
11.91
10.07
9.99
.03
.05
.05
.05
.05
.09
11,633
17,802
7,658
4,858
1,576
1,224
8.37
11.09
10.46
11.06
9.82
9.71
.05
.04
.09
.08
.07
.16
13,104
18,162
4,587
2,983
1,305
300
9.42
13.97
12.32
13.23
10.59
11.83
.09
.05
.14
.18
.31
.30
88.9
79.4
84.9
83.6
92.7
82.1
9,906
10,802
62,145
15.73
15.32
10.18
.14
.14
.01
3,638
4,091
33,002
13.58
13.45
9.89
.19
.19
.02
6,267
6,711
29,143
17.16
16.98
10.95
.14
.10
.04
79.1
79.2
90.3
57,075
8,014
22,114
17,838
9,109
12.05
9.16
11.77
12.90
16.20
.02
.04
.05
.05
.17
29,252
3,213
10,854
9,872
5,314
11.01
8.05
10.19
11.87
16.14
.03
.04
.03
.04
.17
27,823
4,801
11,260
7,967
3,795
13.25
10.02
13.42
14.77
16.38
.06
.03
.11
.11
.31
83.1
80.3
75.9
80.4
98.5
AGE
Total, 16 years and over .............
16 to 24 years .......................................
16 to 19 years ....................................
20 to 24 years ....................................
25 years and over .................................
25 to 34 years ....................................
35 to 44 years ....................................
45 to 54 years ....................................
55 to 64 years ....................................
65 years and over ..............................
RACE AND HISPANIC OR
LATINO ETHNICITY
White ....................................................
Black or African American ....................
Asian .....................................................
Hispanic or Latino .................................
MARITAL STATUS
Never married .......................................
Married, spouse present .......................
Other marital status ..............................
Divorced ............................................
Separated ..........................................
Widowed ............................................
UNION AFFILIATION2
Members of unions3 .............................
Represented by unions4 .......................
Not represented by a union ..................
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Total, 25 years and over .......................
Less than a high school diploma ........
High school graduates, no college .....
Some college or associate degree .....
Bachelor’s degree and higher .............
1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
2 Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union
affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective
bargaining agreement, including the distribution of male and female
employees by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region.
3 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union.
4 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose
jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Hourly-paid workers account for approximately three-fifths of all
wage and salary workers. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black
or African American, and Asian) include persons who selected this race group
only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included.
Estimates for the race groups will not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or
Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as
by race.
25
Table 10. Hourly earnings distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates by selected characteristics, 2003 annual averages
(In thousands)
Hourly earnings distribution
Characteristic
Total
employed Under
$4.00
$4.00
to
$4.99
$5.00
to
$5.99
$6.00
to
$7.99
$8.00
to
$9.99
$10.00 $12.00 $15.00 $20.00
to
to
to
or
$11.99 $14.99 $19.99 more
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over .......................................................
16 to 24 years .................................................................................
16 to 19 years ...............................................................................
20 to 24 years ...............................................................................
25 years and over ...........................................................................
25 to 34 years ...............................................................................
35 to 44 years ...............................................................................
45 to 54 years ...............................................................................
55 to 64 years ...............................................................................
65 years and over .........................................................................
72,946
15,871
5,412
10,460
57,075
16,499
16,827
14,544
7,130
2,075
1,053
524
178
346
529
237
128
98
28
38
136
75
41
34
61
23
19
10
7
1
Women, 16 years and over ..................................................
16 to 24 years .................................................................................
16 to 19 years ...............................................................................
20 to 24 years ...............................................................................
25 years and over ...........................................................................
25 to 34 years ...............................................................................
35 to 44 years ...............................................................................
45 to 54 years ...............................................................................
55 to 64 years ...............................................................................
65 years and over .........................................................................
37,093
7,841
2,804
5,037
29,252
7,734
8,604
7,852
3,928
1,134
759
390
136
254
369
155
86
69
23
37
87
47
29
19
39
11
15
7
6
1,529
787
482
306
742
197
223
179
80
63
7,373
2,992
1,429
1,562
4,381
1,304
1,202
976
608
291
7,339
1,800
475
1,325
5,539
1,534
1,598
1,364
762
281
6,153
992
182
810
5,161
1,412
1,519
1,374
677
180
5,558
545
47
498
5,013
1,341
1,401
1,462
688
122
4,298
206
22
185
4,092
1,006
1,265
1,196
544
81
3,997
82
4
79
3,915
774
1,296
1,225
542
79
Men, 16 years and over ........................................................
16 to 24 years .................................................................................
16 to 19 years ...............................................................................
20 to 24 years ...............................................................................
25 years and over ...........................................................................
25 to 34 years ...............................................................................
35 to 44 years ...............................................................................
45 to 54 years ...............................................................................
55 to 64 years ...............................................................................
65 years and over .........................................................................
35,853
8,031
2,608
5,423
27,823
8,765
8,224
6,691
3,202
941
294
135
42
92
160
82
42
28
5
1
49
28
12
16
22
12
4
3
1
1
1,066
704
475
229
363
145
87
64
38
28
4,916
2,552
1,202
1,350
2,364
966
531
413
242
211
5,629
2,018
548
1,470
3,611
1,346
984
674
375
231
5,620
1,303
198
1,105
4,316
1,612
1,177
860
497
170
5,911
744
82
662
5,167
1,770
1,517
1,225
550
104
6,136
393
33
359
5,743
1,604
1,848
1,525
676
91
6,231
154
15
139
6,077
1,227
2,033
1,899
816
102
White, 16 years and over ......................................................
Women ...........................................................................................
Men .................................................................................................
59,109
29,668
29,441
914
676
238
115
77
39
1,999
1,161
838
9,901 10,230
5,885 5,776
4,016 4,454
9,284
4,833
4,451
9,368
4,506
4,862
8,682
3,520
5,163
8,615
3,235
5,380
Black or African American, 16 years and over .....................
Women ...........................................................................................
Men .................................................................................................
9,419
5,173
4,246
79
45
34
17
7
10
473
291
181
1,606
1,043
563
1,928
1,117
811
1,759
930
829
1,448
735
714
1,134
524
611
974
482
493
Asian, 16 years and over ......................................................
Women ...........................................................................................
Men .................................................................................................
2,528
1,320
1,208
32
17
15
2
2
49
30
20
423
249
175
426
232
194
410
224
186
383
200
184
368
163
205
432
203
230
Hispanic or Latino, 16 years and over ..................................
Women ...........................................................................................
Men .................................................................................................
11,462
4,687
6,775
125
73
52
21
11
10
449
248
201
2,703
1,365
1,338
2,505
1,078
1,427
2,030
775
1,255
1,541
532
1,009
1,241
369
872
847
237
610
–
2,596 12,289 12,969 11,772 11,469 10,434 10,228
1,491 5,544 3,818 2,295 1,288
599
236
957 2,631 1,023
380
128
55
19
534 2,913 2,796 1,915 1,160
544
218
1,105 6,745 9,150 9,477 10,181 9,835 9,992
342 2,270 2,880 3,024 3,111 2,611 2,001
311 1,733 2,583 2,696 2,918 3,112 3,328
243 1,390 2,038 2,234 2,687 2,720 3,124
118
850 1,137 1,173 1,238 1,220 1,358
91
503
512
350
226
173
181
RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
NOTE: Hourly-paid workers account for approximately three-fifths of all
wage and salary workers. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black
or African American, and Asian) include persons who selected this race
group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not
–
included. Estimates for the race groups will not sum to totals because data
are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as
Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by
ethnicity as well as by race.
26
Table 11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2003
annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Workers paid hourly rates
Characteristic
Total
Below
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
At
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Total at or below prevailing
Federal minimum wage
Number
Percent of
hourly-paid
workers
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over .............................................................................................
16 to 24 years .......................................................................................................................
16 to 19 years ....................................................................................................................
