Labor Force Characteristics
by Race and Ethnicity, 2009
BLS
U.S. Department of Labor
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
August 2010
Report 1026
i
This report was prepared by the Office of
Employment and Unemployment Statistics,
Division of Labor Force Statistics.
Layout by Phyllis Lott and edited by
Maureen Soyars of Office of Publications and
Special Studies.
Labor Force Characteristics
by Race and Ethnicity, 2009
U.S. Department of Labor
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
August 2010
Report 1026
BLS
Contents
Page
Overview ................................................................................................................................................................
Labor force participation ........................................................................................................................................
Employment ...........................................................................................................................................................
Education ................................................................................................................................................................
Occupation and Industry ........................................................................................................................................
Families and mothers..............................................................................................................................................
Unemployment and not in the labor force ..............................................................................................................
Earnings ..................................................................................................................................................................
Tables
Table
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages...........................................................................................
5
Table
2. Labor force participation rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
1972–2009 annual averages ...............................................................................................................
6
Table
3 Employment-population ratios by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
1972–2009 annual averages ...............................................................................................................
7
4. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages ..........................................................................
8
5. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2009 annual averages .........................................................................................................................
11
6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2009 annual averages .........................................................................................................................
14
7. Employed people by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2009 annual averages .........................................................................................................................
27
8. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity, 2009 annual averages .........................................................................................................
29
9. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1996–2009 annual averages ................................................................
30
Table 10. Unemployment rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2009 annual averages ..
34
Table 11. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2009 annual averages .........................................................................................................................
35
Table 12. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2009 annual averages .........................................................................................................................
36
Table 13. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics,
2009 annual averages .........................................................................................................................
37
Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2009 annual averages ................................................................
39
Table 15. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment,
sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages ....................................................
43
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, sex, race,
and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages ....................................................................
44
Technical Note ............................................................................................................................................................
47
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
iii
Labor Force Characteristics by
Race and Ethnicity, 2009
Employment
• From 2008 to 2009, the employment-population
ratios (the proportion of the population that is
employed) fell for all race and ethnicity groups,
reflecting continued declines in employment. The
declines were largest for Blacks and Hispanics;
the rate for Blacks fell by 4.1 percentage points to
53.2 percent, and the rate for Hispanics fell by 3.6
percentage points to 59.7 percent. The employmentpopulation ratios for Asians and Whites fell by 3.1
and 2.6 percentage points, to 61.2 and 60.2 percent,
respectively. (See tables 1 and 3.)
Overview
T
he U.S. job market continued to deteriorate in 2009,
and all major race and ethnicity groups continued to
experience labor market difficulties. For the second
year in a row, employment fell more sharply for Blacks
and Hispanics than for Whites and Asians. Unemployment
rates remained especially high for Blacks and Hispanics in
2009, reaching 14.8 percent for Blacks and 12.1 percent
for Hispanics. These figures were much higher than the
unemployment rates for Whites and Asians, at 8.5 percent
and 7.3 percent, respectively.
In general, the labor market problems experienced by
Blacks and Hispanics are associated with many factors, not
all of which are measurable. Some of these factors include
a tendency to be employed in occupations with high levels
of unemployment, lower average levels of schooling, greater
concentration in the central cities of urban areas where job
opportunities may be relatively limited, and the likelihood of
discrimination in the workplace. These factors and others may
help explain the acute labor market difficulties Blacks and
Hispanics encounter, especially during economic downturns.
This report describes the labor force characteristics and
earnings patterns among the major race and ethnicity groups
and provides detailed data through a set of supporting tables.
These data are obtained from the Current Population Survey
(CPS), a monthly survey of 60,000 households that is a rich
source of information on the labor force. For definitions of
terms and concepts used in this report, see the Technical Note
on page 47. Additional information about the CPS can be
found at http://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.
• In 2009, the employment-population ratios fell more
steeply for men than for women, across all race and
ethnicity groups. The decline was largest for Black
men, whose employment-population ratio fell by 5.4
percentage points to 53.7 percent from 2008 to 2009.
The decline in employment-population ratio was
smallest for Asian men, with a 3.5-percentage-point
decline to 68.7 percent.
• Among adult men (age 20 and older), Hispanics
had the highest employment-population ratio (73.5
percent) in 2009, followed by Asians (72.2 percent)
and Whites (68.7 percent). The employmentpopulation ratio for Black men, at 58.2 percent,
remained lower than the ratios for men in other groups
in 2009, continuing a long-term pattern. Among
adult women, Asians had the highest employmentpopulation ratio, at 56.7 percent, followed by Whites
(56.3 percent) and Blacks (56.1 percent). Unlike the
ratio for Hispanic men, the ratio for Hispanic women
(52.9 percent) was lower than that of their Asian,
Black, and White counterparts. (See table 1.)
Labor force participation
• From 2008 to 2009, the overall labor force
participation rate declined by 0.6 percentage
point to 65.4 percent. The decrease in labor force
participation in 2009 occurred across all of the
major race and ethnicity groups, although the largest
declines occurred among Blacks and Asians. Over
the year, the labor force participation rate of Blacks
declined by 1.3 percentage points to 62.4 percent,
and the labor force participation rate of Asians was
down by 1.0 percentage point to 66.0 percent. The
participation rates of Hispanics and Whites both
declined by 0.5 percentage point, to 68.0 and 65.8
percent, respectively. (See tables 1 and 2.)
• Among teenagers ages 16 to 19, the employmentpopulation ratio tends to be higher for Whites than
for Hispanics, Asians, and Blacks. In 2009, the ratio
for White teens (31.7 percent) was about twice that
of the ratios for Asian (15.3 percent) and Black (16.5
percent) teenagers. The ratio for Hispanic teens
was 23.7 percent. All teenage groups continued to
experience declines in their employment-population
ratios in 2009, reflecting, at least in part, the downturn
in the economy.
1
Education
•
Among people age 25 and older in the labor force in
2009, about 90 percent of Whites, Blacks, and Asians
had at least a high school diploma. In contrast, about
67 percent of Hispanics had completed high school.
Asians were most likely to have graduated from
college; 59 percent had a bachelor’s degree or higher,
compared with 35 percent of Whites, 24 percent of
Blacks, and 16 percent of Hispanics. The proportion
of college graduates in all the race and ethnicity
groups has increased over time. (See table 4.)
categories, including construction laborers (44
percent), maids and housekeeping cleaners (42
percent), and grounds maintenance workers (40
percent). Blacks made up 11 percent of all employed
workers, but they accounted for about one-quarter
or more of those in several specific occupations,
including nursing aides (34 percent), security guards
(29 percent), and taxi drivers and bus drivers (about
25 percent each). Asians accounted for 5 percent of
all employed workers but made up a much larger
share of workers in several job categories, including
medical scientists (33 percent), computer software
engineers (27 percent), and physicians and surgeons
(16 percent). (See table 6.)
• For all race and ethnicity groups, higher levels of
education are associated with a greater likelihood of
employment and a lower likelihood of unemployment.
Individuals with higher levels of education generally
have better access to higher paying jobs—such as
those in management, professional, and related
occupations—than individuals with less education.
Nonetheless, at nearly every level of education,
Blacks and Hispanics were more likely to be
unemployed in 2009 than Asians or Whites.
• By industry, black workers were overrepresented
in education and health services, transportation and
utilities, and public administration in 2009. Hispanic
men were more heavily concentrated in construction
(19 percent) than White (13 percent), Black (7
percent), and Asian (4 percent) men. Both Hispanic
men and women were disproportionately employed
in the leisure and hospitality sector. Asians were
overrepresented in professional and business services,
in manufacturing, and in leisure and hospitality. (See
table 7.)
Occupation and industry
• Blacks and Hispanics are less likely to be in
management, professional, and related occupations—
the highest paying major job category—than Whites
and Asians. (See table 5.)
Families and mothers
• The likelihood of having an employed family
member declined from 2008 to 2009 for all the major
race and ethnicity groups. Asian families remained
the most likely to have an employed family member
in 2009 (88 percent), followed by Hispanic families
(84 percent) and White families (81 percent). Black
families remained the least likely to have an employed
family member in 2009 (75 percent). (See table 8.)
• In 2009, half (50 percent) of Asian men worked in
management, professional, and related occupations,
compared with 35 percent of White men, 24 percent
of Black men, and 16 percent of Hispanic men. About
4 in 10 Black and Hispanic men were employed
in service jobs and sales and office jobs in 2009,
whereas about 3 in 10 Asian and White men were
employed in the same occupations. Black men also
were more likely than men in other race and ethnicity
groups to work in production, transportation, and
material moving occupations. Nearly one-half of
Hispanic men were employed in two job groups—
natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations and production, transportation, and
material moving occupations.
• In 2009, nearly one-half (44 percent) of Black families
and about one-fourth (25 percent) of Hispanic
families were maintained by women (with no spouse
present). About 15 percent of White families and
13 percent of Asian families were maintained by
women. In general, families maintained by women
are less likely to have an employed member than
other families.
• In 2009, Asian women were more likely than women
in other race and ethnicity groups to be employed in
management, professional, and related jobs—about
47 percent of Asian women, compared with about
41 percent of White women, 34 percent of Black
women, and 25 percent of Hispanic women. In
contrast, 64 percent of Hispanic women worked in
service jobs and in sales and office jobs, compared
with about 59 percent of Black women, 53 percent of
White women, and 46 percent of Asian women.
• Historically, Black mothers with children under 18
years of age have been more likely than White, Asian,
and Hispanic mothers to be in the labor force. Among
mothers with children under 18 in 2009, 76.3 percent
of Black mothers were labor force participants,
compared with 70.9 percent of White mothers, 68.0
percent Asian mothers, and 61.5 percent of Hispanic
mothers. (See table 9.)
Unemployment and not in the labor force
• Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Blacks
had the highest unemployment rate in 2009, at 14.8
percent, compared with 12.1 percent for Hispanics,
• In 2009, Hispanics accounted for 14 percent of all
employed workers but were disproportionately
represented by a substantial amount in several job
2
8.5 percent for Whites, and 7.3 percent for Asians.
Historically, the jobless rate for Blacks in general
has been at least twice that for Whites, whereas
the unemployment rate for Hispanics has hovered
between the rates for Whites and Blacks. From 2008
to 2009, unemployment rates increased for all the
major race and ethnicity groups. (See tables 1 and
10.)
• In 2009, Blacks made up 11 percent of the civilian
labor force, but also made up 23 percent of people
marginally attached to the labor force. People
marginally attached to the labor force are those
individuals who were not in the labor force, wanted
and were available for work, and had looked for a
job sometime in the previous 12 months—but not
in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics and
Asians were represented nearly proportionately
among the marginally attached. Blacks also made
up a high proportion of discouraged workers (25
percent) in 2009. Discouraged workers, a subset
of the marginally attached, are people who are not
currently looking for work because they believe no
jobs are available for them.
• Higher unemployment rates for Blacks and Hispanics
occur across all major age and sex groups. In 2009,
the rates for Black adult men and women (age 20
and older) were 16.3 and 11.5 percent, respectively,
compared with 11.6 and 10.6 percent for Hispanic
adult men and women, respectively. In comparison,
the unemployment rates were 8.8 percent for White
adult men and 6.8 percent for White adult women.
The unemployment rates for Asian adult men and
women were somewhat lower, at 7.5 and 6.2 percent,
respectively. (See table 1.)
Earnings
• Hispanics and Blacks have considerably lower
earnings than Asians and Whites. In 2009, the median
usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary
workers were $541 for Hispanics and $601 for Blacks,
compared with $757 for Whites and $880 for Asians.
The earnings of Black men ($621) and Hispanic
men ($569) were 65 and 60 percent, respectively, of
the earnings of Asian men ($952). Among women,
the median earnings of Black women ($582) and
Hispanic women ($509) were 75 and 65 percent,
respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($779).
The median earnings for White men and women were
89 and 86 percent of their Asian counterparts in 2009.
(See table 14.)
• Teenagers ages 16 to 19 are especially vulnerable
to joblessness. Among the major race and ethnicity
groups in 2009, Black teenagers had the highest
unemployment rate (39.5 percent), compared with
30.2 percent for Hispanics, 26.4 percent for Asians,
and 21.8 percent for Whites.
• Unemployed Blacks tend to be jobless for longer
periods than unemployed workers in other groups.
In 2009, the median duration of unemployment for
Blacks was 19.7 weeks, compared with 16.6 weeks
for Asians, 14.2 weeks for Whites, and 13.5 weeks
for Hispanics. The median duration of unemployment
reached record highs in 2009 for all race and ethnicity
groups. (See table 11.)
• Of the 14.3 million total unemployed people in 2009,
64 percent (9.2 million) were job losers (that is,
those workers who lost their jobs). Reentrants to the
labor force (22 percent), job leavers (6 percent), and
new entrants (7 percent) constituted the balance of
unemployed people. Over the year, the number of job
losers who did not expect to be recalled to work (that
is, those workers who were not on temporary layoff)
accounted for nearly 90 percent of the increase in
unemployed job losers. Between 2008 and 2009, the
number of people who were not laid off temporarily
increased significantly among all the major race and
ethnicity groups. (See table 12.)
• For men, the earnings disparity between Black or
Hispanic workers and Asian or White workers
holds across all major occupational groups. For
example, in 2009, median usual weekly earnings
of Asian men ($1,357) and White men ($1,266)
working full time in management, professional, and
related occupations were well above the earnings of
Hispanic men ($1,017) and Black men ($922) in the
same occupations. This disparity is evident toward
the other end of the earnings spectrum as well;
Hispanic and Black men employed in production,
transportation, and material moving occupations
had median earnings of $516 and $582 per week,
respectively, which were less than the median
earnings of their White ($666) or Asian ($617)
counterparts. (See table 16.)
• Black men are more likely than other men to be out
of the labor force. Among men ages 25 to 54, the
proportion of Blacks who did not participate in the
labor force in 2009 was higher than that of Whites,
Asians, and Hispanics. Among women of the same
age, the percentage of Hispanics not in the labor force
was higher than that for Whites, Blacks, and Asians.
(See table 13.)
• Among women, the earnings gap is generally smaller
than the earnings gap for men, and, in some major
occupational categories, earnings levels are fairly
close. For example, in service occupations, the
earnings of White and Black women were about 93
percent of the earnings of Asian women in 2009, and
the earnings of Hispanic women were 84 percent of
that of Asian women.
3
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Employment status, sex, and age
Total
White
Black or African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity
Total, both sexes
Civilian noninstitutional population.....................
Civilian labor force..........................................
Percent of population...............................
Employed....................................................
Percent of population...............................
Unemployed................................................
Unemployment rate..................................
Not in labor force............................................
235,801
154,142
65.4
139,877
59.3
14,265
9.3
81,659
190,902
125,644
65.8
114,996
60.2
10,648
8.5
65,258
28,241
17,632
62.4
15,025
53.2
2,606
14.8
10,609
10,842
7,156
66.0
6,635
61.2
522
7.3
3,685
32,891
22,352
68.0
19,647
59.7
2,706
12.1
10,539
Men, 16 years and older
Civilian noninstitutional population.....................
Civilian labor force..........................................
Percent of population...............................
Employed....................................................
Percent of population...............................
Unemployed................................................
Unemployment rate..................................
Not in labor force............................................
114,136
82,123
72.0
73,670
64.5
8,453
10.3
32,013
93,433
68,051
72.8
61,630
66.0
6,421
9.4
25,382
12,705
8,265
65.0
6,817
53.7
1,448
17.5
4,441
5,170
3,857
74.6
3,551
68.7
306
7.9
1,314
16,897
13,310
78.8
11,640
68.9
1,670
12.5
3,588
Men, 20 years and older
Civilian noninstitutional population.....................
Civilian labor force..........................................
Percent of population...............................
Employed....................................................
Percent of population...............................
Unemployed................................................
Unemployment rate..................................
Not in labor force............................................
105,493
78,897
74.8
71,341
67.6
7,555
9.6
,
26,596
86,789
65,372
75.3
59,626
68.7
5,746
8.8
,
21,417
11,379
7,914
69.6
6,628
58.2
1,286
16.3
,
3,465
4,837
3,777
78.1
3,493
72.2
284
7.5
,
1,060
15,305
12,730
83.2
11,256
73.5
1,474
11.6
,
2,575
Women, 16 years and older
Civilian noninstitutional population.....................
Civilian labor force..........................................
Percent of population...............................
Employed....................................................
Percent of population...............................
Unemployed................................................
Unemployment rate..................................
Not in labor force............................................
121,665
72,019
59.2
66,208
54.4
5,811
8.1
49,646
97,469
57,593
59.1
53,366
54.8
4,227
7.3
39,876
15,536
9,367
60.3
8,208
52.8
1,159
12.4
6,169
5,671
3,300
58.2
3,084
54.4
216
6.6
2,371
15,993
9,043
56.5
8,007
50.1
1,036
11.5
6,951
Women, 20 years and older
Civilian noninstitutional population.....................
Civilian labor force..........................................
Percent of population...............................
Employed....................................................
Percent of population...............................
Unemployed................................................
Unemployment rate..................................
Not in labor force............................................
