Labor Force Characteristics
by Race and Ethnicity, 2010
BLS
U.S. Department of Labor
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
August 2011
Report 1032
1
Contents
Page
Overview......................................................................................................................................................................
Labor force participation.........................................................................................................................................
Employment............................................................................................................................................................
Education.................................................................................................................................................................
Occupation and industry..........................................................................................................................................
Families and mothers..............................................................................................................................................
Unemployment and not in labor force.....................................................................................................................
Earnings...................................................................................................................................................................
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
Tables
Table 1.
Table 2.
Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages ..........................................................................................
Labor force participation rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
1972–2010 annual averages ................................................................................................................ 5
Table 3.
Table 4.
Table 5.
Table 6.
Table 7.
Table 8.
Table 9.
Table 10.
Table 11.
Table 12.
Table 13.
Table 14.
Table 15.
Table 16.
Employment-population ratios by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
1972–2010 annual averages ................................................................................................................ Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race,
and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages ....................................................................
Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2010 annual averages ..........................................................................................................................
Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2010 annual averages ..........................................................................................................................
Employed people by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2010 annual averages ..........................................................................................................................
Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages ..........................................................................................
Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race,
and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1996–2010 annual averages ..........................................................
Unemployment rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
1972–2010 annual averages ................................................................................................................
Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages ..........................................................................................
Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages ..........................................................................................
People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics,
2010 annual averages ..........................................................................................................................
Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race,
and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2010 annual averages ..........................................................
Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by
educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages ..............
Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation,
sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages ....................................................
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9
10
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16
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36
37
38
39
41
45
46
Technical Note............................................................................................................................................................. 49
iii
Labor Force Characteristics by
Race and Ethnicity, 2010
lower than that for Whites (75.5 percent), Blacks (76.2
percent), and Asians (71.3 percent).
Overview
U
nemployment rates among the major race and
ethnicity groups remained high in 2010 as the U.S.
economy continued to slowly recover from the 2007–
2009 recession. The jobless rates for Blacks (16.0 percent),
Hispanics (12.5 percent), Whites (8.7 percent), and Asians
(7.5 percent) were much higher than their prerecession levels.
Differences in labor force characteristics emerge when the
race and ethnicity groups are compared. In general, differences in labor market characteristics among the major race and
ethnicity groups reflect a variety of factors, not all of which
are measurable. These factors include variations across the
groups in educational attainment; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of
the country in which the groups are concentrated, including
whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the
degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.
This report describes the labor force characteristics and
earnings patterns among the major race and ethnicity groups
and provides more detailed data through a set of supporting
tables. These data are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of 60,000 households
that is a rich source of information on the labor force. For
definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the
Technical Note. Additional information about the CPS can be
found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm. The following bullets highlight some of the major findings on the labor
force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2010.
Employment
• The employment-population ratios (that is, the
proportion of the population that is employed) for
Whites (59.4 percent), Blacks (52.3 percent), Asians
(59.9 percent), and Hispanics (59.0 percent) continued
to trend down from 2009 to 2010. (See tables 1 and 3.)
• Among adult men (age 20 and older), Hispanics
continued to have the highest employment-population
ratio at 72.9 percent in 2010, followed by Asians (70.9
percent) and Whites (67.9 percent). The employmentpopulation ratio for Black men, at 57.5 percent,
remained lower than the ratios for men in other groups
in 2010, continuing a long-term pattern. Among
adult women, Whites had the highest employmentpopulation ratio, at 55.6 percent, followed by Blacks
(55.1 percent) and Asians (55.0 percent). The ratio for
Hispanic women (52.7 percent) continued to be lower.
• Among teenagers age 16 to 19, the employmentpopulation ratio tends to be higher for Whites than for
Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. In 2010, the ratio for
White teens (29.0 percent) was twice that for Black
teens (14.5 percent). The ratios for Hispanic and Asian
teens were 21.0 percent and 16.6 percent, respectively.
Education
Labor force participation
• Among people age 25 and older, the shares of Whites,
Blacks, and Asians in the labor force that had at
least a high school diploma was about 90 percent for
each group in 2010. In contrast, about 69 percent of
Hispanics in the labor force had completed high school.
Asians were the most likely group to have graduated
from college; 57 percent of Asians in the labor force
had a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with 35
percent of Whites, 24 percent of Blacks, and 16 percent
of Hispanics. The proportion of college graduates in
the labor force has trended up over time for all groups.
(See table 4.)
• In 2010, Blacks continued to have the lowest labor force
participation rate among the major race and ethnicity
groups, at 62.2 percent, while Hispanics had the highest
participation rate (67.5 percent). The participation
rates for Whites and Asians were 65.1 percent and 64.7
percent, respectively. Labor force participation rates
have declined for all race and ethnicity groups since
2007. (See tables 1 and 2.)
• In 2010, Black men were less likely than men in other
race and ethnicity groups to be in the labor force.
Among men in the prime working-age group (age 25
to 54), the proportion of Blacks in the labor force (82.2
percent) was much lower than that of Whites (90.5
percent), Asians (89.3 percent), and Hispanics (91.5
percent). Among women age 25 to 54, the percentage
of Hispanics in the labor force (67.9 percent) was
• For all major race and ethnicity groups, higher levels
of education are associated with a greater likelihood
of employment and a lower likelihood of unemployment. Individuals with higher levels of education generally have better access to higher paying jobs—such
1
• By industry, Black men were more likely than other
men to work in transportation and utilities (12 percent
of Black men worked in the industry) and public
administration (7 percent) in 2010. Hispanic men
were more heavily concentrated in construction (18
percent) than White (12 percent), Black (7 percent),
and Asian men (4 percent). About 16 percent of
Asian men worked in professional and business
services, higher than the shares of White (12 percent),
Black (11 percent), and Hispanic men (12 percent)
employed in this industry. A large share of women in
all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and
health services in 2010—Black (43 percent), White
(36 percent), Asian (32 percent), and Hispanic (31
percent). (See table 7.)
as those in management, professional, and related
occupations—than do individuals with less education. Nonetheless, at nearly every level of education,
Blacks and Hispanics were more likely to be unemployed in 2010 than were Whites or Asians.
Occupation and industry
• Black and Hispanic workers are less likely to be in
management, professional, and related occupations—
the highest paying major job category—than Asian
and White workers. (See table 5.)
• Among employed men, nearly half (48 percent)
of Asians worked in management, professional,
and related occupations in 2010, compared with
35 percent of Whites, 24 percent of Blacks, and 15
percent of Hispanics. About 4 in 10 employed Black
and Hispanic men were in service jobs and sales and
office jobs in 2010, whereas about 3 in 10 employed
Asian and White men were in the same occupations.
Employed Black and Hispanic men also were
more likely than other men to work in production,
transportation, and material moving occupations.
Nearly one-half of employed Hispanic men were in
two job groups—natural resources, construction,
and maintenance occupations; and production,
transportation, and material moving occupations.
Families and mothers
• The likelihood of having an employed family member
declined from 2009 to 2010 for White and Asian
families and edged lower for Black families. There
was little change in the likelihood of employment
among Hispanic families. In 2010, 87 percent of
Asian families had an employed family member,
followed by Hispanic families (84 percent) and White
families (80 percent). Black families remained the
least likely to have an employed family member, with
75 percent of Black families having an employed
family member. (See table 8.)
• In 2010, employed Asian women were more likely
than other women to work in management, professional, and related jobs—46 percent of Asian women, compared with 42 percent of White women, 34
percent of Black women, and 24 percent of Hispanic
women. Among employed women, 65 percent of Hispanics were in two job groups—service occupations
and sales and office occupations—compared with
about 59 percent of Blacks, 53 percent of Whites, and
47 percent of Asians in the same job groups.
• In 2010, nearly one-half (45 percent) of Black families and one-fourth (25 percent) of Hispanic families
were maintained by women without a spouse present.
About 15 percent of White families and 13 percent of
Asian families were maintained by women. Among
families maintained by women with no spouse present, Asian families were most likely to have an employed family member (82 percent), while Black families were the least likely to have an employed family
member (67 percent). In general, families maintained
by women without a spouse present are less likely to
have an employed member than other families.
• In 2010, Hispanics accounted for 14 percent of all
employed workers but were overrepresented by a
substantial amount in several job categories, including drywall installers (59 percent), grounds maintenance workers (44 percent), construction laborers (43
percent), and maids and housekeeping cleaners (41
percent). Blacks made up 11 percent of all employed
workers, but they accounted for about one-quarter or
more of those in several specific occupations, including nursing aides (35 percent), security guards (29
percent), and taxi drivers and bus drivers (about 25
percent each). Asians accounted for 5 percent of all
employed workers but made up a much larger share
of workers in several job categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (51 percent),
medical scientists and computer software engineers
(28 percent each), and physicians and surgeons (16
percent). (See table 6.)
• Among mothers with children under 18, Black mothers are more likely to be in the labor force than White,
Asian, and Hispanic mothers. In 2010, 75 percent of
Black mothers were labor force participants, compared with 71 percent of White mothers, 66 percent of
Asian mothers, and 62 percent of Hispanic mothers.
(See table 9.)
Unemployment and not in the labor force
• Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Blacks
had the highest unemployment rate in 2010 at 16.0
percent, compared with 12.5 percent for Hispanics,
8.7 percent for Whites, and 7.5 percent for Asians.
(See tables 1 and 10.)
2
• Unemployment rates continued to be higher for Blacks
and Hispanics across all major age and sex groups. In
2010, the rates for Black adult men and women (age
20 and older) were 17.3 and 12.8 percent, respectively. The jobless rate for Hispanic adult men was 11.7
percent, and the rate for Hispanic adult women was
11.4 percent. In comparison, the unemployment rate
for White adult men was 8.9 percent, and the rate for
White adult women was 7.2 percent. The unemployment rates for Asian adult men and women were 7.5
and 6.7 percent, respectively. (See table 1.)
Earnings
• Hispanics and Blacks have considerably lower earnings than Asians and Whites. In 2010, the median
usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers were $535 for Hispanics and $611 for
Blacks, compared with $765 for Whites and $855 for
Asians. The earnings of Black men ($633) and Hispanic men ($560) were 68 and 60 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian men ($936). Among
women, the median earnings of Black women ($592)
and Hispanic women ($508) were 77 and 66 percent,
respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($773).
The median earnings for White men ($850) and White
women ($684) were 91 and 88 percent of their Asian
counterparts in 2010. (See table 14.)
• Black teenagers had the highest unemployment rate
among the major race and ethnicity groups—43.0
percent in 2010, the highest level since the early
1980s. The unemployment rates for Hispanic and
White teenagers, at 32.2 percent and 23.2 percent,
respectively, were the highest on record for these
groups. The jobless rate for Asian teenagers was 24.8
percent in 2010.
• Of the total number of unemployed persons (14.8
million) in 2010, 62 percent (9.3 million) were job
losers (that is, those workers who lost their jobs and
those who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to
the labor force (23 percent), job leavers (6 percent),
and new entrants (8 percent) constituted the balance
of unemployed persons. Of the total unemployed
for each race and ethnicity group, 64 percent of
Whites were job losers, compared with 62 percent
of Hispanics, 61 percent of Asians, and 57 percent
of Blacks. Also, among the major race and ethnicity
groups in 2010, about 10 percent of Blacks, Asians,
and Hispanics were new entrants to the labor force,
compared with 7.5 percent of Whites. (See table 12.)
• For men, the earnings disparity between Black or
Hispanic workers and Asian or White workers holds
across all major occupational groups. For example,
in 2010, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men
($1,408) and White men ($1,273) working full time
in management, professional, and related occupations
(the highest paying major occupation group) were
well above the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,002)
and Black men ($957) in the same occupation group.
Among those employed in management, professional,
and related occupations, the earnings ratios of White,
Hispanic, and Black men to Asian men were 90 percent, 71 percent, and 68 percent, respectively. The
earnings gap in some other major occupational groups
is narrower. For example, Hispanic and Black men
employed full time in production, transportation, and
material moving occupations had median earnings of
$510 and $576 per week, respectively, which were
less than the median earnings of their White ($661)
or Asian ($596) counterparts. In 2010, Hispanic men
employed in production, transportation, and material moving occupations earned 77 percent as much
as White men in those occupations; Black men and
Asian men employed in these fields earned 87 and 90
percent as much, respectively. (See table 16.)
• In 2010, Blacks made up 12 percent of the civilian labor
force, but 22 percent of persons marginally attached
to the labor force. Persons marginally attached to the
labor force are individuals who were not in the labor
force, wanted and were available for work, and had
looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months—
but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Hispanics
and Asians were represented nearly proportionately
among the marginally attached. Blacks also
comprised a high proportion of discouraged workers
(23 percent) in 2010. Discouraged workers, a subset
of the marginally attached, are persons not currently
looking for work because they believe no jobs are
available for them. (See table 13.)
• For women among the race and ethnicity groups, the
median weekly earnings in some major occupational
groups are fairly close. For example, in production,
transportation, and material moving occupations,
the earnings of White and Black women were about
99 percent of the earnings of Asian women in 2010;
the earnings of Hispanic women were 80 percent of
the earnings of Asian women. In contrast, the earnings gap between Asian women and other women is
wider in management, professional and related occupations. In 2010, the earnings of White, Black,
and Hispanic women were 82 percent, 71 percent,
and 69 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian
women.
• The median duration of unemployment rose from
2009 to 2010 for all the major race and ethnicity
groups. In 2010, the median duration of unemployment was 25.9 weeks for both Blacks and Asians, 20.3
weeks for Whites, and 18.8 weeks for Hispanics. (See
table 11.)
3
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Race, age, sex, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Unemployed
Not in
labor
force
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
153,889
5,906
147,983
15,028
102,940
23,297
6,718
64.7
34.9
67.0
71.4
82.2
64.9
17.4
139,064
4,378
134,686
12,699
94,082
21,636
6,268
58.5
25.9
61.0
60.3
75.1
60.3
16.2
14,825
1,528
13,297
2,329
8,858
1,660
449
9.6
25.9
9.0
15.5
8.6
7.1
6.7
83,941
10,995
72,946
6,019
22,350
12,589
31,988
Total
Total
Percent of
labor force
Total
Total, 16 years and over………… 237,830
16 to 19 years………………..… 16,901
20 years and over……………. 220,929
20 to 24 years……………..… 21,047
25 to 54 years………………. 125,290
55 to 64 years……………….
35,885
65 years and over…………..
38,706
Men, 16 years and over………..
16 to 19 years………………..…
20 years and over…………….
20 to 24 years……………..…
25 to 54 years……………….
55 to 64 years……………….
65 years and over…………..
115,174
8,578
106,596
10,550
61,986
17,291
16,769
81,985
2,991
78,994
7,864
55,326
12,103
3,701
71.2
34.9
74.1
74.5
89.3
70.0
22.1
73,359
2,129
71,230
6,466
50,186
11,140
3,439
63.7
24.8
66.8
61.3
81.0
64.4
20.5
8,626
863
7,763
1,398
5,141
962
262
10.5
28.8
9.8
17.8
9.3
8.0
7.1
33,189
5,586
27,603
2,686
6,660
5,189
13,068
Women, 16 years and over……
16 to 19 years………………..…
20 years and over…………….
20 to 24 years……………..…
25 to 54 years……………….
55 to 64 years……………….
65 years and over…………..
122,656
8,323
114,333
10,497
63,305
18,594
21,937
71,904
2,914
68,990
7,164
47,614
11,194
3,017
58.6
35.0
60.3
68.3
75.2
60.2
13.8
65,705
2,249
63,456
6,233
43,897
10,496
2,830
53.6
27.0
55.5
59.4
69.3
56.4
12.9
6,199
665
5,534
931
3,718
698
187
8.6
22.8
8.0
13.0
7.8
6.2
6.2
50,752
5,408
45,343
3,333
15,690
7,400
18,920
Total, 16 years and over………… 192,075
16 to 19 years………………..… 12,891
20 years and over……………. 179,184
20 to 24 years……………..… 16,280
25 to 54 years……………….
99,525
55 to 64 years……………….
29,983
65 years and over…………..
33,396
125,084
4,861
120,223
11,948
82,597
19,808
5,869
65.1
37.7
67.1
73.4
83.0
66.1
17.6
114,168
3,733
110,435
10,334
76,140
18,464
5,496
59.4
29.0
61.6
63.5
76.5
61.6
16.5
10,916
1,128
9,788
1,614
6,457
1,344
373
8.7
23.2
8.1
13.5
7.8
6.8
6.4
66,991
8,030
58,961
4,332
16,928
10,175
27,527
White
Men, 16 years and over………..
16 to 19 years………………..…
20 years and over…………….
20 to 24 years……………..…
25 to 54 years……………….
55 to 64 years……………….
65 years and over…………..
94,082
6,580
87,502
8,240
50,013
14,634
14,615
67,728
2,463
65,265
6,342
45,239
10,422
3,263
72.0
37.4
74.6
77.0
90.5
71.2
22.3
61,252
1,815
59,438
5,347
41,407
9,637
3,047
65.1
27.6
67.9
64.9
82.8
65.9
20.8
6,476
648
5,828
995
3,831
785
216
9.6
26.3
8.9
15.7
8.5
7.5
6.6
26,353
4,117
22,236
1,899
4,774
4,211
11,352
Women, 16 years and over……
16 to 19 years………………..…
20 years and over…………….
20 to 24 years……………..…
25 to 54 years……………….
55 to 64 years……………….
65 years and over…………..
97,993
6,311
91,683
8,040
49,512
15,349
18,781
57,356
2,398
54,957
5,607
37,358
9,386
2,607
58.5
38.0
59.9
69.7
75.5
61.1
13.9
52,916
1,918
50,997
4,988
34,733
8,827
2,450
54.0
30.4
55.6
62.0
70.1
57.5
13.0
4,440
480
3,960
619
2,626
559
157
7.7
20.0
7.2
11.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
40,638
3,912
36,725
2,433
12,154
5,963
16,175
See note at end of table.