20 to 24 years ....................................................................................................................
25 years and over .................................................................................................................
25 to 34 years ....................................................................................................................
35 to 44 years ....................................................................................................................
45 to 54 years ....................................................................................................................
55 to 64 years ....................................................................................................................
65 years and over ..............................................................................................................
72,946
15,871
5,412
10,460
57,075
16,499
16,827
14,544
7,130
2,075
1,555
776
322
453
780
329
193
145
61
51
545
330
212
117
215
71
52
38
23
31
2,100
1,105
534
571
995
401
246
183
83
82
2.9
7.0
9.9
5.5
1.7
2.4
1.5
1.3
1.2
4.0
Women, 16 years and over ........................................................................................
16 to 24 years .......................................................................................................................
16 to 19 years ....................................................................................................................
20 to 24 years ....................................................................................................................
25 years and over .................................................................................................................
25 to 34 years ....................................................................................................................
35 to 44 years ....................................................................................................................
45 to 54 years ....................................................................................................................
55 to 64 years ....................................................................................................................
65 years and over ..............................................................................................................
37,093
7,841
2,804
5,037
29,252
7,734
8,604
7,852
3,928
1,134
1,062
538
226
313
524
197
135
101
44
47
332
175
103
72
157
51
38
25
17
26
1,394
713
329
385
681
248
173
126
61
73
3.8
9.1
11.7
7.6
2.3
3.2
2.0
1.6
1.5
6.4
Men, 16 years and over ..............................................................................................
16 to 24 years .......................................................................................................................
16 to 19 years ....................................................................................................................
20 to 24 years ....................................................................................................................
25 years and over .................................................................................................................
25 to 34 years ....................................................................................................................
35 to 44 years ....................................................................................................................
45 to 54 years ....................................................................................................................
55 to 64 years ....................................................................................................................
65 years and over ..............................................................................................................
35,853
8,031
2,608
5,423
27,823
8,765
8,224
6,691
3,202
941
493
237
96
141
256
132
59
44
17
4
213
154
109
45
58
20
14
13
6
5
706
392
206
186
315
152
73
57
23
9
2.0
4.9
7.9
3.4
1.1
1.7
.9
.9
.7
1.0
White, 16 years and over ............................................................................................
Women .................................................................................................................................
Men .......................................................................................................................................
59,109
29,668
29,441
1,325
935
390
421
257
163
1,746
1,193
553
3.0
4.0
1.9
Black or African American, 16 years and over ...........................................................
Women .................................................................................................................................
Men .......................................................................................................................................
9,419
5,173
4,246
145
74
71
105
64
41
249
138
112
2.6
2.7
2.6
Asian, 16 years and over ............................................................................................
Women .................................................................................................................................
Men .......................................................................................................................................
2,528
1,320
1,208
46
26
20
5
3
2
51
29
22
2.0
2.2
1.8
Hispanic or Latino, 16 years and over ........................................................................
Women .................................................................................................................................
Men .......................................................................................................................................
11,462
4,687
6,775
214
125
89
94
55
39
308
180
128
2.7
3.8
1.9
Full-time workers ..................................................................................................................
Women ...............................................................................................................................
Men .....................................................................................................................................
54,887
24,745
30,141
639
396
243
156
97
60
796
493
303
1.4
2.0
1.0
Part-time workers .................................................................................................................
Women ...............................................................................................................................
Men .....................................................................................................................................
17,932
12,282
5,651
910
661
249
388
235
153
1,299
896
402
7.2
7.3
7.1
RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
FULL- AND PART-TIME STATUS
AND SEX1
1 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours
usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time
status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple
jobholders.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African
American, and Asian) include persons who selected this race group only;
persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Estimates
for the race groups will not sum to totals because data are not presented for all
races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of
any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race.
27
Table 12. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2003) dollars by sex and age, 1979-2003 annual
averages
16 to 24 years
25 years and over
Total, 16
years and
over
Total
1979 ..............................................................
$566
$404
$338
$437
$623
$600
$658
$649
$614
$465
1980 ..............................................................
1981 ..............................................................
1982 ..............................................................
1983 ..............................................................
1984 ..............................................................
1985 ..............................................................
19861 ............................................................
1987 ..............................................................
1988 ..............................................................
1989 ..............................................................
554
549
552
548
549
561
575
579
576
571
396
388
380
369
365
365
372
375
372
371
326
312
300
286
284
284
286
288
293
292
423
412
402
390
388
392
398
400
397
396
605
597
597
601
609
617
627
624
619
612
583
573
568
562
565
570
577
578
573
564
638
630
646
647
655
662
671
674
673
677
629
620
630
642
648
653
666
664
677
676
602
597
594
606
615
621
635
628
627
617
430
430
462
456
458
484
478
480
483
478
19901 ............................................................
1991 ..............................................................
1992 ..............................................................
1993 ..............................................................
19941 ............................................................
1995 ..............................................................
1996 ..............................................................
19971 ............................................................
19981 ............................................................
19991 ............................................................
562
561
566
575
574
574
572
575
589
606
367
365
355
353
352
350
347
350
360
377
286
280
273
268
271
277
280
288
302
311
389
384
373
372
368
366
364
367
382
400
612
615
615
616
614
612
607
617
645
653
555
547
542
547
539
541
540
550
566
571
664
656
646
648
659
659
652
661
673
674
666
667
672
679
695
698
693
694
700
720
623
618
621
616
615
616
624
638
668
667
468
502
486
492
472
466
448
450
457
446
20001 ............................................................
2001 ..............................................................
2002 ..............................................................
20031 ............................................................
615
619
622
620
386
390
389
387
317
317
312
311
409
410
408
402
650
655
661
662
586
599
604
594
668
683
683
687
715
721
722
723
662
663
689
708
495
508
513
516
1979 ..............................................................
428
362
309
379
458
467
459
451
443
400
1980 ..............................................................
1981 ..............................................................
1982 ..............................................................
1983 ..............................................................
1984 ..............................................................
1985 ..............................................................
19861 ............................................................
1987 ..............................................................
1988 ..............................................................
1989 ..............................................................
425
424
436
441
446
453
466
469
471
470
353
349
350
346
342
344
351
351
352
352
307
298
288
277
272
271
272
266
275
282
369
370
368
363
359
361
371
374
376
373
450
451
464
469
476
483
494
497
501
502
461
462
470
476
479
482
490
489
488
487
453
460
471
476
491
501
512
522
529
529
441
436
459
462
470
476
494
502
507
511
433
430
446
451
454
464
474
477
474
477
370
366
385
371
368
395
410
404
418
418
19901 ............................................................
1991 ..............................................................
1992 ..............................................................
1993 ..............................................................
19941 ............................................................
1995 ..............................................................
1996 ..............................................................
19971 ............................................................
19981 ............................................................
19991 ............................................................
472
483
488
493
490
486
488
493
514
522
346
351
343
343
339
330
331
334
344
357
270
270
263
257
260
257
260
274
281
294
367
370
360
363
356
349
348
350
360
379
504
510
514
520
518
513
518
528
547
548
486
488
491
495
488
484
484
488
509
519
532
537
537
545
550
544
540
551
561
556
515
524
536
551
553
556
561
565
581
590
474
478
483
495
489
483
491
495
537
543
409
420
422
419
413
423
390
398
395
408
20001 ............................................................
2001 ..............................................................
2002 ..............................................................
20031 ............................................................
527
532
541
552
368
367
375
371
302
300
301
299
391
390
393
387
551
564
581
584
527
532
541
546
556
569
584
590
603
611
615
609
543
557
586
601
419
406
440
435
Year and sex
16 to 19 20 to 24
years
years
Total
25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 years
years
years
years
years and over
BOTH SEXES
WOMEN
See footnotes at end of table.
28
Table 12. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2003) dollars by sex and age, 1979-2003 annual
averages — Continued
16 to 24 years
25 years and over
Total, 16
years and
over
Total
1979 ..............................................................