113,265
68,856
60.8
63,699
56.2
5,157
7.5
44,409
91,078
54,976
60.4
51,231
56.3
3,745
6.8
36,101
14,178
8,988
63.4
7,956
56.1
1,032
11.5
5,190
5,372
3,248
60.5
3,045
56.7
203
6.2
2,124
14,463
8,560
59.2
7,649
52.9
911
10.6
5,903
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population.....................
Civilian labor force..........................................
Percent of population...............................
Employed....................................................
Percent of population...............................
Unemployed................................................
Unemployment rate..................................
Not in labor force............................................
17,043
6,390
37.5
4,837
28.4
1,552
24.3
10,654
13,035
5,295
40.6
4,138
31.7
1,157
21.8
7,740
2,684
729
27.2
442
16.5
288
39.5
1,954
632
131
20.8
97
15.3
35
26.4
501
3,123
1,063
34.0
742
23.7
321
30.2
2,061
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
5
Table 2. Labor force participation rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2009 annual averages
(Percent)
Total
Year
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
1972….… 60.4
1973…… 60.8
1974…… 61.3
78.9
78.8
78.7
43.9
44.7
45.7
60.4
60.8
61.4
79.6
79.4
79.4
43.2
44.1
45.2
59.9
60.2
59.8
73.6
73.4
72.9
48.7
49.3
49.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
60.2
61.1
—
81.5
81.7
—
41.0
42.4
1975……
1976……
1977……
1978……
1979……
61.2
61.6
62.3
63.2
63.7
77.9
77.5
77.7
77.9
77.8
46.3
47.3
48.4
50.0
50.9
61.5
61.8
62.5
63.3
63.9
78.7
78.4
78.5
78.6
78.6
45.9
46.9
48.0
49.4
50.5
58.8
59.0
59.8
61.5
61.4
70.9
70.0
70.6
71.5
71.3
48.8
49.8
50.8
53.1
53.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
60.8
60.8
61.6
62.9
63.6
80.7
79.6
80.9
81.1
81.3
43.2
44.3
44.3
46.6
47.4
1980……
1981……
1982……
1983……
1984……
63.8
63.9
64.0
64.0
64.4
77.4
77.0
76.6
76.4
76.4
51.5
52.1
52.6
52.9
53.6
64.1
64.3
64.3
64.3
64.6
78.2
77.9
77.4
77.1
77.1
51.2
51.9
52.4
52.7
53.3
61.0
60.8
61.0
61.5
62.2
70.3
70.0
70.1
70.6
70.8
53.1
53.5
53.7
54.2
55.2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
64.0
64.1
63.6
63.8
64.9
81.4
80.6
79.7
80.3
80.6
47.4
48.3
48.1
47.7
49.7
1985……
1986……
1987……
1988……
1989……
64.8
65.3
65.6
65.9
66.5
76.3
76.3
76.2
76.2
76.4
54.5
55.3
56.0
56.6
57.4
65.0
65.5
65.8
66.2
66.7
77.0
76.9
76.8
76.9
77.1
54.1
55.0
55.7
56.4
57.2
62.9
63.3
63.8
63.8
64.2
70.8
71.2
71.1
71.0
71.0
56.5
56.9
58.0
58.0
58.7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
64.6
65.4
66.4
67.4
67.6
80.4
81.0
81.0
81.9
82.0
49.3
50.1
52.0
53.2
53.5
1990……
1991……
1992……
1993……
1994……
66.5
66.2
66.4
66.3
66.6
76.4
75.8
75.8
75.4
75.1
57.5
57.4
57.8
57.9
58.8
66.9
66.6
66.8
66.8
67.1
77.1
76.5
76.5
76.2
75.9
57.4
57.4
57.7
58.0
58.9
64.0
63.3
63.9
63.2
63.4
71.0
70.4
70.7
69.6
69.1
58.3
57.5
58.5
57.9
58.7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
67.4
66.5
66.8
66.2
66.1
81.4
80.3
80.7
80.2
79.2
53.1
52.4
52.8
52.1
52.9
1995……
1996……
1997
1997……
1998……
1999……
66.6
66.8
67 1
67.1
67.1
67.1
75.0
74.9
75 0
75.0
74.9
74.7
58.9
59.3
59 8
59.8
59.8
60.0
67.1
67.2
67 5
67.5
67.3
67.3
75.7
75.8
75 9
75.9
75.6
75.6
59.0
59.1
59 5
59.5
59.4
59.6
63.7
64.1
64 7
64.7
65.6
65.8
69.0
68.7
68 3
68.3
69.0
68.7
59.5
60.4
61 7
61.7
62.8
63.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
65.8
66.5
67 9
67.9
67.9
67.7
79.1
79.6
80 1
80.1
79.8
79.8
52.6
53.4
55 1
55.1
55.6
55.9
2000……
2001……
2002……
2003……
2004……
67.1
66.8
66.6
66.2
66.0
74.8
74.4
74.1
73.5
73.3
59.9
59.8
59.6
59.5
59.2
67.3
67.0
66.8
66.5
66.3
75.5
75.1
74.8
74.2
74.1
59.5
59.4
59.3
59.2
58.9
65.8
65.3
64.8
64.3
63.8
69.2
68.4
68.4
67.3
66.7
63.1
62.8
61.8
61.9
61.5
67.2
67.2
67.2
66.4
65.9
76.1
76.2
75.9
75.6
75.0
59.2
59.0
59.1
58.3
57.6
69.7
69.5
69.1
68.3
68.6
81.5
81.0
80.2
80.1
80.4
57.5
57.6
57.6
55.9
56.1
2005……
2006……
2007……
2008……
2009……
66.0
66.2
66.0
66.0
65.4
73.3
73.5
73.2
73.0
72.0
59.3
59.4
59.3
59.5
59.2
66.3
66.5
66.4
66.3
65.8
74.1
74.3
74.0
73.7
72.8
58.9
59.0
59.0
59.2
59.1
64.2
64.1
63.7
63.7
62.4
67.3
67.0
66.8
66.7
65.0
61.6
61.7
61.1
61.3
60.3
66.1
66.2
66.5
67.0
66.0
74.8
75.0
75.1
75.3
74.6
58.2
58.3
58.6
59.4
58.2
68.0
68.7
68.8
68.5
68.0
80.1
80.7
80.5
80.2
78.8
55.3
56.1
56.5
56.2
56.5
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race
group only; previously, those respondents with a multiracial background were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian
estimates for 2000–02 include Asian and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asians are a separate category. People whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
6
Table 3. Employment-population ratios by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2009 annual averages
(Percent)
Total
Year
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
1972….… 57.0
1973…… 57.8
1974…… 57.8
75.0
75.5
74.9
41.0
42.0
42.6
57.4
58.2
58.3
76.0
76.5
75.9
40.7
41.8
42.4
53.7
54.5
53.5
66.8
67.5
65.8
43.0
43.8
43.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
55.6
56.2
—
76.0
75.7
—
37.3
38.4
1975……
1976……
1977……
1978……
1979……
56.1
56.8
57.9
59.3
59.9
71.7
72.0
72.8
73.8
73.8
42.0
43.2
44.5
46.4
47.5
56.7
57.5
58.6
60.0
60.6
73.0
73.4
74.1
75.0
75.1
42.0
43.2
44.5
46.3
47.5
50.1
50.8
51.4
53.6
53.8
60.6
60.6
61.4
63.3
63.4
41.6
42.8
43.3
45.8
46.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
53.4
53.8
55.4
57.2
58.3
71.5
71.1
73.6
74.9
75.6
37.4
38.6
39.1
41.3
42.5
1980……
1981……
1982……
1983……
1984……
59.2
59.0
57.8
57.9
59.5
72.0
71.3
69.0
68.8
70.7
47.7
48.0
47.7
48.0
49.5
60.0
60.0
58.8
58.9
60.5
73.4
72.8
70.6
70.4
72.1
47.8
48.3
48.1
48.5
49.8
52.3
51.3
49.4
49.5
52.3
60.4
59.1
56.0
56.3
59.2
45.7
45.1
44.2
44.1
46.7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
57.6
57.4
54.9
55.1
57.9
73.5
72.4
68.9
69.4
72.1
42.4
43.0
41.3
41.1
44.2
1985……
1986……
1987……
1988……
1989……
60.1
60.7
61.5
62.3
63.0
70.9
71.0
71.5
72.0
72.5
50.4
51.4
52.5
53.4
54.3
61.0
61.5
62.3
63.1
63.8
72.3
72.3
72.7
73.2
73.7
50.7
51.7
52.8
53.8
54.6
53.4
54.1
55.6
56.3
56.9
60.0
60.6
62.0
62.7
62.8
48.1
48.8
50.3
51.2
52.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
57.8
58.5
60.5
61.9
62.2
72.1
72.5
74.0
75.3
75.8
43.8
44.7
47.4
48.8
48.8
1990……
1991……
1992……
1993……
1994……
62.8
61.7
61.5
61.7
62.5
72.0
70.4
69.8
70.0
70.4
54.3
53.7
53.8
54.1
55.3
63.7
62.6
62.4
62.7
63.5
73.3
71.6
71.1
71.4
71.8
54.7
54.2
54.2
54.6
55.8
56.7
55.4
54.9
55.0
56.1
62.6
61.3
59.9
60.0
60.8
51.9
50.6
50.8
50.9
52.3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
61.9
59.8
59.1
59.1
59.5
74.9
72.1
71.2
71.7
71.7
48.6
47.3
46.8
46.3
47.2
1995……
1996……
1997
1997……
1998……
1999……
62.9
63.2
63 8
63.8
64.1
64.3
70.8
70.9
71 3
71.3
71.6
71.6
55.6
56.0
56 8
56.8
57.1
57.4
63.8
64.1
64 6
64.6
64.7
64.8
72.0
72.3
72 7
72.7
72.7
72.8
56.1
56.3
57 0
57.0
57.1
57.3
57.1
57.4
58 2
58.2
59.7
60.6
61.7
61.1
61 4
61.4
62.9
63.1
53.4
54.4
55 6
55.6
57.2
58.6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
59.7
60.6
62 6
62.6
63.1
63.4
72.1
73.3
74 5
74.5
74.7
75.3
47.3
47.9
50 2
50.2
51.0
51.7
2000……
2001……
2002……
2003……
2004……
64.4
63.7
62.7
62.3
62.3
71.9
70.9
69.7
68.9
69.2
57.5
57.0
56.3
56.1
56.0
64.9
64.2
63.4
63.0
63.1
73.0
72.0
70.8
70.1
70.4
57.4
57.0
56.4
56.3
56.1
60.9
59.7
58.1
57.4
57.2
63.6
62.1
61.1
59.5
59.3
58.6
57.8
55.8
55.6
55.5
64.8
64.2
63.2
62.4
63.0
73.3
72.7
71.3
70.9
71.6
57.1
56.4
55.8
54.9
55.1
65.7
64.9
63.9
63.1
63.8
77.4
76.2
74.5
74.3
75.1
53.6
53.3
52.9
51.2
51.8
2005……
2006……
2007……
2008……
2009……
62.7
63.1
63.0
62.2
59.3
69.6
70.1
69.8
68.5
64.5
56.2
56.6
56.6
56.2
54.4
63.4
63.8
63.6
62.8
60.2
70.8
71.3
70.9
69.7
66.0
56.3
56.6
56.7
56.3
54.8
57.7
58.4
58.4
57.3
53.2
60.2
60.6
60.7
59.1
53.7
55.7
56.5
56.5
55.8
52.8
63.4
64.2
64.3
64.3
61.2
71.8
72.7
72.8
72.2
68.7
55.9
56.5
56.6
57.2
54.4
64.0
65.2
64.9
63.3
59.7
75.8
76.8
76.2
74.1
68.9
51.5
52.8
53.0
51.9
50.1
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race
group only; previously, those respondents with a multiracial background were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian
estimates for 2000–02 include Asian and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asians are a separate category. People whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
7
Table 4. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Employment status, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 25
years and
older
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
Some college,
graduates, no
no degree
college
Associate's
degree
Bachelor's
degree and
higher
Total
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
198,233
132,781
67.0
122,277
61.7
10,505
7.9
26,129
12,146
46.5
10,371
39.7
1,775
14.6
61,469
38,186
62.1
34,487
56.1
3,699
9.7
33,518
23,005
68.6
21,016
62.7
1,989
8.6
18,208
13,810
75.8
12,872
70.7
938
6.8
58,909
45,634
77.5
43,531
73.9
2,103
4.6
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
95,209
71,057
74.6
64,831
68.1
6,226
8.8
13,028
7,716
59.2
6,569
50.4
1,147
14.9
29,737
21,442
72.1
19,085
64.2
2,357
11.0
15,698
11,872
75.6
10,772
68.6
1,099
9.3
7,819
6,364
81.4
5,864
75.0
500
7.9
28,927
23,664
81.8
22,541
77.9
1,123
4.7
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
103,024
61,724
59.9
57,445
55.8
4,279
6.9
13,101
4,430
33.8
3,802
29.0
629
14.2
31,731
16,744
52.8
15,402
48.5
1,342
8.0
17,820
11,134
62.5
10,244
57.5
889
8.0
10,389
7,446
71.7
7,008
67.5
438
5.9
29,982
21,970
73.3
20,990
70.0
980
4.5
White
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
161,904
108,354
66.9
100,419
62.0
7,935
7.3
20,550
9,871
48.0
8,497
41.3
1,374
13.9
50,515
31,172
61.7
28,372
56.2
2,800
9.0
27,137
18,447
68.0
16,983
62.6
1,465
7.9
15,073
11,427
75.8
10,714
71.1
713
6.2
48,628
37,437
77.0
35,854
73.7
1,583
4.2
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
78,713
59,025
75.0
54,248
68.9
4,777
8.1
10,526
6,494
61.7
5,583
53.0
910
14.0
24,555
17,778
72.4
15,966
65.0
1,812
10.2
12,892
9,749
75.6
8,937
69.3
812
8.3
6,507
5,326
81.8
4,948
76.0
378
7.1
24,232
19,679
81.2
18,813
77.6
865
4.4
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
83,191
49,329
59.3
46,172
55.5
3,157
6.4
10,023
3,378
33.7
2,913
29.1
464
13.7
25,960
13,394
51.6
12,406
47.8
988
7.4
14,245
8,698
61.1
8,046
56.5
653
7.5
8,566
6,101
71.2
5,766
67.3
335
5.5
24,396
17,758
72.8
17,040
69.8
718
4.0
See note at end of table.
8
Table 4. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Employment status, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 25
years and
older
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
Some college,
graduates, no
no degree
college
Associate's
degree
Bachelor's
degree and
higher
Black or African American
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
22,584
14,941
66.2
13,110
58.1
1,831
12.3
3,644
1,393
38.2
1,096
30.1
297
21.3
7,866
5,085
64.6
4,375
55.6
710
14.0
4,519
3,250
71.9
2,855
63.2
394
12.1
2,067
1,584
76.6
1,422
68.8
162
10.3
4,488
3,629
80.9
3,363
74.9
266
7.3
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
9,969
6,961
69.8
5,939
59.6
1,022
14.7
1,639
724
44.2
551
33.6
173
23.9
3,765
2,625
69.7
2,199
58.4
427
16.2
1,921
1,435
74.7
1,225
63.8
211
14.7
809
630
77.9
544
67.3
86
13.6
1,836
1,546
84.2
1,419
77.3
126
8.2
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
12,615
7,980
63.3
7,171
56.8
809
10.1
2,005
669
33.4
544
27.1
125
18.6
4,101
2,460
60.0
2,176
53.1
284
11.5
2,598
1,814
69.8
1,631
62.8
184
10.1
1,258
954
75.8
877
69.7
77
8.0
2,652
2,083
78.5
1,943
73.3
140
6.7
Asian
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
9,354
6,540
69.9
6,110
65.3
430
6.6
1,096
489
44.6
448
40.8
41
8.4
1,828
1,111
60.8
1,028
56.2
83
7.5
915
636
69.5
579
63.3
57
8.9
623
469
75.3
434
69.6
35
7.5
4,892
3,836
78.4
3,622
74.0
214
5.6
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
4,419
3,525
79.8
3,272
74.0
253
7.2
429
253
59.0
229
53.3
24
9.6
788
578
73.4
522
66.3
56
9.6
452
352
77.9
312
69.2
39
11.2
296
243
82.0
224
75.9
18
7.5
2,454
2,100
85.5
1,984
80.8
116
5.5
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
4,935
3,015
61.1
2,838
57.5
176
5.9
668
236
35.3
219
32.8
17
7.0
1,040
533
51.3
506
48.6
27
5.2
463
284
61.3
266
57.5
17
6.2
327
226
69.1
209
64.0
17
7.4
2,438
1,736
71.2
1,638
67.2
98
5.7
See note at end of table.