5
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Race, age, sex, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Unemployed
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not in
labor
force
Black or
African American
Total, 16 years and over………… 28,708
16 to 19 years………………..… 2,657
20 years and over……………. 26,051
3,097
20 to 24 years……………..…
25 to 54 years……………….
15,844
55 to 64 years……………….
3,773
65 years and over…………..
3,337
17,862
677
17,186
2,072
12,505
2,104
506
62.2
25.5
66.0
66.9
78.9
55.7
15.2
15,010
386
14,624
1,532
10,733
1,899
460
52.3
14.5
56.1
49.5
67.7
50.3
13.8
2,852
291
2,562
539
1,771
204
47
16.0
43.0
14.9
26.0
14.2
9.7
9.2
10,846
1,980
8,865
1,025
3,339
1,670
2,831
Men, 16 years and over………..
12,939
16 to 19 years………………..… 1,313
20 years and over……………. 11,626
1,474
20 to 24 years……………..…
25 to 54 years……………….
7,180
55 to 64 years……………….
1,673
65 years and over…………..
1,299
8,415
339
8,076
986
5,904
950
236
65.0
25.8
69.5
66.9
82.2
56.8
18.1
6,865
185
6,680
692
4,943
834
211
53.1
14.1
57.5
46.9
68.8
49.9
16.3
1,550
154
1,396
294
962
116
24
18.4
45.4
17.3
29.8
16.3
12.2
10.4
4,524
974
3,550
489
1,275
722
1,064
Women, 16 years and over…… 15,769
16 to 19 years………………..… 1,344
20 years and over……………. 14,425
1,623
20 to 24 years……………..…
25 to 54 years……………….
8,664
55 to 64 years……………….
2,101
65 years and over…………..
2,038
9,447
337
9,110
1,086
6,600
1,153
270
59.9
25.1
63.2
66.9
76.2
54.9
13.3
8,145
201
7,944
841
5,790
1,065
248
51.7
14.9
55.1
51.8
66.8
50.7
12.2
1,302
137
1,165
245
810
88
22
13.8
40.5
12.8
22.6
12.3
7.6
8.2
6,322
1,007
5,315
537
2,064
947
1,768
Total, 16 years and over………… 11,199
649
16 to 19 years………………..…
20 years and over……………. 10,550
940
20 to 24 years……………..…
25 to 54 years……………….
6,719
55 to 64 years……………….
1,472
65 years and over…………..
1,419
7,248
143
7,105
504
5,369
990
243
64.7
22.0
67.3
53.6
79.9
67.2
17.1
6,705
108
6,597
442
5,018
916
221
59.9
16.6
62.5
47.0
74.7
62.2
15.6
543
35
508
62
350
74
22
7.5
24.8
7.1
12.3
6.5
7.5
8.9
3,951
506
3,445
436
1,350
482
1,177
Men, 16 years and over………..
16 to 19 years………………..…
20 years and over…………….
20 to 24 years……………..…
25 to 54 years……………….
55 to 64 years……………….
65 years and over…………..
5,315
331
4,984
472
3,222
676
614
3,893
73
3,820
265
2,877
529
149
73.2
22.1
76.6
56.3
89.3
78.2
24.2
3,588
54
3,534
228
2,686
487
133
67.5
16.4
70.9
48.3
83.3
72.0
21.7
305
19
286
38
192
42
15
7.8
25.8
7.5
14.2
6.7
7.9
10.4
1,422
258
1,164
206
345
148
465
Women, 16 years and over……
16 to 19 years………………..…
20 years and over…………….
20 to 24 years……………..…
25 to 54 years……………….
55 to 64 years……………….
65 years and over…………..
5,884
318
5,566
468
3,496
796
806
3,355
70
3,285
238
2,491
461
94
57.0
22.0
59.0
50.9
71.3
57.9
11.7
3,117
53
3,064
214
2,333
429
88
53.0
16.8
55.0
45.7
66.7
53.9
10.9
238
17
221
24
159
33
6
7.1
23.7
6.7
10.2
6.4
7.1
6.4
2,529
248
2,281
230
1,005
335
712
Asian
See note at end of table.
6
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Race, age, sex, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Not in
labor
force
Unemployed
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and over………… 33,713
16 to 19 years………………..… 3,243
20 years and over……………. 30,469
3,880
20 to 24 years……………..…
25 to 54 years……………….
20,558
55 to 64 years……………….
3,167
65 years and over…………..
2,864
22,748
1,002
21,747
2,760
16,538
1,936
513
67.5
30.9
71.4
71.1
80.4
61.1
17.9
19,906
680
19,226
2,281
14,744
1,737
464
59.0
21.0
63.1
58.8
71.7
54.9
16.2
2,843
322
2,520
479
1,794
199
49
12.5
32.2
11.6
17.4
10.8
10.3
9.5
10,964
2,242
8,723
1,120
4,021
1,231
2,351
Men, 16 years and over………..
17,359
16 to 19 years………………..… 1,666
20 years and over……………. 15,693
2,016
20 to 24 years……………..…
25 to 54 years……………….
10,905
55 to 64 years……………….
1,538
65 years and over…………..
1,234
13,511
553
12,958
1,612
9,982
1,061
302
77.8
33.2
82.6
80.0
91.5
69.0
24.5
11,800
361
11,438
1,319
8,897
949
273
68.0
21.7
72.9
65.4
81.6
61.7
22.2
1,711
191
1,519
294
1,085
112
28
12.7
34.6
11.7
18.2
10.9
10.6
9.4
3,849
1,113
2,735
403
923
477
932
Women, 16 years and over…… 16,353
16 to 19 years………………..… 1,578
20 years and over……………. 14,776
1,864
20 to 24 years……………..…
25 to 54 years……………….
9,653
55 to 64 years……………….
1,628
,
65 yyears and over…………..
1,630
9,238
449
8,789
1,147
6,555
875
211
56.5
28.5
59.5
61.6
67.9
53.7
13.0
8,106
318
7,788
962
5,847
788
191
49.6
20.2
52.7
51.6
60.6
48.4
11.7
1,132
131
1,001
186
708
87
20
12.3
29.1
11.4
16.2
10.8
9.9
9.6
7,116
1,129
5,987
717
3,098
754
,
1,419
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because
data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
7
Table 2. Labor force participation rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2010 annual averages
(Percent)
Total
Year
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
1972….… 60.4
1973…… 60.8
1974…… 61.3
78.9
78.8
78.7
43.9
44.7
45.7
60.4
60.8
61.4
79.6
79.4
79.4
43.2
44.1
45.2
59.9
60.2
59.8
73.6
73.4
72.9
48.7
49.3
49.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
60.2
61.1
—
81.5
81.7
—
41.0
42.4
1975……
1976……
1977……
1978……
1979……
61.2
61.6
62.3
63.2
63.7
77.9
77.5
77.7
77.9
77.8
46.3
47.3
48.4
50.0
50.9
61.5
61.8
62.5
63.3
63.9
78.7
78.4
78.5
78.6
78.6
45.9
46.9
48.0
49.4
50.5
58.8
59.0
59.8
61.5
61.4
70.9
70.0
70.6
71.5
71.3
48.8
49.8
50.8
53.1
53.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
60.8
60.8
61.6
62.9
63.6
80.7
79.6
80.9
81.1
81.3
43.2
44.3
44.3
46.6
47.4
1980……
1981……
1982……
1983……
1984……
63.8
63.9
64.0
64.0
64.4
77.4
77.0
76.6
76.4
76.4
51.5
52.1
52.6
52.9
53.6
64.1
64.3
64.3
64.3
64.6
78.2
77.9
77.4
77.1
77.1
51.2
51.9
52.4
52.7
53.3
61.0
60.8
61.0
61.5
62.2
70.3
70.0
70.1
70.6
70.8
53.1
53.5
53.7
54.2
55.2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
64.0
64.1
63.6
63.8
64.9
81.4
80.6
79.7
80.3
80.6
47.4
48.3
48.1
47.7
49.7
1985……
1986……
1987……
1988……
1989……
64.8
65.3
65.6
65.9
66.5
76.3
76.3
76.2
76.2
76.4
54.5
55.3
56.0
56.6
57.4
65.0
65.5
65.8
66.2
66.7
77.0
76.9
76.8
76.9
77.1
54.1
55.0
55.7
56.4
57.2
62.9
63.3
63.8
63.8
64.2
70.8
71.2
71.1
71.0
71.0
56.5
56.9
58.0
58.0
58.7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
64.6
65.4
66.4
67.4
67.6
80.4
81.0
81.0
81.9
82.0
49.3
50.1
52.0
53.2
53.5
1990……
1991……
1992……
1993……
1994……
66.5
66.2
66.4
66.3
66.6
76.4
75.8
75.8
75.4
75.1
57.5
57.4
57.8
57.9
58.8
66.9
66.6
66.8
66.8
67.1
77.1
76.5
76.5
76.2
75.9
57.4
57.4
57.7
58.0
58.9
64.0
63.3
63.9
63.2
63.4
71.0
70.4
70.7
69.6
69.1
58.3
57.5
58.5
57.9
58.7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
67.4
66.5
66.8
66.2
66.1
81.4
80.3
80.7
80.2
79.2
53.1
52.4
52.8
52.1
52.9
1995……
1996……
1997……
1997
1998……
1999……
66.6
66.8
67.1
67 1
67.1
67.1
75.0
74.9
75.0
75 0
74.9
74.7
58.9
59.3
59.8
59 8
59.8
60.0
67.1
67.2
67.5
67 5
67.3
67.3
75.7
75.8
75.9
75 9
75.6
75.6
59.0
59.1
59.5
59 5
59.4
59.6
63.7
64.1
64.7
64 7
65.6
65.8
69.0
68.7
68.3
68 3
69.0
68.7
59.5
60.4
61.7
61 7
62.8
63.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
65.8
66.5
67.9
67 9
67.9
67.7
79.1
79.6
80.1
80 1
79.8
79.8
52.6
53.4
55.1
55 1
55.6
55.9
2000……
2001……
2002……
2003……
2004……
67.1
66.8
66.6
66.2
66.0
74.8
74.4
74.1
73.5
73.3
59.9
59.8
59.6
59.5
59.2
67.3
67.0
66.8
66.5
66.3
75.5
75.1
74.8
74.2
74.1
59.5
59.4
59.3
59.2
58.9
65.8
65.3
64.8
64.3
63.8
69.2
68.4
68.4
67.3
66.7
63.1
62.8
61.8
61.9
61.5
67.2
67.2
67.2
66.4
65.9
76.1
76.2
75.9
75.6
75.0
59.2
59.0
59.1
58.3
57.6
69.7
69.5
69.1
68.3
68.6
81.5
81.0
80.2
80.1
80.4
57.5
57.6
57.6
55.9
56.1
2005……
2006……
2007……
2008……
2009……
2010……
66.0
66.2
66.0
66.0
65.4
64.7
73.3
73.5
73.2
73.0
72.0
71.2
59.3
59.4
59.3
59.5
59.2
58.6
66.3
66.5
66.4
66.3
65.8
65.1
74.1
74.3
74.0
73.7
72.8
72.0
58.9
59.0
59.0
59.2
59.1
58.5
64.2
64.1
63.7
63.7
62.4
62.2
67.3
67.0
66.8
66.7
65.0
65.0
61.6
61.7
61.1
61.3
60.3
59.9
66.1
66.2
66.5
67.0
66.0
64.7
74.8
75.0
75.1
75.3
74.6
73.2
58.2
58.3
58.6
59.4
58.2
57.0
68.0
68.7
68.8
68.5
68.0
67.5
80.1
80.7
80.5
80.2
78.8
77.8
55.3
56.1
56.5
56.2
56.5
56.5
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race
group only; previously, those respondents with a multiracial background were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian
estimates for 2000–2002 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
8
5
Table 3. Employment-population ratios by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2010 annual averages
(Percent)
Year
Total
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
1972….… 57.0
1973…… 57.8
1974…… 57.8
75.0
75.5
74.9
41.0
42.0
42.6
57.4
58.2
58.3
76.0
76.5
75.9
40.7
41.8
42.4
53.7
54.5
53.5
66.8
67.5
65.8
43.0
43.8
43.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
55.6
56.2
—
76.0
75.7
—
37.3
38.4
1975……
1976……
1977……
1978……
1979……
56.1
56.8
57.9
59.3
59.9
71.7
72.0
72.8
73.8
73.8
42.0
43.2
44.5
46.4
47.5
56.7
57.5
58.6
60.0
60.6
73.0
73.4
74.1
75.0
75.1
42.0
43.2
44.5
46.3
47.5
50.1
50.8
51.4
53.6
53.8
60.6
60.6
61.4
63.3
63.4
41.6
42.8
43.3
45.8
46.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
53.4
53.8
55.4
57.2
58.3
71.5
71.1
73.6
74.9
75.6
37.4
38.6
39.1
41.3
42.5
1980……
1981……
1982……
1983……
1984……
59.2
59.0
57.8
57.9
59.5
72.0
71.3
69.0
68.8
70.7
47.7
48.0
47.7
48.0
49.5
60.0
60.0
58.8
58.9
60.5
73.4
72.8
70.6
70.4
72.1
47.8
48.3
48.1
48.5
49.8
52.3
51.3
49.4
49.5
52.3
60.4
59.1
56.0
56.3
59.2
45.7
45.1
44.2
44.1
46.7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
57.6
57.4
54.9
55.1
57.9
73.5
72.4
68.9
69.4
72.1
42.4
43.0
41.3
41.1
44.2
1985……
1986……
1987……
1988……
1989……
60.1
60.7
61.5
62.3
63.0
70.9
71.0
71.5
72.0
72.5
50.4
51.4
52.5
53.4
54.3
61.0
61.5
62.3
63.1
63.8
72.3
72.3
72.7
73.2
73.7
50.7
51.7
52.8
53.8
54.6
53.4
54.1
55.6
56.3
56.9
60.0
60.6
62.0
62.7
62.8
48.1
48.8
50.3
51.2
52.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
57.8
58.5
60.5
61.9
62.2
72.1
72.5
74.0
75.3
75.8
43.8
44.7
47.4
48.8
48.8
1990……
1991……
1992……
1993……
1994……
62.8
61.7
61.5
61.7
62.5
72.0
70.4
69.8
70.0
70.4
54.3
53.7
53.8
54.1
55.3
63.7
62.6
62.4
62.7
63.5
73.3
71.6
71.1
71.4
71.8
54.7
54.2
54.2
54.6
55.8
56.7
55.4
54.9
55.0
56.1
62.6
61.3
59.9
60.0
60.8
51.9
50.6
50.8
50.9
52.3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
61.9
59.8
59.1
59.1
59.5
74.9
72.1
71.2
71.7
71.7
48.6
47.3
46.8
46.3
47.2
1995……
1996……
1997……
1997
1998……
1999……
62.9
63.2
63.8
63 8
64.1
64.3
70.8
70.9
71.3
71 3
71.6
71.6
55.6
56.0
56.8
56 8
57.1
57.4
63.8
64.1
64.6
64 6
64.7
64.8
72.0
72.3
72.7
72 7
72.7
72.8
56.1
56.3
57.0
57 0
57.1
57.3
57.1
57.4
58.2
58 2
59.7
60.6
61.7
61.1
61.4
61 4
62.9
63.1
53.4
54.4
55.6
55 6
57.2
58.6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
59.7
60.6
62.6
62 6
63.1
63.4
72.1
73.3
74.5
74 5
74.7
75.3
47.3
47.9
50.2
50 2
51.0
51.7
2000……
2001……
2002……
2003……
2004……
64.4
63.7
62.7
62.3
62.3
71.9
70.9
69.7
68.9
69.2
57.5
57.0
56.3
56.1
56.0
64.9
64.2
63.4
63.0
63.1
73.0
72.0
70.8
70.1
70.4
57.4
57.0
56.4
56.3
56.1
60.9
59.7
58.1
57.4
57.2
63.6
62.1
61.1
59.5
59.3
58.6
57.8
55.8
55.6
55.5
64.8
64.2
63.2
62.4
63.0
73.3
72.7
71.3
70.9
71.6
57.1
56.4
55.8
54.9
55.1
65.7
64.9
63.9
63.1
63.8
77.4
76.2
74.5
74.3
75.1
53.6
53.3
52.9
51.2
51.8
2005……
2006……
2007……
2008……
2009……
2010……
62.7
63.1
63.0
62.2
59.3
58.5
69.6
70.1
69.8
68.5
64.5
63.7
56.2
56.6
56.6
56.2
54.4
53.6
63.4
63.8
63.6
62.8
60.2
59.4
70.8
71.3
70.9
69.7
66.0
65.1
56.3
56.6
56.7
56.3
54.8
54.0
57.7
58.4
58.4
57.3
53.2
52.3
60.2
60.6
60.7
59.1
53.7
53.1
55.7
56.5
56.5
55.8
52.8
51.7
63.4
64.2
64.3
64.3
61.2
59.9
71.8
72.7
72.8
72.2
68.7
67.5
55.9
56.5
56.6
57.2
54.4
53.0
64.0
65.2
64.9
63.3
59.7
59.0
75.8
76.8
76.2
74.1
68.9
68.0
51.5
52.8
53.0
51.9
50.1
49.6
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race
group only; previously, those respondents with a multiracial background were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian
estimates for 2000–2002 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
9
6
Table 4. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, 25
years and
older
Less than a
high school
diploma
Total
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
199,882
132,955
66.5
121,987
61.0
10,968
8.2
25,666
11,880
46.3
10,115
39.4
1,765
14.9
62,037
38,236
61.6
34,293
55.3
3,943
10.3
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
96,046
71,129
74.1
64,765
67.4
6,365
8.9
12,820
7,571
59.1
6,434
50.2
1,137
15.0
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
103,836
61,825
59.5
57,222
55.1
4,603
7.4
White
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
High school
Some college,
graduates, no
no degree
college
Associate's
degree
Bachelor's
degree and
higher
33,656
22,958
68.2
20,838
61.9
2,120
9.2
18,565
13,882
74.8
12,910
69.5
973
7.0
59,957
45,998
76.7
43,832
73.1
2,167
4.7
30,282
21,611
71.4
19,159
63.3
2,452
11.3
15,889
11,890
74.8
10,737
67.6
1,153
9.7
7,863
6,322
80.4
5,829
74.1
493
7.8
29,191
23,736
81.3
22,606
77.4
1,130
4.8
12,846
4,309
33.5
3,681
28.7
628
14.6
31,755
16,625
52.4
15,134
47.7
1,492
9.0
17,767
11,068
62.3
10,101
56.9
967
8.7
10,702
7,560
70.6
7,080
66.2
480
6.3
30,766
22,263
72.4
21,226
69.0
1,037
4.7
162,904
108,274
66.5
100,100
61.4
8,174
7.5
20,176
9,627
47.7
8,290
41.1
1,337
13.9
50,794
31,065
61.2
28,128
55.4
2,937
9.5
27,196
18,339
67.4
16,800
61.8
1,540
8.4
15,306
11,445
74.8
10,707
70.0
738
6.5
49,432
37,798
76.5
36,176
73.2
1,622
4.3
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
79,261
58,924
74.3
54,091
68.2
4,833
8.2
10,371
6,343
61.2
5,461
52.7
883
13.9
24,891
17,792
71.5
15,952
64.1
1,840
10.3
12,994
9,705
74.7
8,846
68.1
859
8.8
6,585
5,310
80.6
4,922
74.7
388
7.3
24,421
19,772
81.0
18,910
77.4
862
4.4
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
83,643
49,351
59.0
46,010
55.0
3,341
6.8
9,805
3,283
33.5
2,829
28.9
454
13.8
25,904
13,273
51.2
12,176
47.0
1,097
8.3
14,202
8,634
60.8
7,953
56.0
681
7.9
8,721
6,135
70.3
5,785
66.3
350
5.7
25,011
18,026
72.1
17,266
69.0
759
4.2
Employment status, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
See note at end of table.
