Women in the Labor Force:
A Databook
_____________________________________
U.S. Department of Labor
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
December 2008
Report 1011
Contents
Page
Women in the Labor Force: A Databook ..................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 1
Highlights ............................................................................................................................................................... 1
Statistical Tables
1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2007 annual averages .......... 4
2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,
1970-2007 annual averages ............................................................................................................................ 7
3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages ................... 10
4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2007 annual averages ........................................................... 12
5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
March 2007 ................................................................................................................................................. 13
6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, March 2007 .................................................................................................................. 15
7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975-2007 ........................... 18
8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational
attainment and sex, 2007 annual averages .................................................................................................... 21
9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex,
1970-2007 annual averages .......................................................................................................................... 22
10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2006-07 annual averages ............................................... 26
11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2007 annual averages.................................................. 28
12. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages .............. 39
13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2006-07 annual averages............................................................... 40
14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2007 annual averages ...................................................... 43
15. Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages ................... 50
16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race,
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2007 annual averages .......................................................... 51
17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over
by educational attainment and sex, 2007 annual averages ........................................................................ 53
18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2007 annual averages ................................................................................................................................ 55
19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex,
2007 annual averages ................................................................................................................................ 68
20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2007 annual averages ................................ 69
21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries by sex,
1976-2007 annual averages ....................................................................................................................... 73
22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970-2006 ........ 74
23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2006 .............................................. 75
24. Contribution of wives’ earnings to family income, 1970-2006 ................................................................... 77
25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987-2006 ............................................................................... 78
26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum
wage by selected characteristics, 2007 annual averages ........................................................................... 79
27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor force 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2006 ............................................................................................................... 81
28. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and contingent and noncontingent status,
February 2005 ............................................................................................................................................ 83
29. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and alternative work arrangements,
February 2005 ........................................................................................................................................... 84
iii
Contents—Continued
Page
Statistical Tables—Continued
30. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2004 ................. 85
31. Job-related work at home on primary job: All workers by marital status, presence and age of children,
sex, and pay status, May 2004 ................................................................................................................... 86
32. Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in
January 2008 ............................................................................................................................................. 87
33. Labor force status of 2007 high school graduates and 2006-07 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old
by school enrollment and sex, October 2007 ............................................................................................ 88
34. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment,
October 2007 ............................................................................................................................................. 89
35. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, May of selected years, 1970-2007,
not seasonally adjusted .............................................................................................................................. 90
36. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2007 annual averages . 91
37. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population by age
and sex, 2007 annual averages .................................................................................................................. 92
38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2007 ................... 94
Technical Note ...................................................................................................................................................... 96
iv
Women in the Labor Force:
A Databook
Introduction
ployment rates for women varied by race and
Hispanic ethnicity in 2007. Asian women had the
lowest rate (3.4 percent), followed by white (4.0
percent), Hispanic (6.1 percent), and black (7.5
percent) women. (See tables 1, 2, and 3.)
The past several decades have been marked by
notable changes in women’s labor force activities.
Since the 1970s, women’s labor force participation has
risen substantially, particularly among women with
children, and a larger share of women work full time
and year round than ever before. In addition, women
have increasingly attained higher levels of education:
among women ages 25 to 64 who are in the labor force,
the proportion with a college degree more than tripled
from 1970 to 2007. Women’s earnings as a proportion
of men’s also have grown over time. In 1979, women
working full time earned 62 percent of what men did; in
2007, women’s earnings were 80 percent of men’s.
This report presents historical and current labor force
and earnings data for women and men from the Current
Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national
monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless otherwise noted,
data are annual averages from the CPS. Users should
note that the comparisons of earnings in this report are
on a broad level and do not control for many factors that
can be significant in explaining earnings differences.
For a detailed description of the source of the data and
an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the
Technical Note at the end of this report.
Highlights
•
In 2007, 59 percent of women were in the labor
force, and this share has been quite stable over the
past few years. Women’s labor force participation
rate peaked at 60 percent in 1999, following
several decades in which women increasingly
entered the labor market. (See tables 1 and 2.)
•
The unemployment rate for women was 4.5
percent in 2007. Although higher than its most
recent low of 4.1 percent in 2000, the
unemployment rate for women in 2007 was
relatively low by historical standards. Unem1
•
From March 1975 to March 2000, the labor force
participation rate of mothers with children under
age 18 rose from 47 percent to a peak of 73
percent. (These data were collected in the March
CPS.) By 2004, the rate for these mothers had
receded to 71 percent, where it remained through
2007. In general, mothers with older children (6 to
17 years of age, none younger) are more likely to
participate in the labor force than mothers with
younger children (under 6 years of age), and
unmarried mothers have higher participation rates
than married mothers. In 2007, 76 percent of
unmarried mothers were in the labor force,
compared with 69 percent of married mothers.
(See tables 6 and 7.)
•
The educational attainment of women in the labor
force aged 25 to 64 rose substantially from 1970 to
2007. Thirty-five percent of these women held
college degrees in 2007, compared with 11 percent
in 1970. Only 7 percent of women were high
school dropouts in 2007, down from 34 percent in
1970. (See table 9.)
•
In 2007, women accounted for about 51 percent of
all persons employed in management, professional,
and related occupations, somewhat more than their
share of all employed workers (46 percent). The
share of women in specific occupations within this
broad category varied in 2007. For example, 8
percent of engineering managers and 33 percent of
lawyers were women. In contrast, 92 percent of
registered nurses and 82 percent of social workers
were women. (See table 11.)
•
Employed Asian women were more likely (47
percent) to work in the higher paying management,
professional, and related occupations in 2007 than
•
•
In 2007, women accounted for more than half of
all workers within several industry sectors:
financial activities, education and health services,
leisure and hospitality, and other services.
However, women were substantially underrepresented (relative to their share of total
employment) in agriculture, mining, construction,
manufacturing, and transportation and utilities.
(See table 14.)
Both the wife and husband had earnings from work
in 57 percent of married-couple families in 2006,
up from 44 percent in 1967. Couples in which
only the husband worked represented 18 percent of
married-couple families in 2006, compared with 36
percent in 1967. (See table 23.) (These data were
collected in the 2007 Annual Social and Economic
Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and
work experience of the prior calendar year.)