8
9
Table 4. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, 25
years and
older
Employment status, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
Some college,
graduates, no
no degree
college
Associate's
degree
Bachelor's
degree and
higher
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
26,145
18,642
71.3
16,687
63.8
1,955
10.5
9,763
6,064
62.1
5,233
53.6
831
13.7
7,736
5,658
73.1
5,069
65.5
589
10.4
3,421
2,670
78.0
2,414
70.6
255
9.6
1,682
1,357
80.7
1,242
73.8
115
8.5
3,543
2,894
81.7
2,729
77.0
166
5.7
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
13,430
11,187
83.3
9,969
74.2
1,218
10.9
5,130
4,048
78.9
3,508
68.4
539
13.3
4,114
3,494
84.9
3,114
75.7
380
10.9
1,707
1,469
86.1
1,321
77.4
148
10.1
742
653
87.9
595
80.1
58
8.9
1,737
1,524
87.7
1,431
82.4
93
6.1
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
12,714
7,455
58.6
6,718
52.8
737
9.9
4,634
2,016
43.5
1,724
37.2
291
14.5
3,622
2,163
59.7
1,955
54.0
208
9.6
1,714
1,201
70.1
1,093
63.8
108
9.0
940
704
74.9
647
68.9
57
8.1
1,805
1,371
75.9
1,298
71.9
73
5.3
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are
not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
10
Table 5. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2009 annual averages
White
Black or
African
American
Total, 16 years and older (thousands)………………………………… 139,877
100.0
Percent……………………………………………………………………
114,996
100.0
15,025
100.0
6,635
100.0
19,647
100.0
37.3
15.4
11.0
4.3
38.0
16.2
11.8
4.4
29.2
10.1
6.3
3.8
48.8
15.9
10.2
5.6
19.4
8.4
5.9
2.5
21.9
2.5
2.0
.9
1.7
1.2
6.2
1.9
5.5
21.8
2.3
2.0
.9
1.5
1.3
6.4
2.1
5.3
19.1
1.5
1.0
.5
3.1
.7
5.3
1.2
5.7
33.0
8.2
4.1
2.5
1.0
.9
5.1
1.5
9.7
11.1
1.0
1.0
.4
1.2
.4
3.4
1.2
2.5
Service occupations…………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations…………………………………………
Protective service occupations……………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations……………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations………
Personal care and service occupations…………………………………
17.6
2.4
2.3
5.5
3.8
3.6
16.5
2.0
2.1
5.4
3.7
3.3
25.2
5.6
4.0
5.9
4.9
4.9
17.0
2.0
.9
6.2
2.3
5.6
25.8
2.3
2.0
8.5
9.3
3.7
Sales and office occupations………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations……………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations…………………………
24.2
11.2
13.0
24.2
11.4
12.8
25.2
10.0
15.3
21.2
11.3
9.9
21.3
9.5
11.8
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations………………………………
Construction and extraction occupations…………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations………………………
9.5
.7
5.3
3.5
10.3
.7
5.8
3.7
6.1
.3
3.0
2.8
4.0
.2
1.5
2.3
16.4
1.9
10.8
3.7
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations…………
Production occupations……………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations………………………
11.4
5.5
5.9
11.1
5.4
5.7
14.3
5.9
8.5
8.9
5.6
3.3
17.1
8.5
8.6
Occupation and sex
Total
Management, professional, and related occupations……………………
Management, business, and financial operations………………………
Management occupations………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations………………………
Professional and related occupations……………………………………
Computer and mathematical occupations……………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations……………………………
Life, physical, and social science occupations………………………
Community and social services occupations…………………………
Legal occupations…………………………………………………………
Education, training, and library occupations…………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations……………………
See note at end of table.
11
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Table 5. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2009 annual averages—Continued
Occupation and sex
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Men, 16 years and older (thousands)…………………………………… 73,670
Percent……………………………………………………………………… 100.0
61,630
100.0
6,817
100.0
3,551
100.0
11,640
100.0
34.5
16.7
13.1
3.6
35.0
17.7
14.0
3.7
23.8
9.6
7.0
2.5
50.1
16.4
12.2
4.2
15.9
7.9
6.1
1.7
17.7
3.6
3.2
1.0
1.2
1.2
3.0
2.0
2.7
17.3
3.3
3.2
.9
1.1
1.3
3.0
2.0
2.5
14.2
2.2
1.8
.6
2.5
.7
2.4
1.8
2.2
33.7
11.3
6.5
2.5
.8
.9
4.1
1.5
6.1
8.0
1.2
1.5
.4
.8
.3
1.4
1.2
1.3
Service occupations…………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations…………………………………………
Protective service occupations……………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations……………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations………
Personal care and service occupations…………………………………
14.3
.5
3.3
4.6
4.3
1.5
13.4
.4
3.2
4.3
4.2
1.3
21.2
1.4
5.7
5.9
5.9
2.4
13.7
.6
1.2
6.6
2.4
2.9
21.2
.4
2.7
8.2
8.6
1.3
Sales and office occupations………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations……………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations…………………………
17.0
10.7
6.3
16.8
10.9
5.8
18.5
8.6
10.0
18.0
11.6
6.4
14.2
7.7
6.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations………………………………
Construction and extraction occupations…………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations………………………
17.3
1.0
9.8
6.4
18.4
1.1
10.6
6.7
12.4
.5
6.3
5.6
7.1
.3
2.7
4.1
26.6
2.6
18.0
6.0
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations…………
Production occupations……………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations………………………
17.0
7.5
9.5
16.5
7.4
9.1
24.0
8.6
15.5
11.1
5.8
5.3
22.2
9.9
12.3
Management, professional, and related occupations……………………
Management, business, and financial operations………………………
Management occupations………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations………………………
Professional and related occupations……………………………………
Computer and mathematical occupations……………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations……………………………
Life, physical, and social science occupations………………………
Community and social services occupations…………………………
Legal occupations…………………………………………………………
Education, training, and library occupations…………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations……………………
See note at end of table.
12
Table 5. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2009 annual averages—Continued
Occupation and sex
Total
Women, 16 years and older (thousands)……………………………… 66,208
Percent……………………………………………………………………
100.0
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
53,366
100.0
8,208
100.0
3,084
100.0
8,007
100.0
40.5
13.9
8.7
5.2
41.4
14.4
9.3
5.1
33.7
10.5
5.7
4.8
47.4
15.2
7.9
7.3
24.6
9.1
5.5
3.6
26.6
1.3
.6
.9
2.2
1.3
9.7
1.9
8.7
27.0
1.2
.6
.9
2.1
1.4
10.3
2.1
8.5
23.2
1.0
.3
.5
3.6
.8
7.7
.8
8.6
32.2
4.7
1.4
2.6
1.1
1.0
6.3
1.5
13.7
15.5
.6
.3
.4
1.7
.7
6.4
1.2
4.2
Service occupations…………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations…………………………………………
Protective service occupations……………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations……………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations………
Personal care and service occupations…………………………………
21.3
4.5
1.1
6.5
3.3
5.9
20.1
3.8
.9
6.6
3.2
5.6
28.5
9.0
2.5
5.9
4.1
6.9
20.7
3.5
.5
5.8
2.2
8.7
32.4
5.0
1.0
9.0
10.2
7.1
Sales and office occupations………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations……………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations…………………………
32.2
11.7
20.4
32.7
11.8
20.9
30.8
11.1
19.7
25.0
11.1
13.9
31.6
12.1
19.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations………………………………
Construction and extraction occupations…………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations………………………
.9
.3
.3
.3
.9
.3
.3
.3
.8
.1
.2
.4
.4
.1
.1
.2
1.6
1.0
.3
.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations…………
Production occupations……………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations………………………
5.2
3.3
1.9
4.9
3.1
1.9
6.2
3.6
2.6
6.4
5.5
1.0
9.8
6.5
3.3
Management, professional, and related occupations……………………
Management, business, and financial operations………………………
Management occupations………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations………………………
Professional and related occupations……………………………………
Computer and mathematical occupations……………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations……………………………
Life, physical, and social science occupations………………………
Community and social services occupations…………………………
Legal occupations…………………………………………………………
Education, training, and library occupations…………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations……………………
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are
not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
13
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
Total, 16 years and older ……………………………………………………………
Management, professional, and related occupations ………………………………
Management, business, and financial operations............................................
Management occupations ............................................................................
Chief executives ........................................................................................
General and operations managers ...........................................................
Legislators ................................................................................................
Advertising and promotions managers…………………………………………
Marketing and sales managers …………………………………………………
Public relations managers ………………………………………………………
Administrative services managers ……………………………………………
Computer and information systems managers ………………………………
Financial managers ………………………………………………………………
Human resources managers ……………………………………………………
Industrial production managers …………………………………………………
Purchasing managers ……………………………………………………………
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers…………………………
Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers………………………………
Farmers and ranchers …………………………………………………………
Construction managers …………………………………………………………
Education administrators ………………………………………………………
Engineering managers …………………………………………………………
Food service managers …………………………………………………………
Funeral directors …………………………………………………………………
Gaming managers ………………………………………………………………
Lodging managers ………………………………………………………………
Medical and health services managers………………………………………
Natural sciences managers ……………………………………………………
Postmasters and mail superintendents………………………………………
Property, real estate, and community association managers………………
Social and community service managers………………………………………
Managers, all other ………………………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations…………………………………
Agents and business managers of artists, performers,
and athletes……………………………………………………………………
Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products………………………………
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products…………………………
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and
farm products……………………………………………………………………
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators…………………
Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health
and safety, and transportation………………………………………………
Cost estimators……………………………………………………………………
Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists…………………
Logisticians………………………………………………………………………
Management analysts …………………………………………………………
Meeting and convention planners………………………………………………
Other business operations specialists…………………………………………
See notes at end of table.
14
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
Asian
African
Latino
American
ethnicity
139,877
82.2
10.7
4.7
14.0
52,219
21,529
15,447
1,631
1,004
19
78
938
70
118
471
1,183
283
240
198
234
226
729
1,099
808
124
1,003
41
21
160
533
13
33
597
343
3,249
6,082
83.6
86.3
87.8
91.9
88.3
(1)
91.0
90.5
94.3
85.6
86.0
83.9
88.0
91.3
85.9
89.3
95.6
97.5
93.4
84.9
87.1
80.8
(1)
(1)
74.4
83.9
(1)
(1)
87.3
84.0
86.4
82.5
8.4
7.0
6.2
2.9
5.5
(1)
6.3
4.4
2.7
6.8
6.1
8.5
7.6
4.4
8.7
7.3
1.5
1.4
3.3
10.7
2.9
6.9
(1)
(1)
8.4
9.9
(1)
(1)
8.1
11.5
6.8
9.3
6.2
4.9
4.4
4.2
4.6
(1)
2.7
3.7
3.4
2.6
7.0
6.1
3.3
2.9
4.0
2.0
2.0
0.5
1.7
2.6
8.7
10.4
(1)
(1)
14.7
4.6
(1)
(1)
2.8
1.5
4.7
6.1
7.3
7.6
7.5
4.6
6.0
(1)
11.1
7.2
3.3
9.8
6.2
9.1
7.6
11.2
3.7
9.4
7.9
1.7
8.2
7.2
5.4
14.2
(1)
(1)
9.4
7.0
(1)
(1)
9.3
8.5
7.4
8.0
42
10
167
()
(1)
86.2
()
(1)
4.3
()
(1)
5.8
1
()
(1)
16.4
239
280
86.2
82.5
6.8
13.7
3.3
2.7
10.7
7.3
200
117
843
64
640
56
317
84.0
97.4
82.3
75.0
86.3
82.1
79.8
12.0
1.1
12.1
11.9
7.4
12.9
11.9
1.7
.3
3.2
7.5
4.8
.8
5.7
6.8
13.5
9.6
13.6
5.0
8.2
8.7
1
1
1
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
Asian
African
Latino
American
ethnicity
Accountants and auditors ………………………………………………………
Appraisers and assessors of real estate………………………………………
Budget analysts…………………………………………………………………
Credit analysts ……………………………………………………………………
Financial analysts…………………………………………………………………
Personal financial advisors………………………………………………………
Insurance underwriters…………………………………………………………
Financial examiners………………………………………………………………
Loan counselors and officers……………………………………………………
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents………………………………
Tax preparers……………………………………………………………………
Financial specialists, all other……………………………………………………
1,754
99
57
26
94
400
97
8
346
74
99
53
79.7
89.9
73.7
(1)
83.0
85.3
79.4
(1)
81.5
78.4
79.8
75.5
8.0
5.2
14.9
1
()
5.8
6.9
13.6
1
()
11.4
15.6
11.8
15.2
10.3
1.7
9.2
1
()
10.3
6.4
3.2
1
()
5.6
5.7
7.1
7.8
6.3
6.0
3.6
1
()
6.4
7.7
11.5
1
()
9.9
3.1
10.1
12.8
Professional and related occupations………………………………………………
Computer and mathematical occupations………………………………………
Computer scientists and systems analysts……………………………………
Computer programmers…………………………………………………………
Computer software engineers…………………………………………………
Computer support specialists……………………………………………………
Database administrators…………………………………………………………
Network and computer systems administrators………………………………
Network systems and data communications analysts………………………
Actuaries…………………………………………………………………………
Mathematicians……………………………………………………………………
Operations research analysts……………………………………………………
Statisticians………………………………………………………………………
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations……………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations
occupations………………………………………
Architects, except naval…………………………………………………………
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists…………………………
Aerospace engineers……………………………………………………………
Agricultural engineers……………………………………………………………
Biomedical engineers……………………………………………………………
Chemical engineers………………………………………………………………
Civil engineers……………………………………………………………………
Computer hardware engineers…………………………………………………
Electrical and electronics engineers……………………………………………
Environmental engineers………………………………………………………
Industrial engineers, including health and safety……………………………
Marine engineers and naval architects…………………………………………
Materials engineers………………………………………………………………
Mechanical engineers……………………………………………………………
Mining and geological engineers, including mining
safety engineers…………………………………………………………………
Nuclear engineers………………………………………………………………
Petroleum engineers……………………………………………………………
Engineers, all other………………………………………………………………
Drafters……………………………………………………………………………
Engineering technicians, except drafters………………………………………
30,690
3,481
759
498
952
384
110
207
401
21
3
108
35
3
2 740
2,740
204
53
136
3
16
65
338
61
314
31
186
12
33
302
81.7
75.6
76.7
80.7
65.4
77.1
79.1
85.5
82.0
1
()
(1)
79.6
(1)
(1)
83 1
83.1
91.2
90.6
83.8
(1)
(1)
80.0
84.0
65.6
75.5
(1)
83.3
1
()
(1)
84.8
9.4
6.7
7.5
5.0
5.3
11.7
5.1
5.6
6.2
1
()
1
()
10.7
1
()
1
()
55
5.5
2.5
6.4
6.1
(1)
(1)
11.0
4.1
6.2
5.1
(1)
2.9
(1)
(1)
4.0
7.1
15.7
14.7
13.0
26.6
8.3
14.0
7.0
9.4
1
()
1
()
8.4
1
()
1
()
99
9.9
4.8
3.1
7.8
(1)
(1)
7.8
10.6
26.8
17.0
(1)
12.4
(1)
(1)
10.1
7.1
5.4
6.1
5.4
3.5
7.5
7.3
7.6
5.5
1
()
1
()
5.8
1
()
1
()
72
7.2
6.9
2.8
8.3
(1)
(1)
2.6
7.3
7.7
5.1
(1)
9.5
(1)
(1)
5.8
11
11
26
346
149
365
(1)
(1)
(1)
78.0
89.3
84.7
(1)
(1)
(1)
6.7
6.8
9.4
(1)
(1)
(1)
13.9
2.9
4.0
(1)
(1)
(1)
6.1
9.9
8.3
See notes at end of table.
15
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
Surveying and mapping technicians……………………………………………
Life, physical, and social science occupations…………………………………
Agricultural and food scientists…………………………………………………
Biological scientists………………………………………………………………
Conservation scientists and foresters…………………………………………
Medical scientists…………………………………………………………………
Astronomers and physicists……………………………………………………
Atmospheric and space scientists………………………………………………
Chemists and materials scientists………………………………………………
Environmental scientists and geoscientists……………………………………
Physical scientists, all other……………………………………………………
Economists………………………………………………………………………
Market and survey researchers…………………………………………………
Psychologists……………………………………………………………………
Sociologists………………………………………………………………………
Urban and regional planners……………………………………………………
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers…………………………
Agricultural and food science technicians……………………………………
Biological technicians……………………………………………………………
Chemical technicians……………………………………………………………
Geological and petroleum technicians…………………………………………
Nuclear technicians………………………………………………………………
Other life, physical, and social science technicians…………………………
Community and social services occupations……………………………………
Counselors…………………………………………………………………………
Social workers……………………………………………………………………
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists……………………
Clergy………………………………………………………………………………
Directors, religious activities and education……………………………………
Religious workers, all other………………………………………………………
Legal occupations…………………………………………………………………
Lawyers……………………………………………………………………………
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers………………………………
Paralegals and legal assistants…………………………………………………
Miscellaneous legal support workers…………………………………………
Education, training, and library occupations……………………………………
Postsecondary teachers…………………………………………………………
Preschool and kindergarten teachers…………………………………………
Elementary and middle school teachers………………………………………
Secondary school teachers……………………………………………………
Special education teachers………………………………………………………
Other teachers and instructors…………………………………………………
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians…………………………….