10
7
Table 4. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, 25
years and
older
Less than a
high school
diploma
Black or African American
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
22,954
15,114
65.8
13,092
57.0
2,022
13.4
3,672
1,423
38.8
1,103
30.0
321
22.5
7,880
5,029
63.8
4,234
53.7
795
15.8
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
10,152
7,090
69.8
5,988
59.0
1,102
15.5
1,640
744
45.4
561
34.2
183
24.7
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
12,802
8,024
62.7
7,104
55.5
920
11.5
Asian
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
High school
Some college,
graduates, no
no degree
college
Associate's
degree
Bachelor's
degree and
higher
4,559
3,299
72.4
2,864
62.8
435
13.2
2,188
1,661
75.9
1,482
67.7
179
10.8
4,655
3,701
79.5
3,409
73.2
292
7.9
3,815
2,647
69.4
2,164
56.7
483
18.2
1,971
1,484
75.3
1,270
64.4
214
14.5
822
645
78.5
567
69.0
78
12.0
1,904
1,570
82.5
1,426
74.9
144
9.2
2,032
679
33.4
542
26.7
137
20.2
4,065
2,382
58.6
2,070
50.9
312
13.1
2,588
1,815
70.1
1,594
61.6
221
12.2
1,367
1,017
74.4
915
66.9
102
10.0
2,751
2,131
77.5
1,983
72.1
148
6.9
9,610
6,601
68.7
6,155
64.1
446
6.8
1,099
485
44.1
431
39.2
54
11.1
1,980
1,244
62.8
1,149
58.1
95
7.6
966
675
69.8
611
63.2
64
9.5
633
454
71.8
426
67.3
28
6.2
4,932
3,743
75.9
3,538
71.7
205
5.5
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
4,512
3,555
78.8
3,306
73.3
249
7.0
431
255
59.2
220
51.0
35
13.8
877
661
75.3
605
68.9
56
8.5
485
373
77.0
337
69.5
37
9.8
261
215
82.5
200
76.4
16
7.3
2,458
2,050
83.4
1,945
79.1
105
5.1
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
5,098
3,047
59.8
2,850
55.9
197
6.5
668
230
34.4
212
31.7
18
8.0
1,103
584
52.9
545
49.4
39
6.7
482
301
62.6
274
56.9
27
9.0
371
238
64.2
226
60.9
12
5.1
2,474
1,693
68.4
1,593
64.4
100
5.9
Employment status, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
See note at end of table.
811
Table 4. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, 25
years and
older
Less than a
high school
diploma
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
26,590
18,987
71.4
16,946
63.7
2,041
10.8
9,646
5,970
61.9
5,183
53.7
787
13.2
7,915
5,849
73.9
5,175
65.4
674
11.5
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
13,677
11,345
82.9
10,120
74.0
1,226
10.8
5,099
4,025
78.9
3,517
69.0
507
12.6
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population…………
Civilian labor force.................................
Percent of population…………………
Employed...........................................
Employment-population ratio………
Unemployed.......................................
Unemployment rate.........................
12,912
7,642
59.2
6,826
52.9
816
10.7
4,547
1,945
42.8
1,666
36.6
279
14.3
Employment status, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
High school
Some college,
graduates, no
no degree
college
Associate's
degree
Bachelor's
degree and
higher
3,565
2,753
77.2
2,474
69.4
279
10.1
1,737
1,372
79.0
1,252
72.0
120
8.8
3,727
3,044
81.7
2,862
76.8
182
6.0
4,245
3,603
84.9
3,176
74.8
428
11.9
1,765
1,485
84.1
1,341
76.0
144
9.7
760
652
85.7
595
78.3
57
8.7
1,808
1,581
87.4
1,491
82.4
90
5.7
3,670
2,245
61.2
1,999
54.5
246
11.0
1,801
1,268
70.4
1,133
62.9
135
10.7
977
720
73.7
656
67.2
63
8.8
1,918
1,463
76.3
1,371
71.5
92
6.3
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are
not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
12
9
Table 5. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2010 annual averages
White
Black or
African
American
114,168
100.0
15,010
100.0
6,705
100.0
19,906
100.0
37.2
15.1
10.8
4.3
37.9
15.8
11.5
4.3
29.1
10.2
6.4
3.9
47.0
14.9
9.9
5.0
18.9
7.8
5.7
2.1
22.2
2.5
1.9
1.0
1.7
1.2
6.2
2.0
5.6
22.1
2.3
1.9
1.0
1.5
1.3
6.4
2.1
5.4
18.8
1.6
.9
.6
3.0
.7
5.4
1.0
5.6
32.1
8.5
3.5
2.3
1.1
.9
4.9
1.8
9.1
11.0
1.0
.9
.4
1.2
.5
3.4
1.2
2.4
Service occupations…………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations…………………………………………
Protective service occupations……………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations……………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations………
Personal care and service occupations…………………………………
17.7
2.4
2.4
5.5
3.8
3.6
16.6
2.0
2.2
5.4
3.8
3.3
25.1
5.7
3.9
5.8
4.8
4.9
18.0
2.0
1.2
6.4
2.5
5.9
26.4
2.5
2.2
8.6
9.4
3.7
Sales and office occupations………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations……………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations…………………………
24.0
11.1
13.0
24.1
11.2
12.9
25.1
10.0
15.1
21.1
11.4
9.7
21.2
9.1
12.1
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations………………………………
Construction and extraction occupations…………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations………………………
9.4
.7
5.2
3.5
10.2
.8
5.6
3.7
5.8
.3
2.9
2.6
3.9
.3
1.5
2.1
16.4
2.1
10.5
3.9
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations…………
Production occupations……………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations………………………
11.6
5.8
5.9
11.3
5.7
5.6
15.0
6.1
8.9
10.0
6.6
3.5
17.1
8.8
8.2
Occupation and sex
Total
Total, 16 years and older (thousands)………………………………… 139,064
100.0
Percent……………………………………………………………………
Management, professional, and related occupations……………………
Management, business, and financial operations………………………
Management occupations………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations………………………
Professional and related occupations……………………………………
Computer and mathematical occupations……………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations……………………………
Life, physical, and social science occupations………………………
Community and social services occupations…………………………
Legal occupations…………………………………………………………
Education, training, and library occupations…………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations……………………
See note at end of table.
13
10
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Table 5. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2010 annual averages—Continued
Occupation and sex
Total
Men, 16 years and older (thousands)…………………………………… 73,359
Percent……………………………………………………………………… 100.0
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
61,252
100.0
6,865
100.0
3,588
100.0
11,800
100.0
34.2
16.3
12.6
3.7
34.8
17.2
13.5
3.8
23.5
9.8
7.0
2.8
47.7
15.3
11.2
4.1
15.3
7.3
5.8
1.5
17.9
3.6
3.1
1.0
1.1
1.2
3.1
2.0
2.7
17.6
3.3
3.1
1.0
1.0
1.3
3.1
2.1
2.6
13.7
2.2
1.7
.7
2.3
.6
2.6
1.4
2.1
32.4
11.8
5.7
2.1
.7
.8
3.8
1.7
5.8
8.0
1.3
1.3
.4
.6
.3
1.4
1.3
1.3
Service occupations…………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations…………………………………………
Protective service occupations……………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations……………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations………
Personal care and service occupations…………………………………
14.5
.5
3.5
4.7
4.3
1.5
13.6
.4
3.4
4.4
4.2
1.3
21.2
1.5
5.7
5.9
5.7
2.5
15.1
.7
1.8
6.8
2.5
3.2
21.8
.5
2.9
8.3
8.9
1.3
Sales and office occupations………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations……………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations…………………………
16.9
10.5
6.4
16.7
10.7
6.0
18.3
8.4
9.9
17.6
11.2
6.3
14.1
7.3
6.8
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations………………………………
Construction and extraction occupations…………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations………………………
17.0
1.0
9.5
6.4
18.1
1.1
10.3
6.7
11.9
.5
6.1
5.2
6.7
.3
2.7
3.7
26.5
2.7
17.5
6.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations…………
Production occupations……………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations………………………
17.4
7.9
9.5
16.8
7.8
8.9
25.1
8.8
16.3
12.9
7.4
5.5
22.4
10.6
11.8
Management, professional, and related occupations……………………
Management, business, and financial operations………………………
Management occupations………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations………………………
Professional and related occupations……………………………………
Computer and mathematical occupations……………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations……………………………
Life, physical, and social science occupations………………………
Community and social services occupations…………………………
Legal occupations…………………………………………………………
Education, training, and library occupations…………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations……………………
See note at end of table.
11
14
Table 5. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2010 annual averages—Continued
Occupation and sex
Total
Women, 16 years and older (thousands)……………………………… 65,705
100.0
Percent……………………………………………………………………
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
52,916
100.0
8,145
100.0
3,117
100.0
8,106
100.0
40.6
13.7
8.7
5.0
41.5
14.2
9.2
4.9
33.8
10.7
5.8
4.8
46.1
14.4
8.3
6.0
24.1
8.7
5.7
3.0
26.9
1.4
.5
1.0
2.3
1.3
9.7
1.9
8.8
27.3
1.3
.5
1.0
2.1
1.4
10.3
2.2
8.7
23.1
1.1
.2
.5
3.6
.8
7.7
.7
8.6
31.7
4.7
1.0
2.5
1.6
1.0
6.2
1.8
13.0
15.4
.5
.3
.4
1.9
.7
6.4
1.1
4.0
Service occupations…………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations…………………………………………
Protective service occupations……………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations……………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations………
Personal care and service occupations…………………………………
21.3
4.5
1.1
6.4
3.3
6.0
20.1
3.8
.9
6.5
3.2
5.6
28.3
9.2
2.4
5.7
4.0
7.0
21.3
3.5
.5
6.0
2.4
8.9
33.2
5.6
1.2
9.0
10.2
7.2
Sales and office occupations………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations……………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations…………………………
32.0
11.7
20.3
32.6
11.7
20.8
30.7
11.4
19.4
25.2
11.7
13.6
31.7
11.8
19.9
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations………………………………
Construction and extraction occupations…………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations………………………
.9
.4
.3
.3
1.0
.4
.3
.3
.7
.2
.2
.3
.6
.2
.1
.3
1.7
1.2
.3
.2
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations…………
Production occupations……………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations………………………
5.2
3.4
1.9
4.9
3.2
1.8
6.5
3.8
2.7
6.7
5.7
1.1
9.3
6.2
3.1
Management, professional, and related occupations……………………
Management, business, and financial operations………………………
Management occupations………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations………………………
Professional and related occupations……………………………………
Computer and mathematical occupations……………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations……………………………
Life, physical, and social science occupations………………………
Community and social services occupations…………………………
Legal occupations…………………………………………………………
Education, training, and library occupations…………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations……………………
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are
not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
15
12
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
African
Asian
Latino
American
ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older ……………………………………………………………
139,064
82.1
10.8
4.8
14.3
Management, professional, and related occupations ………………………………
Management, business, and financial operations............................................
Management occupations ............................................................................
Chief executives ........................................................................................
General and operations managers ...........................................................
Legislators ................................................................................................
Advertising and promotions managers…………………………………………
Marketing and sales managers …………………………………………………
Public relations managers ………………………………………………………
Administrative services managers ……………………………………………
Computer and information systems managers ………………………………
Financial managers ………………………………………………………………
Human resources managers ……………………………………………………
Industrial production managers …………………………………………………
Purchasing managers ……………………………………………………………
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers…………………………
Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers………………………………
Farmers and ranchers …………………………………………………………
Construction managers …………………………………………………………
Education administrators ………………………………………………………
Engineering managers …………………………………………………………
Food service managers …………………………………………………………
Funeral directors …………………………………………………………………
Gaming managers ………………………………………………………………
Lodging managers ………………………………………………………………
Medical and health services managers………………………………………
Natural sciences managers ……………………………………………………
Postmasters and mail superintendents………………………………………
Property, real estate, and community association managers………………
Social and community service managers………………………………………
Managers, all other ………………………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations…………………………………
Agents and business managers of artists, performers,
and athletes……………………………………………………………………
Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products………………………………
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products…………………………
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and
farm products……………………………………………………………………
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators…………………
Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health
and safety, and transportation………………………………………………
Cost estimators……………………………………………………………………
Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists…………………
Logisticians………………………………………………………………………
Management analysts …………………………………………………………
Meeting and convention planners………………………………………………
Other business operations specialists…………………………………………
51,743
20,938
15,001
1,505
1,007
13
78
959
85
104
537
1,141
268
254
203
278
237
713
1,083
830
113
960
41
19
143
549
22
31
604
326
2,898
5,937
83.6
86.2
87.6
93.0
89.2
1
()
96.2
87.8
89.4
82.7
82.7
85.1
85.8
90.9
86.2
86.3
97.0
96.8
93.3
84.7
81.4
79.0
1
()
1
()
81.8
83.4
1
()
1
()
87.9
82.8
86.5
82.6
8.4
7.3
6.4
2.8
5.8
1
()
0.8
5.9
4.4
9.0
6.8
6.7
9.1
3.0
7.6
9.5
0.6
0.6
3.5
11.1
5.4
8.5
1
()
(1)
5.1
12.4
(1)
1
()
7.7
13.1
6.8
9.8
6.1
4.8
4.4
3.2
3.3
1
()
2.3
5.0
4.8
5.5
9.0
6.9
3.0
4.4
2.8
2.8
0.8
0.7
2.0
2.0
13.3
10.8
1
()
(1)
11.3
3.2
(1)
1
()
2.6
1.6
4.8
5.7
7.3
7.5
7.6
4.8
5.9
1
()
9.6
5.1
5.2
9.5
7.2
8.1
7.9
9.4
7.8
11.7
9.8
1.5
8.5
6.4
3.5
14.6
1
()
(1)
5.8
7.2
(1)
1
()
11.4
7.0
8.5
7.1
47
15
180
1
()
1
()
91.1
(1)
(1)
4.4
(1)
(1)
2.2
(1)
(1)
9.7
235
282
85.1
79.8
8.0
13.8
3.2
3.3
5.7
7.4
188
115
824
68
658
63
243
83.0
96.5
81.4
77.9
83.9
87.3
81.5
11.5
1.5
14.0
10.6
7.2
9.4
10.3
2.2
0.6
2.6
8.7
7.6
3.0
4.4
7.8
7.5
10.2
7.9
6.7
6.8
7.1
See notes at end of table.