$685
$460
$363
$495
$737
$693
$788
$793
$733
$514
1980 ..............................................................
1981 ..............................................................
1982 ..............................................................
1983 ..............................................................
1984 ..............................................................
1985 ..............................................................
19861 ............................................................
1987 ..............................................................
1988 ..............................................................
1989 ..............................................................
661
657
665
663
660
663
672
671
672
670
441
423
410
391
390
392
394
398
391
389
343
325
310
294
294
298
298
303
306
300
473
459
446
423
421
422
423
426
417
416
718
719
718
712
711
723
741
739
729
716
665
657
653
649
643
642
644
638
629
621
776
768
770
774
793
794
799
790
773
777
775
767
764
777
791
797
810
805
821
815
729
730
728
729
740
762
776
767
760
746
483
515
548
540
552
599
574
588
590
564
19901 ............................................................
1991 ..............................................................
1992 ..............................................................
1993 ..............................................................
19941 ............................................................
1995 ..............................................................
1996 ..............................................................
19971 ............................................................
19981 ............................................................
19991 ............................................................
657
650
644
640
641
645
650
661
674
682
384
376
365
361
361
363
358
363
376
393
297
288
280
277
280
293
293
300
317
322
407
395
382
379
377
378
375
386
402
419
699
689
689
696
708
705
699
703
720
737
613
604
599
596
589
587
582
589
613
637
764
759
747
747
758
748
738
744
763
775
806
807
814
819
824
821
814
814
825
842
744
742
744
734
741
746
750
764
788
801
549
615
541
566
542
529
557
516
544
519
20001 ............................................................
2001 ..............................................................
2002 ..............................................................
20031 ............................................................
684
697
694
695
400
407
400
398
327
332
319
321
422
424
419
412
740
749
749
744
639
641
642
628
778
784
777
775
824
831
825
834
785
790
820
827
558
588
596
612
1979 ..............................................................
62.5
78.5
85.2
76.5
62.1
67.4
58.3
56.9
60.5
77.8
1980 ..............................................................
1981 ..............................................................
1982 ..............................................................
1983 ..............................................................
1984 ..............................................................
1985 ..............................................................
19861 ............................................................
1987 ..............................................................
1988 ..............................................................
1989 ..............................................................
64.3
64.5
65.5
66.6
67.6
68.2
69.3
69.9
70.1
70.1
80.1
82.6
85.3
88.6
87.9
87.5
88.9
88.1
90.0
90.7
89.5
91.8
92.8
94.1
92.7
90.8
91.5
87.8
89.8
94.0
78.0
80.7
82.5
85.9
85.3
85.5
87.7
88.0
90.1
89.8
62.7
62.7
64.7
65.8
67.0
66.9
66.7
67.3
68.7
70.2
69.4
70.4
72.1
73.3
74.5
75.1
76.2
76.8
77.7
78.4
58.4
59.9
61.2
61.5
61.9
63.1
64.0
66.1
68.4
68.1
56.9
56.8
60.1
59.5
59.4
59.7
61.0
62.3
61.8
62.7
59.4
58.9
61.3
61.8
61.4
60.9
61.0
62.2
62.4
63.9
76.5
70.9
70.4
68.7
66.8
66.0
71.4
68.7
70.8
74.2
19901 ............................................................
1991 ..............................................................
1992 ..............................................................
1993 ..............................................................
19941 ............................................................
1995 ..............................................................
1996 ..............................................................
19971 ............................................................
19981 ............................................................
19991 ............................................................
71.9
74.3
75.8
77.1
76.4
75.4
75.0
74.5
76.3
76.5
90.1
93.3
94.0
94.8
93.7
90.8
92.4
92.1
91.3
91.0
91.0
93.5
93.8
93.0
92.7
87.9
88.9
91.4
88.5
91.3
90.2
93.5
94.2
95.6
94.5
92.2
92.8
90.6
89.4
90.5
72.1
74.0
74.6
74.7
73.1
72.7
74.1
75.1
75.9
74.4
79.2
80.9
82.0
82.9
82.9
82.4
83.2
82.9
83.0
81.5
69.7
70.8
71.9
73.0
72.5
72.7
73.2
74.0
73.5
71.7
63.8
64.9
65.8
67.3
67.1
67.8
68.9
69.4
70.5
70.1
63.7
64.4
64.9
67.4
66.1
64.8
65.4
64.7
68.2
67.8
74.5
68.4
78.1
74.1
76.3
79.9
70.0
77.1
72.6
78.7
20001 ............................................................
2001 ..............................................................
2002 ..............................................................
20031 ............................................................
77.0
76.4
77.9
79.5
92.0
90.2
93.7
93.3
92.3
90.3
94.5
93.2
92.8
91.9
93.9
94.0
74.5
75.3
77.6
78.5
82.5
83.0
84.4
87.0
71.5
72.6
75.2
76.2
73.2
73.5
74.5
73.0
69.2
70.5
71.5
72.6
75.1
69.1
73.8
71.2
Year and sex
16 to 19 20 to 24
years
years
Total
25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 years
years
years
years
years and over
MEN
WOMEN’S EARNINGS
AS PERCENT OF MEN’S2
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at
various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current
Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory
Notes and Estimates of Error section of the February 2004 and
subsequent issues of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS
periodical.
2 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may
differ slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians
displayed in this table.
NOTE: The Consumer Price Index research series using current
methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant
dollars. See Technical Note.
29
Table 13. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2003) dollars by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity, 1979-2003 annual averages
Total, 16 years
and over
White
Black or African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
1979 ............................................................................
$566
$581
$467
–
$454
1980 ............................................................................
1981 ............................................................................
1982 ............................................................................
1983 ............................................................................
1984 ............................................................................
1985 ............................................................................
19861 ..........................................................................
1987 ............................................................................
1988 ............................................................................
1989 ............................................................................
554
549
552
548
549
561
575
579
576
571
568
562
565
560
566
580
594
594
590
586
449
454
448
457
453
452
467
466
470
458
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
442
431
438
437
437
440
444
441
434
427
19901 ..........................................................................
1991 ............................................................................
1992 ............................................................................
1993 ............................................................................
19941 ..........................................................................
1995 ............................................................................
1996 ............................................................................
19971 ..........................................................................
19981 ..........................................................................
19991 ..........................................................................
562
561
566
575
574
574
572
575
589
606
578
583
589
595
594
593
590
593
614
632
449
459
458
463
456
459
452
457
480
491
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
415
412
413
414
398
394
395
402
418
425
20001 ..........................................................................
2001 ............................................................................
2002 ............................................................................
20031 ..........................................................................
615
619
622
620
630
634
637
636
507
510
509
514
$657
665
673
693
426
433
433
440
1979 ............................................................................
428
432
397
–
369
1980 ............................................................................
1981 ............................................................................
1982 ............................................................................
1983 ............................................................................
1984 ............................................................................
1985 ............................................................................
19861 ..........................................................................
1987 ............................................................................
1988 ............................................................................
1989 ............................................................................
425
424
436
441
446
453
466
469
471
470
429
427
441
446
452
459
472
476
476
478
392
398
396
406
406
412
423
427
431
432
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
365
368
371
376
376
374
387
389
389
386
19901 ..........................................................................
1991 ............................................................................
1992 ............................................................................
1993 ............................................................................
19941 ..........................................................................
1995 ............................................................................
1996 ............................................................................
19971 ..........................................................................
19981 ..........................................................................
19991 ..........................................................................
472
483
488
493
490
486
488
493
514
522
482
491
497
502
501
497
499
508
527
534
421
425
431
436
425
425
423
428
450
451
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
380
385
388
392
374
366
369
363
380
384
20001 ..........................................................................
2001 ............................................................................
2002 ............................................................................
20031 ..........................................................................