Librarians…………………………………………………………………………
Library technicians………………………………………………………………
Teacher assistants………………………………………………………………
Other education, training, and library workers…………………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations…………………
See notes at end of table.
16
80
1,328
32
98
23
170
13
6
113
91
127
36
127
161
2
23
43
30
20
54
15
1
144
2,341
697
725
349
427
66
76
1,710
1,043
73
354
240
8,627
1,321
691
2,862
1,212
385
758
41
206
50
1,006
96
2,724
White
95.0
79.2
(1)
80.6
1
()
60.0
1
()
(1)
72.6
92.3
77.2
(1)
85.8
89.4
(1)
(1)
(1)
1
()
(1)
66.7
(1)
1
()
79.9
75.4
72.6
72.7
72.5
82.7
90.9
82.9
88.3
90.0
91.8
85.9
83.3
85.1
82.1
81.8
86.9
88.3
90.1
84.6
1
()
89.3
84.0
79.8
83.3
87.6
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
Asian
African
Latino
American
ethnicity
1.4
6.0
1
()
4.7
1
()
4.5
1
()
1
()
7.2
1.0
2.1
(1)
4.8
6.3
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
18.2
(1)
(1)
8.9
19.8
22.9
22.5
21.4
12.4
4.9
12.5
6.5
4.7
4.8
9.8
9.7
9.2
5.3
14.2
9.3
7.8
6.8
9.5
(1)
5.3
7.7
14.5
10.4
6.7
2.2
12.7
1
()
13.6
1
()
33.3
1
()
1
()
19.6
2.7
18.6
(1)
6.7
3.2
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
12.7
(1)
(1)
9.3
2.7
2.0
2.5
2.5
4.0
3.4
4.1
3.6
4.1
3.2
1.4
4.7
3.9
11.3
2.6
2.4
2.1
2.3
3.9
(1)
3.0
5.3
2.4
4.3
3.6
10.3
5.9
1
()
5.1
1
()
4.3
1
()
1
()
6.6
1.2
4.1
(1)
5.2
6.2
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
18.7
(1)
(1)
9.2
9.7
9.4
9.6
15.7
5.3
12.9
8.3
5.0
2.8
7.0
8.3
8.8
7.8
4.6
10.3
7.1
6.6
4.8
8.6
(1)
6.8
9.0
14.7
5.4
8.8
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
Artists and related workers………………………………………………………
Designers…………………………………………………………………………
Actors………………………………………………………………………………
Producers and directors…………………………………………………………
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers……………………………
Dancers and choreographers……………………………………………………
Musicians, singers, and related workers………………………………………
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers,
all other…………………………………………………………………………
Announcers………………………………………………………………………
News analysts, reporters and correspondents………………………………
Public relations specialists………………………………………………………
Editors……………………………………………………………………………
Technical writers…………………………………………………………………
Writers and authors………………………………………………………………
Miscellaneous media and communication workers…………………………
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians
and radio operators……………………………………………………………
Photographers……………………………………………………………………
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators
and editors………………………………………………………………………
Media and communication equipment workers, all other……………………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations……………………………
Chiropractors………………………………………………………………………
Dentists……………………………………………………………………………
Dietitians and nutritionists………………………………………………………
Optometrists………………………………………………………………………
Pharmacists………………………………………………………………………
Physicians and surgeons………………………………………………………
Physician assistants………………………………………………………………
Podiatrists…………………………………………………………………………
Registered nurses………………………………………………………………
Audiologists………………………………………………………………………
Occupational therapists…………………………………………………………
Physical therapists………………………………………………………………
Radiation therapists………………………………………………………………
Recreational therapists…………………………………………………………
Respiratory therapists……………………………………………………………
Speech-language pathologists…………………………………………………
Therapists, all other………………………………………………………………
Veterinarians………………………………………………………………………
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other………………………
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians……………………………
Dental hygienists…………………………………………………………………
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians……………………………
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics……………………………
Health diagnosing and treating practitioner
support technicians……………………………………………………………
See notes at end of table.
17
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
Asian
African
Latino
American
ethnicity
213
764
26
138
258
18
168
92.0
88.5
1
()
81.9
84.9
(1)
85.1
.8
5.1
1
()
11.6
10.4
(1)
12.2
3.9
4.6
1
()
4.1
3.1
(1)
.8
9.3
7.9
1
()
10.1
9.2
(1)
8.3
51
52
80
137
169
51
178
94
86.3
80.8
93.8
89.1
89.9
92.2
88.2
79.8
10.7
15.6
1.8
6.2
3.7
3.3
7.3
9.0
2.0
2.7
.9
3.3
5.4
1.7
1.3
8.6
21.9
14.9
4.0
6.0
1.3
3.9
3.1
37.0
93
188
88.2
89.9
7.5
4.1
2.9
3.9
9.9
7.6
46
—
7,738
58
164
99
26
267
914
91
16
2,839
18
106
175
14
23
119
140
128
69
25
349
137
342
156
()
—
78.8
96.6
86.0
72.7
(1)
75.7
76.8
81.3
(1)
78.5
(1)
88.7
85.1
(1)
1
()
81.5
95.0
82.0
94.2
(1)
72.8
86.9
84.8
87.2
()
—
11.1
2.2
1.4
21.8
(1)
8.9
5.7
11.4
(1)
11.5
(1)
3.8
6.1
1
()
1
()
11.4
2.4
10.8
2.4
(1)
13.2
4.3
8.0
7.8
()
—
8.3
1.2
10.8
5.3
(1)
14.7
16.4
5.8
(1)
8.1
(1)
6.3
8.4
1
()
1
()
4.6
1.7
5.3
3.7
(1)
11.2
6.0
5.3
1.2
1
()
—
6.3
3.6
7.9
7.8
(1)
3.5
6.3
11.1
(1)
4.6
(1)
2.6
4.5
1
()
1
()
10.8
5.6
6.5
3.6
(1)
8.8
4.5
6.7
5.5
476
77.9
14.5
6.0
11.1
1
1
1
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
Asian
African
Latino
American
ethnicity
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses……………………………
Medical records and health information technicians…………………………
Opticians, dispensing……………………………………………………………
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians…………………………
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations…………………
633
103
50
146
52
71.1
76.7
92.0
69.2
80.8
22.4
17.8
3.7
21.5
8.3
3.5
4.3
3.4
9.1
5.7
8.8
18.6
6.1
6.9
2.6
Service occupations……………………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations……………………………………………………
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides……………………………………
Occupational therapist assistants and aides……………………………………
Physical therapist assistants and aides…………………………………………
Massage therapists…………………………………………………………………
Dental assistants……………………………………………………………………
Medical assistants and other healthcare support occupations………………
Protective service occupations………………………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and
prevention workers………………………………………………………………
Supervisors, protective service workers, all other………………………………
Fire fighters…………………………………………………………………………
Fire inspectors………………………………………………………………………
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers…………………………………………
Detectives and criminal investigators……………………………………………
Fish and game wardens……………………………………………………………
Parking enforcement workers……………………………………………………
Police and sheriff
sheriff’s
s patrol officers…………………………………………………
officers
Transit and railroad police…………………………………………………………
Animal control workers……………………………………………………………
Private detectives and investigators………………………………………………
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers………………………………
Crossing guards……………………………………………………………………
Lifeguards and other protective service workers………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations………………………………
Chefs and head cooks……………………………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation
and serving workers………………………………………………………………
Cooks…………………………………………………………………………………
Food preparation workers…………………………………………………………
Bartenders……………………………………………………………………………
Combined food preparation and serving workers,
including fast food…………………………………………………………………
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession,
and coffee shop…………………………………………………………………
Waiters and waitresses……………………………………………………………
Food servers, nonrestaurant………………………………………………………
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers…………………
Dishwashers…………………………………………………………………………
24,598
3,309
2,002
16
79
150
286
776
3,164
50
91
77.1
68.2
59.6
(1)
84.8
84.0
87.1
78.5
76.2
82.0
80.2
15.4
25.3
34.0
(1)
7.4
5.1
5.3
16.2
18.8
14.1
15.0
4.6
3.9
3.7
(1)
5.8
8.3
5.3
3.1
1.8
2.5
2.1
20.6
13.8
12.4
(1)
10.9
10.0
17.9
16.9
12.3
8.5
5.3
54
94
284
18
435
141
4
10
714
3
13
76
942
67
167
7,733
348
88.9
75.5
88.4
(1)
73.3
78.0
1
()
(1)
81 7
81.7
1
()
1
()
78.9
65.7
77.6
89.2
80.0
71.8
7.3
18.0
7.5
1
()
22.0
14.9
1
()
1
()
14 1
14.1
1
()
1
()
16.5
28.6
18.0
5.2
11.4
12.6
.8
3.8
.7
1
()
1.3
3.2
1
()
1
()
15
1.5
1
()
1
()
1.6
2.2
3.0
1.0
5.4
13.8
7.0
7.5
8.8
1
()
12.9
10.3
1
()
1
()
12 7
12.7
1
()
1
()
9.4
16.2
15.9
5.4
21.6
20.6
597
2,004
748
404
78.2
75.4
79.5
89.6
15.4
15.5
11.2
5.6
3.6
4.8
5.4
2.1
15.8
32.1
22.8
11.3
341
80.1
13.3
4.0
15.4
264
2,005
169
320
263
81.1
84.6
72.8
77.2
80.6
12.7
6.2
18.9
13.7
10.9
4.3
6.4
4.9
6.6
3.5
12.9
15.0
18.4
28.8
39.5
See notes at end of table.
18
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
Asian
African
Latino
American
ethnicity
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop……………………
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other………………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations…………………
First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping
janitorial workers…………………………………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping,
lawn service, and groundskeeping workers…………………………………
Janitors and building cleaners……………………………………………………
Maids and housekeeping cleaners………………………………………………
Pest control workers………………………………………………………………
Grounds maintenance workers……………………………………………………
Personal care and service occupations……………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers……………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers…………………
Animal trainers………………………………………………………………………
Nonfarm animal caretakers………………………………………………………
Gaming services workers…………………………………………………………
Motion picture projectionists………………………………………………………
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers……………………………………
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers…………………
Funeral service workers……………………………………………………………
Barbers………………………………………………………………………………
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists…………………………………
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers……………………………………
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges……………………………………
Tour and travel guides……………………………………………………………
Transportation attendants
attendants…………………………………………………………
Child care workers…………………………………………………………………
Personal and home care aides……………………………………………………
Recreation and fitness workers……………………………………………………
Residential advisors………………………………………………………………
Personal care and service workers, all other……………………………………
258
11
5,349
87.2
(1)
80.5
8.0
1
()
13.8
2.8
1
()
2.9
12.5
1
()
34.1
276
80.4
13.5
2.8
21.0
263
2,149
1,428
55
1,178
5,043
154
212
44
163
127
5
34
163
10
93
800
242
74
29
133
1,292
926
369
71
103
93.9
77.0
76.2
85.5
88.8
75.4
87.7
74.5
(1)
89.6
56.7
(1)
1
()
84.7
(1)
61.3
82.0
42.1
63.5
(1)
75 2
75.2
78.4
67.5
85.4
67.6
81.6
3.9
17.3
16.1
9.4
7.0
14.5
4.8
7.6
(1)
4.4
11.0
(1)
(1)
8.3
(1)
35.0
11.9
5.7
27.1
1
()
17 9
17.9
16.8
21.1
9.0
29.6
12.4
1.2
2.9
4.3
3.7
1.5
7.4
5.4
17.3
(1)
1.7
26.0
(1)
(1)
3.2
(1)
1.8
4.3
49.6
5.7
1
()
43
4.3
2.7
7.3
3.0
1.6
2.2
22.2
29.4
41.7
23.4
39.6
14.3
6.1
6.3
(1)
11.2
11.2
(1)
(1)
11.5
(1)
19.8
12.1
8.3
19.8
1
()
15 0
15.0
18.4
19.0
10.3
5.8
11.1
Sales and office occupations…………………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations………………………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers…………………
Cashiers……………………………………………………………………………
Counter and rental clerks…………………………………………………………
Parts salespersons…………………………………………………………………
Retail salespersons…………………………………………………………………
Advertising sales agents……………………………………………………………
Insurance sales agents……………………………………………………………
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents…………………
Travel agents………………………………………………………………………
Sales representatives, services, all other………………………………………
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing…………………………
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters…………………………………
33,787
15,641
3,311
1,291
3,056
142
102
3,182
209
548
329
72
514
1,317
63
82.2
83.5
84.7
88.1
75.4
79.6
91.2
81.6
90.4
89.6
88.1
81.9
85.8
91.0
84.1
11.2
9.6
7.7
6.1
15.6
14.1
6.9
10.9
6.8
6.3
5.6
11.8
8.6
4.7
10.5
4.2
4.8
5.8
4.5
6.3
5.4
.2
5.0
1.3
2.1
4.5
3.3
3.7
2.6
1.4
12.4
11.9
10.3
9.0
17.2
10.1
11.9
14.0
3.5
9.5
7.8
10.7
11.4
8.2
7.1
See notes at end of table.
19
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
Real estate brokers and sales agents……………………………………………
Sales engineers……………………………………………………………………
Telemarketers………………………………………………………………………
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors,
and related workers………………………………………………………………
Sales and related workers, all other………………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations……………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of office and
administrative support workers…………………………………………………
Switchboard operators, including answering service……………………………
Telephone operators………………………………………………………………
Communications equipment operators, all other………………………………
Bill and account collectors…………………………………………………………
Billing and posting clerks and machine operators………………………………
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks…………………………………
Gaming cage workers………………………………………………………………
Payroll and timekeeping clerks……………………………………………………
Procurement clerks…………………………………………………………………
Tellers………………………………………………………………………………
Brokerage clerks……………………………………………………………………
Correspondence clerks……………………………………………………………
Court, municipal, and license clerks………………………………………………
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks…………………………………………
Customer service representatives………………………………………………
Eligibility interviewers, government programs……………………………………
File clerks……………………………………………………………………………
H
Hotel,
t l motel,
t l and
d resortt desk
d k clerks………………………………………………
l k
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan…………………………………………
Library assistants, clerical…………………………………………………………
Loan interviewers and clerks………………………………………………………
New accounts clerks………………………………………………………………
Order clerks…………………………………………………………………………
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping………………
Receptionists and information clerks……………………………………………
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks………………
Information and record clerks, all other…………………………………………
Cargo and freight agents…………………………………………………………
Couriers and messengers…………………………………………………………
Dispatchers…………………………………………………………………………
Meter readers, utilities………………………………………………………………
Postal service clerks ………………………………………………………………
Postal service mail carriers………………………………………………………
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing
machine operators…………………………………………………………………
Production, planning, and expediting clerks ……………………………………
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks……………………………………………
Stock clerks and order fillers………………………………………………………
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping………………
See notes at end of table.