16
13
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
African
Asian
Latino
American
ethnicity
Accountants and auditors ………………………………………………………
Appraisers and assessors of real estate………………………………………
Budget analysts…………………………………………………………………
Credit analysts ……………………………………………………………………
Financial analysts…………………………………………………………………
Personal financial advisors………………………………………………………
Insurance underwriters…………………………………………………………
Financial examiners………………………………………………………………
Loan counselors and officers……………………………………………………
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents………………………………
Tax preparers……………………………………………………………………
Financial specialists, all other……………………………………………………
1,646
79
48
24
97
369
125
8
363
71
106
84
80.8
93.7
1
()
1
()
79.4
87.8
80.8
1
()
84.3
69.0
78.3
79.8
8.6
3.0
(1)
1
()
11.6
5.2
13.2
1
()
9.9
25.6
13.0
13.7
9.1
1.8
(1)
1
()
6.9
4.9
4.2
1
()
4.6
3.5
6.1
5.3
5.8
2.5
(1)
1
()
3.0
3.5
4.7
1
()
10.6
7.1
11.1
12.1
Professional and related occupations………………………………………………
Computer and mathematical occupations………………………………………
Computer scientists and systems analysts……………………………………
Computer programmers…………………………………………………………
Computer software engineers…………………………………………………
Computer support specialists……………………………………………………
Database administrators…………………………………………………………
Network and computer systems administrators………………………………
Network systems and data communications analysts………………………
Actuaries…………………………………………………………………………
Mathematicians……………………………………………………………………
Operations research analysts……………………………………………………
Statisticians………………………………………………………………………
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations……………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations
occupations………………………………………
Architects, except naval…………………………………………………………
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists…………………………
Aerospace engineers……………………………………………………………
Agricultural engineers……………………………………………………………
Biomedical engineers……………………………………………………………
Chemical engineers………………………………………………………………
Civil engineers……………………………………………………………………
Computer hardware engineers…………………………………………………
Electrical and electronics engineers……………………………………………
Environmental engineers………………………………………………………
Industrial engineers, including health and safety……………………………
Marine engineers and naval architects…………………………………………
Materials engineers………………………………………………………………
Mechanical engineers……………………………………………………………
Mining and geological engineers, including mining
safety engineers…………………………………………………………………
Nuclear engineers………………………………………………………………
Petroleum engineers……………………………………………………………
Engineers, all other………………………………………………………………
Drafters……………………………………………………………………………
Engineering technicians, except drafters………………………………………
30,805
3,531
784
470
1,026
388
101
229
366
25
5
107
28
3
2,619
2 619
184
43
126
1
17
63
318
70
307
35
159
11
36
293
81.9
75.4
76.1
81.7
65.0
79.1
75.2
82.1
84.2
1
()
1
()
81.3
1
()
1
()
84.2
84 2
95.1
1
()
88.1
1
()
1
()
85.7
84.6
64.3
76.2
1
()
83.0
1
()
1
()
84.0
9.2
6.7
7.3
5.1
5.1
11.3
9.0
5.6
6.6
1
()
1
()
10.7
(1)
1
()
5.2
52
2.1
(1)
6.7
1
()
1
()
3.1
4.9
3.1
5.3
1
()
5.0
(1)
(1)
3.2
7.0
16.1
14.9
12.4
28.0
7.9
11.8
9.4
7.4
1
()
1
()
5.8
(1)
1
()
9.0
90
1.9
(1)
3.7
1
()
1
()
11.5
8.9
26.7
16.7
1
()
10.2
(1)
(1)
11.0
7.1
5.5
5.1
6.5
3.9
6.9
8.6
6.0
6.7
1
()
1
()
8.4
(1)
1
()
6.8
68
7.8
(1)
3.8
1
()
1
()
1.0
6.9
7.3
7.0
1
()
7.8
(1)
(1)
3.7
14
12
20
334
143
374
1
()
1
()
1
()
79.9
90.9
84.5
(1)
(1)
(1)
7.1
3.6
8.2
(1)
(1)
(1)
12.5
4.1
4.6
(1)
(1)
(1)
5.2
11.3
8.9
See notes at end of table.
17
14
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
Surveying and mapping technicians……………………………………………
Life, physical, and social science occupations…………………………………
Agricultural and food scientists…………………………………………………
Biological scientists………………………………………………………………
Conservation scientists and foresters…………………………………………
Medical scientists…………………………………………………………………
Astronomers and physicists……………………………………………………
Atmospheric and space scientists………………………………………………
Chemists and materials scientists………………………………………………
Environmental scientists and geoscientists……………………………………
Physical scientists, all other……………………………………………………
Economists………………………………………………………………………
Market and survey researchers…………………………………………………
Psychologists……………………………………………………………………
Sociologists………………………………………………………………………
Urban and regional planners……………………………………………………
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers…………………………
Agricultural and food science technicians……………………………………
Biological technicians……………………………………………………………
Chemical technicians……………………………………………………………
Geological and petroleum technicians…………………………………………
Nuclear technicians………………………………………………………………
Other life, physical, and social science technicians…………………………
Community and social services occupations……………………………………
Counselors…………………………………………………………………………
Social workers……………………………………………………………………
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists……………………
Clergy………………………………………………………………………………
Directors, religious activities and education……………………………………
Religious workers, all other………………………………………………………
Legal occupations…………………………………………………………………
Lawyers……………………………………………………………………………
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers………………………………
Paralegals and legal assistants…………………………………………………
Miscellaneous legal support workers…………………………………………
Education, training, and library occupations……………………………………
Postsecondary teachers…………………………………………………………
Preschool and kindergarten teachers…………………………………………
Elementary and middle school teachers………………………………………
Secondary school teachers……………………………………………………
Special education teachers………………………………………………………
Other teachers and instructors…………………………………………………
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians…………………………….
Librarians…………………………………………………………………………
Library technicians………………………………………………………………
Teacher assistants………………………………………………………………
Other education, training, and library workers…………………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations…………………
See notes at end of table.
18
15
61
1,409
35
113
25
143
12
7
103
108
144
28
150
179
5
26
48
20
16
62
21
3
162
2,337
702
771
297
429
53
84
1,716
1,040
71
345
259
8,628
1,300
712
2,813
1,221
387
806
50
216
43
966
114
2,759
White
96.7
80.8
1
()
81.4
1
()
62.9
1
()
1
()
70.9
88.0
71.5
1
()
84.0
91.6
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
77.4
1
()
1
()
83.3
74.9
73.1
70.8
71.7
82.8
94.3
86.9
88.0
90.9
81.7
85.5
81.5
84.9
81.2
82.7
86.7
88.9
89.4
82.3
94.0
87.5
1
()
81.5
78.9
88.1
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
African
Asian
Latino
American
ethnicity
1.6
6.3
1
()
8.0
(1)
7.0
1
()
1
()
9.9
5.4
4.0
(1)
5.1
3.9
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
(1)
12.8
1
()
1
()
7.4
19.3
21.4
22.8
21.6
12.6
2.0
6.0
6.5
4.3
12.5
8.8
10.4
9.4
6.3
13.4
9.3
8.0
6.8
9.6
3.3
9.2
(1)
12.7
16.1
5.5
0.3
10.8
1
()
9.8
(1)
28.4
1
()
1
()
18.2
3.0
21.1
(1)
7.7
3.3
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
(1)
8.4
1
()
1
()
6.9
3.3
3.8
3.3
1.7
2.9
4.3
6.2
3.4
3.4
3.9
2.4
4.4
3.8
11.0
2.7
2.4
1.6
2.0
4.8
0.6
1.7
(1)
2.9
1.7
4.3
10.9
6.0
1
()
6.2
(1)
7.5
1
()
1
()
4.3
2.9
3.2
(1)
2.8
7.3
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
(1)
13.8
1
()
1
()
8.4
9.8
9.5
11.3
13.0
6.3
4.0
9.0
5.5
3.4
7.8
9.6
7.7
8.0
5.0
9.6
7.3
6.7
6.2
8.0
2.5
5.2
(1)
15.1
11.2
8.8
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
Artists and related workers………………………………………………………
Designers…………………………………………………………………………
Actors………………………………………………………………………………
Producers and directors…………………………………………………………
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers……………………………
Dancers and choreographers……………………………………………………
Musicians, singers, and related workers………………………………………
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers,
all other…………………………………………………………………………
Announcers………………………………………………………………………
News analysts, reporters and correspondents………………………………
Public relations specialists………………………………………………………
Editors……………………………………………………………………………
Technical writers…………………………………………………………………
Writers and authors………………………………………………………………
Miscellaneous media and communication workers…………………………
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians
and radio operators……………………………………………………………
Photographers……………………………………………………………………
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators
and editors………………………………………………………………………
Media and communication equipment workers, all other……………………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations……………………………
Chiropractors………………………………………………………………………
Dentists……………………………………………………………………………
Dietitians and nutritionists………………………………………………………
p
Optometrists………………………………………………………………………
Pharmacists………………………………………………………………………
Physicians and surgeons………………………………………………………
Physician assistants………………………………………………………………
Podiatrists…………………………………………………………………………
Registered nurses………………………………………………………………
Audiologists………………………………………………………………………
Occupational therapists…………………………………………………………
Physical therapists………………………………………………………………
Radiation therapists………………………………………………………………
Recreational therapists…………………………………………………………
Respiratory therapists……………………………………………………………
Speech-language pathologists…………………………………………………
Therapists, all other………………………………………………………………
Veterinarians………………………………………………………………………
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other………………………
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians……………………………
Dental hygienists…………………………………………………………………
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians……………………………
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics……………………………
Health diagnosing and treating practitioner
support technicians……………………………………………………………
See notes at end of table.
19
16
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
African
Asian
Latino
American
ethnicity
195
793
25
152
260
15
182
91.8
88.9
1
()
83.6
86.5
1
()
81.3
3.6
5.2
1
()
5.5
4.1
(1)
2.1
6.6
9.0
1
()
10.9
10.6
(1)
8.7
40
52
81
148
162
56
199
83
()
84.6
86.4
92.6
88.9
89.3
92.0
80.7
()
12.9
3.0
2.8
4.9
5.4
3.8
6.6
()
2.0
6.0
2.6
5.0
3.8
2.3
10.6
1
()
18.0
7.2
8.7
3.9
2.0
1.5
32.5
102
161
89.2
87.0
5.7
6.5
4.1
3.3
10.8
8.1
54
2
7,805
57
175
105
38
255
872
99
12
2,843
18
109
187
18
14
131
132
138
73
27
342
141
349
179
85.2
1
()
79.5
94.7
85.1
75.2
(1)
78.0
76.6
87.9
1
()
78.6
1
()
93.6
85.0
1
()
1
()
82.4
96.2
87.0
93.2
1
()
71.3
89.4
87.1
92.7
5.5
1
()
10.8
–
0.3
14.9
(1)
5.2
5.8
5.0
1
()
12.0
(1)
2.5
5.8
(1)
1
()
11.9
2.9
6.6
2.6
(1)
15.1
4.3
7.2
4.4
4.0
1
()
7.8
5.3
13.7
9.1
(1)
15.1
15.7
5.8
1
()
7.5
(1)
2.6
7.6
(1)
1
()
4.8
0.7
4.0
1.8
(1)
10.3
5.9
4.8
0.9
7.1
1
()
6.2
2.0
5.7
5.2
(1)
4.3
6.8
9.2
1
()
4.9
(1)
6.1
5.4
(1)
1
()
6.6
6.1
10.4
3.9
(1)
7.4
3.0
7.7
3.7
505
77.6
13.6
6.8
10.8
1
2.7
3.3
1
()
9.1
7.3
(1)
13.9
1
1
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
African
Asian
Latino
American
ethnicity
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses……………………………
Medical records and health information technicians…………………………
Opticians, dispensing……………………………………………………………
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians…………………………
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations…………………
573
118
55
167
70
69.3
69.5
76.4
73.1
85.7
24.4
19.9
15.3
17.6
8.7
3.8
6.5
4.5
6.5
3.0
6.2
12.7
8.1
8.5
9.6
Service occupations……………………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations……………………………………………………
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides……………………………………
Occupational therapist assistants and aides……………………………………
Physical therapist assistants and aides…………………………………………
Massage therapists…………………………………………………………………
Dental assistants……………………………………………………………………
Medical assistants and other healthcare support occupations………………
Protective service occupations………………………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and
prevention workers………………………………………………………………
Supervisors, protective service workers, all other………………………………
Fire fighters…………………………………………………………………………
Fire inspectors………………………………………………………………………
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers…………………………………………
Detectives and criminal investigators……………………………………………
Fish and game wardens……………………………………………………………
Parking enforcement workers……………………………………………………
Police and sheriff
s patrol officers…………………………………………………
sheriff’s
officers
Transit and railroad police…………………………………………………………
Animal control workers……………………………………………………………
Private detectives and investigators………………………………………………
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers………………………………
Crossing guards……………………………………………………………………
Lifeguards and other protective service workers………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations………………………………
Chefs and head cooks……………………………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation
and serving workers………………………………………………………………
Cooks…………………………………………………………………………………
Food preparation workers…………………………………………………………
Bartenders……………………………………………………………………………
Combined food preparation and serving workers,
including fast food…………………………………………………………………
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession,
and coffee shop…………………………………………………………………
Waiters and waitresses……………………………………………………………
Food servers, nonrestaurant………………………………………………………
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers…………………
Dishwashers…………………………………………………………………………
24,634
3,332
1,928
10
86
162
296
850
3,289
44
103
76.9
67.6
58.6
1
()
84.9
86.4
85.8
76.1
76.9
1
()
86.4
15.3
25.5
34.6
1
()
6.2
5.3
5.7
17.8
17.8
1
()
8.7
4.9
4.1
4.0
1
()
6.6
4.9
5.6
3.5
2.4
1
()
2.5
21.3
15.2
14.7
1
()
14.5
6.0
20.0
16.4
13.3
1
()
7.4
41
105
301
18
465
159
6
12
714
5
9
89
993
59
166
7,660
337
1
()
77.1
90.7
1
()
74.8
81.1
1
()
1
()
83.2
83 2
1
()
1
()
89.9
63.8
67.8
89.8
79.8
68.8
(1)
19.9
6.4
1
()
22.0
10.6
(1)
(1)
12.1
12 1
1
()
(1)
5.7
28.8
26.4
4.2
11.3
12.0
(1)
2.3
0.5
1
()
1.2
3.7
(1)
(1)
2.7
27
1
()
(1)
3.2
3.4
1.8
2.2
5.6
16.5
(1)
8.2
9.6
1
()
13.3
13.3
(1)
(1)
15.2
15 2
1
()
(1)
12.1
15.9
9.4
6.7
22.2
17.9
551
1,951
717
393
77.5
76.7
78.9
92.1
15.4
15.0
13.4
3.8
3.0
5.0
5.3
2.1
14.9
32.5
23.7
10.7
294
78.6
12.8
4.6
16.6
269
2,067
174
371
246
79.6
83.6
71.3
78.2
80.1
11.3
7.1
18.6
10.7
10.5
5.7
6.1
6.5
7.0
4.2
18.5
16.6
16.3
29.0
38.5
See notes at end of table.
20
17
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
African
Asian
Latino
American
ethnicity
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop……………………
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other………………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations…………………
First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping
janitorial workers…………………………………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping,
lawn service, and grounds keeping workers…………………………………
Janitors and building cleaners……………………………………………………
Maids and housekeeping cleaners………………………………………………
Pest control workers………………………………………………………………
Grounds maintenance workers……………………………………………………
Personal care and service occupations……………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers……………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers…………………
Animal trainers………………………………………………………………………
Nonfarm animal caretakers………………………………………………………
Gaming services workers…………………………………………………………
Motion picture projectionists………………………………………………………
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers……………………………………
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers…………………
Funeral service workers……………………………………………………………
Barbers………………………………………………………………………………
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists…………………………………
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers……………………………………
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges……………………………………
Tour and travel guides……………………………………………………………
Transportation attendants
attendants…………………………………………………………
Child care workers…………………………………………………………………
Personal and home care aides……………………………………………………
Recreation and fitness workers……………………………………………………
Residential advisors………………………………………………………………
Personal care and service workers, all other……………………………………
284
5
5,328
84.5
1
()
80.5
8.1
(1)
13.6
4.0
(1)
3.1
14.3
(1)
35.2
234
81.2
13.3
2.8
19.8
229
2,186
1,407
76
1,195
5,024
136
185
44
169
121
13
51
173
18
96
770
273
77
35
110
1,247
973
379
60
91
93.0
76.8
76.0
88.2
89.8
74.8
82.4
75.7
1
()
92.9
61.2
1
()
66.7
80.3
1
()
60.4
82.9
40.3
59.7
1
()
80.0
80 0
78.3
66.0
84.2
70.0
89.0
3.8
17.1
16.3
5.3
6.3
14.8
5.4
7.7
(1)
2.7
5.0
1
()
24.0
12.8
(1)
37.2
10.6
7.5
29.8
(1)
12.2
12 2
16.0
23.8
11.3
25.4
5.9
1.1
3.2
5.0
1.7
1.3
7.8
8.3
14.5
(1)
2.0
29.6
1
()
7.9
3.1
(1)
1.2
4.7
51.4
6.9
(1)
4.9
49
3.4
6.4
1.8
2.0
3.6
20.5
30.9
40.8
15.9
43.8
14.6
8.9
9.0
(1)
12.7
10.5
1
()
16.4
14.4
(1)
12.1
12.7
10.9
25.8
(1)
16.6
16 6
19.1
17.6
6.9
5.1
9.5
Sales and office occupations…………………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations………………………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of nonretail sales workers……………………
Cashiers……………………………………………………………………………
Counter and rental clerks…………………………………………………………
Parts salespersons…………………………………………………………………
Retail salespersons…………………………………………………………………
Advertising sales agents……………………………………………………………
Insurance sales agents……………………………………………………………
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents…………………
Travel agents………………………………………………………………………
Sales representatives, services, all other………………………………………
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing…………………………
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters…………………………………
33,433
15,386
3,132
1,131
3,109
150
129
3,286
214
513
308
76
524
1,284
61
82.2
83.1
84.9
86.8
73.9
83.3
93.0
82.2
89.7
88.3
84.7
80.3
83.6
91.1
85.2
11.3
9.8
7.9
5.9
16.1
7.9
3.7
11.3
6.3
6.6
6.4
9.9
9.6
4.0
8.0
4.2
5.0
5.4
5.6
6.8
6.9
0.5
4.1
2.7
3.2
8.0
6.5
4.9
3.3
2.7
12.6
11.8
10.3
9.6
16.3
12.7
12.9
13.7
4.9
10.1
4.8
8.7
9.9
9.3
9.5
See notes at end of table.