527
532
541
552
536
542
560
567
458
472
484
491
584
585
579
598
392
404
406
410
Year and sex
BOTH SEXES
WOMEN
See footnotes on page 32.
30
Table 13. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in constant (2003) dollars by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity, 1979-2003 annual averages — Continued
Total, 16 years
and over
White
Black or African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
1979 ............................................................................
$685
$700
$534
–
$515
1980 ............................................................................
1981 ............................................................................
1982 ............................................................................
1983 ............................................................................
1984 ............................................................................
1985 ............................................................................
19861 ..........................................................................
1987 ............................................................................
1988 ............................................................................
1989 ............................................................................
661
657
665
663
660
663
672
671
672
670
676
677
685
678
675
681
695
697
695
690
517
519
508
514
510
497
511
506
520
499
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
495
486
490
480
483
482
479
474
460
451
19901 ..........................................................................
1991 ............................................................................
1992 ............................................................................
1993 ............................................................................
19941 ..........................................................................
1995 ............................................................................
1996 ............................................................................
19971 ..........................................................................
19981 ..........................................................................
19991 ..........................................................................
657
650
644
640
641
645
650
661
674
682
674
666
661
656
672
679
677
680
693
705
492
494
489
491
492
493
480
494
527
539
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
434
426
436
433
422
419
415
424
439
448
20001 ..........................................................................
2001 ............................................................................
2002 ............................................................................
20031 ..........................................................................
684
697
694
695
707
717
718
715
545
550
535
555
$731
761
773
772
445
458
461
464
1979 ............................................................................
62.5
61.7
74.3
–
71.7
1980 ............................................................................
1981 ............................................................................
1982 ............................................................................
1983 ............................................................................
1984 ............................................................................
1985 ............................................................................
19861 ..........................................................................
1987 ............................................................................
1988 ............................................................................
1989 ............................................................................
64.3
64.5
65.5
66.6
67.6
68.2
69.3
69.9
70.1
70.1
63.5
63.1
64.4
65.7
67.0
67.4
67.9
68.2
68.5
69.2
75.8
76.7
78.0
78.9
79.6
82.8
82.7
84.4
83.0
86.5
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
73.6
75.6
75.7
78.3
77.8
77.7
80.7
82.1
84.6
85.6
19901 ..........................................................................
1991 ............................................................................
1992 ............................................................................
1993 ............................................................................
19941 ..........................................................................
1995 ............................................................................
1996 ............................................................................
19971 ..........................................................................
19981 ..........................................................................
19991 ..........................................................................
71.9
74.3
75.8
77.1
76.4
75.4
75.0
74.5
76.3
76.5
71.5
73.7
75.2
76.5
74.5
73.2
73.8
74.6
76.1
75.7
85.5
86.1
88.1
88.8
86.5
86.3
88.1
86.8
85.4
83.7
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
87.6
90.5
89.1
90.4
88.8
87.3
89.0
85.6
86.5
85.7
20001 ..........................................................................
2001 ............................................................................
2002 ............................................................................
20031 ..........................................................................
77.0
76.4
77.9
79.5
75.8
75.6
78.0
79.4
84.2
85.8
90.4
88.4
79.9
76.9
74.9
77.5
88.0
88.2
88.1
88.3
Year and sex
MEN
WOMEN’S EARNINGS
AS PERCENT OF MEN’S2
See footnotes on page 32.
31
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at
various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current
Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory
Notes and Estimates of Error section of the February 2004 and
subsequent issues of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS
periodical.
2 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may
differ slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians
displayed in this table.
- Data not available
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for the above race groups
(white, black or African American, and Asian) include persons who
selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race
group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than
one race were included in the group they identified as the main race.
Estimates for the race groups will not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as
Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by
ethnicity as well as by race. Data for 2000-02 are for the category
Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constitute a
separate category. For more information, see the Explanatory Notes
and Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings. Data for
Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. The Consumer Price Index
research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert
current dollars to constant dollars. See Technical Note.
32
Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over in constant (2003) dollars by sex
and educational attainment, 1979-2003 annual averages
Total,
25 years and
over
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates, no
college
Some college or
associate degree
Bachelor’s
degree and
higher
1979 ........................................................
$623
$493
$584
$662
$808
1980 ........................................................
1981 ........................................................
1982 ........................................................
1983 ........................................................
1984 ........................................................
1985 ........................................................
19861 ......................................................
1987 ........................................................
1988 ........................................................
1989 ........................................................
605
597
597
601
609
617
627
624
619
612
470
463
452
448
443
441
445
439
431
426
563
554
551
545
543
544
551
552
550
537
642
627
640
635
643
650
656
651
643
648
796
787
798
808
818
825
841
872
875
873
19901 ......................................................
1991 ........................................................
1992 ........................................................
1993 ........................................................
19941 ......................................................
1995 ........................................................
1996 ........................................................
19971 ......................................................
19981 ......................................................
19991 ......................................................
612
615
615
616
614
612
607
617
645
653
414
405
399
394
377
371
370
366
380
382
526
523
518
520
517
518
517
526
540
541
649
645
623
619
612
609
604
612
629
640
870
877
894
896
901
895
885
890
925
949
20001 ......................................................
2001 ........................................................
2002 ........................................................
20031 ......................................................
650
655
661
662
386
397
397
396
540
541
547
554
637
642
643
639
952
957
962
964
1979 ........................................................
458
356
434
495
619
1980 ........................................................
1981 ........................................................
1982 ........................................................
1983 ........................................................
1984 ........................................................
1985 ........................................................
19861 ......................................................
1987 ........................................................
1988 ........................................................
1989 ........................................................
450
451
464
469
476
483
494
497
501
502
346
338
336
341
336
330
333
332
330
332
424
420
431
431
436
437
444
445
446
436
488
493
501
504
513
517
528
538
538
543
613
615
632
646
657
676
699
721
725
727
19901 ......................................................
1991 ........................................................
1992 ........................................................
1993 ........................................................
19941 ......................................................
1995 ........................................................
1996 ........................................................
19971 ......................................................
19981 ......................................................
19991 ......................................................
504
510
514
520
518
513
518
528
547
548
328
329
329
330
315
314
313
314
319
320
429
433
433
435
431
427
426
432
446
447
538
538
523
529
519
512
515
524
537
539
730
740
763
765
779
772
767
768
797
817
20001 ......................................................
2001 ........................................................
2002 ........................................................
20031 ......................................................
551
564
581
584
325
328
332
329
449
460
468
474
540
541
556
560
807
817
827
832
Year and sex
BOTH SEXES
WOMEN
See footnotes at end of table.
33
Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over in constant (2003) dollars by sex
and educational attainment, 1979-2003 annual averages — Continued
Total,
25 years and
over
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates, no
college
Some college or
associate degree
Bachelor’s
degree and
higher
1979 ........................................................
$737
$592
$724
$773
$929
1980 ........................................................
1981 ........................................................
1982 ........................................................
1983 ........................................................
1984 ........................................................
1985 ........................................................
19861 ......................................................
1987 ........................................................
1988 ........................................................
1989 ........................................................
718
719
718
712
711
723
741
739
729
716
565
553
535
528
519
512
514
501
497
496
692
689
682
679
671
665
666
655
653
645
757
752
751
740
750
770
778
769
752
741
904
919
918
908
946
963
990
1,011
1,015
1,011
19901 ......................................................
1991 ........................................................
1992 ........................................................
1993 ........................................................
19941 ......................................................
1995 ........................................................
1996 ........................................................
19971 ......................................................
19981 ......................................................
19991 ......................................................
699
689
689
696
708
705
699
703
720
737
477
460
452
446
421
416
416
418
432
435
626
619
615
610
610
608
603
611
630
640
740
742
713
717
721
715
705
710
725
733
1,011
1,007
1,017
1,010
1,015
1,013
1,020
1,024
1,058
1,078
20001 ......................................................