20
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
Asian
African
Latino
American
ethnicity
860
29
122
87.8
(1)
72.1
5.7
1
()
21.7
4.8
1
()
1.1
7.4
1
()
10.6
217
277
18,146
85.7
86.3
81.1
10.0
8.8
12.7
2.2
2.7
3.6
19.5
7.8
12.7
1,632
47
41
15
195
481
1,306
8
150
24
432
4
8
105
48
1,862
63
324
143
145
129
113
25
102
44
1,277
111
109
21
255
278
45
154
355
84.9
(1)
(1)
(1)
75.4
81.3
87.4
(1)
80.0
(1)
82.9
(1)
(1)
74.3
(1)
74.9
65.1
77.8
74.1
74 1
77.2
86.0
85.8
(1)
78.4
(1)
84.8
73.9
75.2
1
()
78.0
81.7
(1)
54.5
75.8
9.8
(1)
(1)
(1)
19.9
13.4
6.6
(1)
15.1
(1)
10.4
(1)
(1)
18.1
(1)
18.0
22.6
14.6
15.9
15 9
14.7
8.8
10.3
1
()
12.2
1
()
9.8
16.5
19.5
(1)
16.0
15.4
(1)
28.3
14.9
2.9
(1)
(1)
(1)
2.0
2.9
3.7
(1)
3.9
(1)
5.0
(1)
(1)
5.0
(1)
3.9
5.0
4.5
6.7
67
5.0
1.8
3.3
1
()
8.5
1
()
2.5
5.5
2.8
(1)
2.7
1.6
(1)
13.7
7.7
10.7
(1)
(1)
(1)
15.7
13.9
7.5
(1)
14.4
(1)
13.7
(1)
(1)
10.3
(1)
15.6
19.2
13.8
13.2
13 2
18.2
7.7
13.2
1
()
19.6
1
()
15.1
9.0
10.4
(1)
16.0
14.0
(1)
9.4
9.1
72
281
483
1,397
61
65.3
84.7
81.0
76.4
77.0
26.4
8.6
14.4
15.8
16.3
6.7
4.2
2.7
4.4
6.0
7.1
4.9
23.0
17.5
17.9
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
Asian
African
Latino
American
ethnicity
Secretaries and administrative assistants………………………………………
Computer operators…………………………………………………………………
Data entry keyers……………………………………………………………………
Word processors and typists………………………………………………………
Desktop publishers…………………………………………………………………
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks…………………………………
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service………………
Office clerks, general………………………………………………………………
Office machine operators, except computer……………………………………
Proofreaders and copy markers…………………………………………………
Statistical assistants………………………………………………………………
Office and administrative support workers, all other……………………………
3,176
115
375
163
7
252
104
1,002
41
11
21
533
87.7
70.4
76.3
76.7
(1)
79.0
67.3
78.8
(1)
1
()
1
()
82.2
8.3
21.5
14.8
17.1
1
()
16.7
24.3
13.1
(1)
(1)
(1)
11.7
1.9
4.2
5.2
3.7
1
()
1.8
5.3
5.5
(1)
(1)
(1)
3.3
9.2
14.4
13.3
19.0
1
()
12.9
10.1
13.9
(1)
(1)
(1)
10.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations …………………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations…………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing,
and forestry workers………………………………………………………………
Agricultural inspectors………………………………………………………………
Animal breeders……………………………………………………………………
Graders and sorters, agricultural products………………………………………
Miscellaneous agricultural workers………………………………………………
Fishers and related fishing workers………………………………………………
Hunters and trappers………………………………………………………………
Forest and conservation workers…………………………………………………
Logging workers……………………………………………………………………
Construction and extraction occupations…………………………………………
Fi
First-line
t li supervisors/managers
i
/
off construction
t ti ttrades
d
and extraction workers……………………………………………………………
Boilermakers…………………………………………………………………………
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons ………………………………
Carpenters …………………………………………………………………………
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers……………………………………
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers……………………
Construction laborers………………………………………………………………
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators…………………………
Pile-driver operators………………………………………………………………
Operating engineers and other construction
equipment operators………………………………………………………………
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers……………………………
Electricians…………………………………………………………………………
Glaziers………………………………………………………………………………
Insulation workers…………………………………………………………………
Painters, construction and maintenance…………………………………………
Paperhangers………………………………………………………………………
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters……………………………
Plasterers and stucco masons……………………………………………………
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers………………………………………………
Roofers………………………………………………………………………………
13,323
926
88.6
90.1
6.8
5.0
2.0
1.4
24.2
40.7
49
17
6
70
681
31
2
11
59
7,439
(1)
(1)
(1)
81.4
92.5
(1)
(1)
(1)
79.7
89.8
(1)
(1)
(1)
14.2
3.2
(1)
(1)
(1)
12.6
6.0
(1)
(1)
(1)
1.2
1.2
(1)
(1)
(1)
—
1.4
(1)
(1)
(1)
58.0
45.7
(1)
(1)
(1)
6.1
28.5
735
22
151
1,264
223
74
1,427
19
2
93.1
1
()
87.4
91.1
93.3
93.2
87.5
(1)
(1)
5.0
1
()
10.3
4.5
2.3
4.9
7.4
(1)
(1)
.8
1
()
1.1
1.5
1.8
—
1.9
(1)
(1)
16.1
1
()
31.3
24.2
44.5
51.5
44.2
(1)
(1)
377
170
776
46
36
522
6
536
39
11
216
89.4
92.4
89.4
(1)
1
()
88.5
1
()
90.3
(1)
(1)
88.4
5.5
3.2
6.7
(1)
(1)
6.6
(1)
6.5
(1)
(1)
4.4
.8
—
1.7
(1)
(1)
1.6
(1)
1.4
(1)
(1)
0.9
13.7
56.6
15.3
(1)
(1)
39.9
(1)
18.0
(1)
(1)
47.7
See notes at end of table.
21
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
Sheet metal workers………………………………………………………………
Structural iron and steel workers…………………………………………………
Helpers, construction trades………………………………………………………
Construction and building inspectors……………………………………………
Elevator installers and repairers…………………………………………………
Fence erectors………………………………………………………………………
Hazardous materials removal workers……………………………………………
Highway maintenance workers……………………………………………………
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators………………………
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners…………………………………
Miscellaneous construction and related workers………………………………
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators,
oil, gas, and mining………………………………………………………………
Earth drillers, except oil and gas…………………………………………………
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters………………
Mining machine operators …………………………………………………………
Roof bolters, mining ………………………………………………………………
Roustabouts, oil and gas…………………………………………………………
Helpers—extraction workers………………………………………………………
Other extraction workers……………………………………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics,
installers, and repairers…………………………………………………………
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers……………………
Radio and telecommunications equipment
installers and repairers……………………………………………………………
Avionics technicians………………………………………………………………
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers………………………………
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers,
transportation equipment…………………………………………………………
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility………………………
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles…………………
Electronic home entertainment equipment
installers and repairers……………………………………………………………
Security and fire alarm systems installers ………………………………………
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians……………………………………
Automotive body and related repairers…………………………………………
Automotive glass installers and repairers………………………………………
Automotive service technicians and mechanics…………………………………
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists………………………
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service
technicians and mechanics………………………………………………………
Small engine mechanics……………………………………………………………
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment
mechanics, installers, and repairers……………………………………………
Control and valve installers and repairers………………………………………
See notes at end of table.
22
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
Asian
African
Latino
American
ethnicity
132
63
64
99
33
31
32
108
12
8
40
87.9
90.5
93.8
87.9
1
()
(1)
(1)
82.4
(1)
(1)
(1)
7.5
2.7
5.9
7.3
1
()
1
()
1
()
13.6
1
()
(1)
(1)
1.5
1.2
.3
2.6
1
()
1
()
1
()
.1
1
()
(1)
(1)
11.1
9.0
48.6
10.8
1
()
1
()
1
()
12.3
1
()
(1)
(1)
30
15
11
54
5
6
6
40
4,957
(1)
(1)
1
()
90.7
(1)
1
()
(1)
(1)
86.5
(1)
(1)
(1)
7.3
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
8.4
(1)
(1)
(1)
.1
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
3.1
(1)
(1)
(1)
14.9
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
14.6
342
329
89.5
84.5
7.0
9.9
2.0
4.9
9.8
11.4
179
14
34
82.1
(1)
1
()
12.6
(1)
(1)
3.3
(1)
(1)
12.5
(1)
(1)
7
13
23
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
64
71
142
163
24
799
330
79.7
94.4
84.5
87.7
(1)
87.0
86.7
9.0
2.9
7.0
7.3
1
()
8.0
7.1
7.7
—
6.9
1.1
1
()
3.3
3.3
19.8
13.0
15.5
30.5
1
()
18.7
13.0
223
58
91.5
89.7
5.8
4.4
1.4
2.5
9.7
7.0
91
25
84.6
(1)
10.0
(1)
.8
(1)
19.1
(1)
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics
and installers………………………………………………………………………
Home appliance repairers…………………………………………………………
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics…………………………………
Maintenance and repair workers, general………………………………………
Maintenance workers, machinery…………………………………………………
Millwrights……………………………………………………………………………
Electrical power-line installers and repairers……………………………………
Telecommunications line installers and repairers………………………………
Precision instrument and equipment repairers…………………………………
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and
repairers……………………………………………………………………………
Commercial divers…………………………………………………………………
Locksmiths and safe repairers……………………………………………………
Manufactured building and mobile home installers……………………………
Riggers………………………………………………………………………………
Signal and track switch repairers…………………………………………………
Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair workers………………………
Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers……………………………
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations……………………
Production occupations………………………………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of production
and operating workers……………………………………………………………
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers…………………
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers……………………
E
Engine
i and
d other
th machine
hi assemblers…………………………………………
bl
Structural metal fabricators and fitters……………………………………………
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators………………………………………
Bakers………………………………………………………………………………
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers………………
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying
machine operators and tenders…………………………………………………
Food batchmakers…………………………………………………………………
Food cooking machine operators and tenders…………………………………
Computer control programmers and operators…………………………………
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic…………………………………………………
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic…………………………………………………………………
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic…………………………………………………………………
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic…………………………………………………
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operator,
and tenders, metal and plastic…………………………………………………
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine
tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………………………
See notes at end of table.
23
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
Asian
African
Latino
American
ethnicity
376
49
418
415
34
54
126
183
55
91.0
(1)
85.6
83.6
(1)
96.3
88.1
80.3
78.2
6.1
1
()
9.2
11.0
1
()
2.1
10.0
14.2
13.2
1.8
1
()
3.2
2.9
1
()
.5
.7
3.0
7.5
18.7
1
()
11.3
15.2
1
()
2.1
10.8
15.4
8.2
41
5
32
7
7
7
21
195
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
85.1
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
7.9
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
4.0
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
16.7
15,951
7,654
80.3
81.3
13.5
11.5
3.7
4.9
21.1
21.9
739
23
147
18
21
845
193
302
84.7
(1)
71.4
(1)
(1)
76.7
87.0
72.8
9.3
(1)
11.6
(1)
(1)
14.0
6.3
16.7
4.9
(1)
13.2
(1)
(1)
6.6
4.5
7.8
14.8
(1)
28.8
(1)
(1)
18.7
32.7
35.9
15
87
9
64
(1)
87.4
(1)
85.9
()
7.0
1
()
5.9
1
()
1.8
1
()
5.5
()
32.5
1
()
9.9
5
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
9
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
9
1
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
81
86.4
10.0
1.6
18.1
4
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
48
1
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
1
1
1
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and
tenders, metal and plastic………………………………………………………
Milling and planning machine setters, operators, and
tenders, metal and plastic………………………………………………………
Machinists……………………………………………………………………………
Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders…………………………………
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic…………………………
Molders and molding machine setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic…………………………………………………
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic…………………………………………………………………
Tool and die makers………………………………………………………………
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers…………………………………………
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic…………………………………………………………………
Lay-out workers, metal and plastic………………………………………………
Plating and coating machine setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic…………………………………………………
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners……………………………………………
Metalworkers and plastic workers, all other……………………………………
Bookbinders and bindery workers…………………………………………………
Job printers…………………………………………………………………………
Prepress technicians and workers………………………………………………
Printing machine operators………………………………………………………
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers………………………………………………
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials………………………………
Sewing machine operators…………………………………………………………
Shoe and leather workers and repairers…………………………………………
Shoe machine operators and tenders……………………………………………
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers………………………………………………
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders………………
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders………………………
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters,
operators, and tenders……………………………………………………………
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine
setters, operators, and tenders…………………………………………………
Extruding and forming machine setters, operator,
and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers…………………………………………
Fabric and apparel patternmakers………………………………………………
Upholsterers…………………………………………………………………………
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other……………………………
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters……………………………………………
Furniture finishers…………………………………………………………………
Model makers and patternmakers, wood…………………………………………
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood………………………
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders,
except sawing……………………………………………………………………
See notes at end of table.
24
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
Asian
African
Latino
American
ethnicity
16
(1)
()
1
()
3
372
19
6
()
86.6
1
()
(1)
1
()
5.1
1
()
1
()
1
()
5.7
1
()
1
()
40
()
1
()
1
()
8
54
459
()
98.1
85.4
1
(1)
2
()
9.0
(1)
(1)
.4
3.4
11.6
18.1
5
6
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
9.9
(1)
15.3
(1)
7.7
17.8
21.3
10.0
(1)
(1)
8.6
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
5.8
(1)
7.5
(1)
2.9
9.3
4.2
13.3
(1)
(1)
16.5
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
27.5
(1)
11.0
(1)
18.6
30.6
35.7
41.7
(1)
(1)
24.3
(1)
(1)
13
6
284
25
50
44
155
192
55
197
6
6
74
3
7
1
()
(1)
82.4
(1)
76.0
(1)
87.7
69.8
70.9
75.6
(1)
(1)
74.3
1
()
(1)
1
()
1
1
()
15.0
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
1
8
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
16
(1)
()
1
()
1
()
—
2
47
14
50
13
—
27
—
1
()
(1)
(1)
94.0
1
()
—
(1)
—
1
()
1
()
1
()
4.7
1
()
—
1
()
—
1
()
1
()
1
()
.9
1
()
—
1
()
—
1
()
1
()
1
()
24.1
1
()
—
1
()
27
(1)
()
1
()
1
1
1
()
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
Woodworkers, all other……………………………………………………………
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers…………………………
Stationary engineers and boiler operators………………………………………
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators………………
Miscellaneous plant and system operators………………………………………
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders………………
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers…………………
Cutting workers……………………………………………………………………
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting
machine setters, operators, and tenders………………………………………
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders…………………
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers…………………………
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers………………………………
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians………………………
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders…………………………
Painting workers……………………………………………………………………
Photographic process workers and processing
machine operators…………………………………………………………………
Semiconductor processors…………………………………………………………
Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders………………………
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment
operators and tenders……………………………………………………………
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders………………………
Etchers and engravers……………………………………………………………
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic………………………
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders…………………………
Tire builders…………………………………………………………………………
Helpers—production workers………………………………………………………
Production workers, all other………………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations…………………………………
Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers……………………
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers…………………………………………………
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists………………………
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except
emergency medical technicians…………………………………………………
Bus drivers…………………………………………………………………………
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers……………………………………………
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs………………………………………………………
Motor vehicle operators, all other…………………………………………………
Locomotive engineers and operators……………………………………………
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators……………………………………
Railroad conductors and yardmasters……………………………………………
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers………………………
Sailors and marine oilers…………………………………………………………
Ship and boat captains and operators……………………………………………
Ship engineers………………………………………………………………………
Bridge and lock tenders ……………………………………………………………
See notes at end of table.
25
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
Asian
African
Latino
American
ethnicity
29
41
98
72
38
48
108
81
(1)
(1)
83.7
75.0
(1)
(1)
84.3
82.7
()
1
()
10.4
18.9
1
()
1
()
11.5
10.6
()
1
()
3.1
2.9
1
()
1
()
2.1
5.3
1
()
1
()
12.0
6.3
1
()
1
()
27.2
29.9
33
10
612
39
96
237
153
(1)
(1)
81.4
(1)
86.5
77.6
80.4
(1)
(1)
11.0
(1)
6.7
15.8
14.8
(1)
(1)
4.5
(1)
5.9
4.0
.7
(1)
(1)
14.5
(1)
16.4
45.1
22.1
54
3
11
72.2
(1)
(1)
23.1
(1)
(1)
2.2
(1)
(1)
10.5
(1)
(1)
5
3
11
38
40
18
40
807
8,297
221
126
40
(1)
(1)
1
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
79.8
79.4
80.5
92.1
1
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
14.9
15.3
13.2
2.3
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
3.1
2.6
2.2
1.6
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
23.9
20.4
15.0
3.9
(1)
13
655
3,151
377
61
57
5
50
11
21
35
7
4
()
70.7
82.5
59.2
90.2
87.7
(1)
86.0
(1)
1
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
1
()
13.3
18.7
15.3
17.3
4.9
(1)
13.7
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
1
1
1
()
24.9
13.4
25.7
6.2
8.5
(1)
10.7
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
()
2.0
1.8
12.6
.5
.5
(1)
—
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
1
1
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
Parking lot attendants ……………………………………………………………
Service station attendants …………………………………………………………
Transportation inspectors …………………………………………………………
Other transportation workers ……………………………………………………
Conveyor operators and tenders …………………………………………………
Crane and tower operators ………………………………………………………
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators …………………………
Hoist and winch operators…………………………………………………………
Industrial truck and tractor operators ……………………………………………
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment ……………………………………………
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand ………………………
Machine feeders and offbearers …………………………………………………
Packers and packagers, hand ……………………………………………………
Pumping station operators ………………………………………………………
Refuse and recyclable material collectors ………………………………………
Shuttle car operators………………………………………………………………
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders …………………………………………………
Material moving workers, all other………………………………………………
1
84
89
54
15
10
61
50
4
507
316
1,707
29
378
22
83
3
4
46
White
63.1
84.3
87.0
1
()
(1)
83.6
94.0
(1)
72.8
80.4
80.4
(1)
80.4
(1)
77.1
(1)
(1)
1
()
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
Asian
African
Latino
American
ethnicity
24.4
9.3
11.7
1
()
1
()
12.8
3.3
1
()
22.4
16.4
14.0
(1)
12.3
(1)
17.0
(1)
(1)
(1)
8.5
4.7
2.3
1
()
1
()
.3
—
1
()
1.7
1.7
2.7
(1)
4.8
(1)
.2
(1)
(1)
(1)
22.2
14.1
9.9
1
()
1
()
14.0
13.0
1
()
26.6
37.1
21.9
(1)
43.7
(1)
25.9
(1)
(1)
(1)
Percents are not shown where base is less than 50,000.
NOTE: Dashes indicate no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African
American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or
Latino may be of any race.