21
18
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
Real estate brokers and sales agents……………………………………………
Sales engineers……………………………………………………………………
Telemarketers………………………………………………………………………
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors,
and related workers………………………………………………………………
Sales and related workers, all other………………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations……………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of office and
administrative support workers…………………………………………………
Switchboard operators, including answering service……………………………
Telephone operators………………………………………………………………
Communications equipment operators, all other………………………………
Bill and account collectors…………………………………………………………
Billing and posting clerks and machine operators………………………………
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks…………………………………
Gaming cage workers………………………………………………………………
Payroll and timekeeping clerks……………………………………………………
Procurement clerks…………………………………………………………………
Tellers………………………………………………………………………………
Brokerage clerks……………………………………………………………………
Correspondence clerks……………………………………………………………
Court, municipal, and license clerks………………………………………………
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks…………………………………………
Customer service representatives………………………………………………
Eligibility interviewers, government programs……………………………………
File clerks……………………………………………………………………………
Hotel,
desk
H l motel,l and
d resort d
k clerks………………………………………………
l k
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan…………………………………………
Library assistants, clerical…………………………………………………………
Loan interviewers and clerks………………………………………………………
New accounts clerks………………………………………………………………
Order clerks…………………………………………………………………………
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping………………
Receptionists and information clerks……………………………………………
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks………………
Information and record clerks, all other…………………………………………
Cargo and freight agents…………………………………………………………
Couriers and messengers…………………………………………………………
Dispatchers…………………………………………………………………………
Meter readers, utilities………………………………………………………………
Postal service clerks ………………………………………………………………
Postal service mail carriers………………………………………………………
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing
machine operators…………………………………………………………………
Production, planning, and expediting clerks ……………………………………
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks……………………………………………
Stock clerks and order fillers………………………………………………………
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping………………
See notes at end of table.
22
19
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
African
Asian
Latino
American
ethnicity
854
24
118
89.7
1
()
71.2
5.3
(1)
25.0
3.8
(1)
1.2
7.1
(1)
11.9
203
268
18,047
81.8
87.3
81.4
12.9
7.0
12.5
3.6
4.1
3.6
15.7
8.1
13.4
1,507
37
36
6
216
472
1,297
6
167
30
453
9
11
95
45
1,896
89
334
129
210
115
127
32
117
44
1,281
100
116
21
270
293
36
124
321
83.9
1
()
1
()
1
()
75.5
79.9
88.3
1
()
86.8
1
()
81.9
1
()
1
()
75.8
1
()
75.9
66.3
76.3
73.6
73 6
73.3
87.8
81.9
1
()
84.6
1
()
84.5
67.0
78.4
1
()
79.3
83.6
1
()
58.9
79.4
9.7
1
()
(1)
1
()
17.5
13.7
6.5
1
()
10.4
1
()
11.3
(1)
1
()
17.9
1
()
17.5
20.2
16.0
15.3
15 3
17.3
5.9
11.5
1
()
8.0
(1)
9.8
24.0
16.7
(1)
16.4
13.5
(1)
29.5
11.7
3.8
1
()
(1)
1
()
2.9
4.1
3.4
1
()
1.9
1
()
5.2
(1)
1
()
3.1
1
()
3.9
6.2
3.9
4.4
44
5.8
3.2
4.7
1
()
6.4
(1)
3.3
3.9
2.8
(1)
2.4
1.6
(1)
8.3
6.6
11.1
1
()
(1)
1
()
18.9
14.0
8.8
1
()
10.7
1
()
14.0
(1)
1
()
12.1
1
()
15.2
23.0
14.3
11.6
11 6
12.0
12.3
11.0
1
()
16.2
(1)
16.8
14.9
10.0
(1)
15.6
14.4
(1)
11.1
11.1
76
259
558
1,456
70
51.3
84.9
81.2
76.7
84.3
30.5
9.5
12.5
16.7
10.8
16.2
3.4
3.6
3.4
3.1
7.5
7.2
21.9
19.3
22.3
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
African
Asian
Latino
American
ethnicity
Secretaries and administrative assistants………………………………………
Computer operators…………………………………………………………………
Data entry keyers……………………………………………………………………
Word processors and typists………………………………………………………
Desktop publishers…………………………………………………………………
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks…………………………………
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service………………
Office clerks, general………………………………………………………………
Office machine operators, except computer……………………………………
Proofreaders and copy markers…………………………………………………
Statistical assistants………………………………………………………………
Office and administrative support workers, all other……………………………
3,082
122
338
144
5
231
94
994
45
10
19
501
87.4
76.2
81.4
82.6
1
()
79.2
72.3
79.5
1
()
1
()
1
()
81.2
8.6
10.8
13.2
12.3
1
()
16.5
21.4
13.0
1
()
(1)
(1)
12.7
1.9
9.1
4.2
2.5
1
()
2.3
3.5
5.2
1
()
(1)
(1)
3.2
9.4
11.8
11.4
13.9
1
()
11.5
18.1
15.6
1
()
(1)
(1)
12.6
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations …………………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations…………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing,
and forestry workers………………………………………………………………
Agricultural inspectors………………………………………………………………
Animal breeders……………………………………………………………………
Graders and sorters, agricultural products………………………………………
Miscellaneous agricultural workers………………………………………………
Fishers and related fishing workers………………………………………………
Hunters and trappers………………………………………………………………
Forest and conservation workers…………………………………………………
Logging workers……………………………………………………………………
Construction and extraction occupations…………………………………………
First-line
off construction
Fi li supervisors/managers
i
/
i trades
d
and extraction workers……………………………………………………………
Boilermakers…………………………………………………………………………
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons ………………………………
Carpenters …………………………………………………………………………
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers……………………………………
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers……………………
Construction laborers………………………………………………………………
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators…………………………
Pile-driver operators………………………………………………………………
Operating engineers and other construction
equipment operators………………………………………………………………
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers……………………………
Electricians…………………………………………………………………………
Glaziers………………………………………………………………………………
Insulation workers…………………………………………………………………
Painters, construction and maintenance…………………………………………
Paperhangers………………………………………………………………………
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters……………………………
Plasterers and stucco masons……………………………………………………
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers………………………………………………
Roofers………………………………………………………………………………
13,073
987
88.9
90.1
6.7
5.2
2.0
1.9
25.0
41.8
44
28
11
103
691
32
1
14
63
7,175
()
1
()
1
()
79.6
92.2
1
()
1
()
1
()
81.0
89.9
()
1
()
1
()
9.2
3.9
(1)
1
()
1
()
13.6
6.1
1
()
1
()
1
()
7.3
1.3
(1)
1
()
1
()
0.7
1.4
1
()
1
()
1
()
50.3
47.9
(1)
1
()
1
()
6.2
29.1
659
22
162
1,242
209
88
1,267
19
2
92.4
1
()
88.9
91.9
90.0
86.4
86.0
1
()
1
()
4.9
(1)
6.7
4.0
3.8
12.0
9.0
(1)
(1)
1.0
(1)
0.8
1.4
3.3
1
()
2.2
(1)
(1)
16.5
(1)
35.5
25.7
39.5
51.5
43.1
(1)
(1)
363
171
691
42
40
578
7
526
39
3
214
91.7
94.2
89.4
1
()
1
()
90.7
1
()
89.9
1
()
1
()
90.2
4.7
2.5
7.0
1
()
(1)
4.8
(1)
7.2
(1)
(1)
4.0
1.1
0.3
1.6
1
()
(1)
1.3
(1)
1.3
(1)
(1)
1.3
13.7
58.6
14.0
1
()
(1)
41.0
(1)
20.8
(1)
(1)
46.4
See notes at end of table.
23
20
1
1
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
Sheet metal workers………………………………………………………………
Structural iron and steel workers…………………………………………………
Helpers, construction trades………………………………………………………
Construction and building inspectors……………………………………………
Elevator installers and repairers…………………………………………………
Fence erectors………………………………………………………………………
Hazardous materials removal workers……………………………………………
Highway maintenance workers……………………………………………………
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators………………………
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners…………………………………
Miscellaneous construction and related workers………………………………
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators,
oil, gas, and mining………………………………………………………………
Earth drillers, except oil and gas…………………………………………………
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters………………
Mining machine operators …………………………………………………………
Roof bolters, mining ………………………………………………………………
Roustabouts, oil and gas…………………………………………………………
Helpers—extraction workers………………………………………………………
Other extraction workers……………………………………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics,
installers, and repairers…………………………………………………………
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers……………………
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers…………
Avionics technicians………………………………………………………………
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers………………………………
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers,
transportation equipment…………………………………………………………
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility………………………
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles…………………
Electronic home entertainment equipment
installers and repairers……………………………………………………………
Security and fire alarm systems installers ………………………………………
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians……………………………………
Automotive body and related repairers…………………………………………
Automotive glass installers and repairers………………………………………
Automotive service technicians and mechanics…………………………………
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists………………………
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service
technicians and mechanics………………………………………………………
Small engine mechanics……………………………………………………………
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment
mechanics, installers, and repairers……………………………………………
Control and valve installers and repairers………………………………………
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics
and installers………………………………………………………………………
See notes at end of table.
24
21
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
African
Asian
Latino
American
ethnicity
108
59
60
104
34
44
38
110
11
16
38
90.7
96.6
93.3
88.5
1
()
1
()
1
()
80.9
1
()
1
()
1
()
38
21
11
60
5
9
7
55
4,911
()
1
()
1
()
91.7
1
()
1
()
1
()
()
1
()
(1)
2.4
(1)
1
()
(1)
87.3
87.2
381
305
166
13
29
87.7
81.0
82.5
(1)
1
()
3
19
12
()
1
()
1
()
()
(1)
1
()
()
(1)
1
()
()
(1)
1
()
52
60
136
168
24
802
339
76.9
90.0
82.4
92.3
1
()
87.4
88.5
12.1
6.0
7.1
6.3
(1)
6.8
7.6
6.0
1.9
7.1
0.8
(1)
3.5
1.6
11.3
16.7
15.3
22.6
(1)
20.3
13.2
235
57
91.1
87.7
4.6
6.4
1.1
2.7
14.1
14.0
99
23
89.9
1
()
7.3
(1)
0.7
(1)
25.7
(1)
392
88.8
8.0
2.2
17.2
1
1
5.8
0.6
4.5
8.3
(1)
(1)
(1)
14.2
1
()
(1)
(1)
0.4
1
()
0.2
2.3
(1)
(1)
(1)
2.6
1
()
(1)
(1)
18.8
11.5
41.6
9.0
(1)
(1)
(1)
11.0
1
()
(1)
(1)
1
10.0
7.8
()
1
()
(1)
1
()
(1)
1
()
(1)
1
()
2.9
()
1
()
(1)
20.8
(1)
1
()
(1)
24.6
15.7
7.5
10.0
9.3
(1)
1
()
1.9
8.0
6.2
(1)
1
()
9.9
10.1
10.4
(1)
1
()
1
1
1
1
1
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
White
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
African
Asian
Latino
American
ethnicity
Home appliance repairers…………………………………………………………
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics…………………………………
Maintenance and repair workers, general………………………………………
Maintenance workers, machinery…………………………………………………
Millwrights……………………………………………………………………………
Electrical power-line installers and repairers……………………………………
Telecommunications line installers and repairers………………………………
Precision instrument and equipment repairers…………………………………
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers……………
Commercial divers…………………………………………………………………
Locksmiths and safe repairers……………………………………………………
Manufactured building and mobile home installers……………………………
Riggers………………………………………………………………………………
Signal and track switch repairers…………………………………………………
Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair workers………………………
Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers……………………………
53
447
347
31
45
124
163
73
35
–
26
11
9
7
30
197
84.9
87.9
84.1
1
()
1
()
89.5
84.0
87.7
1
()
–
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
91.4
7.7
8.1
11.1
1
()
(1)
8.2
9.4
10.8
1
()
–
(1)
(1)
1
()
(1)
(1)
5.4
6.1
2.2
2.7
1
()
(1)
0.7
1.6
0.5
1
()
–
(1)
(1)
1
()
(1)
(1)
1.4
17.5
14.4
18.0
1
()
(1)
10.3
17.5
12.4
1
()
–
(1)
(1)
1
()
(1)
(1)
18.5
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations……………………
Production occupations………………………………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of production
and operating workers……………………………………………………………
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers…………………
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers……………………
Engine and other machine assemblers…………………………………………
Structural metal fabricators and fitters……………………………………………
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators………………………………………
Bakers………………………………………………………………………………
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers………………
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying
machine operators and tenders…………………………………………………
Food batchmakers…………………………………………………………………
Food cooking machine operators and tenders…………………………………
Computer control programmers and operators…………………………………
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic…………………………………………………
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic…………………………………………………………………
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic…………………………………………………………………
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic…………………………………………………
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operator,
and tenders, metal and plastic…………………………………………………
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine
tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………………………
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and
tenders, metal and plastic………………………………………………………
16,180
7,998
79.6
80.9
13.9
11.4
4.2
5.5
21.0
21.9
702
23
151
36
27
805
206
331
85.6
1
()
59.6
1
()
1
()
76.9
81.1
74.3
7.3
1
()
15.1
1
()
(1)
15.3
9.8
14.0
5.5
1
()
22.6
1
()
(1)
6.1
5.8
10.4
15.7
1
()
17.1
1
()
(1)
20.5
30.6
36.2
14
107
16
56
()
84.1
1
()
87.5
1
(1)
9.7
1
()
6.9
(1)
2.6
1
()
2.1
(1)
27.6
1
()
18.3
9
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
10
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
10
1
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
78
82.1
11.1
2.6
15.2
1
1
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
11.3
1.5
16.7
See notes at end of table.
25
22
54
85.2
20
()
1
1
()
1
()
1
1
1
()
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
Milling and planning machine setters, operators, and
tenders, metal and plastic………………………………………………………
Machinists……………………………………………………………………………
Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders…………………………………
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic…………………………
Molders and molding machine setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic…………………………………………………
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic…………………………………………………………………
Tool and die makers………………………………………………………………
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers…………………………………………
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic…………………………………………………………………
Lay-out workers, metal and plastic………………………………………………
Plating and coating machine setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic…………………………………………………
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners……………………………………………
Metalworkers and plastic workers, all other……………………………………
Bookbinders and bindery workers…………………………………………………
Job printers…………………………………………………………………………
Prepress technicians and workers………………………………………………
Printing machine operators………………………………………………………
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers………………………………………………
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials………………………………
Sewing machine operators…………………………………………………………
Shoe and leather workers and repairers…………………………………………
Shoe machine operators and tenders……………………………………………
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers………………………………………………
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders………………
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders………………………
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters,
operators, and tenders……………………………………………………………
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine
setters, operators, and tenders…………………………………………………
Extruding and forming machine setters, operator,
and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers…………………………………………
Fabric and apparel patternmakers………………………………………………
Upholsterers…………………………………………………………………………
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other……………………………
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters……………………………………………
Furniture finishers…………………………………………………………………
Model makers and patternmakers, wood…………………………………………
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood………………………
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders,
except sawing……………………………………………………………………
Woodworkers, all other……………………………………………………………
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers…………………………
See notes at end of table.
26
23
White
4
408
25
7
()
88.2
80.0
1
()
(1)
4.3
13.0
(1)
(1)
5.5
4.7
(1)
(1)
15.1
14.6
(1)
55
83.6
10.7
1.9
19.0
6
68
479
()
94.1
87.3
1
()
7.4
22.7
7
7
()
1
()
1
17
6
337
20
50
46
162
195
59
170
9
5
76
5
10
1
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
African
Asian
Latino
American
ethnicity
1
()
1.8
7.0
1
()
1.0
3.6
1
()
(1)
1
()
(1)
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
11.2
(1)
13.5
(1)
13.7
15.9
19.3
13.3
(1)
1
()
4.9
(1)
1
()
(1)
(1)
7.2
(1)
4.4
(1)
1.8
9.3
9.2
10.8
(1)
1
()
20.9
(1)
1
()
(1)
(1)
24.2
(1)
11.7
(1)
19.6
30.1
36.6
40.2
(1)
1
()
19.6
(1)
1
()
1
()
1
()
78.9
1
()
82.0
1
()
81.5
70.8
66.1
74.7
1
()
1
()
69.7
1
()
1
()
1
1
9
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
16
1
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
2
3
41
23
62
16
–
36
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
91.9
1
()
–
1
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
4.0
(1)
–
1
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
2.8
(1)
–
1
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
20.8
(1)
–
1
()
18
22
40
1
()
1
()
1
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
Stationary engineers and boiler operators………………………………………
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators………………
Miscellaneous plant and system operators………………………………………
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders………………
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers…………………
Cutting workers……………………………………………………………………
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting
machine setters, operators, and tenders………………………………………
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders…………………
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers…………………………
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers………………………………
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians………………………
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders…………………………
Painting workers……………………………………………………………………
Photographic process workers and processing
machine operators…………………………………………………………………
Semiconductor processors…………………………………………………………
Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders………………………
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment
operators and tenders……………………………………………………………
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders………………………
Etchers and engravers……………………………………………………………
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic………………………
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders…………………………
Tire builders…………………………………………………………………………
Helpers—production workers………………………………………………………
Production workers, all other………………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations…………………………………
Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers……………………
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers…………………………………………………
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists………………………
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except
emergency medical technicians…………………………………………………
Bus drivers…………………………………………………………………………
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers……………………………………………
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs………………………………………………………
Motor vehicle operators, all other…………………………………………………
Locomotive engineers and operators……………………………………………
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators……………………………………
Railroad conductors and yardmasters……………………………………………
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers………………………
Sailors and marine oilers…………………………………………………………
Ship and boat captains and operators……………………………………………
Ship engineers………………………………………………………………………
Bridge and lock tenders ……………………………………………………………
Parking lot attendants ……………………………………………………………
Service station attendants …………………………………………………………
See notes at end of table.