•
In 2006, working wives’ contributions accounted
for 36 percent of their families’ incomes, up by 9
percentage points from 1970, when wives’
earnings accounted for 27 percent of their families’
total incomes. The proportion of wives earning
more than their husbands also has grown. In 1987,
18 percent of working wives whose husbands also
worked earned more than their spouses; in 2006,
the proportion was 26 percent. (See tables 24 and
25.) (These data were collected in the 2007
Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the
CPS and reflect earnings and work experience of
the prior calendar year.)
•
In 2007, approximately 1.2 million women paid at
an hourly rate had earnings at or below the
prevailing Federal minimum wage. This was 3
percent of all women paid at an hourly rate.
Among women 25 years and older who were paid
hourly rates, 2 percent had earnings at or below the
minimum wage, compared with 7 percent of
women aged 16 to 24. (On July 24, 2007, the
Federal minimum wage level rose from $5.15 to
$5.85 an hour. Data in this report reflect the
average number of workers who earned $5.15 or
less from January 2007 through July 2007 and
those who earned $5.85 or less from August 2007
through the end of the year.) (See table 26.)
•
Among workers who were in the labor force for at
least 27 weeks in 2006, women were slightly more
likely than men to live in poverty—5.8 percent
compared with 4.5 percent. Black and Hispanic
women who were in the labor force for 27 weeks
or more were significantly more likely than their
white or Asian counterparts to be among the
working poor. The poverty rates for black and
•
Women who worked full time in wage and salary
jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $614 in
2007. This represented 80 percent of men’s
median weekly earnings ($766). Earnings of Asian
($731) and white ($626) women were substantially
higher than the earnings of their black ($533) and
Hispanic ($473) counterparts. Women’s-to-men’s
earnings ratios were higher among blacks (89
percent) and Hispanics (91 percent) than among
whites (79 percent) and Asians (78 percent). (See
table 16.)
•
In 2007, female full-time wage and salary workers
with only a high school diploma had median usual
weekly earnings of $512. This represented 80
percent of the earnings for women with an
associate degree ($640), and 55 percent of those
for women with a bachelor’s degree or higher
($932). (See table 17.)
•
In 2007, 25 percent of employed women usually
worked part time—fewer than 35 hours per week.
In comparison, about 11 percent of employed men
usually worked part time. (See table 20.)
•
Women in nonagricultural industries worked an
average of 36.1 hours per week in 2007. The
average workweek for men in nonagricultural
industries was 41.6 hours. (See table 21.)
•
to 75 percent. (See table 22.) (These data were
collected in the 2007 Annual Social and Economic
Supplement to the CPS and refer to work
experience during the prior calendar year.)
were employed white (40 percent), black (31
percent), or Hispanic (23 percent) women.
Hispanic women (31 percent) and black women
(27 percent) were more likely than white and Asian
women (each 19 percent) to work in service
occupations. (See table 12.)
Of all women who worked at some point during
calendar year 2006, 61 percent worked full time
and year round, compared with 41 percent in 1970.
During the same period, the proportion of men
who worked full time and year round grew from 66
2
the labor force, the high school dropouts were
more likely to be unemployed than the high school
graduates (19.0 percent, compared with 12.4
percent). (See table 34.) (Data are from the
October 2007 School Enrollment supplement to the
CPS.)
Hispanic women were 12.0 percent and 9.8
percent, respectively, compared with 4.8 percent
and 3.4 percent, respectively, for white and Asian
women. (See table 27.) (Data are from the 2007
Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the
CPS and reflect earnings and work experience of
the prior calendar year.)
•
•
From January 2005 to December 2007, 1.6 million
women and 2.0 million men were displaced from
jobs they had held for at least 3 years. The women
were somewhat less likely than the men to have
found a new job at the time of the survey in
January 2008: the reemployment rate for women
was 64 percent, compared with 70 percent for men.
Women were almost twice as likely as men to have
left the labor force, 20 and 11 percent, respectively. (See table 32.) (Data are from the January
2008 Displaced Worker supplement to the CPS.)
Among 2007 high school graduates, young women
(68 percent) were slightly more likely than young
men (66 percent) to be enrolled in college in
October 2007. (See table 33.) (Data are from the
October 2007 School Enrollment supplement to the
CPS.)
•
In October 2007, 45.6 percent of women aged 16
to 24 who were enrolled in either high school or
college were in the labor force. Young men of the
same age group who were enrolled in school had a
lower labor force participation rate (39.6 percent).
Among those not enrolled in school, women (73.0
percent) were less likely to be in the labor force
than men (87.9 percent). (See table 34.) (Data are
from the October 2007 School Enrollment
supplement to the CPS.)
•
Among 16- to 24-year-old women who were
not enrolled in school, those who did not have a
high school diploma (48.6 percent) were significantly less likely to participate in the labor force
than those who had a high school diploma but no
additional education (71.0 percent). Of those in
3
•
In May 2007, the multiple jobholding rate for
women was 5.7 percent, the same as a year earlier.
The May 2007 multiple jobholding rate for men
was lower, at 4.9 percent. Multiple jobholding
rates for both women and men have edged down
since the mid-1990s, when they were at or near 6.5
percent. (See table 35.) (Data were collected in
the May CPS.)
•
Since 1976, the percentage of working women who
were self employed has trended up (from 4.4
percent to 5.4 percent in 2007), while the
percentage of employed men who were self
employed has edged down (from 8.4 percent to 7.7
percent). In 2007, 38 percent of all self-employed
persons were women, compared with 27 percent in
1976. (See table 36.)
•
In 2007, foreign-born women (54.9 percent) were
less likely than native-born women (60.1 percent)
to be in the labor force. Of those in the labor force,
foreign-born and native-born women were about
equally likely to be unemployed (4.6 and 4.5
percent, respectively). Among men, the foreign
born (81.9 percent) were more likely to be in the
labor force than the native born (71.6 percent); the
foreign born also were less likely to be
unemployed (4.1 percent, compared with 4.9
percent). (See table 37.)
•
About 12 percent of female wage and salary
workers were represented by unions in 2007,
compared with 14 percent of men.
Union
attachment for both sexes has fallen since 1983,
when unions represented 18 percent of women and
28 percent of men in wage and salary jobs. (See
table 38.)