26
Table 7. Employed people by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
Industry and sex
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (thousands)…………………… 139,877
100.0
Percent………………………………………………………
114,996
100.0
15,025
100.0
6,635
100.0
19,647
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing……………………………
Mining …………………………………………………………
Construction……………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Durable goods………………………………………………
Nondurable goods…………………………………………
Wholesale and retail trade……………………………………
Wholesale trade……………………………………………
Retail trade…………………………………………………
Transportation and utilities…………………………………
Information……………………………………………………
Financial activities……………………………………………
Professional and business services…………………………
Education and health services………………………………
Leisure and hospitality………………………………………
Other services…………………………………………………
Other services, except private households……………
Private households…………………………………………
Public administration…………………………………………
1.5
.5
6.9
10.2
6.4
3.8
14.1
2.7
11.4
5.2
2.3
6.9
10.7
22.7
9.1
5.0
4.4
.6
4.9
1.7
.6
7.7
10.3
6.6
3.8
14.3
2.9
11.4
4.9
2.3
7.0
10.8
21.9
8.9
5.0
4.4
.6
4.6
.4
.2
3.4
8.4
4.5
3.9
12.7
1.8
10.9
7.6
2.4
5.9
8.9
29.7
8.8
4.5
4.1
.4
7.1
.4
.1
2.3
11.8
7.9
4.0
14.0
2.4
11.6
4.2
2.6
6.8
13.0
22.8
12.1
6.0
5.6
.4
3.8
2.2
.6
11.6
11.1
5.8
5.2
14.0
2.8
11.2
5.1
1.6
5.0
10.6
16.2
12.4
6.2
4.7
1.5
3.5
Men, 16 years and older (thousands)……………………
Percent………………………………………………………
73,670
100.0
61,630
100.0
6,817
100.0
3,551
100.0
11,640
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing……………………………
Mining …………………………………………………………
Construction……………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
g
Durable goods………………………………………………
Nondurable goods…………………………………………
Wholesale and retail trade……………………………………
Wholesale trade……………………………………………
Retail trade…………………………………………………
Transportation and utilities…………………………………
Information……………………………………………………
Financial activities……………………………………………
Professional and business services…………………………
Education and health services………………………………
Leisure and hospitality………………………………………
Other services…………………………………………………
Other services, except private households……………
Private households…………………………………………
Public administration…………………………………………
2.2
.8
11.9
13.8
9.1
4.6
14.6
3.7
11.0
7.6
2.6
6.0
11.9
10.7
8.4
4.5
4.4
.1
5.1
2.4
.9
12.9
13.9
9.3
4.6
14.7
3.8
10.9
7.1
2.5
6.1
11.8
10.1
8.0
4.4
4.3
.1
5.0
.8
.4
6.8
12.6
7.1
5.5
14.2
3.1
11.1
12.5
2.6
5.0
10.5
13.8
9.1
5.1
5.0
.0
6.7
.4
.2
3.8
14.4
10.4
4.0
14.7
2.9
11.8
6.0
3.3
6.6
15.4
14.7
12.3
4.6
4.5
.1
3.7
3.0
.8
18.9
12.9
7.4
5.5
13.6
3.5
10.1
6.8
1.6
3.9
11.4
6.8
11.7
5.4
5.2
.2
3.2
See note at end of table.
27
Table 7. Employed people by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
—Continued
Industry and sex
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Total
White
Women, 16 years and older (thousands)………………
Percent………………………………………………………
66,208
100.0
53,366
100.0
8,208
100.0
3,084
100.0
8,007
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing……………………………
Mining …………………………………………………………
Construction……………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Durable goods………………………………………………
Nondurable goods…………………………………………
Wholesale and retail trade……………………………………
Wholesale trade……………………………………………
Retail trade…………………………………………………
Transportation and utilities…………………………………
Information……………………………………………………
Financial activities……………………………………………
Professional and business services…………………………
Education and health services………………………………
Leisure and hospitality………………………………………
Other services…………………………………………………
Other services, except private households……………
Private households…………………………………………
Public administration…………………………………………
.7
.1
1.4
6.1
3.3
2.8
13.5
1.7
11.8
2.5
2.1
7.8
9.5
36.1
9.9
5.5
4.4
1.1
4.7
.9
.2
1.6
6.2
3.4
2.8
13.8
1.8
12.0
2.4
2.0
8.1
9.7
35.5
9.9
5.6
4.4
1.2
4.3
.1
.1
.6
4.8
2.3
2.6
11.5
.8
10.7
3.6
2.2
6.7
7.5
42.9
8.7
4.0
3.3
.6
7.5
.3
.1
.5
8.9
4.9
4.0
13.3
1.8
11.4
2.1
1.9
7.0
10.2
32.1
11.9
7.7
6.9
.8
4.0
1.0
.1
1.0
8.5
3.6
4.9
14.5
1.8
12.7
2.8
1.5
6.5
9.4
29.8
13.4
7.3
4.0
3.3
4.0
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data
are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
28
Table 8. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2009 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Family type and employment status of family members
Total
Total families ……………………………………………………………
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity
78,361
63,774
9,318
3,471
10,489
With employed member(s) …………………………………………………
As a percent of total families ……………………………………………
63,010
80.4
51,494
80.7
7,022
75.4
3,057
88.1
8,852
84.4
With unemployed member(s) ……………………………………………
As a percent of total families …………………………………………
Some member(s) employed ……………………………………………
As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)……………
Some usually work full time …………………………………………
As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)………
9,381
12.0
6,438
68.6
5,460
58.2
7,089
11.1
5,072
71.5
4,294
60.6
1,624
17.4
886
54.6
748
46.1
394
11.4
306
77.7
272
69.0
1,770
16.9
1,228
69.4
1,021
57.7
Married-couple families …………………………………………………
58,124
49,970
4,260
2,776
6,741
With employed member(s) …………………………………………………
As a percent of total families ……………………………………………
47,876
82.4
40,913
81.9
3,551
83.4
2,462
88.7
5,951
88.3
With unemployed member(s) ……………………………………………
As a percent of total families …………………………………………
Some member(s) employed ……………………………………………
As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)……………
Some usually work full time …………………………………………
As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)………
6,056
10.4
4,838
79.9
4,182
69.1
4,972
9.9
3,986
80.2
3,432
69.0
626
14.7
483
77.2
424
67.7
304
11.0
252
82.9
224
73.7
1,109
16.5
864
77.9
736
66.4
14,610
9,590
4,086
447
2,608
With employed member(s) …………………………………………………
As a percent of total families ……………………………………………
10,642
72.8
7,169
74.8
2,764
67.6
377
84.3
1,917
73.5
With unemployed member(s) ……………………………………………
As a percent of total families …………………………………………
S
Some
member(s)
b ( ) employed
l
d ……………………………………………
As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)……………
Some usually work full time …………………………………………
As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)………
2,309
15.8
1 065
1,065
46.1
823
35.6
1,399
14.6
705
50.4
541
38.7
774
18.9
293
37.9
228
29.5
51
11.4
30
58.8
26
51.0
442
16.9
232
52.5
171
38.7
Families maintained by men ……………………………………………
5,627
4,214
972
248
1,140
With employed member(s) …………………………………………………
As a percent of total families ……………………………………………
4,492
79.8
3,412
81.0
707
72.7
218
87.9
984
86.3
With unemployed member(s) ……………………………………………
As a percent of total families …………………………………………
Some member(s) employed ……………………………………………
As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)……………
Some usually work full time …………………………………………
As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)………
1,016
18.1
535
52.7
455
44.8
717
17.0
381
53.1
321
44.8
224
23.0
110
49.1
96
42.9
38
15.3
24
63.2
22
57.9
219
19.2
132
60.3
113
51.6
Families maintained by women ………………………………………
White
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
29
Table 9. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 1996–2009 annual averages
(Percent)
Total, both sexes
Year
Total
Men
White
Women
Total
Men
Black or African American
Women
Total
Men
Women
With no children under 18 years
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
60.1
60.4
60.3
60.4
66.8
67.0
67.0
66.8
53.5
53.8
53.9
54.1
60.5
60.8
60.6
60.7
67.6
67.8
67.6
67.5
53.6
53.8
53.8
53.9
56.9
57.3
58.0
58.3
61.5
61.2
62.0
62.1
52.3
53.5
54.2
54.6
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
60.6
60.4
60.0
59.7
59.6
67.0
66.7
66.2
65.4
65.3
54.3
54.3
53.9
54.1
54.0
60.9
60.8
60.4
60.1
60.0
67.7
67.4
66.8
66.1
66.1
54.3
54.3
54.0
54.1
54.0
58.4
57.9
56.8
56.5
56.4
62.5
61.7
61.0
60.0
59.5
54.5
54.4
52.7
53.2
53.5
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
59.8
60.0
59.8
59.9
59.3
65.5
65.8
65.6
65.6
64.6
54.2
54.2
54.0
54.3
54.0
60.1
60.4
60.3
60.3
59.9
66.2
66.5
66.4
66.3
65.4
54.1
54.2
54.1
54.3
54.3
57.3
57.1
56.5
56.9
55.9
60.8
60.5
60.1
60.4
59.3
53.9
53.9
53.0
53.6
52.7
With children under 18 years
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
81.1
81.8
81.8
82.0
94.5
94.6
94.6
94.6
70.8
71.9
71.8
72.2
81.8
82.4
82.2
82.3
95.3
95.4
95.3
95.4
70.7
71.7
71.3
71.5
78.5
79.6
81.0
82.0
89.7
89.6
90.4
89.3
73.3
75.0
76.7
78.5
2000
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
82.1
82
1
81.9
81.6
81.2
80.7
94.7
94 7
94.6
94.3
94.1
94.1
72.3
72 3
72.1
71.8
71.1
70.4
82.3
82 3
82.2
81.9
81.4
81.1
95.3
95 3
95.3
94.8
94.7
94.8
71.6
71 6
71.5
71.1
70.3
69.8
82.2
82 2
81.8
81.9
81.5
80.5
90.3
90 3
89.7
90.3
89.7
88.4
78.2
78 2
77.9
77.7
77.5
76.5
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
80.7
81.0
81.4
81.5
81.3
94.1
94.1
94.3
94.1
93.8
70.5
70.9
71.0
71.4
71.4
81.1
81.4
81.7
81.8
81.8
94.8
94.9
95.0
94.8
94.5
69.8
70.2
70.3
70.8
70.9
80.4
80.5
81.2
81.1
80.2
88.7
88.1
89.6
89.7
87.7
76.3
76.9
76.6
76.7
76.3
With children 6 to 17 years, none younger
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
84.5
84.7
84.5
84.8
93.5
93.6
93.5
93.4
77.5
77.9
77.6
78.2
85.3
85.4
84.9
85.4
94.4
94.4
94.2
94.4
77.7
78.0
77.3
78.1
81.3
81.8
83.1
83.2
87.9
88.1
88.2
86.7
78.1
78.7
80.6
81.4
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
85.1
85.0
84.8
84.5
84.1
93.5
93.6
93.3
93.1
93.1
78.7
78.3
78.2
77.8
77.3
85.7
85.5
85.1
84.7
84.5
94.3
94.5
94.0
93.7
93.9
78.6
78.1
77.8
77.3
76.9
83.3
83.3
84.3
84.0
82.7
87.8
87.5
89.2
88.0
86.3
81.0
81.1
81.8
82.1
80.9
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
83.7
83.8
84.3
84.3
84.2
93.0
93.1
93.2
93.1
92.7
76.5
76.7
77.2
77.3
77.3
84.1
84.3
84.6
84.7
84.7
93.8
94.0
94.0
93.9
93.7
76.3
76.3
76.7
77.0
77.0
82.4
82.4
83.7
83.1
82.2
86.9
85.7
87.7
87.8
85.7
80.2
80.8
81.5
80.6
80.3
See note at end of table.
30
Table 9. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 1996–2009 annual averages—Continued
(Percent)
Total, both sexes
Year
Total
Men
White
Women
Total
Men
Black or African American
Women
Total
Men
Women
With children under 6 years
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
77.2
78.3
78.6
78.5
95.6
95.8
96.1
96.1
63.2
64.8
64.9
64.8
77.9
78.8
78.9
78.5
96.3
96.5
96.6
96.7
62.7
64.1
64.1
63.4
75.4
77.1
78.5
80.6
91.9
91.3
93.0
92.5
68.2
70.8
72.0
74.9
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
78.4
78.1
77.7
77.2
76.5
96.1
95.8
95.5
95.4
95.4
64.6
64.3
63.7
62.8
61.8
78.2
78.1
77.9
77.3
76.8
96.5
96.2
95.9
96.0
96.0
63.0
63.0
62.7
61.5
60.7
80.9
80.0
78.9
78.2
77.6
93.3
92.5
91.8
92.1
91.1
74.9
73.9
72.5
71.8
70.8
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
77.0
77.5
77.8
77.9
77.8
95.4
95.4
95.7
95.4
95.1
62.8
63.5
63.3
64.0
64.2
77.2
77.7
77.9
78.0
78.1
96.1
95.9
96.2
95.9
95.6
61.6
62.5
62.3
62.9
63.3
77.8
78.0
77.9
78.6
77.7
91.2
91.1
92.3
92.4
90.4
71.4
71.8
70.4
71.7
71.4
With children under 3 years
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
75.4
76.6
77.2
77.0
95.8
95.9
96.2
96.4
59.4
61.4
61.9
61.5
76.2
77.5
77.7
77.0
96.5
96.5
96.7
97.0
59.2
61.4
61.5
60.1
72.1
73.6
75.8
78.7
92.2
92.1
93.2
92.4
63.1
65.1
67.5
72.0
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
76.3
76.0
76.1
75.2
74.4
96.4
95.9
95.8
95.7
95.7
60.4
60.2
60.2
58.9
57.5
76.3
76.1
76.3
75.6
74.9
96.7
96.4
96.2
96.2
96.3
59.0
58.9
59.2
57.8
56.8
77.6
77.3
76.9
74.7
74.7
93.6
92.6
93.2
91.4
91.0
69.8
69.7
68.6
67.0
66.4
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
74.8
75.8
75.6
76.1
76.1
95.5
95.5
95.9
95.7
95.0
58.4
60.2
59.2
60.4
61.1
75.1
76.2
76.0
76.4
76.6
96.4
96.2
96.4
96.2
95.5
57.2
59.3
58.3
59.4
60.5
74.7
75.0
74.8
75.0
74.5
90.6
90.6
92.8
92.4
90.2
67.0
67.2
65.7
66.7
66.6
See note at end of table.
31
Table 9. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 1996–2009 annual averages—Continued
(Percent)
Asian
Year
Total
Men
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Women
Total
Men
Women
With no children under 18 years
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
67.8
66.4
65.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
55.0
53.7
53.5
61.6
62.6
62.8
62.5
71.3
72.1
72.1
71.6
50.5
51.4
51.7
52.2
2000……………………………
2001……………………………
2002……………………………
2003……………………………
2004……………………………
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
61.2
59.7
59.1
63.7
63.0
63.9
62.8
63.5
73.2
72.4
72.7
72.1
72.6
52.6
52.6
53.2
51.5
52.5
2005……………………………
2006……………………………
2007……………………………
2008……………………………
2009……………………………
59.9
60.0
60.2
60.3
59.0
66.0
66.2
66.6
66.6
65.3
54.3
54.1
54.0
54.4
53.1
63.0
63.7
63.7
63.5
62.6
72.1
73.0
72.8
72.7
70.7
51.9
52.2
52.4
52.1
52.8
1996……………………………
1997……………………………
1998……………………………
1999……………………………
With children under 18 years
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
93.2
93.5
93.8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
66.6
67.0
64.9
72.3
74.0
74.2
74.6
93.7
93.4
92.9
93.8
56.7
59.6
60.2
60.3
2000……………………………
2001……………………………
2002……………………………
2003……………………………
2004……………………………
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
78.3
78.9
77.9
75.7
75.7
75.8
75.1
74.9
93.8
93.6
93.2
93.4
93.9
62.0
62.0
62.7
61.2
60.4
2005……………………………
2006……………………………
2007……………………………
2008……………………………
2009……………………………
77.9
78.3
78.9
80.0
80.1
93.1
93.2
93.1
93.0
94.1
65.6
66.3
67.1
68.8
68.0
74.5
75.3
76.5
76.4
76.5
94.2
94.2
94.8
94.4
94.2
59.6
60.9
61.4
61.4
61.5
1996……………………………
1997……………………………
1998……………………………
1999……………………………
With children 6 to 17 years, none younger
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
91.6
93.5
93.8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
75.7
74.3
73.4
77.3
77.6
77.5
78.6
92.3
91.2
90.6
91.2
66.7
68.2
68.1
69.5
2000……………………………
2001……………………………
2002……………………………
2003……………………………
2004……………………………
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
82.6
82.9
82.6
79.3
79.6
79.0
78.8
79.6
91.5
91.7
91.1
91.5
92.8
70.5
70.9
70.2
69.4
70.2
2005……………………………
2006……………………………
2007……………………………
2008……………………………
2009……………………………
80.7
80.8
81.8
82.7
82.7
92.3
91.8
91.7
91.8
92.9
71.2
72.0
73.6
74.9
74.0
78.8
79.1
80.5
80.4
80.7
92.9
92.6
93.1
93.2
93.6
68.7
69.4
70.4
70.0
69.9
1996……………………………
1997……………………………
1998……………………………
1999……………………………
See note at end of table.