2001 ........................................................
2002 ........................................................
20031 ......................................................
740
749
749
744
434
435
431
429
631
633
631
628
738
752
748
740
1,090
1,109
1,115
1,131
1979 ........................................................
62.1
60.2
60.0
64.0
66.6
1980 ........................................................
1981 ........................................................
1982 ........................................................
1983 ........................................................
1984 ........................................................
1985 ........................................................
19861 ......................................................
1987 ........................................................
1988 ........................................................
1989 ........................................................
62.7
62.7
64.7
65.8
67.0
66.9
66.7
67.3
68.7
70.2
61.3
61.1
62.8
64.6
64.8
64.4
64.7
66.1
66.4
66.8
61.3
61.0
63.1
63.5
64.9
65.7
66.6
68.0
68.3
67.6
64.5
65.6
66.7
68.1
68.4
67.2
67.9
69.9
71.5
73.3
67.8
66.9
68.9
71.1
69.5
70.2
70.6
71.3
71.4
71.9
19901 ......................................................
1991 ........................................................
1992 ........................................................
1993 ........................................................
19941 ......................................................
1995 ........................................................
1996 ........................................................
19971 ......................................................
19981 ......................................................
19991 ......................................................
72.1
74.0
74.6
74.7
73.1
72.7
74.1
75.1
75.9
74.4
68.8
71.5
72.8
73.8
74.9
75.4
75.2
75.2
73.7
73.5
68.6
69.9
70.3
71.3
70.8
70.2
70.7
70.8
70.9
69.8
72.8
72.6
73.4
73.7
72.0
71.6
73.1
73.8
74.0
73.5
72.2
73.5
75.0
75.8
76.7
76.2
75.2
75.0
75.3
75.7
20001 ......................................................
2001 ........................................................
2002 ........................................................
20031 ......................................................
74.5
75.3
77.6
78.5
74.9
75.4
77.1
76.7
71.2
72.7
74.3
75.6
73.1
71.9
74.3
75.7
74.1
73.7
74.2
73.6
Year and sex
MEN
WOMEN’S EARNINGS
AS PERCENT OF MEN’S2
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been
affected at various times by methodological and conceptual
changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an
explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error
section of the February 2004 and subsequent issues of
Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.
2 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and
may differ slightly from percents computed using the rounded
medians displayed in this table.
NOTE: The Consumer Price Index research series using
current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to
constant dollars. See Technical Note.
34
Table 15. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2003) dollars by sex and age, 1979-2003 annual averages
16 to 24 years
25 years and over
Total, 16
years and
over
Total
16 to 19
years
20 to 24
years
Total
25 to 34
years
35 to 44
years
45 to 54
years
55 to 64
years
65 years
and over
1979 ....................................................
$10.44
$8.21
$7.31
$9.47
$12.02
$12.23
$12.45
$12.14
$11.69
$7.60
1980 ....................................................
1981 ....................................................
1982 ....................................................
1983 ....................................................
1984 ....................................................
1985 ....................................................
19861 ..................................................
1987 ....................................................
1988 ....................................................
1989 ....................................................
10.22
9.98
9.87
9.81
9.83
9.85
9.96
10.03
10.07
10.03
7.87
7.70
7.41
7.16
7.05
6.97
7.08
7.12
7.17
7.10
6.84
6.94
6.59
6.34
6.16
6.01
5.96
5.91
6.03
6.06
9.09
8.93
8.53
8.23
8.13
8.08
8.13
8.08
8.06
8.11
11.75
11.61
11.48
11.48
11.53
11.52
11.60
11.56
11.59
11.40
11.98
11.80
11.60
11.40
11.41
11.30
11.25
11.15
11.13
10.96
12.20
12.02
12.09
12.12
12.09
12.24
12.50
12.30
12.23
12.28
11.97
11.65
11.73
11.80
11.94
12.05
12.41
12.19
12.21
12.08
11.42
11.26
11.17
11.24
11.16
11.29
11.50
11.49
11.19
11.22
7.55
7.60
7.54
7.72
7.81
7.74
7.97
7.88
7.84
7.77
19901 ..................................................
1991 ....................................................
1992 ....................................................
1993 ....................................................
19941 ..................................................
1995 ....................................................
1996 ....................................................
19971 ..................................................
19981 ..................................................
19991 ..................................................
9.88
9.90
9.93
9.87
9.86
9.81
9.81
10.01
10.27
10.53
7.05
6.95
6.91
6.91
6.92
6.97
6.94
7.04
7.43
7.60
6.14
6.19
6.09
6.02
6.04
6.05
6.04
6.30
6.64
6.72
8.08
7.92
7.77
7.72
7.66
7.71
7.82
7.90
8.17
8.56
11.15
11.19
11.24
11.22
11.22
11.23
11.23
11.29
11.43
11.57
10.80
10.61
10.51
10.38
10.31
10.46
10.30
10.35
10.89
11.02
12.04
12.09
12.07
12.06
12.20
12.03
11.85
11.85
12.26
12.17
12.01
12.01
12.24
12.37
12.32
12.16
11.96
12.13
12.37
12.52
10.96
10.80
10.92
11.17
11.10
11.04
10.96
11.14
11.37
11.46
7.86
7.83
7.91
8.02
7.86
7.99
7.91
7.89
8.36
8.51
20001 ..................................................
2001 ....................................................
2002 ....................................................
20031 ..................................................
10.58
10.59
10.71
10.85
7.73
8.00
7.98
7.90
6.85
7.03
7.06
6.93
8.62
8.71
8.66
8.66
11.62
11.85
12.10
12.05
10.87
11.09
11.23
11.25
12.12
12.45
12.46
12.46
12.63
12.65
12.74
12.97
11.56
11.82
12.12
12.19
8.60
8.87
9.27
9.19
1979 ....................................................
8.51
7.50
7.13
8.28
9.17
9.50
9.34
9.04
8.83
7.35
1980 ....................................................
1981 ....................................................
1982 ....................................................
1983 ....................................................
1984 ....................................................
1985 ....................................................
19861 ..................................................
1987 ....................................................
1988 ....................................................
1989 ....................................................
8.38
8.29
8.42
8.43
8.38
8.39
8.56
8.68
8.75
8.77
7.31
7.19
6.92
6.70
6.63
6.55
6.60
6.55
6.71
6.74
6.66
6.83
6.50
6.24
6.06
5.90
5.86
5.75
5.86
5.89
8.04
7.94
7.67
7.47
7.36
7.46
7.57
7.59
7.57
7.51
8.99
9.09
9.19
9.18
9.25
9.37
9.54
9.55
9.64
9.73
9.41
9.48
9.50
9.54
9.45
9.45
9.55
9.52
9.53
9.59
9.08
9.25
9.29
9.31
9.46
9.65
9.84
9.85
10.12
10.18
8.96
8.90
9.06
9.11
9.29
9.41
9.62
9.73
9.86
9.91
8.64
8.58
8.78
8.90
8.90
8.92
9.23
9.35
9.11
9.15
7.17
7.20
7.19
7.31
7.38
7.25
7.60
7.52
7.66
7.38
19901 ..................................................
1991 ....................................................
1992 ....................................................
1993 ....................................................
19941 ..................................................
1995 ....................................................
1996 ....................................................
19971 ..................................................
19981 ..................................................
19991 ..................................................
8.80
8.91
8.95
8.93
8.92
8.95
9.03
9.08
9.29
9.55
6.76
6.71
6.65
6.61
6.55
6.59
6.64
6.81
7.04
7.30
5.95
6.12
6.04
5.94
5.95
5.93
5.95
6.20
6.52
6.61
7.61
7.53
7.43
7.48
7.36
7.32
7.32
7.50
7.82
7.98
9.66
9.69
9.85
9.87
9.90
9.81
9.85
10.02
10.31
10.53
9.58
9.49
9.59
9.55
9.57
9.51
9.42
9.38
9.93
10.06
10.06
10.20
10.28
10.23
10.38
10.36
10.39
10.46
10.90
10.86
9.78
10.03
10.21
10.26
10.40
10.47
10.44
10.60
11.03
11.00
9.19
9.17
9.27
9.49
9.61
9.53
9.43
9.50
9.98
10.31
7.44
7.60
7.68
7.76
7.68
7.74
7.54
7.81
8.13
8.29
20001 ..................................................