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2007
annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Age
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Unemployed
Total
Percent of
labor force
63.0
7,078
4.6
Percent of
population
Not in
labor
force
Total, both sexes
16 years and over ……...
231,867
16 to 19 years …….…… 16,982
153,124
66.0
146,047
78,743
7,012
41.3
5,911
34.8
1,101
15.7
9,970
16 to 17 years………
9,222
2,771
30.0
2,286
24.8
485
17.5
6,451
18 to 19 years………
7,760
4,242
54.7
3,625
46.7
616
14.5
3,519
20 to 24 years………....
20,427
15,205
74.4
13,964
68.4
1,241
8.2
5,223
25 to 54 years……….… 125,696
104,353
83.0
100,450
79.9
3,904
3.7
21,343
39,751
33,130
83.3
31,586
79.5
1,544
4.7
6,622
25 to 29 years……… 20,607
17,130
83.1
16,247
78.8
883
5.2
3,477
30 to 34 years……… 19,144
16,000
83.6
15,339
80.1
661
4.1
3,145
25 to 34 years………
35 to 44 years………
42,401
35,527
83.8
34,302
80.9
1,225
3.4
6,875
35 to 39 years……… 20,738
17,292
83.4
16,677
80.4
615
3.6
3,446
40 to 44 years……… 21,664
18,235
84.2
17,625
81.4
610
3.3
3,429
45 to 54 years………
43,544
35,697
82.0
34,563
79.4
1,135
3.2
7,846
45 to 49 years…….
22,661
18,903
83.4
18,285
80.7
618
3.3
3,758
50 to 54 years……… 20,882
16,795
80.4
16,278
77.9
517
3.1
4,088
55 to 64 years…………
32,533
20,750
63.8
20,108
61.8
642
3.1
11,783
55 to 59 years………
18,194
13,104
72.0
12,691
69.8
413
3.1
5,090
60 to 64 years………
14,339
7,646
53.3
7,417
51.7
229
3.0
6,693
65 years and over…….
36,228
5,804
16.0
5,614
15.5
190
3.3
30,424
65 to 69 years………
10,708
3,179
29.7
3,074
28.7
105
3.3
7,529
70 to 74 years………
8,461
1,457
17.2
1,408
16.6
50
3.4
7,004
75 years and over…… 17,059
1,167
6.8
1,132
6.6
35
3.0
15,892
4
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2007
annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Age
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent of
labor force
3,196
4.5
Not in
labor
force
Women
16 years and over ……...
119,694
70,988
59.3
67,792
56.6
48,707
16 to 19 years …….……
8,364
3,471
41.5
2,994
35.8
478
13.8
4,893
16 to 17 years………
4,564
1,417
31.0
1,195
26.2
222
15.7
3,147
18 to 19 years………
3,800
2,055
54.1
1,798
47.3
256
12.5
1,745
20 to 24 years………....
10,137
7,110
70.1
6,590
65.0
520
7.3
3,026
25 to 54 years……….…
63,615
47,945
75.4
46,122
72.5
1,823
3.8
15,670
25 to 34 years………
19,893
14,822
74.5
14,133
71.0
688
4.6
5,071
25 to 29 years……… 10,271
7,689
74.9
7,304
71.1
385
5.0
2,582
30 to 34 years………
9,622
7,132
74.1
6,829
71.0
303
4.2
2,489
21,491
16,227
75.5
15,636
72.8
591
3.6
5,264
35 to 39 years……… 10,491
7,761
74.0
7,456
71.1
304
3.9
2,730
40 to 44 years……… 11,000
8,467
77.0
8,180
74.4
287
3.4
2,534
35 to 44 years………
45 to 54 years………
22,231
16,896
76.0
16,353
73.6
544
3.2
5,335
45 to 49 years…….
11,536
8,908
77.2
8,608
74.6
300
3.4
2,628
50 to 54 years……… 10,695
7,988
74.7
7,745
72.4
244
3.0
2,707
55 to 64 years…………
16,876
9,846
58.3
9,553
56.6
293
3.0
7,030
55 to 59 years………
9,388
6,257
66.6
6,063
64.6
193
3.1
3,131
60 to 64 years………
7,488
3,589
47.9
3,489
46.6
100
2.8
3,898
65 years and over…….
20,703
2,615
12.6
2,534
12.2
81
3.1
18,088
65 to 69 years………
5,722
1,469
25.7
1,423
24.9
46
3.1
4,253
70 to 74 years………
4,636
647
14.0
626
13.5
21
3.2
3,989
75 years and over…… 10,345
499
4.8
484
4.7
15
2.9
9,846
5
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2007
annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Age
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
69.8
3,882
4.7
Not in
labor
force
Men
16 years and over ……...
112,173
82,136
73.2
78,254
30,036
16 to 19 years …….……
8,618
3,541
41.1
2,917
33.9
623
17.6
5,077
16 to 17 years………
4,658
1,354
29.1
1,091
23.4
263
19.4
3,304
18 to 19 years………
3,960
2,187
55.2
1,827
46.1
360
16.5
1,773
20 to 24 years………....
10,291
8,095
78.7
7,374
71.7
721
8.9
2,196
25 to 54 years……….…
62,081
56,408
90.9
54,328
87.5
2,081
3.7
5,673
25 to 34 years………
19,858
18,308
92.2
17,452
87.9
856
4.7
1,550
25 to 29 years……… 10,336
9,441
91.3
8,943
86.5
498
5.3
895
30 to 34 years………
9,523
8,867
93.1
8,509
89.4
358
4.0
656
20,910
19,299
92.3
18,666
89.3
634
3.3
1,611
35 to 39 years……… 10,247
9,531
93.0
9,221
90.0
311
3.3
716
40 to 44 years……… 10,663
9,768
91.6
9,445
88.6
323
3.3
895
35 to 44 years………
45 to 54 years………
21,313
18,801
88.2
18,210
85.4
591
3.1
2,512
45 to 49 years…….
11,125
9,995
89.8
9,677
87.0
318
3.2
1,131
50 to 54 years……… 10,187
8,806
86.4
8,533
83.8
273
3.1
1,381
55 to 64 years…………
15,658
10,904
69.6
10,556
67.4
349
3.2
4,753
55 to 59 years………
8,807
6,848
77.8
6,628
75.3
219
3.2
1,959
60 to 64 years………
6,851
4,057
59.2
3,927
57.3
129
3.2
2,794
65 years and over…….