31 32
Table 9. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 1996–2009 annual averages—Continued
(Percent)
Asian
Year
Total
Men
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Women
Total
Men
Women
With children under 6 years
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
94.8
93.4
93.8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
56.3
58.5
56.0
68.5
70.9
71.3
71.2
94.8
95.1
94.9
95.9
48.7
52.3
53.0
52.1
2000……………………………
2001……………………………
2002……………………………
2003……………………………
2004……………………………
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
73.5
74.2
73.1
72.5
72.2
73.1
71.9
70.6
95.7
95.2
94.8
94.9
94.8
54.5
53.8
56.1
53.4
51.2
2005……………………………
2006……………………………
2007……………………………
2008……………………………
2009……………………………
74.9
75.6
75.8
77.1
77.3
94.0
94.8
94.8
94.3
95.4
59.3
59.9
59.9
61.9
61.4
70.6
71.7
72.9
72.7
72.4
95.4
95.6
96.1
95.5
94.9
50.9
52.7
53.0
53.0
53.1
1996……………………………
1997……………………………
1998……………………………
1999……………………………
With children under 3 years
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
95.4
94.5
93.8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
53.5
55.1
50.4
66.2
68.6
69.5
68.8
94.6
94.6
95.0
96.2
44.7
48.0
48.9
47.4
2000……………………………
2001……………………………
2002……………………………
2003……………………………
2004……………………………
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
72.1
73.0
70.2
70.4
69.7
70.3
69.5
68.2
96.2
95.3
95.1
95.2
95.2
50.0
48.7
50.3
47.9
46.0
2005……………………………
2006……………………………
2007……………………………
2008……………………………
2009……………………………
72.4
73.4
73.6
75.9
76.1
92.9
94.2
94.2
94.4
95.9
55.8
56.8
56.2
59.5
58.2
67.7
69.5
69.9
70.3
70.0
96.0
95.9
96.0
95.9
94.4
45.0
48.6
47.6
47.9
49.1
1996……………………………
1997……………………………
1998……………………………
1999……………………………
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that
race group only; previously, those respondents with a multiracial background were included in the group they identified as the main race.
Asian estimates for 2000–02 include Asian and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asians are a separate category. People whose
ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and
adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not
available.
33
Table 10. Unemployment rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2009 annual averages
(Percent)
Total
Total
Men
Black or African American
White
Year
Women
Total
Men
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
1972….… 5.6
5.0
6.6
5.1
4.5
5.9
10.4
9.3
11.8
—
—
—
1973……
4.9
4.2
6.0
4.3
3.8
5.3
9.4
8.0
11.1
—
—
—
—
7.5
—
6.7
—
9.0
1974……
5.6
4.9
6.7
5.0
4.4
6.1
10.5
9.8
11.3
—
—
—
8.1
7.3
9.4
1975……
8.5
7.9
9.3
7.8
7.2
8.6
14.8
14.8
14.8
—
—
—
12.2
11.4
13.5
1976……
7.7
7.1
8.6
7.0
6.4
7.9
14.0
13.7
14.3
—
—
—
11.5
10.8
12.7
1977……
7.1
6.3
8.2
6.2
5.5
7.3
14.0
13.3
14.9
—
—
—
10.1
9.0
11.9
1978……
6.1
5.3
7.2
5.2
4.6
6.2
12.8
11.8
13.8
—
—
—
9.1
7.7
11.3
1979……
5.8
5.1
6.8
5.1
4.5
5.9
12.3
11.4
13.3
—
—
—
8.3
7.0
10.3
1980……
7.1
6.9
7.4
6.3
6.1
6.5
14.3
14.5
14.0
—
—
—
10.1
9.7
10.7
1981……
7.6
7.4
7.9
6.7
6.5
6.9
15.6
15.7
15.6
—
—
—
10.4
10.2
10.8
1982……
9.7
9.9
9.4
8.6
8.8
8.3
18.9
20.1
17.6
—
—
—
13.8
13.6
14.1
1983……
9.6
9.9
9.2
8.4
8.8
7.9
19.5
20.3
18.6
—
—
—
13.7
13.6
13.8
1984……
7.5
7.4
7.6
6.5
6.4
6.5
15.9
16.4
15.4
—
—
—
10.7
10.5
11.1
1985……
7.2
7.0
7.4
6.2
6.1
6.4
15.1
15.3
14.9
—
—
—
10.5
10.2
11.0
1986……
7.0
6.9
7.1
6.0
6.0
6.1
14.5
14.8
14.2
—
—
—
10.6
10.5
10.8
1987……
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.3
5.4
5.2
13.0
12.7
13.2
—
—
—
8.8
8.7
8.9
1988……
5.5
5.5
5.6
4.7
4.7
4.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
—
—
—
8.2
8.1
8.3
1989……
5.3
5.2
5.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
11.4
11.5
11.4
—
—
—
8.0
7.6
8.8
1990…… 5.6
1991…… 6.8
1992…… 7.5
5.7
5.5
4.8
4.9
4.7
11.4
11.9
10.9
—
—
—
8.2
8.0
8.4
7.2
7.9
6.4
7.0
6.1
6.6
6.5
7.0
5.6
6.1
12.5
14.2
13.0
15.2
12.0
13.2
—
—
—
—
—
—
10.0
11.6
10.3
11.7
9.6
11.4
1993…… 6.9
7.2
6.6
6.1
6.3
5.7
13.0
13.8
12.1
—
—
—
10.8
10.6
11.0
1994…… 6.1
6.2
6.0
5.3
5.4
5.2
11.5
12.0
11.0
—
—
—
9.9
9.4
10.7
1995…… 5.6
1996…… 5.4
5.6
5.6
4.9
4.9
4.8
10.4
10.6
10.2
—
—
—
9.3
8.8
10.0
5.4
5.4
4.7
4.7
4.7
10.5
11.1
10.0
—
—
—
8.9
7.9
10.2
1997…… 4.9
4.9
5.0
4.2
4.2
4.2
10.0
10.2
9.9
—
—
—
7.7
7.0
8.9
1998…… 4.5
4.4
4.6
3.9
3.9
3.9
8.9
8.9
9.0
—
—
—
7.2
6.4
8.2
1999…… 4.2
4.1
4.3
3.7
3.6
3.8
8.0
8.2
7.8
—
—
—
6.4
5.6
7.6
2000…… 4.0
3.9
4.1
3.5
3.4
3.6
7.6
8.0
7.1
3.6
3.6
3.6
5.7
5.0
6.8
2001…… 4.7
2002…… 5.8
4.8
4.7
4.2
4.2
4.1
8.6
9.3
8.1
4.5
4.5
4.4
6.6
5.9
7.5
5.9
5.6
5.1
5.3
4.9
10.2
10.7
9.8
5.9
6.1
5.7
7.5
7.2
8.0
2003…… 6.0
6.3
5.7
5.2
5.6
4.8
10.8
11.6
10.2
6.0
6.2
5.7
7.7
7.2
8.4
2004…… 5.5
5.6
5.4
4.8
5.0
4.7
10.4
11.1
9.8
4.4
4.5
4.3
7.0
6.5
7.6
2005……
5.1
5.1
5.1
4.4
4.4
4.4
10.0
10.5
9.5
4.0
4.0
3.9
6.0
5.4
6.9
2006……
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.0
4.0
4.0
8.9
9.5
8.4
3.0
3.0
3.1
5.2
4.8
5.9
2007……
4.6
4.7
4.5
4.1
4.2
4.0
8.3
9.1
7.5
3.2
3.1
3.4
5.6
5.3
6.1
2008……
5.8
6.1
5.4
5.2
5.5
4.9
10.1
11.4
8.9
4.0
4.1
3.7
7.6
7.6
7.7
2009……
9.3
10.3
8.1
8.5
9.4
7.3
14.8
17.5
12.4
7.3
7.9
6.6
12.1
12.5
11.5
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Back or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race
group only; previously, those respondents with a multiracial background were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian
estimates for 2000–02 include Asian and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asians are a separate category. People whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
34
Table 11. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2009 annual averages
Duration of unemployment
Black or
African
American
White
Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)……….………
Percent………………………………………………………
14,265
100.0
10,648
100.0
2,606
100.0
522
100.0
2,706
100.0
Less than 5 weeks……………………….....……………………
5 to 14 weeks……………………………………………….........
15 to 26 weeks……………………………................................
27 weeks and over……………………………………………….
22.2
26.8
19.5
31.5
23.5
27.3
19.5
29.7
16.6
24.8
19.7
38.9
20.6
25.8
18.4
35.1
24.9
27.7
19.1
28.2
Average (mean) duration, in weeks……………………………
Median duration, in weeks………………………………………
24.4
15.1
23.3
14.2
28.9
19.7
26.9
16.6
22.6
13.5
Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)……….………
Percent………………………………………………………
8,453
100.0
6,421
100.0
1,448
100.0
306
100.0
1,670
100.0
Less than 5 weeks……………………….....……………………
5 to 14 weeks……………………………………………….........
15 to 26 weeks……………………………................................
27 weeks and over……………………………………………….
21.7
26.6
20.0
31.7
22.9
27.1
20.1
29.9
16.5
24.5
19.6
39.4
20.3
24.9
18.6
36.2
25.2
28.8
19.6
26.4
Average (mean) duration, in weeks……………………………
Median duration, in weeks………………………………………
24.6
15.5
23.5
14.5
29.3
19.8
27.5
17.4
21.5
13.0
Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)……….……
Percent………………………………………………………
5,811
100.0
4,227
100.0
1,159
100.0
216
100.0
1,036
100.0
Less than 5 weeks……………………….....……………………
5 to 14 weeks……………………………………………….........
15 to 26 weeks……………………………................................
27 weeks and over……………………………………………….
22.9
27.2
18.7
31.2
24.4
27.7
18.5
29.4
16.7
25.2
19.8
38.3
21.0
27.1
18.2
33.7
24.4
26.1
18.4
31.2
Average (mean) duration, in weeks……………………………
Median duration, in weeks………………………………………
24.1
14.5
23.0
13.7
28.4
19.5
25.9
15.6
24.3
14.3
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Total
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because
data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
35
Table 12. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2009 annual averages
Reason for unemployment
Black or
African
American
White
Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)……….………
Percent……………………………………………………
14,265
100.0
10,648
100.0
2,606
100.0
522
100.0
2,706
100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs………
On temporary layoff.............……………………………………
Not on temporary layoff.....................................……………
Permanent job losers.............………………………………
Persons who completed temporary jobs...................……
Job leavers.....................................……………………………
Reentrants.....................................………………………………
New entrants.....................................……………………………
64.2
11.4
52.8
43.0
9.8
6.2
22.3
7.3
66.2
13.0
53.1
43.6
9.5
6.2
21.0
6.7
58.4
6.0
52.3
41.1
11.2
5.4
27.0
9.2
61.7
7.3
54.4
46.6
7.8
7.5
21.2
9.6
65.8
12.2
53.6
40.5
13.1
4.9
20.7
8.7
Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)……….………
Percent……………………………………………………
8,453
100.0
6,421
100.0
1,448
100.0
306
100.0
1,670
100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs………
On temporary layoff.............……………………………………
Not on temporary layoff.....................................……………
Permanent job losers.............………………………………
Persons who completed temporary jobs...................……
Job leavers.....................................……………………………
Reentrants.....................................………………………………
New entrants.....................................……………………………
70.6
13.6
57.0
45.8
11.2
5.2
17.8
6.4
72.8
15.4
57.3
46.6
10.8
5.2
6.3
5.8
63.6
6.9
56.7
43.4
13.3
4.5
23.0
8.9
66.7
7.5
58.8
50.3
8.5
6.9
18.0
8.5
74.3
14.4
60.0
44.9
15.1
3.8
14.6
7.2
Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) ……….…
Percent………………………………………………………
5,811
100.0
4,227
100.0
1,159
100.0
216
100.0
1,036
100.0
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs………
On temporary layoff.............……………………………………
Not on temporary layoff.....................................……………
Permanent job losers.............………………………………
Persons who completed temporary jobs...................……
Job leavers.....................................……………………………
Reentrants.....................................………………………………
New entrants.....................................……………………………
54.9
8.3
46.7
38.9
7.8
7.6
29.0
8.4
56.1
9.4
46.7
39.1
7.7
7.7
28.1
8.0
51.8
4.9
46.9
38.3
8.5
6.6
32.0
9.7
54.6
6.9
47.7
41.2
6.5
8.3
25.5
11.1
51.9
8.7
43.2
33.4
9.8
6.6
30.5
11.0
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Total
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data
are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
36
Table 13. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2009 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Not in the labor force
Race, age, sex,
Civilian
and
labor
1
force
Hispanic origin
Want a job
Total
Do
Searched for work in the prior year
Total 2
Available for work now
Total
Total
Discouraged
workers 4
not
3
Other
want
a
job
now
Total
Total, 16 years and older..................
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older…………………
154,142
21,361
103,742
29,040
81,659
16,207
21,823
43,629
5,894
1,944
2,624
1,325
2,818
983
1,383
452
2,226
708
1,127
391
778
200
427
151
1,449
509
699
240
75,765
14,263
19,199
42,303
Men, 16 years and older...................
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older…………...........
82,123
11,066
55,730
15,327
32,013
7,861
6,367
17,784
2,779
1,028
1,138
612
1,435
538
676
220
1,184
402
588
194
485
139
265
81
699
263
323
113
29,234
6,833
5,229
17,172
Women, 16 years and older.............
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older………...............
72,019
10,295
48,012
13,712
49,646
8,346
15,456
25,844
3,115
915
1,486
713
1,384
445
707
231
1,043
307
539
197
293
61
162
70
749
246
376
127
46,531
7,431
13,970
25,131
Total, 16 years and older..................
16 to 24 years.................................
25 tto 54 years.................................
55 years and older………...............
125,644
17,290
83 444
83,444
24,911
65,258
11,709
16
16,571
571
36,979
4,229
1,365
1,814
1 814
1,049
1,967
677
937
353
1,530
472
755
304
512
125
275
113
1,018
347
480
191
61,030
10,343
14
14,757
757
35,930
Men, 16 years and older...................
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older……………........
68,051
9,026
45,678
13,346
25,382
5,694
4,548
15,140
2,014
727
791
496
1,008
373
463
172
822
271
401
150
329
88
178
63
494
183
223
88
23,368
4,967
3,758
14,643
Women, 16 years and older.............
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older…………...........
57,593
8,264
37,765
11,564
39,876
6,015
12,022
21,839
2,215
638
1,023
553
959
304
474
181
708
201
354
154
184
37
96
51
524
164
257
103
37,662
5,376
10,999
21,286
Total, 16 years and older..................
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older……………........
17,632
2,691
12,451
2,490
10,609
2,966
3,298
4,345
1,135
412
541
182
595
221
309
66
508
181
267
60
197
61
111
25
310
119
155
36
9,474
2,554
2,757
4,163
Men, 16 years and older...................
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older…………...........
8,265
1,304
5,825
1,135
4,441
1,433
1,291
1,717
533
218
240
75
301
119
151
30
263
99
137
28
116
41
64
11
147
58
73
17
3,908
1,215
1,051
1,642
Women, 16 years and older.............
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older………...............
9,367
1,387
6,626
1,355
6,169
1,534
2,007
2,628
603
194
301
108
295
102
157
36
244
82
130
33
81
21
47
14
163
61
83
19
5,566
1,339
1,706
2,521
White
Black or African American
See notes at end of table.
37
Table 13. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics,
2009 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Not in the labor force
Race, age, sex,
Civilian
and
Hispanic origin
labor
1
force
Want a job
Total
Do
Searched for work in the prior year
Total
not
2
Available for work now
Total
Total
Discouraged
workers 4
3
Other
want
a
job
now
Asian
Total, 16 years and older..................
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older……………........
7,156
616
5,364
1,175
3,685
871
1,225
1,589
292
75
161
57
141
40
79
23
98
24
56
18
37
5
22
10
61
19
33
8
3,393
796
1,064
1,533
Men, 16 years and older...................
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older…………………
3,857
331
2,908
617
1,314
420
273
621
130
42
65
24
72
25
36
11
53
16
27
9
22
4
13
5
31
12
15
4
1,184
379
208
597
Women, 16 years and older.............
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older……………........
3,300
285
2,456
559
2,371
451
952
969
162
33
96
33
69
15
43
12
45
8
28
9
15
1
10
5
30
7
19
4
2,209
418
856
935
Total, 16 years and older..................
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older………………....
22,352
3,710
16,303
2,339
10,539
3,036
4,065
3,437
1,024
359
527
138
473
177
250
46
381
129
211
40
144
41
85
18
236
88
126
22
9,515
2,677
3,538
3,300
Men, 16 years and older...................
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older……………........
13,310
2,122
9,868
1,319
3,588
1,345
919
1,324
438
174
202
62
232
91
120
21
196
68
109
18
86
27
51
8
110
42
58
10
3,150
1,171
718
1,261
Women, 16 years and older.............
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older………………....
9,043
1,588
6,435
1,020
6,951
1,691
3,146
2,114
586
185
325
75
241
86
130
25
185
61
102
22
58
14
34
10
126
46
68
12
6,365
1,505
2,821
2,038
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
1
The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.