2001 ....................................................
2002 ....................................................
20031 ..................................................
9.68
10.02
10.12
10.08
7.48
7.53
7.61
7.59
6.66
6.87
6.95
6.85
8.33
8.31
8.30
8.19
10.57
10.61
10.95
11.01
10.35
10.34
10.35
10.51
10.71
10.85
11.22
11.17
10.87
11.28
11.43
11.79
10.52
10.80
11.05
11.05
8.40
8.46
8.92
8.84
Year and sex
BOTH SEXES
WOMEN
See footnotes at end of table.
35
Table 15. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2003) dollars by sex and age, 1979-2003 annual averages —
Continued
16 to 24 years
25 years and over
Total, 16
years and
over
Total
16 to 19
years
20 to 24
years
Total
25 to 34
years
35 to 44
years
45 to 54
years
55 to 64
years
65 years
and over
1979 ....................................................
$13.29
$9.18
$7.51
$10.92
$15.73
$14.99
$16.74
$16.69
$15.48
$8.39
1980 ....................................................
1981 ....................................................
1982 ....................................................
1983 ....................................................
1984 ....................................................
1985 ....................................................
19861 ..................................................
1987 ....................................................
1988 ....................................................
1989 ....................................................
12.91
12.72
12.52
12.14
12.01
11.98
12.18
12.05
11.84
11.62
8.70
8.36
8.00
7.69
7.71
7.65
7.69
7.61
7.53
7.42
7.16
7.06
6.70
6.44
6.27
6.14
6.14
6.14
6.20
6.30
10.42
9.90
9.37
8.86
8.71
8.56
8.71
8.80
8.67
8.64
15.28
15.07
14.77
14.57
14.50
14.45
14.47
14.20
14.03
13.92
14.66
14.20
14.01
13.58
13.29
13.06
12.89
12.80
12.58
12.28
16.53
16.07
16.23
16.16
16.03
16.01
16.03
15.64
15.30
15.19
16.48
16.45
16.23
16.06
16.33
16.29
16.27
15.86
16.00
15.60
15.33
15.26
14.88
15.33
14.94
14.77
15.30
15.05
14.58
14.34
8.04
8.17
8.16
8.34
8.28
8.15
8.32
8.25
8.27
8.46
19901 ..................................................
1991 ....................................................
1992 ....................................................
1993 ....................................................
19941 ..................................................
1995 ....................................................
1996 ....................................................
19971 ..................................................
19981 ..................................................
19991 ..................................................
11.29
11.33
11.16
11.12
11.07
11.08
11.13
11.25
11.35
11.39
7.43
7.36
7.27
7.21
7.23
7.25
7.21
7.38
7.80
7.87
6.34
6.26
6.18
6.11
6.14
6.18
6.14
6.43
6.75
6.83
8.44
8.22
8.04
7.95
8.08
8.19
8.17
8.21
8.78
8.88
13.44
13.16
12.94
12.77
12.65
12.87
12.59
12.70
13.23
13.26
12.07
11.80
11.61
11.41
11.20
11.36
11.33
11.35
11.54
11.97
14.65
14.49
14.06
14.00
14.14
14.26
13.90
13.81
14.08
14.12
15.20
15.44
15.47
15.24
14.88
14.78
14.48
14.64
14.71
15.11
13.89
13.29
13.36
13.75
13.60
13.33
13.02
13.49
13.79
13.49
8.31
8.20
8.31
8.42
8.17
8.23
8.22
7.97
8.74
8.69
20001 ..................................................
2001 ....................................................
2002 ....................................................
20031 ..................................................
11.55
11.77
11.90
11.89
8.15
8.32
8.23
8.14
7.10
7.18
7.18
7.02
8.97
9.27
9.08
9.00
13.08
13.39
13.34
13.25
11.72
12.03
12.16
12.01
14.04
14.47
14.27
14.13
14.85
14.81
14.72
14.93
13.69
13.46
13.68
14.09
8.88
9.36
10.00
9.79
1979 ....................................................
64.0
81.7
94.9
75.8
58.3
63.4
55.8
54.1
57.0
87.7
1980 ....................................................
1981 ....................................................
1982 ....................................................
1983 ....................................................
1984 ....................................................
1985 ....................................................
19861 ..................................................
1987 ....................................................
1988 ....................................................
1989 ....................................................
64.9
65.2
67.3
69.5
69.8
70.1
70.3
72.0
73.9
75.5
84.1
86.0
86.5
87.1
86.0
85.7
85.8
86.0
89.1
90.8
93.1
96.6
97.1
96.9
96.6
96.1
95.5
93.7
94.4
93.4
77.2
80.2
81.8
84.4
84.5
87.2
86.9
86.2
87.3
86.9
58.8
60.3
62.2
63.0
63.8
64.8
66.0
67.3
68.7
69.9
64.2
66.7
67.8
70.3
71.1
72.4
74.1
74.4
75.7
78.1
54.9
57.6
57.2
57.6
59.0
60.3
61.4
62.9
66.2
67.0
54.4
54.1
55.8
56.7
56.9
57.8
59.1
61.4
61.6
63.5
56.4
56.2
59.0
58.0
59.5
60.4
60.3
62.1
62.5
63.8
89.3
88.1
88.1
87.6
89.1
88.9
91.3
91.2
92.6
87.2
19901 ..................................................
1991 ....................................................
1992 ....................................................
1993 ....................................................
19941 ..................................................
1995 ....................................................
1996 ....................................................
19971 ..................................................
19981 ..................................................
19991 ..................................................
77.9
78.6
80.2
80.4
80.6
80.8
81.2
80.8
81.8
83.8
91.0
91.2
91.4
91.6
90.6
90.9
92.0
92.3
90.3
92.7
93.8
97.8
97.7
97.2
97.0
96.0
96.9
96.6
96.7
96.7
90.2
91.6
92.5
94.1
91.1
89.4
89.5
91.3
89.1
89.8
71.9
73.6
76.1
77.3
78.2
76.2
78.3
78.9
77.9
79.4
79.4
80.4
82.6
83.7
85.5
83.7
83.1
82.7
86.1
84.0
68.7
70.4
73.1
73.1
73.4
72.6
74.7
75.8
77.4
76.9
64.3
65.0
66.0
67.3
69.9
70.9
72.1
72.4
75.0
72.8
66.2
69.0
69.4
69.0
70.7
71.4
72.4
70.5
72.4
76.4
89.6
92.6
92.5
92.2
94.0
94.1
91.7
98.1
93.1
95.4
20001 ..................................................
2001 ....................................................
2002 ....................................................
20031 ..................................................
83.9
85.1
85.0
84.8
91.8
90.5
92.5
93.2
93.8
95.8
96.8
97.6
92.9
89.6
91.4
91.1
80.8
79.2
82.1
83.1
88.3
85.9
85.1
87.6
76.3
75.0
78.6
79.0
73.2
76.2
77.6
79.0
76.8
80.2
80.8
78.4
94.6
90.4
89.2
90.4
Year and sex
MEN
WOMEN’S EARNINGS
AS PERCENT OF MEN’S2
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at
various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current
Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error section of the February 2004 and subsequent issues of
Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.
2 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ
slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this
table.
NOTE: The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods
(CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant dollars. See
Technical Note.
36
Table 16. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2003) dollars by sex, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 1979-2003 annual averages
Total, 16 years
and over
White
Black or African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
1979 ................................................................................