27
24
White
91
77
40
58
90
67
83.5
87.0
1
()
79.3
78.9
85.1
43
17
669
33
92
255
139
()
1
()
80.9
1
()
83.7
76.5
85.6
48
3
10
()
1
()
1
()
12
5
10
37
41
24
41
921
8,182
263
110
46
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
78.9
78.3
76.0
95.5
1
()
13
600
3,028
390
54
57
6
58
9
23
48
6
4
75
77
()
70.3
82.9
56.9
87.0
86.0
1
()
75.9
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
58.7
84.4
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
African
Asian
Latino
American
ethnicity
9.8
6.8
1
()
17.6
16.0
10.1
1
()
1
()
11.1
(1)
5.5
16.4
9.3
1
1
1
5.3
3.4
1
()
2.7
2.2
3.0
14.5
10.1
1
()
17.0
23.2
27.6
1
()
1
()
16.9
(1)
12.5
42.3
26.4
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
1
()
1
()
5.3
(1)
7.8
4.1
0.5
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
1
()
()
(1)
1
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
1
()
14.9
16.4
18.3
1.0
1
()
1
()
(1)
1
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
1
()
4.2
2.8
3.0
1.0
1
()
()
(1)
1
()
(1)
(1)
(1)
1
()
22.8
20.0
15.1
6.3
1
()
(1)
25.1
13.6
26.6
7.8
5.7
(1)
19.9
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
25.7
8.6
(1)
2.2
1.5
13.0
2.7
2.4
(1)
1.2
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
12.8
4.0
(1)
12.3
17.5
15.7
22.0
4.7
(1)
8.4
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
18.0
17.1
1
1
Table 6. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
—Continued
Total
(In thousands)
Occupation
Transportation inspectors …………………………………………………………
Other transportation workers ……………………………………………………
Conveyor operators and tenders …………………………………………………
Crane and tower operators ………………………………………………………
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators …………………………
Hoist and winch operators…………………………………………………………
Industrial truck and tractor operators ……………………………………………
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment ……………………………………………
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand ………………………
Machine feeders and offbearers …………………………………………………
Packers and packagers, hand ……………………………………………………
Pumping station operators ………………………………………………………
Refuse and recyclable material collectors ………………………………………
Shuttle car operators………………………………………………………………
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders …………………………………………………
Material moving workers, all other………………………………………………
46
16
5
50
51
6
499
333
1,700
32
403
25
88
2
2
59
White
1
()
1
()
1
()
90.0
96.1
1
()
74.1
78.4
77.4
1
()
75.9
1
()
71.6
1
()
1
()
81.4
Percent of total employed
Black or
Hispanic or
African
Asian
Latino
American
ethnicity
(1)
1
()
1
()
6.9
3.3
(1)
22.0
14.8
16.9
(1)
17.3
1
()
23.9
(1)
1
()
13.2
(1)
1
()
1
()
0.4
0.1
(1)
1.2
3.7
3.0
(1)
4.2
1
()
0.2
(1)
1
()
2.7
(1)
1
()
1
()
12.2
9.6
(1)
32.0
35.6
21.3
(1)
41.3
1
()
21.2
(1)
1
()
17.8
1 Percents are not shown where base is less than 50,000.
NOTE: Dashes indicate no data or data that do not meet publication criteria. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African
American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or
Latino may be of any race.
28
25
Table 7. Employed people by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
Industry and sex
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (thousands)……………………
Percent………………………………………………………
139,064
100.0
114,168
100.0
15,010
100.0
6,705
100.0
19,906
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing……………………………
Mining …………………………………………………………
Construction……………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Durable goods………………………………………………
Nondurable goods…………………………………………
Wholesale and retail trade……………………………………
Wholesale trade……………………………………………
Retail trade…………………………………………………
Transportation and utilities…………………………………
Information……………………………………………………
Financial activities……………………………………………
Professional and business services…………………………
Education and health services………………………………
Leisure and hospitality………………………………………
Other services…………………………………………………
Other services, except private households……………
Private households…………………………………………
Public administration…………………………………………
1.6
.5
6.5
10.1
6.3
3.8
14.2
2.7
11.5
5.1
2.3
6.7
11.0
23.1
9.0
4.9
4.4
.5
5.0
1.8
.6
7.2
10.3
6.5
3.8
14.4
2.9
11.5
4.9
2.2
6.9
11.2
22.2
8.7
4.9
4.4
.5
4.8
.4
.2
3.3
8.4
4.5
4.0
13.1
1.9
11.2
7.6
2.3
5.6
8.8
30.0
8.9
4.2
3.8
.4
7.2
.4
.1
2.3
12.0
8.0
4.0
13.6
2.7
10.9
4.0
2.6
7.5
12.9
22.9
11.9
6.3
6.0
.3
3.5
2.4
.6
11.1
11.0
5.8
5.2
13.7
2.8
10.9
5.2
1.6
4.8
11.1
16.7
12.3
5.7
4.4
1.3
3.8
Men, 16 years and older (thousands)……………………
Percent………………………………………………………
73,359
100.0
61,252
100.0
6,865
100.0
3,588
100.0
11,800
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing……………………………
Mining …………………………………………………………
Construction……………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Durable goods………………………………………………
Nondurable goods…………………………………………
Wholesale and retail trade……………………………………
Wholesale trade……………………………………………
Retail trade…………………………………………………
Transportation and utilities…………………………………
Information……………………………………………………
Financial activities……………………………………………
Professional and business services…………………………
Education and health services………………………………
Leisure and hospitality………………………………………
Other services…………………………………………………
Other services, except private households……………
Private households…………………………………………
Public administration…………………………………………
2.3
.9
11.3
13.8
9.1
4.8
14.7
3.7
11.0
7.5
2.5
5.8
12.2
11.0
8.3
4.5
4.4
.1
5.2
2.5
.9
12.2
13.9
9.3
4.7
14.8
3.8
11.0
7.1
2.5
5.9
12.2
10.4
7.9
4.4
4.4
.1
5.2
.8
.5
6.7
12.9
7.1
5.9
14.4
3.1
11.3
12.1
2.5
4.4
10.8
14.4
9.2
4.7
4.5
.1
6.7
.4
.1
3.8
14.6
10.3
4.3
14.0
3.1
10.9
5.7
3.3
7.3
15.6
14.9
12.1
4.9
4.8
–
3.3
3.2
.9
18.1
13.3
7.5
5.8
13.3
3.5
9.8
6.9
1.7
3.7
11.8
7.2
11.6
4.9
4.7
.2
3.5
See note at end of table.
29
26
Table 7. Employed people by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
—Continued
Industry and sex
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Women, 16 years and older (thousands)………………
Percent………………………………………………………
65,705
100.0
52,916
100.0
8,145
100.0
3,117
100.0
8,106
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing……………………………
Mining …………………………………………………………
Construction……………………………………………………
Manufacturing…………………………………………………
Durable goods………………………………………………
Nondurable goods…………………………………………
Wholesale and retail trade……………………………………
Wholesale trade……………………………………………
Retail trade…………………………………………………
Transportation and utilities…………………………………
Information……………………………………………………
Financial activities……………………………………………
Professional and business services…………………………
Education and health services………………………………
Leisure and hospitality………………………………………
Other services…………………………………………………
Other services, except private households……………
Private households…………………………………………
Public administration…………………………………………
.8
.2
1.2
6.0
3.3
2.7
13.6
1.7
12.0
2.5
2.0
7.7
9.6
36.5
9.8
5.3
4.4
.9
4.8
1.0
.2
1.4
6.1
3.3
2.8
13.9
1.7
12.1
2.3
2.0
8.0
10.0
35.8
9.8
5.4
4.4
1.0
4.3
.1
.1
.4
4.7
2.3
2.4
12.1
.9
11.2
3.7
2.1
6.6
7.1
43.2
8.6
3.7
3.1
.6
7.6
.4
.1
.6
9.0
5.3
3.7
13.2
2.3
10.8
2.1
1.8
7.6
9.8
32.2
11.7
8.0
7.3
.7
3.6
1.3
.1
1.0
7.6
3.2
4.4
14.4
1.9
12.5
2.6
1.4
6.4
10.1
30.5
13.3
6.9
3.9
3.0
4.2
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data
are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data
not available.
30
27
Table 8. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2010 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Family type and employment status of family members
Total
Total families ……………………………………………………………
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity
78,246
63,551
9,404
3,531
10,561
With employed member(s) …………………………………………………
As a percent of total families ……………………………………………
62,560
80.0
51,048
80.3
7,030
74.8
3,081
87.3
8,897
84.2
With unemployed member(s) ……………………………………………
As a percent of total families …………………………………………
Some member(s) employed ……………………………………………
As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)……………
Some usually work full time …………………………………………
As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)………
9,695
12.4
6,566
67.7
5,572
57.5
7,202
11.3
5,069
70.4
4,289
59.6
1,807
19.2
1,009
55.8
862
47.7
400
11.3
308
76.8
267
66.8
1,841
17.4
1,262
68.6
1,060
57.6
Married-couple families …………………………………………………
57,524
49,474
4,201
2,779
6,670
With employed member(s) …………………………………………………
As a percent of total families ……………………………………………
47,238
82.1
40,383
81.6
3,495
83.2
2,453
88.3
5,891
88.3
With unemployed member(s) ……………………………………………
As a percent of total families …………………………………………
Some member(s) employed ……………………………………………
As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)……………
Some usually work full time …………………………………………
As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)………
6,147
10.7
4,884
79.5
4,225
68.7
4,990
10.1
3,963
79.4
3,413
68.4
708
16.9
559
79.0
492
69.5
297
10.7
246
82.8
219
73.7
1,154
17.3
897
77.7
766
66.4
Families maintained by women ………………………………………
14,913
9,773
4,188
470
2,665
With employed member(s) …………………………………………………
As a percent of total families ……………………………………………
10,715
71.9
7,177
73.4
2,813
67.2
385
81.9
1,949
73.1
With unemployed member(s) ……………………………………………
As a percent of total families …………………………………………
Some
member(s)
S
( ) employed ……………………………………………
As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)……………
Some usually work full time …………………………………………
As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)………
2,446
16.4
1,094
44.7
858
35.1
1,444
14.8
684
47.4
526
36.4
861
20.6
338
39.3
275
31.9
58
12.3
34
58.6
26
44.8
448
16.8
219
48.9
173
38.6
Families maintained by men ……………………………………………
5,809
4,304
1,015
281
1,226
With employed member(s) …………………………………………………
As a percent of total families ……………………………………………
4,607
79.3
3,488
81.0
722
71.1
243
86.5
1,057
86.2
With unemployed member(s) ……………………………………………
As a percent of total families …………………………………………
Some member(s) employed ……………………………………………
As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)……………
Some usually work full time …………………………………………
As a percent of families with unemployed member(s)………
1,102
19.0
587
53.3
489
44.4
768
17.8
422
54.9
349
45.4
239
23.5
112
46.9
95
39.7
45
16.0
28
62.2
22
48.9
239
19.5
146
61.1
121
50.6
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
31
28
Table 9. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 1996–2010 annual averages
(Percent)
Total
Year
Total
Men
White
Women
Total
Men
Black or African American
Women
Total
Men
Women
With no children under 18 years
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
60.1
60.4
60.3
60.4
66.8
67.0
67.0
66.8
53.5
53.8
53.9
54.1
60.5
60.8
60.6
60.7
67.6
67.8
67.6
67.5
53.6
53.8
53.8
53.9
56.9
57.3
58.0
58.3
61.5
61.2
62.0
62.1
52.3
53.5
54.2
54.6
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
60.6
60.4
60.0
59.7
59.6
67.0
66.7
66.2
65.4
65.3
54.3
54.3
53.9
54.1
54.0
60.9
60.8
60.4
60.1
60.0
67.7
67.4
66.8
66.1
66.1
54.3
54.3
54.0
54.1
54.0
58.4
57.9
56.8
56.5
56.4
62.5
61.7
61.0
60.0
59.5
54.5
54.4
52.7
53.2
53.5
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
2010…………
59.8
60.0
59.8
59.9
59.3
58.7
65.5
65.8
65.6
65.6
64.6
63.8
54.2
54.2
54.0
54.3
54.0
53.6
60.1
60.4
60.3
60.3
59.9
59.1
66.2
66.5
66.4
66.3
65.4
64.5
54.1
54.2
54.1
54.3
54.3
53.7
57.3
57.1
56.5
56.9
55.9
56.0
60.8
60.5
60.1
60.4
59.3
59.1
53.9
53.9
53.0
53.6
52.7
52.9
With children under 18 years
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
81.1
81.8
81.8
82.0
94.5
94.6
94.6
94.6
70.8
71.9
71.8
72.2
81.8
82.4
82.2
82.3
95.3
95.4
95.3
95.4
70.7
71.7
71.3
71.5
78.5
79.6
81.0
82.0
89.7
89.6
90.4
89.3
73.3
75.0
76.7
78.5
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
82.1
81.9
81.6
81.2
80.7
94.7
94.6
94.3
94.1
94.1
72.3
72.1
71.8
71.1
70.4
82.3
82.2
81.9
81.4
81.1
95.3
95.3
94.8
94.7
94.8
71.6
71.5
71.1
70.3
69.8
82.2
81.8
81.9
81.5
80.5
90.3
89.7
90.3
89.7
88.4
78.2
77.9
77.7
77.5
76.5
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
2010…………
80.7
81.0
81.4
81.5
81.3
80.9
94.1
94.1
94.3
94.1
93.8
93.7
70.5
70.9
71.0
71.4
71.4
70.8
81.1
81.4
81.7
81.8
81.8
81.4
94.8
94.9
95.0
94.8
94.5
94.5
69.8
70.2
70.3
70.8
70.9
70.5
80.4
80.5
81.2
81.1
80.2
79.7
88.7
88.1
89.6
89.7
87.7
89.0
76.3
76.9
76.6
76.7
76.3
74.9
With children 6 to 17 years, none younger
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
84.5
84.7
84.5
84.8
93.5
93.6
93.5
93.4
77.5
77.9
77.6
78.2
85.3
85.4
84.9
85.4
94.4
94.4
94.2
94.4
77.7
78.0
77.3
78.1
81.3
81.8
83.1
83.2
87.9
88.1
88.2
86.7
78.1
78.7
80.6
81.4
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
85.1
85.0
84.8
84.5
84.1
93.5
93.6
93.3
93.1
93.1
78.7
78.3
78.2
77.8
77.3
85.7
85.5
85.1
84.7
84.5
94.3
94.5
94.0
93.7
93.9
78.6
78.1
77.8
77.3
76.9
83.3
83.3
84.3
84.0
82.7
87.8
87.5
89.2
88.0
86.3
81.0
81.1
81.8
82.1
80.9
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
2010…………
83.7
83.8
84.3
84.3
84.2
83.7
93.0
93.1
93.2
93.1
92.7
92.8
76.5
76.7
77.2
77.3
77.3
76.5
84.1
84.3
84.6
84.7
84.7
84.2
93.8
94.0
94.0
93.9
93.7
93.6
76.3
76.3
76.7
77.0
77.0
76.3
82.4
82.4
83.7
83.1
82.2
81.9
86.9
85.7
87.7
87.8
85.7
87.1
80.2
80.8
81.5
80.6
80.3
79.2
See note at end of table.
32
29
Table 9. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 1996–2010 annual averages—Continued
(Percent)
Total
Year
Total
Men
White
Women
Total
Men
Black or African American
Women
Total
Men
Women
With children under 6 years
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
77.2
78.3
78.6
78.5
95.6
95.8
96.1
96.1
63.2
64.8
64.9
64.8
77.9
78.8
78.9
78.5
96.3
96.5
96.6
96.7
62.7
64.1
64.1
63.4
75.4
77.1
78.5
80.6
91.9
91.3
93.0
92.5
68.2
70.8
72.0
74.9
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
78.4
78.1
77.7
77.2
76.5
96.1
95.8
95.5
95.4
95.4
64.6
64.3
63.7
62.8
61.8
78.2
78.1
77.9
77.3
76.8
96.5
96.2
95.9
96.0
96.0
63.0
63.0
62.7
61.5
60.7
80.9
80.0
78.9
78.2
77.6
93.3
92.5
91.8
92.1
91.1
74.9
73.9
72.5
71.8
70.8
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
2010…………
77.0
77.5
77.8
77.9
77.8
77.5
95.4
95.4
95.7
95.4
95.1
94.7
62.8
63.5
63.3
64.0
64.2
63.9
77.2
77.7
77.9
78.0
78.1
78.0
96.1
95.9
96.2
95.9
95.6
95.5
61.6
62.5
62.3
62.9
63.3
63.4
77.8
78.0
77.9
78.6
77.7
77.1
91.2
91.1
92.3
92.4
90.4
91.3
71.4
71.8
70.4
71.7
71.4
69.8
With children under 3 years
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
75.4
76.6
77.2
77.0
95.8
95.9
96.2
96.4
59.4
61.4
61.9
61.5
76.2
77.5
77.7
77.0
96.5
96.5
96.7
97.0
59.2
61.4
61.5
60.1
72.1
73.6
75.8
78.7
92.2
92.1
93.2
92.4
63.1
65.1
67.5
72.0
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
76.3
76.0
76.1
75.2
74.4
96.4
95.9
95.8
95.7
95.7
60.4
60.2
60.2
58.9
57.5
76.3
76.1
76.3
75.6
74.9
96.7
96.4
96.2
96.2
96.3
59.0
58.9
59.2
57.8
56.8
77.6
77.3
76.9
74.7
74.7
93.6
92.6
93.2
91.4
91.0
69.8
69.7
68.6
67.0
66.4
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
2010…………
74.8
75.8
75.6
76.1
76.1
75.7
95.5
95.5
95.9
95.7
95.0
94.7
58.4
60.2
59.2
60.4
61.1
60.7
75.1
76.2
76.0
76.4
76.6
76.4
96.4
96.2
96.4
96.2
95.5
95.7
57.2
59.3
58.3
59.4
60.5
60.3
74.7
75.0
74.8
75.0
74.5
74.2
90.6
90.6
92.8
92.4
90.2
91.0
67.0
67.2
65.7
66.7
66.6
65.6
See note at end of table.