15,525
3,188
20.5
3,080
19.8
108
3.4
12,337
65 to 69 years………
4,986
1,710
34.3
1,651
33.1
59
3.5
3,276
70 to 74 years………
3,825
810
21.2
781
20.4
29
3.6
3,014
75 years and over……
6,714
668
10.0
648
9.6
20
3.1
6,046
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
6
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,
1970-2007 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Year
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not in labor
force
Total, both sexes
1970…….……
1971…….……
1972 1………
1973 1………
1974…….……
1975…….……
1976…….……
1977…….……
1978 1….......
1979…………
137,085
140,216
144,126
147,096
150,120
153,153
156,150
159,033
161,910
164,863
82,771
84,382
87,034
89,429
91,949
93,775
96,158
99,009
102,251
104,962
60.4
60.2
60.4
60.8
61.3
61.2
61.6
62.3
63.2
63.7
78,678
79,367
82,153
85,064
86,794
85,846
88,752
92,017
96,048
98,824
57.5
56.6
57.0
57.8
57.8
56.1
56.8
57.9
59.3
59.9
4,093
5,016
4,882
4,365
5,156
7,929
7,406
6,991
6,202
6,137
4.9
5.9
5.6
4.9
5.6
8.5
7.7
7.1
6.1
5.8
54,315
55,834
57,091
57,667
58,171
59,377
59,991
60,025
59,659
59,900
1980…………
1981…...……
1982…...……
1983…...……
1984…...……
1985…...……
1986 1….......
1987…………
1988…...……
1989…………
167,745
170,130
172,271
174,215
176,383
178,206
180,587
182,753
184,613
186,393
106,940
108,670
110,204
111,550
113,544
115,461
117,834
119,865
121,669
123,869
63.8
63.9
64.0
64.0
64.4
64.8
65.3
65.6
65.9
66.5
99,303
100,397
99,526
100,834
105,005
107,150
109,597
112,440
114,968
117,342
59.2
59.0
57.8
57.9
59.5
60.1
60.7
61.5
62.3
63.0
7,637
8,273
10,678
10,717
8,539
8,312
8,237
7,425
6,701
6,528
7.1
7.6
9.7
9.6
7.5
7.2
7.0
6.2
5.5
5.3
60,806
61,460
62,067
62,665
62,839
62,744
62,752
62,888
62,944
62,523
1990 1….......
1991…...……
1992…...……
1993…...……
1994 1….......
1995…...……
1996…...……
1997 1….......
1998 1….......
1999 1….......
189,164
190,925
192,805
194,838
196,814
198,584
200,591
203,133
205,220
207,753
125,840
126,346
128,105
129,200
131,056
132,304
133,943
136,297
137,673
139,368
66.5
66.2
66.4
66.3
66.6
66.6
66.8
67.1
67.1
67.1
118,793
117,718
118,492
120,259
123,060
124,900
126,708
129,558
131,463
133,488
62.8
61.7
61.5
61.7
62.5
62.9
63.2
63.8
64.1
64.3
7,047
8,628
9,613
8,940
7,996
7,404
7,236
6,739
6,210
5,880
5.6
6.8
7.5
6.9
6.1
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.5
4.2
63,324
64,578
64,700
65,638
65,758
66,280
66,647
66,837
67,547
68,385
2000 1….......
2001 …………
2002 …………
2003 1….......
2004 1….......
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
212,577
215,092
217,570
221,168
223,357
226,082
228,815
231,867
142,583
143,734
144,863
146,510
147,401
149,320
151,428
153,124
67.1
66.8
66.6
66.2
66.0
66.0
66.2
66.0
136,891
136,933
136,485
137,736
139,252
141,730
144,427
146,047
64.4
63.7
62.7
62.3
62.3
62.7
63.1
63.0
5,692
6,801
8,378
8,774
8,149
7,591
7,001
7,078
4.0
4.7
5.8
6.0
5.5
5.1
4.6
4.6
69,994
71,359
72,707
74,658
75,956
76,762
77,387
78,743
See footnote at end of table.
7
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,
1970-2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Year
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not in labor
force
Women
1970…….……
1971…….……
1972 1………
1973 1………
1974…….……
1975…….……
1976…….……
1977…….……
1978 1….......
1979…………
72,782
74,274
76,290
77,804
79,312
80,860
82,390
83,840
85,334
86,843
31,543
32,202
33,479
34,804
36,211
37,475
38,983
40,613
42,631
44,235
43.3
43.4
43.9
44.7
45.7
46.3
47.3
48.4
50.0
50.9
29,688
29,976
31,257
32,715
33,769
33,989
35,615
37,289
39,569
41,217
40.8
40.4
41.0
42.0
42.6
42.0
43.2
44.5
46.4
47.5
1,855
2,227
2,222
2,089
2,441
3,486
3,369
3,324
3,061
3,018
5.9
6.9
6.6
6.0
6.7
9.3
8.6
8.2
7.2
6.8
41,239
42,072
42,811
43,000
43,101
43,386
43,406
43,227
42,703
42,608
1980…………
1981…...……
1982…...……
1983…...……
1984…...……
1985…...……
1986 1….......
1987…………
1988…...……
1989…………
88,348
89,618
90,748
91,684
92,778
93,736
94,789
95,853
96,756
97,630
45,487
46,696
47,755
48,503
49,709
51,050
52,413
53,658
54,742
56,030
51.5
52.1
52.6
52.9
53.6
54.5
55.3
56.0
56.6
57.4
42,117
43,000
43,256
44,047
45,915
47,259
48,706
50,334
51,696
53,027
47.7
48.0
47.7
48.0
49.5
50.4
51.4
52.5
53.4
54.3
3,370
3,696
4,499
4,457
3,794
3,791
3,707
3,324
3,046
3,003
7.4
7.9
9.4
9.2
7.6
7.4
7.1
6.2
5.6
5.4
42,861
42,922
42,993
43,181
43,068
42,686
42,376
42,195
42,014
41,601
1990 1….......
1991…...……
1992…...……
1993…...……
1994 1….......
1995…...……
1996…...……
1997 1….......
1998 1….......
1999 1….......