$10.44
$10.60
$9.66
–
$9.59
1980 ................................................................................
1981 ................................................................................
1982 ................................................................................
1983 ................................................................................
1984 ................................................................................
1985 ................................................................................
19861 ..............................................................................
1987 ................................................................................
1988 ................................................................................
1989 ................................................................................
10.22
9.98
9.87
9.81
9.83
9.85
9.96
10.03
10.07
10.03
10.33
10.05
10.00
9.94
9.95
9.97
10.08
10.17
10.19
10.16
9.42
9.51
9.26
9.03
9.05
8.99
9.32
9.29
9.21
9.22
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
9.40
9.32
9.16
8.93
8.89
8.94
9.07
9.03
8.91
8.72
19901 ..............................................................................
1991 ................................................................................
1992 ................................................................................
1993 ................................................................................
19941 ..............................................................................
1995 ................................................................................
1996 ................................................................................
19971 ..............................................................................
19981 ..............................................................................
19991 ..............................................................................
9.88
9.90
9.93
9.87
9.86
9.81
9.81
10.01
10.27
10.53
10.02
10.04
10.06
10.00
9.97
9.98
10.01
10.16
10.40
10.76
9.30
9.23
9.09
9.01
8.97
9.20
9.06
9.17
9.47
9.78
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
8.58
8.53
8.56
8.57
8.52
8.41
8.38
8.46
8.94
8.92
20001 ..............................................................................
2001 ................................................................................
2002 ................................................................................
20031 ..............................................................................
10.58
10.59
10.71
10.85
10.64
10.66
10.96
10.97
9.98
10.17
10.16
10.15
$10.76
11.17
10.59
11.12
9.12
9.42
9.43
9.76
1979 ................................................................................
8.51
8.52
8.35
–
8.09
1980 ................................................................................
1981 ................................................................................
1982 ................................................................................
1983 ................................................................................
1984 ................................................................................
1985 ................................................................................
19861 ..............................................................................
1987 ................................................................................
1988 ................................................................................
1989 ................................................................................
8.38
8.29
8.42
8.43
8.38
8.39
8.56
8.68
8.75
8.77
8.39
8.31
8.44
8.44
8.39
8.40
8.59
8.71
8.78
8.80
8.23
8.13
8.22
8.28
8.22
8.24
8.30
8.38
8.41
8.44
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
8.01
7.95
7.93
7.76
7.85
7.89
8.03
7.92
7.91
7.94
19901 ..............................................................................
1991 ................................................................................
1992 ................................................................................
1993 ................................................................................
19941 ..............................................................................
1995 ................................................................................
1996 ................................................................................
19971 ..............................................................................
19981 ..............................................................................
19991 ..............................................................................
8.80
8.91
8.95
8.93
8.92
8.95
9.03
9.08
9.29
9.55
8.83
8.93
9.00
8.98
9.03
9.06
9.10
9.15
9.41
9.65
8.51
8.64
8.55
8.62
8.53
8.54
8.41
8.68
8.91
8.99
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
7.93
7.90
7.95
7.92
7.88
7.93
7.91
7.80
8.15
8.25
20001 ..............................................................................
2001 ................................................................................
2002 ................................................................................
20031 ..............................................................................
9.68
10.02
10.12
10.08
9.71
10.12
10.16
10.11
9.46
9.52
9.66
9.91
10.44
10.46
10.33
10.68
8.43
8.61
8.73
8.88
Year and sex
BOTH SEXES
WOMEN
See footnotes on page 39.
37
Table 16. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in constant (2003) dollars by sex, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 1979-2003 annual averages — Continued
Total, 16 years
and over
White
Black or African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
1979 ................................................................................
$13.29
$13.62
$11.49
–
$11.27
1980 ................................................................................
1981 ................................................................................
1982 ................................................................................
1983 ................................................................................
1984 ................................................................................
1985 ................................................................................
19861 ..............................................................................
1987 ................................................................................
1988 ................................................................................
1989 ................................................................................
12.91
12.72
12.52
12.14
12.01
11.98
12.18
12.05
11.84
11.62
13.18
13.00
12.76
12.40
12.24
12.39
12.49
12.29
12.06
11.88
10.97
11.25
10.92
10.45
10.38
10.04
10.54
10.45
10.39
10.15
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
10.65
10.40
10.48
10.19
10.18
9.92
9.94
9.87
9.74
9.55
19901 ..............................................................................
1991 ................................................................................
1992 ................................................................................
1993 ................................................................................
19941 ..............................................................................
1995 ................................................................................
1996 ................................................................................
19971 ..............................................................................
19981 ..............................................................................
19991 ..............................................................................
11.29
11.33
11.16
11.12
11.07
11.08
11.13
11.25
11.35
11.39
11.68
11.64
11.44
11.38
11.32
11.55
11.43
11.39
11.48
11.73
10.07
9.99
9.81
9.62
9.74
9.79
9.56
9.92
10.26
10.80
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
9.22
9.08
9.00
8.94
8.82
8.72
8.90
9.04
9.31
9.52
20001 ..............................................................................
2001 ................................................................................
2002 ................................................................................
20031 ..............................................................................
11.55
11.77
11.90
11.89
11.70
12.07
12.13
12.03
10.66
10.58
10.47
10.81
$11.53
12.31
11.27
11.89
9.66
10.05
10.14
10.03
1979 ................................................................................
64.0
62.6
72.6
–
71.8
1980 ................................................................................
1981 ................................................................................
1982 ................................................................................
1983 ................................................................................
1984 ................................................................................
1985 ................................................................................
19861 ..............................................................................
1987 ................................................................................
1988 ................................................................................
1989 ................................................................................
64.9
65.2
67.3
69.5
69.8
70.1
70.3
72.0
73.9
75.5
63.6
63.9
66.1
68.1
68.6
67.8
68.8
70.8
72.8
74.1
75.0
72.2
75.3
79.3
79.2
82.0
78.8
80.2
80.9
83.2
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
75.2
76.4
75.7
76.1
77.1
79.5
80.8
80.3
81.2
83.1
19901 ..............................................................................
1991 ................................................................................
1992 ................................................................................
1993 ................................................................................
19941 ..............................................................................
1995 ................................................................................
1996 ................................................................................
19971 ..............................................................................
19981 ..............................................................................
19991 ..............................................................................
77.9
78.6
80.2
80.4
80.6
80.8
81.2
80.8
81.8
83.8
75.6
76.7
78.7
78.9
79.7
78.4
79.6
80.3
81.9
82.3
84.5
86.6
87.2
89.6
87.5
87.3
88.0
87.5
86.9
83.2
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
86.1
86.9
88.4
88.7
89.3
90.9
88.9
86.3
87.5
86.7
20001 ..............................................................................
2001 ................................................................................
2002 ................................................................................
20031 ..............................................................................
83.9
85.1
85.0
84.8
83.0
83.9
83.8
84.1
88.7
89.9
92.3
91.6
90.6
85.0
91.7
89.8
87.4
85.7
86.1
88.5
Year and sex
MEN
WOMEN’S EARNINGS
AS PERCENT OF MEN’S2
See footnotes on page 39.
38
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at
various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current
Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory
Notes and Estimates of Error section of the February 2004 and
subsequent issues of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS
periodical.
2 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may
differ slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians
displayed in this table.
– Data not available.
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for the above race groups
(white, black or African American, and Asian) include persons who
selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race
group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than
one race were included in the group they identified as the main race.
Estimates for the race groups will not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as
Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by
ethnicity as well as by race. Data for 2000-02 are for the category
Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constitute a
separate category. For more information, see the Explanatory Notes
and Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings. Data for
Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. The Consumer Price Index
research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert
current dollars to constant dollars. See Technical Note.
39
Table 17. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by sex, 1979-2003 annual
averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Workers paid hourly rates
Year and sex
Total
wage and
salary
workers
Total
Percent of
total wage
and salary
workers
Total at or below
prevailing Federal
minimum wage
Below
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
At
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Number
Percent
of hourly
paid
workers
BOTH SEXES
1979 ................................................................................