3330
Table 9. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 1996–2010 annual averages—Continued
(Percent)
Year
Asian
Total
Men
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Women
Total
Men
Women
With no children under 18 years
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
67.8
66.4
65.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
55.0
53.7
53.5
61.6
62.6
62.8
62.5
71.3
72.1
72.1
71.6
50.5
51.4
51.7
52.2
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
61.2
59.7
59.1
63.7
63.0
63.9
62.8
63.5
73.2
72.4
72.7
72.1
72.6
52.6
52.6
53.2
51.5
52.5
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
2010…………
59.9
60.0
60.2
60.3
59.0
58.1
66.0
66.2
66.6
66.6
65.3
64.3
54.3
54.1
54.0
54.4
53.1
52.4
63.0
63.7
63.7
63.5
62.6
62.0
72.1
73.0
72.8
72.7
70.7
69.8
51.9
52.2
52.4
52.1
52.8
52.3
With children under 18 years
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
93.2
93.5
93.8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
66.6
67.0
64.9
72.3
74.0
74.2
74.6
93.7
93.4
92.9
93.8
56.7
59.6
60.2
60.3
2000…………
2000
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
78.3
78.9
77.9
75.7
75
7
75.7
75.8
75.1
74.9
93.8
93
8
93.6
93.2
93.4
93.9
62 0
62.0
62.0
62.7
61.2
60.4
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
2010…………
77.9
78.3
78.9
80.0
80.1
78.2
93.1
93.2
93.1
93.0
94.1
92.2
65.6
66.3
67.1
68.8
68.0
66.2
74.5
75.3
76.5
76.4
76.5
76.6
94.2
94.2
94.8
94.4
94.2
93.9
59.6
60.9
61.4
61.4
61.5
62.1
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
With children 6 to 17 years, none younger
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
91.6
93.5
93.8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
75.7
74.3
73.4
77.3
77.6
77.5
78.6
92.3
91.2
90.6
91.2
66.7
68.2
68.1
69.5
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
82.6
82.9
82.6
79.3
79.6
79.0
78.8
79.6
91.5
91.7
91.1
91.5
92.8
70.5
70.9
70.2
69.4
70.2
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
2010…………
80.7
80.8
81.8
82.7
82.7
81.8
92.3
91.8
91.7
91.8
92.9
92.2
71.2
72.0
73.6
74.9
74.0
73.1
78.8
79.1
80.5
80.4
80.7
80.1
92.9
92.6
93.1
93.2
93.6
92.6
68.7
69.4
70.4
70.0
69.9
69.9
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
See note at end of table.
31 34
Table 9. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 1996–2010 annual averages—Continued
(Percent)
Year
Asian
Total
Men
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Women
Total
Men
Women
With children under 6 years
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
94.8
93.4
93.8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
56.3
58.5
56.0
68.5
70.9
71.3
71.2
94.8
95.1
94.9
95.9
48.7
52.3
53.0
52.1
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
73.5
74.2
73.1
72.5
72.2
73.1
71.9
70.6
95.7
95.2
94.8
94.9
94.8
54.5
53.8
56.1
53.4
51.2
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
2010…………
74.9
75.6
75.8
77.1
77.3
74.3
94.0
94.8
94.8
94.3
95.4
92.2
59.3
59.9
59.9
61.9
61.4
58.3
70.6
71.7
72.9
72.7
72.4
73.2
95.4
95.6
96.1
95.5
94.9
95.2
50.9
52.7
53.0
53.0
53.1
54.6
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
With children under 3 years
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
95.4
94.5
93.8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
53.5
55.1
50.4
66.2
68.6
69.5
68.8
94.6
94.6
95.0
96.2
44.7
48.0
48.9
47.4
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
72.1
73.0
70.2
70.4
69.7
70.3
69.5
68.2
96.2
95.3
95.1
95.2
95.2
50.0
48.7
50.3
47.9
46.0
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
2010…………
72.4
73.4
73.6
75.9
76.1
72.2
92.9
94.2
94.2
94.4
95.9
91.2
55.8
56.8
56.2
59.5
58.2
55.3
67.7
69.5
69.9
70.3
70.0
71.3
96.0
95.9
96.0
95.9
94.4
95.3
45.0
48.6
47.6
47.9
49.1
50.8
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who
selected that race group only; previously, those respondents with a multiracial background were included in the group they
identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian
is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own"
children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews,
grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available.
32
35
Table 10. Unemployment rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2010 annual averages
(Percent)
Year
Total
Black or African American
White
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
1972….… 5.6
1973…… 4.9
5.0
6.6
5.1
4.5
5.9
10.4
9.3
11.8
—
—
—
4.2
6.0
4.3
3.8
5.3
9.4
8.0
11.1
—
—
—
—
7.5
—
6.7
—
9.0
1974……
5.6
4.9
6.7
5.0
4.4
6.1
10.5
9.8
11.3
—
—
—
8.1
7.3
9.4
1975……
8.5
7.9
9.3
7.8
7.2
8.6
14.8
14.8
14.8
—
—
—
12.2
11.4
13.5
1976……
7.7
7.1
8.6
7.0
6.4
7.9
14.0
13.7
14.3
—
—
—
11.5
10.8
12.7
1977……
7.1
6.3
8.2
6.2
5.5
7.3
14.0
13.3
14.9
—
—
—
10.1
9.0
11.9
1978……
6.1
5.3
7.2
5.2
4.6
6.2
12.8
11.8
13.8
—
—
—
9.1
7.7
11.3
1979……
5.8
5.1
6.8
5.1
4.5
5.9
12.3
11.4
13.3
—
—
—
8.3
7.0
10.3
1980……
7.1
6.9
7.4
6.3
6.1
6.5
14.3
14.5
14.0
—
—
—
10.1
9.7
10.7
1981……
7.6
7.4
7.9
6.7
6.5
6.9
15.6
15.7
15.6
—
—
—
10.4
10.2
10.8
1982……
9.7
9.9
9.4
8.6
8.8
8.3
18.9
20.1
17.6
—
—
—
13.8
13.6
14.1
1983……
9.6
9.9
9.2
8.4
8.8
7.9
19.5
20.3
18.6
—
—
—
13.7
13.6
13.8
1984……
7.5
7.4
7.6
6.5
6.4
6.5
15.9
16.4
15.4
—
—
—
10.7
10.5
11.1
1985……
7.2
7.0
7.4
6.2
6.1
6.4
15.1
15.3
14.9
—
—
—
10.5
10.2
11.0
1986……
7.0
6.9
7.1
6.0
6.0
6.1
14.5
14.8
14.2
—
—
—
10.6
10.5
10.8
1987……
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.3
5.4
5.2
13.0
12.7
13.2
—
—
—
8.8
8.7
8.9
1988……
5.5
5.5
5.6
4.7
4.7
4.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
—
—
—
8.2
8.1
8.3
1989……
5.3
5.2
5.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
11.4
11.5
11.4
—
—
—
8.0
7.6
8.8
1990…… 5.6
1991…… 6.8
1992…… 7.5
5.7
5.5
4.8
4.9
4.7
11.4
11.9
10.9
—
—
—
8.2
8.0
8.4
7.2
7.9
6.4
7.0
6.1
6.6
6.5
7.0
5.6
6.1
12.5
14.2
13.0
15.2
12.0
13.2
—
—
—
—
—
—
10.0
11.6
10.3
11.7
9.6
11.4
1993…… 6.9
1994…… 6.1
7.2
6.6
6.1
6.3
5.7
13.0
13.8
12.1
—
—
—
10.8
10.6
11.0
6.2
6.0
5.3
5.4
5.2
11.5
12.0
11.0
—
—
—
9.9
9.4
10.7
1995…… 5.6
1996…… 5.4
5.6
5.6
4.9
4.9
4.8
10.4
10.6
10.2
—
—
—
9.3
8.8
10.0
5.4
5.4
4.7
4.7
4.7
10.5
11.1
10.0
—
—
—
8.9
7.9
10.2
1997…… 4.9
1998…… 4.5
4.9
5.0
4.2
4.2
4.2
10.0
10.2
9.9
—
—
—
7.7
7.0
8.9
4.4
4.6
3.9
3.9
3.9
8.9
8.9
9.0
—
—
—
7.2
6.4
8.2
1999…… 4.2
4.1
4.3
3.7
3.6
3.8
8.0
8.2
7.8
—
—
—
6.4
5.6
7.6
2000…… 4.0
2001…… 4.7
3.9
4.1
3.5
3.4
3.6
7.6
8.0
7.1
3.6
3.6
3.6
5.7
5.0
6.8
4.8
4.7
4.2
4.2
4.1
8.6
9.3
8.1
4.5
4.5
4.4
6.6
5.9
7.5
2002…… 5.8
2003…… 6.0
5.9
5.6
5.1
5.3
4.9
10.2
10.7
9.8
5.9
6.1
5.7
7.5
7.2
8.0
6.3
5.7
5.2
5.6
4.8
10.8
11.6
10.2
6.0
6.2
5.7
7.7
7.2
8.4
2004…… 5.5
5.6
5.4
4.8
5.0
4.7
10.4
11.1
9.8
4.4
4.5
4.3
7.0
6.5
7.6
10.0
8.9
10.5
9.5
9.5
8.4
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.0
3.0
3.1
6.0
5.2
5.4
4.8
6.9
5.9
6.1
2005……
5.1
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.6
5.1
4.6
5.1
2006……
4.6
4.0
4.0
4.0
2007……
4.6
4.7
4.5
4.1
4.2
4.0
8.3
9.1
7.5
3.2
3.1
3.4
5.6
5.3
2008……
5.8
6.1
5.4
5.2
5.5
4.9
10.1
11.4
8.9
4.0
4.1
3.7
7.6
7.6
7.7
2009……
9.3
10.3
8.1
8.5
9.4
7.3
14.8
17.5
12.4
7.3
7.9
6.6
12.1
12.5
11.5
2010……
9.6
10.5
8.6
8.7
9.6
7.7
16.0
18.4
13.8
7.5
7.8
7.1
12.5
12.7
12.3
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Back or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race
group only; previously, those respondents with a multiracial background were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian
estimates for 2000–2002 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
36
33
Table 11. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2010 annual averages
Duration of unemployment
Black or
African
American
White
Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)……….………
Percent………………………………………………………
14,825
100.0
10,916
100.0
2,852
100.0
543
100.0
2,843
100.0
Less than 5 weeks……………………….....……………………
5 to 14 weeks……………………………………………….........
15 to 26 weeks……………………………................................
27 weeks and over……………………………………………….
18.7
22.0
16.0
43.3
19.8
22.6
15.8
41.9
14.9
20.1
16.6
48.3
16.0
19.6
16.1
48.3
21.0
22.8
16.9
39.3
Average (mean) duration, in weeks……………………………
Median duration, in weeks………………………………………
33.0
21.4
32.0
20.3
36.6
25.9
36.7
25.9
30.5
18.8
Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)……….………
Percent………………………………………………………
8,626
100.0
6,476
100.0
1,550
100.0
305
100.0
1,711
100.0
Less than 5 weeks……………………….....……………………
5 to 14 weeks……………………………………………….........
15 to 26 weeks……………………………................................
27 weeks and over……………………………………………….
18.2
21.4
15.7
44.6
19.2
22.1
15.4
43.2
14.6
19.2
16.6
49.7
15.0
17.7
17.2
50.2
21.7
22.8
16.0
39.5
Average (mean) duration, in weeks……………………………
Median duration, in weeks………………………………………
33.7
22.2
32.8
21.0
37.4
27.1
37.9
27.2
30.2
18.5
Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)……….……
Percent………………………………………………………
6,199
100.0
4,440
100.0
1,302
100.0
238
100.0
1,132
100.0
Less than 5 weeks……………………….....……………………
5 to 14 weeks……………………………………………….........
15 to 26 weeks……………………………................................
27 weeks and over……………………………………………….
19.3
22.9
16.3
41.5
20.6
23.2
16.2
40.1
15.3
21.3
16.7
46.7
17.3
22.1
14.7
45.9
20.0
22.9
18.1
39.1
Average (mean) duration, in weeks……………………………
Median duration, in weeks………………………………………
32.0
20.3
30.9
19.2
35.7
24.6
35.1
23.8
31.1
19.2
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Total
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because
data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
37
34
Table 12. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2010 annual averages
Reason for unemployment
Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)……….…………
Percent………………………………………………………
14,825
100.0
10,916
100.0
2,852
100.0
543
100.0
2,843
100.0
62.4
9.6
52.7
43.2
9.5
6.0
23.4
8.2
64.4
11.0
53.3
43.9
9.4
6.2
21.9
7.5
56.6
5.4
51.2
40.6
10.6
5.2
28.1
10.1
60.9
5.9
55.0
47.9
7.1
6.4
22.4
10.3
62.2
10.9
51.3
38.4
13.0
4.9
22.8
10.0
8,626
100.0
6,476
100.0
1,550
100.0
305
100.0
1,711
100.0
68.6
11.5
57.2
46.1
11.1
5.3
18.6
7.4
70.8
13.1
57.7
46.7
11.0
5.4
17.2
6.6
61.6
5.9
55.8
43.3
12.5
4.7
23.5
10.1
66.6
5.6
60.7
53.4
7.5
6.6
18.4
8.5
69.8
12.6
57.2
42.3
14.8
4.7
17.1
8.4
6,199
100.0
4,440
100.0
1,302
100.0
238
100.0
1,132
100.0
53.7
7.1
46.6
39.2
7.4
7.0
30.0
9.3
55.0
8.0
47.0
39.9
7.0
7.3
28.8
8.9
50.5
4.8
45.7
37.3
8.4
5.8
33.6
10.1
53.8
6.3
47.5
40.8
6.7
6.3
27.3
12.6
50.7
8.2
42.6
32.4
10.1
5.3
31.4
12.5
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs………
On temporary layoff.............……………………………………
Not on temporary layoff.....................................………………
Permanent job losers.............…………………………………
Persons who completed temporary jobs...................………
Job leavers.....................................………………………………
Reentrants.....................................………………………………
New entrants.....................................……………………………
Women, 16 years and older (In thousands) ……….……
Percent…………………………………………………………
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs………
p
y layoff.............……………………………………
y
On temporary
Not on temporary layoff.....................................………………
Permanent job losers.............…………………………………
Persons who completed temporary jobs...................………
Job leavers.....................................………………………………
Reentrants.....................................………………………………
New entrants.....................................……………………………
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
White
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs………
On temporary layoff.............……………………………………
Not on temporary layoff.....................................………………
Permanent job losers.............…………………………………
Persons who completed temporary jobs...................………
Job leavers.....................................………………………………
Reentrants.....................................………………………………
New entrants.....................................……………………………
Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)……….…………
Percent………………………………………………………
Black or
African
American
Total
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data
are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
38
35
Table 13. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2010 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Not in the labor force
Race, age, sex,
Civilian
and
labor
force 1
Hispanic origin
Want a job
Total
Do
not
Searched for work in the prior year
Total
2
Discouraged
workers 4
Other
want
a
job
now
Available for work now
Total
Total
3
Total
Total, 16 years and older.................. 153,889
16 to 24 years................................. 20,934
25 to 54 years................................. 102,940
55 years and older…………………
30,014
83,941
17,014
22,350
44,577
6,059
2,024
2,691
1,344
3,111
1,056
1,502
553
2,487
782
1,218
487
1,173
291
595
287
1,315
491
623
200
77,882
14,990
19,659
43,233
Men, 16 years and older...................
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older…………...........
81,985
10,855
55,326
15,803
33,189
8,273
6,660
18,257
2,880
1,053
1,178
649
1,601
567
740
293
1,337
436
637
264
731
186
373
173
606
250
265
91
30,309
7,220
5,482
17,607
Women, 16 years and older.............
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older………...............
71,904
10,079
47,614
14,211
50,752
8,741
15,690
26,320
3,179
971
1,513
695
1,510
489
762
259
1,151
346
581
224
442
105
222
115
709
241
358
109
47,573
7,770
14,177
25,626
Total, 16 years and older.................. 125,084
16 to 24 years................................. 16,809
25 tto 54 years................................. 82,597
82 597
55 years and older………............... 25,677
66,991
12,361
16
16,928
928
37,702
4,377
1,433
1
1,870
870
1,074
2,191
737
1,017
1 017
437
1,733
524
824
385
811
190
396
225
922
334
428
160
62,614
10,928
15
15,058
058
36,628
Men, 16 years and older...................
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older……………........
67,728
8,804
45,239
13,685
26,353
6,016
4,774
15,564
2,096
753
813
530
1,133
396
499
238
939
294
431
214
508
119
252
137
431
176
179
77
24,257
5,263
3,960
15,034
Women, 16 years and older.............
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older…………...........
57,356
8,005
37,358
11,992
40,638
6,345
12,154
22,138
2,280
680
1,056
544
1,057
340
518
199
794
230
393
171
303
71
144
88
491
159
249
83
38,357
5,665
11,098
21,594
Total, 16 years and older..................
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older……………........
17,862
2,748
12,505
2,610
10,846
3,006
3,339
4,501
1,151
423
551
178
642
233
334
74
543
192
286
65
271
78
154
40
272
114
132
25
9,695
2,583
2,788
4,324
Men, 16 years and older...................
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older…………...........
8,415
1,325
5,904
1,186
4,524
1,462
1,275
1,786
548
217
254
78
333
126
173
34
292
107
154
31
169
51
95
23
123
55
60
7
3,975
1,245
1,022
1,708
Women, 16 years and older.............
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older………...............
9,447
1,423
6,600
1,424
6,322
1,544
2,064
2,715
602
206
297
100
308
107
161
40
252
85
132
34
102
26
59
17
149
59
73
18
5,720
1,338
1,767
2,616
White
Black or African American
See notes at end of table.
39
36
Table 13. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2010 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Not in the labor force
Race, age, sex,
Civilian
and
labor
force 1
Hispanic origin
Want a job
Total
Do
Searched for work in the prior year
Total
not
2
Available for work now
Total
Total
Discouraged
workers 4
3
Other
want
a
job
now
Asian
Total, 16 years and older..................
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older……………........
7,248
647
5,369
1,233
3,951
942
1,350
1,659
294
67
167
60
152
34
89
30
109
24
58
26
49
8
26
15
60
16
33
11
3,657
875
1,183
1,599
Men, 16 years and older...................