98,787
99,646
100,535
101,506
102,460
103,406
104,385
105,418
106,462
108,031
56,829
57,178
58,141
58,795
60,239
60,944
61,857
63,036
63,714
64,855
57.5
57.4
57.8
57.9
58.8
58.9
59.3
59.8
59.8
60.0
53,689
53,496
54,052
54,910
56,610
57,523
58,501
59,873
60,771
62,042
54.3
53.7
53.8
54.1
55.3
55.6
56.0
56.8
57.1
57.4
3,140
3,683
4,090
3,885
3,629
3,421
3,356
3,162
2,944
2,814
5.5
6.4
7.0
6.6
6.0
5.6
5.4
5.0
4.6
4.3
41,957
42,468
42,394
42,711
42,221
42,462
42,528
42,382
42,748
43,175
2000 1….......
2001 …………
2002 …………
2003 1….......
2004 1….......
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
110,613
111,811
112,985
114,733
115,647
116,931
118,210
119,694
66,303
66,848
67,363
68,272
68,421
69,288
70,173
70,988
59.9
59.8
59.6
59.5
59.2
59.3
59.4
59.3
63,586
63,737
63,582
64,404
64,728
65,757
66,925
67,792
57.5
57.0
56.3
56.1
56.0
56.2
56.6
56.6
2,717
3,111
3,781
3,868
3,694
3,531
3,247
3,196
4.1
4.7
5.6
5.7
5.4
5.1
4.6
4.5
44,310
44,962
45,621
46,461
47,225
47,643
48,037
48,707
See footnote at end of table.
8
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,
1970-2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Year
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not in labor
force
Men
1970…….……
1971…….……
1972 1………
1973 1………
1974…….……
1975…….……
1976…….……
1977…….……
1978 1….......
1979…………
64,304
65,942
67,835
69,292
70,808
72,291
73,759
75,193
76,576
78,020
51,228
52,180
53,555
54,624
55,739
56,299
57,174
58,396
59,620
60,726
79.7
79.1
78.9
78.8
78.7
77.9
77.5
77.7
77.9
77.8
48,990
49,390
50,896
52,349
53,024
51,857
53,138
54,728
56,479
57,607
76.2
74.9
75.0
75.5
74.9
71.7
72.0
72.8
73.8
73.8
2,238
2,789
2,659
2,275
2,714
4,442
4,036
3,667
3,142
3,120
4.4
5.3
5.0
4.2
4.9
7.9
7.1
6.3
5.3
5.1
13,076
13,762
14,280
14,667
15,069
15,993
16,585
16,797
16,956
17,293
1980…………
1981…...……
1982…...……
1983…...……
1984…...……
1985…...……
1986 1….......
1987…………
1988…...……
1989…………
79,398
80,511
81,523
82,531
83,605
84,469
85,798
86,899
87,857
88,762
61,453
61,974
62,450
63,047
63,835
64,411
65,422
66,207
66,927
67,840
77.4
77.0
76.6
76.4
76.4
76.3
76.3
76.2
76.2
76.4
57,186
57,397
56,271
56,787
59,091
59,891
60,892
62,107
63,273
64,315
72.0
71.3
69.0
68.8
70.7
70.9
71.0
71.5
72.0
72.5
4,267
4,577
6,179
6,260
4,744
4,521
4,530
4,101
3,655
3,525
6.9
7.4
9.9
9.9
7.4
7.0
6.9
6.2
5.5
5.2
17,945
18,537
19,073
19,484
19,771
20,058
20,376
20,692
20,930
20,923
1990 1….......
1991…...……
1992…...……
1993…...……
1994 1….......
1995…...……
1996…...……
1997 1….......
1998 1….......
1999 1….......
90,377
91,278
92,270
93,332
94,355
95,178
96,206
97,715
98,758
99,722
69,011
69,168
69,964
70,404
70,817
71,360
72,087
73,261
73,959
74,512
76.4
75.8
75.8
75.4
75.1
75.0
74.9
75.0
74.9
74.7
65,104
64,223
64,440
65,349
66,450
67,377
68,207
69,685
70,693
71,446
72.0
70.4
69.8
70.0
70.4
70.8
70.9
71.3
71.6
71.6
3,906
4,946
5,523
5,055
4,367
3,983
3,880
3,577
3,266
3,066
5.7
7.2
7.9
7.2
6.2
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.4
4.1
21,367
22,110
22,306
22,927
23,538
23,818
24,119
24,454
24,799
25,210
2000 1….......
2001 …………
2002 …………
2003 1….......
2004 1….......
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
101,964
103,282
104,585
106,435
107,710
109,151
110,605
112,173
76,280
76,886
77,500
78,238
78,980
80,033
81,255
82,136
74.8
74.4
74.1
73.5
73.3
73.3
73.5
73.2
73,305
73,196
72,903
73,332
74,524
75,973
77,502
78,254
71.9
70.9
69.7
68.9
69.2
69.6
70.1
69.8
2,975
3,690
4,597
4,906
4,456
4,059
3,753
3,882
3.9
4.8
5.9
6.3
5.6
5.1
4.6
4.7
25,684
26,396
27,085
28,197
28,730
29,119
29,350
30,036
1
documentation provided at
http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf .
The comparability of historical labor force data has
been affected at various times by methodological and
conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey
(CPS).
For an explanation, see the Historical
Comparability section of the Household Data technical
SOURCE:
Current Population Survey, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
9
Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Race, age, sex, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Unemployed
Not in
labor
force
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
124,935
5,795
12,176
84,096
17,782
5,085
66.4
44.4
76.4
83.7
64.9
16.2
119,792
4,990
11,325
81,294
17,262
4,921
63.6
38.3
71.0
80.9
63.0
15.7
5,143
805
851
2,802
520
164
4.1
13.9
7.0
3.3
2.9
3.2
63,319
7,248
3,769
16,350
9,611
26,341
Total
White
Total, 16 years and over……… 188,253
16 to 19 years………………
13,043
20 to 24 years……………..… 15,945
25 to 54 years……………… 100,446
55 to 64 years………………
27,392
31,426
65 years and over…………..
Women, 16 years and over……
16 to 19 years………….....…
20 to 24 years…………….…
25 to 54 years……………..…
55 to 64 years……………....
65 years and over…………..