87,529
51,721
59.1
2,916
3,997
6,912
13.4
1980 ................................................................................
1981 ................................................................................
1982 ................................................................................
1983 ................................................................................
1984 ................................................................................
1985 ................................................................................
19861 ..............................................................................
1987 ................................................................................
1988 ................................................................................
1989 ................................................................................
87,644
88,516
87,368
88,290
92,194
94,521
96,903
99,303
101,407
103,480
51,335
51,869
50,846
51,820
54,143
55,762
57,529
59,552
60,878
62,389
58.6
58.6
58.2
58.7
58.7
59.0
59.4
60.0
60.0
60.3
3,087
3,513
2,348
2,077
1,838
1,639
1,599
1,468
1,319
1,372
4,686
4,311
4,148
4,261
4,125
3,899
3,461
3,229
2,608
1,790
7,773
7,824
6,496
6,338
5,963
5,538
5,060
4,698
3,927
3,162
15.1
15.1
12.8
12.2
11.0
9.9
8.8
7.9
6.5
5.1
19901 ..............................................................................
1991 ................................................................................
1992 ................................................................................
1993 ................................................................................
19941 ..............................................................................
1995 ................................................................................
1996 ................................................................................
19971 ..............................................................................
19981 ..............................................................................
19991 ..............................................................................
104,876
103,723
104,668
106,101
107,989
110,038
111,960
114,533
116,730
118,963
63,172
62,627
63,610
64,274
66,549
68,354
69,255
70,735
71,440
72,306
60.2
60.4
60.8
60.6
61.6
62.1
61.9
61.8
61.2
60.8
22,132
21,096
23,228
25.1
22,377
22,906
25,283
28.4
1,939
1,707
1,995
1,699
21,863
22,990
2,834
2,194
2,982
2,625
2,132
1,956
21,861
21,764
1,593
1,146
4,921
4,332
4,128
3,656
23,724
24,754
4,427
3,340
7.7
6.7
6.2
5.3
25.4
26.7
6.2
4.6
20001 ..............................................................................
2001 ................................................................................
2002 ................................................................................
20031 ..............................................................................
122,089
122,229
121,826
122,358
73,496
73,392
72,508
72,946
60.2
60.0
59.5
59.6
1,752
1,518
1,579
1,555
898
656
567
545
2,650
2,174
2,146
2,100
3.6
3.0
3.0
2.9
1979 ................................................................................
38,129
23,329
61.2
2,070
2,644
4,714
20.2
1980 ................................................................................
1981 ................................................................................
1982 ................................................................................
1983 ................................................................................
1984 ................................................................................
1985 ................................................................................
19861 ..............................................................................
1987 ................................................................................
1988 ................................................................................
1989 ................................................................................
38,944
39,672
39,777
40,433
42,172
43,506
44,961
46,365
47,495
48,691
23,626
24,294
24,365
24,989
26,003
26,869
27,863
29,078
29,820
30,702
60.7
61.2
61.3
61.8
61.7
61.8
62.0
62.7
62.8
63.1
2,104
2,394
1,651
1,492
1,348
1,198
1,192
1,105
1,008
994
2,990
2,778
2,561
2,603
2,499
2,356
2,125
1,946
1,542
1,056
5,095
5,172
4,212
4,095
3,847
3,554
3,317
3,051
2,550
2,050
21.6
21.3
17.3
16.4
14.8
13.2
11.9
10.5
8.6
6.7
19901 ..............................................................................
1991 ................................................................................
1992 ................................................................................
1993 ................................................................................
19941 ..............................................................................
1995 ................................................................................
1996 ................................................................................
19971 ..............................................................................
19981 ..............................................................................
19991 ..............................................................................
49,323
49,105
49,842
50,626
51,419
52,369
53,488
54,708
55,757
57,050
31,069
30,988
31,454
31,937
33,021
33,934
34,418
35,214
35,680
36,233
63.0
63.1
63.1
63.1
64.2
64.8
64.3
64.4
64.0
63.5
21,420
2711
22,131
26.9
21,582
21,792
23,374
210.9
1,286
1,133
1,322
1,157
21,244
21,843
1,794
1,426
1,751
1,534
1,241
1,161
21,106
21,092
965
700
3,036
2,667
2,563
2,318
22,350
22,935
2,760
2,126
9.7
8.4
7.8
6.8
26.8
28.3
7.7
5.9
20001 ..............................................................................
2001 ................................................................................
2002 ................................................................................
20031 ..............................................................................
58,427
58,582
58,555
59,122
36,777
36,848
36,508
37,093
62.9
62.9
62.3
62.7
1,170
1,021
997
1,062
579
409
350
332
1,748
1,430
1,347
1,394
4.8
3.9
3.7
3.8
WOMEN
See footnotes at end of table.
40
Table 17. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by sex, 1979-2003 annual
averages — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Workers paid hourly rates
Year and sex
Total
wage and
salary
workers
Total
Percent of
total wage
and salary
workers
Below
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Total at or below
prevailing Federal
minimum wage
At
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Number
Percent
of hourly
paid
workers
MEN
1979 ................................................................................
49,400
28,392
57.5
846
1,353
2,199
7.7
1980 ................................................................................
1981 ................................................................................
1982 ................................................................................
1983 ................................................................................
1984 ................................................................................
1985 ................................................................................
19861 ..............................................................................
1987 ................................................................................
1988 ................................................................................
1989 ................................................................................
48,700
48,844
47,591
47,856
50,022
51,015
51,942
52,938
53,912
54,789
27,709
27,576
26,481
26,831
28,140
28,893
29,666
30,474
31,058
31,687
56.9
56.5
55.6
56.1
56.3
56.6
57.1
57.6
57.6
57.8
983
1,119
697
585
490
440
408
364
311
379
1,696
1,533
1,587
1,658
1,626
1,544
1,336
1,283
1,066
733
2,678
2,652
2,284
2,243
2,116
1,984
1,743
1,647
1,377
1,112
9.7
9.6
8.6
8.4
7.5
6.9
5.9
5.4
4.4
3.5
19901 ..............................................................................
1991 ................................................................................
1992 ................................................................................
1993 ................................................................................
19941 ..............................................................................
1995 ................................................................................
1996 ................................................................................
19971 ..............................................................................
19981 ..............................................................................
19991 ..............................................................................
55,553
54,618
54,826
55,475
56,570
57,669
58,473
59,825
60,973
61,914
32,104
31,639
32,155
32,337
33,528
34,420
34,838
35,521
35,761
36,073
57.8
57.9
58.6
58.3
59.3
59.7
59.6
59.4
58.7
58.3
2712
2385
21,097
23.4
2795
21,114
21,909
26.0
653
573
674
542
2619
21,147
1,039
768
1,231
1,091
891
796
2755
2673
628
446
1,885
1,664
1,565
1,338
21,374
21,820
1,667
1,214
5.9
5.1
4.7
3.9
23.9
25.1
4.7
3.4
20001 ..............................................................................
2001 ................................................................................
2002 ................................................................................
20031 ..............................................................................
63,662
63,647
63,272
63,236
36,720
36,544
36,000
35,853
57.7
57.4
56.9
56.7
582
497
582
493
319
247
217
213
901
745
799
706
2.5
2.0
2.2
2.0
1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at
various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current
Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error section of the February 2004 and subsequent issues of
Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.
2 Data for 1990-91 and 1996-97 reflect changes in the minimum wage that
took place in those years.
NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage was $2.90 in 1979, $3.10 in
1980, and $3.35 in 1981-89. The minimum wage rose to $3.80 in April 1990,
to $4.25 in April 1991, to $4.75 in October 1996, and to $5.15 in September
1997. See Technical Note for more information about minimum wage
workers.
41