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older…………………
3,893
339
2,877
677
1,422
465
345
612
127
33
68
26
73
19
40
15
55
14
27
14
29
6
14
9
26
8
13
5
1,295
432
277
586
Women, 16 years and older.............
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older……………........
3,355
308
2,491
555
2,529
478
1,005
1,046
167
34
100
34
79
15
49
15
54
10
31
13
20
2
12
7
34
8
19
6
2,362
444
905
1,013
Total, 16 years and older..................
16 tto 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older………………....
22,748
3 761
3,761
16,538
2,449
10,964
3
3,362
362
4,021
3,582
1,035
380
523
132
518
188
271
59
419
150
219
49
195
56
105
34
224
94
114
16
9,930
2
2,982
982
3,498
3,450
Men, 16 years and older...................
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older……………........
13,511
2,165
9,982
1,363
3,849
1,516
923
1,409
450
181
204
65
257
97
127
32
217
79
110
28
119
35
63
22
98
44
47
6
3,399
1,335
719
1,344
Women, 16 years and older.............
16 to 24 years.................................
25 to 54 years.................................
55 years and older………………....
9,238
1,596
6,555
1,086
7,116
1,845
3,098
2,173
585
199
318
67
261
91
144
26
202
71
109
22
76
21
42
12
126
50
67
6,531
1,646
2,780
2,105
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
1
9
The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.
2
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and
transportation problems, as well as a small number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
3
Refers to people who have searched for work during the prior 12 months (but not during the prior 4 weeks) and were available to take a
job during the reference week, also referred to as "marginally attached to the labor force."
4
Includes the following reasons for not actively looking for work in the prior 4 weeks: thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks
schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
40
37
Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2010 annual averages
Asian
Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity
$199
—
$194
269
291
310
320
336
212
235
245
261
269
—
—
—
—
—
209
223
240
250
259
344
359
374
385
399
356
371
384
395
409
277
291
301
314
319
—
—
—
—
—
270
277
285
290
298
1990………………
1991………………
1992………………
1993………………
1994………………
412
426
440
459
467
424
442
458
475
484
329
348
357
369
371
—
—
—
—
—
304
312
321
331
324
1995………………
1996………………
1997………………
1998………………
1999………………
479
490
503
523
549
494
506
519
545
573
383
387
400
426
445
—
—
—
—
—
329
339
351
370
385
2000………………
2001………………
2001
2002………………
2003………………
2004………………
576
596
608
620
638
590
610
623
636
657
474
491
498
514
525
$615
639
658
693
708
399
417
424
440
456
2005………………
2006………………
2007………………
2008………………
2009………………
2010………………
651
671
695
722
739
747
672
690
716
742
757
765
520
554
569
589
601
611
753
784
830
861
880
855
471
486
503
529
541
535
Years
Total
White
1979………………
$241
$248
1980………………
1981………………
1982………………
1983………………
1984………………
262
284
302
313
326
1985………………
1986………………
1987………………
1988………………
1989………………
Black or African
American
Total, both sexes
See note at end of table.
41
38
Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2010 annual averages—Continued
Years
Total
White
Black or African
American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity
1979………………
$292
$298
$227
—
$219
1980………………
1981………………
1982………………
1983………………
1984………………
313
340
364
379
392
320
350
375
387
401
244
268
278
294
303
—
—
—
—
—
234
251
269
274
287
1985………………
1986………………
1987………………
1988………………
1989………………
407
419
434
449
468
418
433
450
465
482
305
319
327
348
348
—
—
—
—
—
296
299
306
308
315
1990………………
1991………………
1992………………
1993………………
1994………………
481
493
501
510
522
494
506
514
524
547
361
375
380
392
400
—
—
—
—
—
318
323
339
346
343
1995………………
1996………………
1997………………
1998………………
1999………………
538
557
579
598
618
566
580
595
615
638
411
412
432
468
488
—
—
—
—
—
350
356
371
390
406
2000………………
2001………………
2002………………
2003………………
2004………………
641
670
679
695
713
662
689
702
715
732
510
529
524
555
569
$685
732
756
772
802
417
440
451
464
480
2005………………
2006………………
2007………………
2008………………
2009………………
2010………………
722
743
766
798
819
824
743
761
788
825
845
850
559
591
600
620
621
633
825
882
936
966
952
936
489
505
520
559
569
560
Men
See note at end of table.
42
39
Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2010 annual averages—Continued
Asian
Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity
$169
—
$157
203
221
242
254
268
185
206
217
232
241
—
—
—
—
—
172
190
203
215
223
277
291
303
315
328
281
294
307
318
334
252
264
276
288
301
—
—
—
—
—
230
241
251
260
269
1990………………
1991………………
1992………………
1993………………
1994………………
346
366
380
393
399
353
373
387
401
408
308
323
335
348
346
—
—
—
—
—
278
292
302
313
305
1995………………
1996………………
1997………………
1998………………
1999………………
406
418
431
456
473
415
428
444
468
483
355
362
375
400
409
—
—
—
—
—
305
316
318
337
348
2000………………
2001………………
2002………………
2003………………
2004………………
493
512
529
552
573
502
522
547
567
584
429
454
473
491
505
$547
563
566
598
613
366
388
397
410
419
2005………………
2006………………
2007………………
2008………………
2009………………
2010………………
585
600
614
638
657
669
596
609
626
654
669
684
499
519
533
554
582
592
665
699
731
753
779
773
429
440
473
501
509
508
Years
Total
White
1979………………
$182
$184
1980………………
1981………………
1982………………
1983………………
1984………………
201
219
239
252
265
1985………………
1986………………
1987………………
1988………………
1989………………
Black or African
American
Women
See note at end of table.
43
40
Table 14. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2010 annual averages—Continued
Black or African
American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity
Years
Total
White
1979………………
62.3
61.7
74.4
—
71.7
1980………………
1981………………
1982………………
1983………………
1984………………
64.2
64.4
65.7
66.5
67.6
63.4
63.1
64.5
65.6
66.8
75.8
76.9
78.1
78.9
79.5
—
—
—
—
—
73.5
75.7
75.5
78.5
77.7
1985………………
1986………………
1987………………
1988………………
1989………………
68.1
69.5
69.8
70.2
70.1
67.2
67.9
68.2
68.4
69.3
82.6
82.8
84.4
82.8
86.5
—
—
—
—
—
77.7
80.6
82.0
84.4
85.4
1990………………
1991………………
1992………………
1993………………
1994………………
71.9
74.2
75.8
77.1
76.4
71.5
73.7
75.3
76.5
74.6
85.3
86.1
88.2
88.8
86.5
—
—
—
—
—
87.4
90.4
89.1
90.5
88.9
1995………………
1996………………
1997………………
1998………………
1999………………
75.5
75.0
74.4
76.3
76.5
73.3
73.8
74.6
76.1
75.7
86.4
87.9
86.8
85.5
83.8
—
—
—
—
—
87.1
88.8
85.7
86.4
85.7
2000………………
2001………………
2002………………
2003………………
2004………………
76.9
76.4
77.9
79.4
80.4
75.8
75.8
77.9
79.3
79.8
84.1
85.8
90.3
88.5
88.8
79.9
76.9
74.9
77.5
76.4
87.8
88.2
88.0
88.4
87.3
2005………………
2006………………
2007………………
2008………………
2009………………
2010………………
81.0
80.8
80.2
79.9
80.2
81.2
80.2
80.0
79.4
79.3
79.2
80.5
89.3
87.8
88.8
89.4
93.7
93.5
80.6
79.3
78.1
78.0
81.8
82.6
87.7
87.1
91.0
89.6
89.5
90.7
Women's earnings as a percent of men's
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who
selected that race group only; previously, those respondents with a multiracial background were included in the group they
identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian
is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data
not available.
44
41
Table 15. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational
attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
Educational attainment, race, and Hispanic or Latino
ethnicity
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Total, 25 years and older…………………………………..…
$782
$808
$638
$885
$571
Less than a high school diploma......…………………………
1
High school graduates, no college ...…………………………
Some college, no degree..................…………………………
Associate degree..............................…………………………
2
Bachelor's degree and higher …………………………………
444
626
712
767
1,144
446
649
737
794
1,159
426
532
606
631
934
457
579
689
735
1,217
414
543
634
708
949
Men, 25 years and older………………………………..……
874
899
665
970
590
Less than a high school diploma......…………………………
1
High school graduates, no college ...…………………………
Some college, no degree..................…………………………
Associate degree..............................…………………………
2
Bachelor's degree and higher …………………………………
486
710
820
886
1,330
488
736
854
912
1,354
466
593
645
676
1,010
496
620
732
802
1,341
443
590
700
799
1,065
Women, 25 years and older…………………………………
704
719
615
797
527
Less than a high school diploma......…………………………
1
High school graduates, no college ...…………………………
Some college, no degree..................…………………………
Associate degree..............................…………………………
2
Bachelor's degree and higher …………………………………
388
543
616
677
986
382
558
625
697
996
402
490
577
602
889
419
518
630
654
1,082
364
490
590
622
849
Includes
equivalent.
Incl des people with
ith a high school diploma or eq
i alent
Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
1
2
45
42
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation,
sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages
Occupation
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older……………………………………………………
$747
$765
$611
$855
$535
Management, professional, and related occupations………………………
1,063
1,080
857
1,263
876
Management, business, and financial operations occupations…………
Management occupations…………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations…………………………
1,155
1,230
1,036
1,169
1,248
1,048
956
963
945
1,258
1,428
1,147
900
933
854
Professional and related occupations………………………………………
Computer and mathematical occupations………………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations………………………….……
Life, physical, and social science occupations…………………………
Community and social services occupations……………………………
Legal occupations…………………………………………………………
Education, training, and library occupations……………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations…………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations………………………
1,008
1,289
1,255
1,062
802
1,213
913
920
986
1,019
1,267
1,241
1,091
829
1,249
931
918
999
810
950
1,156
917
747
917
753
808
803
1,265
1,480
1,507
1,044
866
1,242
1,005
1,013
1,177
860
1,121
1,063
936
729
852
830
712
897
Service occupations……………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations……………………………………………
Protective service occupations………………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations………………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations…………
Personal care and service occupations………………………….…………
479
471
747
406
446
455
485
475
799
402
453
457
444
443
600
398
422
425
508
568
596
496
453
499
411
429
727
381
399
419
Sales and office occupations…………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations………………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations……………………………
631
666
619
642
697
621
583
501
605
675
652
694
554
507
577
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations…………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations………………………..………
Construction and extraction occupations…………………………………
p occupations……………………..…
p
Installation,, maintenance,, and repair
719
416
709
794
723
420
715
799
693
377
691
739
696
308
612
786
525
377
531
671
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations……………
Production occupations………………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations……………………….…
599
599
599
614
618
610
532
521
544
533
516
619
484
482
488
See note at end of table.
46
43
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation,
sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages—Continued
Occupation
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Men, 16 years and older……………………………………………………
$824
$850
$633
$936
$560
Management, professional, and related occupations………………………
1,256
1,273
957
1,408
1,002
Management, business, and financial operations occupations…………
Management occupations…………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations…………………………
1,363
1,414
1,227
1,388
1,434
1,254
1,027
997
1,060
1,439
1,568
1,136
1,026
1,025
1,026
Professional and related occupations………………………………………
Computer and mathematical occupations………………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations………………………….……
Life, physical, and social science occupations…………………………
Community and social services occupations……………………………
Legal occupations…………………………………………………………
Education, training, and library occupations……………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations…………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations………………………
1,179
1,349
1,293
1,158
864
1,674
1,065
977
1,233
1,191
1,344
1,282
1,174
882
1,768
1,084
973
1,274
933
978
1,172
895
741
992
841
914
925
1,396
1,527
1,515
1,243
1,117
1,145
1,138
1,146
1,269
970
1,157
1,109
945
714
1,032
936
825
1,010
Service occupations……………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations……………………………………………
Protective service occupations………………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations………………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations…………
Personal care and service occupations………………………….…………
543
515
800
423
493
519
559
512
847
418
497
560
498
514
623
412
469
467
555
514
632
569
498
548
437
498
759
395
423
454
Sales and office occupations…………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations………………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations……………………………
736
805
656
761
839
673
596
619
584
715
694
734
589
606
578
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations…………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations………………………..………
Co
st uct o a
de
t act o occupat
o s
Construction
and
extraction
occupations…………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations……………………..…
726
438
0
710
799
730
445
6
716
803
707
374
690
752
733
312
630
802
538
393
533
673
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations……………
Production occupations………………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations……………………….…
640
664
618
661
686
633
576
597
559
596
564
656
510
510
509
See note at end of table.
47
44
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation,
sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages—Continued
Occupation
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Women, 16 years and older…………………………………………………
$669
$684
$592
$773
$508
Management, professional, and related occupations………………………
923
932
812
1,143
789
Management, business, and financial operations occupations…………
Management occupations…………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations…………………………
971
1,018
914
972
1,023
907
925
944
893
1,160
1,176
1,153
798
822
767
900
Professional and related occupations………………………………………
1,135
Computer and mathematical occupations………………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations………………………….…… 1,040
Life, physical, and social science occupations…………………………
977
774
Community and social services occupations……………………………
Legal occupations…………………………………………………………
974
862
Education, training, and library occupations……………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations…………
834
933
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations………………………
912
1,103
1,025
988
799
981
880
836
945
764
863
761
974
748
877
734
748
778
1,132
1,400
1,420
955
805
1,270
907
773
1,146
782
980
874
920
735
807
774
645
872
Service occupations……………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations……………………………………………
Protective service occupations………………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations………………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations…………
Personal care and service occupations………………………….…………
423
465
606
387
391
432
423
471
647
385
388
429
420
435
556
384
395
422
473
575
480
424
409
478
387
422
573
352
360
412
Sales and office occupations…………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations………………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations……………………………
597
516
612
600
529
612
577
422
612
643
594
667
532
437
577
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations…………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations………………………..………
Co
st uct o a
de
t act o occupat
o s
Construction
and
extraction
occupations…………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations……………………..…
537
369
6 6
646
683
537
371
6
627
704
616
383
9
729
629
406
299
06
406
462
362
346
3
371
631
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations……………
Production occupations………………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations……………………….…
473
481
447
473
485
432
469
455
493
479
484
426
385
399
365
NOTE: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
48
45
Technical Note
T
he estimates in this report were obtained from the
Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly
sample survey of approximately 60,000 households
that provides a wide range of information on the labor force,
employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected
from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is
conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by
the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District
of Columbia.
Material in this report is in the public domain and, with
appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission.
This information is available to sensory-impaired individuals
upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay
Service: (800) 877-8339.
median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of
unemployment.
Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they
began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are
divided into four major groups:
1. Job losers, comprising (a) persons on temporary layoff,
who have been given a date to return to work or who
expect to return within 6 months (persons on layoff
need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed),
(b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended
involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c)
persons who completed temporary jobs, who began
looking for work after the jobs ended.
Concepts and definitions
Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are persons
16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the
District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions,
such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active
duty in the Armed Forces.
2. Job leavers, persons who quit or otherwise terminated
their employment voluntarily and immediately began
looking for work.
3. Reentrants, persons who previously worked but who
were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job
search.
Employed persons. All persons who, during the reference
week, (a) did any work at all (at least 1 hour) as paid
employees; worked in their own business, profession, or
on their own farm; or worked 15 hours or more as unpaid
workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family;
and (b) all those who were not working but who had jobs
or businesses from which they were temporarily absent
because of vacation, illness, bad weather, childcare problems,
maternity or paternity leave, labor-management dispute, job
training, or other family or personal reasons, whether or not
they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs.
4. New entrants, persons who had never worked.
Labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as
employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.
Unemployment rate. This represents the number of unemployed persons as a percent of the labor force.
Participation rate. This represents the proportion of the population that is in the labor force.
Unemployed persons. All persons who had no employment
during the reference week, were available for work (except
for temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with
the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled
to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been
looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
Employment-population ratio. This represents the proportion
of the population that is employed.
Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all persons
in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither
employed nor unemployed. Persons marginally attached to
the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force who wanted and were available for work and had
looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months (or since
the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12
months). They were not counted as unemployed because
they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the
survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally at-
Duration of unemployment. This represents the length of
time (through the reference week) that persons classified as
unemployed had been looking for work. For persons on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full
weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment;
49
tached, were not looking for work because they believed no
jobs were available for them.
weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the
sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all
self-employed persons regardless of whether their businesses
were incorporated).
Occupation and industry. This information applies to the job
held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs
are classified in the occupation and industry in which they
worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and
industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2002 Census Occupational Classification system and the 2007 Census
Industrial Classification system, which are derived from the
2000 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2007
North American Industry Classification (NAICS). Additional
information about these classifications is available online at
http://www. bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.
Median earnings. These figures indicate the value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part
having values above the median and the other having values
below the median. The medians shown in this publication are
calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval
within which each median falls.
Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage,
or adoption; all such persons are considered as members of
one family. Families are classified either as married-couple
families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses present.
White, Black or African American, and Asian. These are
terms used to describe the race of persons. Beginning in
2003, persons in these categories are those who selected that
race group only. (Previously, persons identified a group as
their main race.) Persons in the remaining race categories—
American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other
Pacific Islander, and persons who selected more than one race
category—are included in the estimates of total employment
and unemployment but are not shown separately because the
number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality. In the enumeration process, race
is determined by the household respondent. More information on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic
ethnicity is available on the BLS website at http://www.bls.
gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children and
include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children.
Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and
nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire
population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the “true” population values
they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error,
varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than
1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value because
of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at
the 90-percent level of confidence.
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including
the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to
obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability
or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.
A full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS
and information on estimating standard errors is available
online at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified
as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. More information
on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available online at http://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.
pdf.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes
and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of
multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than
weekly (for example, annual, monthly, hourly) are converted
to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the
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