96,180
6,390
7,832
50,071
14,051
17,835
56,777
2,851
5,609
37,770
8,282
2,264
59.0
44.6
71.6
75.4
58.9
12.7
54,503
2,507
5,259
36,496
8,047
2,193
56.7
39.2
67.1
72.9
57.3
12.3
2,274
344
350
1,274
235
71
4.0
12.1
6.2
3.4
2.8
3.1
39,403
3,539
2,223
12,301
5,770
15,571
Men, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years…………….…
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years……………..…
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and over……………
92,073
6,653
8,113
50,375
13,341
13,591
68,158
2,944
6,567
46,326
9,500
2,821
74.0
44.3
80.9
92.0
71.2
20.8
65,289
2,483
6,066
44,798
9,215
2,727
70.9
37.3
74.8
88.9
69.1
20.1
2,869
461
501
1,529
285
93
4.2
15.7
7.6
3.3
3.0
3.3
23,915
3,709
1,546
4,049
3,841
10,771
27,485
2,640
2,891
15,590
3,284
3,080
17,496
801
1,974
12,478
1,811
432
63.7
30.3
68.3
80.0
55.1
14.0
16,051
566
1,674
11,666
1,732
413
58.4
21.4
57.9
74.8
52.7
13.4
1,445
235
300
812
79
19
8.3
29.4
15.2
6.5
4.3
4.5
9,989
1,839
917
3,113
1,473
2,647
Women, 16 years and over…… 15,124
16 to 19 years………………
1,336
20 to 24 years………………
1,511
25 to 54 years………………
8,554
55 to 64 years………………
1,830
1,893
65 years and over……………
9,244
417
993
6,589
1,019
227
61.1
31.2
65.7
77.0
55.7
12.0
8,551
311
858
6,182
982
218
56.5
23.3
56.8
72.3
53.7
11.5
693
106
135
406
38
9
7.5
25.3
13.6
6.2
3.7
4.0
5,879
919
519
1,965
810
1,666
Men, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and over……………
8,252
384
981
5,889
791
206
66.8
29.4
71.1
83.7
54.4
17.3
7,500
254
816
5,483
750
195
60.7
19.5
59.1
77.9
51.6
16.5
752
130
166
406
41
10
9.1
33.8
16.9
6.9
5.2
5.0
4,110
920
398
1,147
663
981
Black or
African American
Total, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and over……………
12,361
1,305
1,380
7,036
1,454
1,186
10
Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual
averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Race, age, sex, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not in
labor
force
Asian
Total, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and over……………
10,633
631
893
6,603
1,278
1,229
7,067
155
533
5,331
838
209
66.5
24.5
59.7
80.7
65.6
17.0
6,839
135
503
5,186
808
206
64.3
21.4
56.4
78.5
63.2
16.8
229
20
30
146
31
3
3.2
12.7
5.6
2.7
3.6
1.5
3,566
476
360
1,272
439
1,019
Women, 16 years and over……
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years……………...…
65 years and over……………
5,581
316
447
3,435
684
699
3,271
77
269
2,445
387
93
58.6
24.4
60.1
71.2
56.6
13.3
3,162
66
257
2,373
373
92
56.6
20.8
57.5
69.1
54.6
13.2
110
11
11
73
14
1
3.4
14.7
4.2
3.0
3.6
.6
2,310
239
179
989
297
606
Men, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years……………...…
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and over……………
5,052
315
445
3,169
593
530
3,796
78
264
2,886
451
116
75.1
24.7
59.3
91.1
76.0
22.0
3,677
69
246
2,813
435
114
72.8
22.1
55.3
88.8
73.2
21.5
119
8
18
73
17
3
3.1
10.8
6.9
2.5
3.7
2.2
1,256
237
181
283
142
413
31,383
2,944
3,648
19,633
2,685
2,473
21,602
1,091
2,728
15,818
1,569
395
68.8
37.1
74.8
80.6
58.5
16.0
20,382
894
2,516
15,097
1,499
376
64.9
30.4
69.0
76.9
55.9
15.2
1,220
197
213
721
70
19
5.6
18.1
7.8
4.6
4.5
4.9
9,781
1,853
920
3,815
1,115
2,078
Women, 16 years and over…… 15,229
16 to 19 years………………
1,439
20 to 24 years………………
1,720
25 to 54 years………………
9,256
55 to 64 years………………
1,398
1,416
65 years and over……………
8,597
489
1,083
6,198
665
162
56.5
34.0
62.9
67.0
47.6
11.4
8,072
410
991
5,884
631
155
53.0
28.5
57.6
63.6
45.1
11.0
525
79
92
314
35
6
6.1
16.1
8.5
5.1
5.2
4.0
6,632
950
637
3,058
733
1,254
13,005
602
1,645
9,620
904
233
80.5
40.0
85.3
92.7
70.3
22.0
12,310
483
1,524
9,213
869
220
76.2
32.1
79.1
88.8
67.5
20.8
695
119
121
407
35
13
5.3
19.7
7.4
4.2
3.9
5.5
3,149
903
283
756
383
824
Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and over……………
Men, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and over……………
16,154
1,505
1,928
10,377
1,287
1,058
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
11
Table 4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2007 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Marital status and sex
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Unemployed
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
Total
Total, 16 years and over……
Married, spouse present……
Unmarried, total……………
Never married……………
Other marital status………
Divorced…………………
Separated…………………
Widowed……………….…
231,867
122,234
109,633
64,869
44,764
22,653
8,107
14,004
153,124
84,401
68,723
44,020
24,703
16,241
5,677
2,784
66.0
69.0
62.7
67.9
55.2
71.7
70.0
19.9
146,047
82,146
63,901
40,466
23,435
15,441
5,325
2,669
63.0
67.2
58.3
62.4
52.4
68.2
65.7
19.1
7,078
2,255
4,822
3,555
1,268
800
352
115
4.6
2.7
7.0
8.1
5.1
4.9
6.2
4.1
78,743
37,833
40,910
20,848
20,061
6,412
2,430
11,219
119,694
60,474
59,220
30,219
29,001
13,292
4,497
11,212
70,988
36,881
34,107
19,745
14,362
9,346
2,907
2,109
59.3
61.0
57.6
65.3
49.5
70.3
64.6
18.8
67,792
35,832
31,960
18,322
13,638
8,904
2,710
2,024
56.6
59.3
54.0
60.6
47.0
67.0
60.3
18.0
3,196
1,049
2,146
1,422
724
441
197
86
4.5
2.8
6.3
7.2
5.0
4.7
6.8
4.1
48,707
23,593
25,113
10,475
14,639
3,946
1,590
9,103
112,173
61,760
50,413
34,650
15,763
9,362
3,610
2,792
82,136
47,520
34,616
24,276
10,341
6,895
2,770
675
73.2
76.9
68.7
70.1
65.6
73.7
76.7
24.2
78,254
46,314
31,941
22,143
9,797
6,537
2,615
645
69.8
75.0
63.4
63.9
62.2
69.8
72.4
23.1
3,882
1,206
2,676
2,132
544
358
155
30
4.7
2.5
7.7
8.8
5.3
5.2
5.6
4.4
30,036
14,240
15,796
10,374
5,423
2,466
840
2,117
Women
Total, 16 years and over……
Married, spouse present……
Unmarried, total……….……
Never married…………...…
Other marital status………
Divorced…………………
Separated…………………
Widowed…………………
Men
Total, 16 years and over……
Married, spouse present……
Unmarried, total……………
Never married……………
Other marital status………
Divorced…………………
Separated……………….