2
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and
transportation problems, as well as a small number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
3
Refers to people who have searched for work during the prior 12 months (but not during the prior 4 weeks) and were available to take a job
during the reference week, also referred to as "marginally attached to the labor force."
4
Includes the following reasons for not actively looking for work in the prior 4 weeks: Thinks no work available, could not fi nd work, lacks
schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data ar e not presented
for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
38
Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2009 annual averages
Years
Total
White
Black or African
American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity
Total, both sexes
1979…………………
$241
$248
$199
—
$194
1980…………………
1981…………………
1982…………………
1983…………………
1984…………………
262
284
302
313
326
269
291
310
320
336
212
235
245
261
269
—
—
—
—
—
209
223
240
250
259
1985…………………
1986…………………
1987…………………
1988…………………
1989…………………
344
359
374
385
399
356
371
384
395
409
277
291
301
314
319
—
—
—
—
—
270
277
285
290
298
1990…………………
1991…………………
1992…………………
1993…………………
1994…………………
412
426
440
459
467
424
442
458
475
484
329
348
357
369
371
—
—
—
—
—
304
312
321
331
324
1995…………………
1996…………………
1997…………………
1998…………………
1999…………………
479
490
503
523
549
494
506
519
545
573
383
387
400
426
445
—
—
—
—
—
329
339
351
370
385
2000…………………
2001…………………
2001
2002…………………
2003…………………
2004…………………
576
596
608
620
638
590
610
623
636
657
474
491
498
514
525
$615
639
658
693
708
399
417
424
440
456
2005…………………
2006…………………
2007…………………
2008…………………
2009…………………
651
671
695
722
739
672
690
716
742
757
520
554
569
589
601
753
784
830
861
880
471
486
503
529
541
See note at end of table.
39
Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2009 annual averages—Continued
Years
Total
White
Black or African
American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity
Men
1979…………………
$292
$298
$227
—
$219
1980…………………
1981…………………
1982…………………
1983…………………
1984…………………
313
340
364
379
392
320
350
375
387
401
244
268
278
294
303
—
—
—
—
—
234
251
269
274
287
1985…………………
1986…………………
1987…………………
1988…………………
1989…………………
407
419
434
449
468
418
433
450
465
482
305
319
327
348
348
—
—
—
—
—
296
299
306
308
315
1990…………………
1991…………………
1992…………………
1993…………………
1994…………………
481
493
501
510
522
494
506
514
524
547
361
375
380
392
400
—
—
—
—
—
318
323
339
346
343
1995…………………
1996…………………
1997…………………
1998…………………
1999…………………
538
557
579
598
618
566
580
595
615
638
411
412
432
468
488
—
—
—
—
—
350
356
371
390
406
2000…………………
2001…………………
2002…………………
2003…………………
2004…………………
641
670
679
695
713
662
689
702
715
732
510
529
524
555
569
$685
732
756
772
802
417
440
451
464
480
2005…………………
2006…………………
2007…………………
2008…………………
2009…………………
722
743
766
798
819
743
761
788
825
845
559
591
600
620
621
825
882
936
966
952
489
505
520
559
569
See note at end of table.
40
Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2009 annual averages—Continued
Years
Total
White
Black or African
American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity
Women
1979…………………
$182
$184
$169
—
$157
1980…………………
1981…………………
1982…………………
1983…………………
1984…………………
201
219
239
252
265
203
221
242
254
268
185
206
217
232
241
—
—
—
—
—
172
190
203
215
223
1985…………………
1986…………………
1987…………………
1988…………………
1989…………………
277
291
303
315
328
281
294
307
318
334
252
264
276
288
301
—
—
—
—
—
230
241
251
260
269
1990…………………
1991…………………
1992…………………
1993…………………
1994…………………
346
366
380
393
399
353
373
387
401
408
308
323
335
348
346
—
—
—
—
—
278
292
302
313
305
1995…………………
1996…………………
1997…………………
1998…………………
1999…………………
406
418
431
456
473
415
428
444
468
483
355
362
375
400
409
—
—
—
—
—
305
316
318
337
348
2000…………………
2001…………………
2002…………………
2003…………………
2004…………………
493
512
529
552
573
502
522
547
567
584
429
454
473
491
505
$547
563
566
598
613
366
388
397
410
419
2005…………………
2006…………………
2007…………………
2008…………………
2009…………………
585
600
614
638
657
596
609
626
654
669
499
519
533
554
582
665
699
731
753
779
429
440
473
501
509
See note at end of table.
41
Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2009 annual averages—Continued
Years
Total
White
Black or African
American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity
Women's earnings as a percent of men's
1979…………………
62.3
61.7
74.4
—
71.7
1980…………………
1981…………………
1982…………………
1983…………………
1984…………………
64.2
64.4
65.7
66.5
67.6
63.4
63.1
64.5
65.6
66.8
75.8
76.9
78.1
78.9
79.5
—
—
—
—
—
73.5
75.7
75.5
78.5
77.7
1985…………………
1986…………………
1987…………………
1988…………………
1989…………………
68.1
69.5
69.8
70.2
70.1
67.2
67.9
68.2
68.4
69.3
82.6
82.8
84.4
82.8
86.5
—
—
—
—
—
77.7
80.6
82.0
84.4
85.4
1990…………………
1991…………………
1992…………………
1993…………………
1994…………………
71.9
74.2
75.8
77.1
76.4
71.5
73.7
75.3
76.5
74.6
85.3
86.1
88.2
88.8
86.5
—
—
—
—
—
87.4
90.4
89.1
90.5
88.9
1995…………………
1996…………………
1997…………………
1998…………………
1999…………………
75.5
75.0
74.4
76.3
76.5
73.3
73.8
74.6
76.1
75.7
86.4
87.9
86.8
85.5
83.8
—
—
—
—
—
87.1
88.8
85.7
86.4
85.7
2000…………………
2001…………………
2002…………………
2003…………………
2004…………………
76.9
76.4
77.9
79.4
80.4
75.8
75.8
77.9
79.3
79.8
84.1
85.8
90.3
88.5
88.8
79.9
76.9
74.9
77.5
76.4
87.8
88.2
88.0
88.4
87.3
2005…………………
2006…………………
2007…………………
2008…………………
2009…………………
81.0
80.8
80.2
79.9
80.2
80.2
80.0
79.4
79.3
79.2
89.3
87.8
88.8
89.4
93.7
80.6
79.3
78.1
78.0
81.8
87.7
87.1
91.0
89.6
89.5
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who
selected that race group only; previously, those respondents with a multiracial background were included in the group they
identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–02 include Asian and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asians are a
separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not
available.
42
Table 15. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational
attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
Educational attainment, race, and Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Total, 25 years and older…………………………………..…
$774
$799
$621
$907
$576
Less than a high school diploma......…………………………
High school graduates, no college1...…………………………
Some college, no degree..................…………………………
Associate degree..............................…………………………
2
Bachelor's degree and higher …………………………………
454
626
699
761
1,137
464
651
727
781
1,152
413
533
593
647
921
421
592
713
710
1,168
421
555
644
685
985
Men, 25 years and older………………………………..……
$873
$898
$656
$980
$598
Less than a high school diploma......…………………………
High school graduates, no college1...…………………………
Some college, no degree..................…………………………
Associate degree..............................…………………………
2
Bachelor's degree and higher …………………………………
500
716
810
878
1,327
504
740
845
902
1,352
453
588
623
713
987
487
632
780
764
1,326
469
594
716
756
1,106
Women, 25 years and older…………………………………
$687
$702
$600
$809
$529
Less than a high school diploma......…………………………
1
High school graduates, no college ...…………………………
Some college, no degree..................…………………………
Associate degree..............................…………………………
2
Bachelor's degree and higher …………………………………
382
542
608
674
970
378
556
618
689
976
391
497
567
604
886
390
515
631
619
1,045
355
495
579
615
884
Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent
equivalent.
Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
1
2
43
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation,
sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages
Occupation
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older……………………………………………………
$739
$757
$601
$880
$541
Management, professional, and related occupations………………………
1,044
1,061
844
1,227
891
Management, business, and financial operations occupations…………
Management occupations…………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations…………………………
1,138
1,208
996
1,154
1,234
1,012
905
935
864
1,247
1,428
1,102
926
974
798
Professional and related occupations………………………………………
Computer and mathematical occupations………………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations………………………….……
Life, physical, and social science occupations…………………………
Community and social services occupations……………………………
Legal occupations…………………………………………………………
Education, training, and library occupations……………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations…………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations………………………
994
1,253
1,266
1,059
783
1,200
887
888
970
1,005
1,255
1,269
1,094
805
1,213
899
887
983
803
1,021
1,064
756
733
947
767
876
768
1,218
1,343
1,357
1,115
911
1,542
1,016
996
1,169
859
1,033
1,197
977
745
899
803
718
848
Service occupations……………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations……………………………………………
Protective service occupations………………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations………………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations…………
Personal care and service occupations………………………….…………
470
472
747
398
444
440
475
482
811
397
443
439
447
440
579
392
424
448
486
522
955
434
498
450
410
473
667
380
400
406
Sales and office occupations…………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations………………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations……………………………
624
665
612
635
698
613
578
497
596
671
648
690
556
521
566
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations…………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations………………………..………
Construction and extraction occupations…………………………………
p occupations……………………..…
p
Installation,, maintenance,, and repair
719
416
718
781
727
417
724
791
615
398
622
634
783
377
715
865
553
388
576
621
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations……………
Production occupations………………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations……………………….…
605
610
599
618
622
613
540
539
540
566
575
532
485
475
495
See note at end of table.
44
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation,
sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages—Continued
Occupation
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Men, 16 years and older……………………………………………………
$819
$845
$621
$952
$569
Management, professional, and related occupations………………………
1,248
1,266
922
1,357
1,017
Management, business, and financial operations occupations…………
Management occupations…………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations…………………………
1,334
1,384
1,171
1,356
1,406
1,211
940
942
932
1,429
1,542
1,173
1,035
1,066
987
Professional and related occupations………………………………………
Computer and mathematical occupations………………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations………………………….……
Life, physical, and social science occupations…………………………
Community and social services occupations……………………………
Legal occupations…………………………………………………………
Education, training, and library occupations……………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations…………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations………………………
1,191
1,304
1,318
1,190
897
1,741
1,068
960
1,184
1,213
1,316
1,324
1,226
946
1,761
1,081
965
1,253
910
1,026
1,144
714
732
1,131
992
874
793
1,338
1,349
1,398
1,167
962
1,748
1,162
1,068
1,400
1,000
1,004
1,202
983
902
965
1,051
761
976
Service occupations……………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations……………………………………………
Protective service occupations………………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations………………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations…………
Personal care and service occupations………………………….…………
524
544
798
416
488
546
538
566
849
416
490
553
499
506
600
400
466
554
533
780
948
487
513
512
442
596
704
401
425
503
Sales and office occupations…………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations………………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations……………………………
737
793
657
759
832
666
602
591
613
705
716
678
576
601
554
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations…………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations………………………..………
Co
st uct o a
de
t act o occupations…………………………………
occupat o s
Construction
and
extraction
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations……………………..…
727
428
9
719
787
736
433
6
726
796
617
393
6 0
620
634
803
395
717
895
563
401
5
577
623
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations……………
Production occupations………………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations……………………….…
648
678
618
666
689
637
582
613
554
617
646
577
516
518
514
See note at end of table.
45
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation,
sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages—Continued
Occupation
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Women, 16 years and older…………………………………………………
$657
$669
$582
$779
$509
Management, professional, and related occupations………………………
907
913
800
1,097
774
Management, business, and financial operations occupations…………
Management occupations…………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations…………………………
955
1,002
894
960
1,012
893
882
929
832
1,083
1,205
1,045
807
897
740
Professional and related occupations………………………………………
880
Computer and mathematical occupations………………………………
1,149
Architecture and engineering occupations………………………….…… 1,061
Life, physical, and social science occupations…………………………
940
Community and social services occupations……………………………
741
Legal occupations…………………………………………………………
985
Education, training, and library occupations……………………………
836
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations…………
775
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations………………………
924
886
1,132
1,086
949
742
984
847
776
935
763
1,018
873
761
734
896
736
879
766
1,101
1,330
1,021
954
850
1,374
921
836
1,132
760
1,082
1,181
957
701
736
753
667
780
Service occupations……………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations……………………………………………
Protective service occupations………………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations………………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations…………
Personal care and service occupations………………………….…………
418
464
599
378
388
415
417
476
649
376
381
417
418
429
521
383
402
408
450
504
988
398
481
429
378
455
523
342
358
383
Sales and office occupations…………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations………………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations……………………………
590
525
602
593
552
602
558
436
591
649
528
693
543
456
572
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations…………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations………………………..………
Construction
and
extraction
Co
st uct o a
de
t act o occupations…………………………………
occupat o s
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations……………………..…
542
372
673
6 3
644
544
369
678
6 8
658
557
415
665
633
491
361
613
6 3
484
385
335
552
55
562
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations……………
Production occupations………………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations……………………….…
472
472
472
477
477
475
453
438
475
481
486
428
374
378
368
NOTE: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
46
Technical Note
T
he estimates in this report were obtained from the
Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 households, that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data
are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample.
The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically
selected national sample with coverage in all 50 States and
the District of Columbia.
Material in this report is in the public domain and, with
appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission.
This information is available to sensory-impaired individuals
upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay
Service: 1 (800) 877-8339.
weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment;
median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of
unemployment.
Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they
began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are
divided into four major groups:
1. Job losers, comprising (a) persons on temporary
layoff, who have been given a date to return to work
or who expect to return within 6 months (persons on
layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job losers, whose employment
ended involuntarily and who began looking for work,
and (c) persons who completed temporary jobs, who
began looking for work after the jobs ended.
Concepts and definitions
Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are persons 16
years of age and older residing in the 50 States and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such
as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty
in the Armed Forces.
2. Job leavers, persons who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately
began looking for work.
3. Reentrants, persons who previously worked but who
were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job
search.
Employed persons. All persons who, during the reference week, (a) did any work at all (at least 1 hour) as paid
employees, worked in their own business, profession, or on
their own farm, or worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family, and
(b) all those who were not working but who had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent because of
vacation, illness, bad weather, childcare problems, maternity
or paternity leave, labor-management dispute, job training,
or other family or personal reasons, whether or not they were
paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs.
4. New entrants, persons who had never worked.
Labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as
employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria
described above.
Unemployment rate. This represents the number of unemployed person as a percent of the labor force.
Participation rate. This represents the proportion of the population that is in the labor force.
Unemployed persons. All persons who had no employment
during the reference week, were available for work, (except
for temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with
the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled
to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been
looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
Employment-population ratio. This represents the proportion
of the population that is employed.
Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all persons
in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither
employed nor unemployed. The marginally attached are persons not in the labor force who wanted and were available
for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12
months (or since the end of their last job if they held one
within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks
Duration of unemployment. This represents the length of
time (through the reference week) that persons classified as
unemployed had been looking for work. For persons on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full
47
preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of
the marginally attached, were not looking for work because
they believed no jobs were available for them.
sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all
self-employed persons regardless of whether their businesses
were incorporated).
Occupation, industry, and class of worker. This information for the employed applies to the job held in the reference week. Persons with two or more jobs are classified in the
job at which they worked the greatest number of hours. The
unemployed are classified according to their last job. Beginning in 2003, the occupational and industrial classification of
CPS data is based on the 2002 Census Bureau occupational
and industrial classification systems, which are derived from
the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) and
the 2002 North American Industry Classification System
(NAICS). (Consistent data are available back to 2000. Earlier
data use a different classification system.)
Median earnings. These figures indicate the value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part
having values above the median and the other having values
below the median. The medians shown in this publication are
calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval
within which each median falls.
Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more persons
residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such persons are considered as members of one family. Families are classified either as married-couple families
or as families maintained by women or men without spouses.
A family maintained by a woman or a man is one in which
the householder is never married, or is widowed, divorced,
or separated.
White, Black or African American, and Asian. These are
terms used to describe the race of persons. Beginning in
2003, people in these categories are those who selected that
race group only. (Previously, respondents identified a group
as their main race.) People in the remaining race categories—
American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other
Pacific Islanders, and people who selected more than one race
category—are included in the estimates of total employment
and unemployment but are not shown separately because the
number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality. In the enumeration process, race
is determined by the household respondent. More information on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic
ethnicity is available on the BLS Web site at http://www.bls.
gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children and
include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children.
Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.
Reliability of the Estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling
and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the “true” population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than
1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value because
of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at
the 90-percent level of confidence.
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling
error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population,
inability to obtain information for all respondents in the
sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide
correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.
A full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS
and information on estimating standard errors is available at
http://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to persons who
identified themselves in the enumeration process as being
Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. More
information on the 2003 changes in questions on race and
Hispanic ethnicity is available online at http://www.bls.gov/
cps/rvcps03.pdf.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes
and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of
multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than
weekly (for example, annual, monthly, hourly) are converted
to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the
weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the
48
U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics
Postal Square Building, Room 4675
2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE.
Washington, DC 20212-0001
50