Widowed…………………
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
12
Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
March 2007
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Characteristic
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
Total
Women, 16 years and over…………….. 119,300
With children under 18 years old………
37,647
20,502
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
17,146
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
10,000
With no children under 18 years old…… 81,653
70,873
59.4
67,925
2,948
4.2
48,427
25,646
15,341
10,305
5,679
42,279
56.9
68.1
74.8
60.1
56.8
51.8
26,834
15,940
10,894
6,006
44,039
71.3
77.7
63.5
60.1
53.9
1,188
599
589
327
1,760
4.4
3.8
5.4
5.5
4.0
10,813
4,562
6,251
3,994
37,614
Men, 16 years and over………………… 111,733
With children under 18 years old………
28,771
15,667
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
13,104
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
7,790
With no children under 18 years old…… 82,961
81,434
27,092
14,572
12,520
7,461
54,342
72.9
94.2
93.0
95.5
95.8
65.5
77,187
26,236
14,119
12,117
7,209
50,950
69.1
91.2
90.1
92.5
92.5
61.4
4,247
856
453
403
252
3,392
5.2
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.4
6.2
30,299
1,679
1,095
584
329
28,619
White
Women, 16 years and over………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old…….…
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
95,929
29,566
16,131
13,435
7,923
66,363
56,674
20,917
12,477
8,440
4,716
35,758
59.1
70.7
77.3
62.8
59.5
53.9
54,594
20,114
12,084
8,029
4,477
34,480
56.9
68.0
74.9
59.8
56.5
52.0
2,081
803
392
410
239
1,278
3.7
3.8
3.1
4.9
5.1
3.6
39,255
8,650
3,655
4,995
3,207
30,605
Men, 16 years and over…………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
91,792
23,996
13,057
10,938
6,586
67,797
67,732
22,758
12,266
10,492
6,322
44,974
73.8
94.8
93.9
95.9
96.0
66.3
64,592
22,101
11,917
10,183
6,127
42,492
70.4
92.1
91.3
93.1
93.0
62.7
3,140
657
349
309
196
2,482
4.6
2.9
2.8
2.9
3.1
5.5
24,060
1,237
791
446
264
22,823
Women, 16 years and over……………..
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
15,055
5,232
2,901
2,331
1,300
9,823
9,259
3,962
2,356
1,606
839
5,296
61.5
75.7
81.2
68.9
64.5
53.9
8,629
3,664
2,197
1,467
765
4,965
57.3
70.0
75.7
62.9
58.8
50.5
630
298
159
140
74
331
6.8
7.5
6.7
8.7
8.8
6.3
5,796
1,270
545
724
461
4,526
Men, 16 years and over…………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
12,291
2,584
1,489
1,095
611
9,706
8,070
2,317
1,300
1,017
581
5,753
65.7
89.7
87.3
92.8
95.2
59.3
7,266
2,175
1,217
958
541
5,091
59.1
84.2
81.7
87.5
88.5
52.4
804
142
83
59
41
662
10.0
6.1
6.4
5.8
7.0
11.5
4,221
267
189
78
30
3,954
Black or African American
See note at end of table.
13
Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
March 2007—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Characteristic
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
Asian
Women, 16 years and over………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
5,519
1,882
979
903
495
3,637
3,239
1,265
731
534
275
1,974
58.7
67.2
74.6
59.2
55.6
54.3
3,136
1,222
709
514
272
1,913
56.8
64.9
72.4
56.9
54.9
52.6
103
42
22
21
3
61
3.2
3.3
3.0
3.8
1.2
3.1
2,280
618
249
369
220
1,662
Men, 16 years and over…………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
4,999
1,546
800
746
416
3,453
3,753
1,434
726
708
390
2,320
75.1
92.7
90.7
94.9
93.8
67.2
3,637
1,414
720
694
386
2,223
72.8
91.4
90.0
93.0
92.7
64.4
117
20
6
14
5
97
3.1
1.4
.8
2.0
1.2
4.2
1,246
112
74
38
26
1,133
Women, 16 years and over………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
15,075
6,894
3,298
3,596
2,086
8,181
8,527
4,270
2,336
1,933
1,027
4,257
56.6
61.9
70.8
53.8
49.3
52.0
8,084
4,028
2,228
1,800
953
4,056
53.6
58.4
67.6
50.1
45.7
49.6
443
242
108
133
74
201
5.2
5.7
4.6
6.9
7.2
4.7
6,549
2,624
962
1,663
1,058
3,924
Men, 16 years and over…………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
15,979
5,007
2,332
2,676
1,544
10,971
12,833
4,698
2,164
2,534
1,457
8,135
80.3
93.8
92.8
94.7
94.3
74.2
12,071
4,499
2,072
2,427
1,389
7,572
75.5
89.9
88.9
90.7
89.9
69.0
762
198
92
107
68
564
5.9
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.6
6.9
3,146
310
168
142
88
2,836
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
NOTE: Children are "own children" and include sons, daughters,
stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,
nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.
Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African
American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are
not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified
14
as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
SOURCE: 2007 Annual Social and Economic Supplement,
Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, March 2007
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Presence and age of children
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
Total, all marital statuses
Total, 16 years and over…………………… 119,300
With children under 18 years old………… 37,647
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….………………… 20,502
With children under 6 years old………… 17,146
With children under 3 years old………… 10,000
With no children under 18 years old……… 81,653
70,873
26,834
59.4
71.3
67,925
25,646
56.9
68.1
2,948
1,188
4.2
4.4
48,427
10,813
15,940
10,894
6,006
44,039
77.7
63.5
60.1
53.9
15,341
10,305
5,679
42,279
74.8
60.1
56.8
51.8
599
589
327
1,760
3.8
5.4
5.5
4.0
4,562
6,251
3,994
37,614
Total, married, spouse present
Total, 16 years and over……………………
With children under 18 years old…………
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….…………………
With children under 6 years old…………
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old………
60,656
26,788
37,335
18,569
61.6
69.3
36,370
18,045
60.0
67.4
965
524
2.6
2.8
23,320
8,219
14,319
12,468
7,408
33,868
10,905
7,664
4,353
18,766
76.2
61.5
58.8
55.4
10,638
7,407
4,215
18,326
74.3
59.4
56.9
54.1
267
257
138
441
2.5
3.4
3.2
2.3
3,414
4,805
3,055
15,102
Total, other marital statuses1
Total, 16 years and over…………………… 58,645
With children under 18 years old………… 10,860
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….………………… 6,182
With children under 6 years old…………
4,677
With children under 3 years old………… 2,592
With no children under 18 years old……… 47,785
33,538
8,265
57.2
76.1
31,555
7,602
53.8
70.0
1,983
664
5.9
8.0
25,107
2,594
5,035
3,231
1,653
25,273
81.4
69.1
63.8
52.9
4,703
2,898
1,464
23,953
76.1
62.0
56.5
50.1
331
333
189
1,319
6.6
10.3
11.4
5.2
1,148
1,446
939
22,512
White, all marital statuses
Total, 16 years and over……………………
With children under 18 years old…………
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….…………………
With children under 6 years old…………
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old………
95,929
29,566
56,674
20,917
59.1
70.7
54,594
20,114
56.9
68.0
2,081
803
3.7
3.8
39,255
8,650
16,131
13,435
7,923
66,363
12,477
8,440
4,716
35,758
77.3
62.8
59.5
53.9
12,084
8,029
4,477
34,480
74.9
59.8
56.5
52.0
392
410
239
1,278
3.1
4.9
5.1
3.6
3,655
4,995
3,207
30,605
Total, 16 years and over……………………
With children under 18 years old…………
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….…………………
With children under 6 years old…………
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old………
51,921
22,507
31,687
15,480
61.0
68.8
30,937
15,067
59.6
66.9
750
412
2.4
2.7
20,234
7,027
12,013
10,494
6,304
29,414
9,093
6,386
3,666
16,207
75.7
60.9
58.1
55.1
8,887
6,180
3,551
15,870
74.0
58.9
56.3
54.0
206
206
115
337
2.3
3.2
3.1
2.1
2,919
4,108
2,639
13,207
White, married, spouse present
White, other marital statuses 1
Total, 16 years and over…………………… 44,008
With children under 18 years old…………
7,059
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….………………… 4,119
With children under 6 years old…………
2,941
With children under 3 years old………… 1,619
With no children under 18 years old……… 36,949
24,987
5,437
56.8
77.0
23,656
5,047
53.8
71.5
1,331
390
5.3
7.2
19,021
1,623
3,383
2,053
1,050
19,551
82.1
69.8
64.9
52.9
3,198
1,849
926
18,610
77.6
62.9
57.2
50.4
186
204
124
941
5.5
10.0
11.8
4.8
735
887
569
17,398
See footnote at end of table.
15
Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, March 2007—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Presence and age of children
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Percent
of
population
Total
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
Black or African American, all marital statuses
Total, 16 years and over…………………… 15,055
With children under 18 years old…………
5,232
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….………………… 2,901
With children under 6 years old…………
2,331
With children under 3 years old………… 1,300
With no children under 18 years old……… 9,823
9,259
3,962
61.5
75.7
8,629
3,664
57.3
70.0
630
298
6.8
7.5
5,796
1,270
2,356
1,606
839
5,296
81.2
68.9
64.5
53.9
2,197
1,467
765
4,965
75.7
62.9
58.8
50.5
159
140
74
331
6.7
8.7
8.8
6.3
545
724
461
4,526
Black or African American, married, spouse present
Total, 16 years and over……………………
With children under 18 years old…………
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….…………………
With children under 6 years old…………
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old………
4,323
2,052
2,941
1,613
68.0
78.6
2,826
1,555
65.4
75.8
115
58
3.9
3.6
1,382
439
1,192
860
474
2,271
996
617
326
1,327
83.6
71.7
68.9
58.5
966
589
312
1,271
81.1
68.5
66.0
56.0
30
28
14
57
3.0
4.5
4.3
4.3
195
243
147
943
Black or African American, other marital statuses1
Total, 16 years and over…………………… 10,732
With children under 18 years old…………
3,180
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….………………… 1,710
With children under 6 years old…………
1,470
826
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old……… 7,552
6,318
2,349
58.9
73.9
5,803
2,109
54.1
66.3
515
241
8.2
10.2
4,414
831
1,360
989
512
3,969
79.5
67.3
62.0
52.6
1,231
877
452
3,694
72.0
59.7
54.8
48.9
129
112
60
274
9.5
11.3
11.7
6.9
350
481
314
3,583
Asian, all marital statuses
Total, 16 years and over……………………
With children under 18 years old…………
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….…………………
With children under 6 years old…………
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old………
5,519
1,882
3,239
1,265
58.7
67.2
3,136
1,222
56.8
64.9
103
42
3.2
3.3
2,280
618
979
903
495
3,637
731
534
275
1,974
74.6
59.2
55.6
54.3
709
514
272
1,913
72.4
56.9
54.9
52.6
22
21
3
61
3.0
3.8
1.2
3.1
249
369
220
1,662
Total, 16 years and over……………………
With children under 18 years old…………
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….…………………
With children under 6 years old…………
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old………
3,301
1,668
2,006
1,085
60.8
65.1
1,945
1,053
58.9
63.1
60
32
3.0
3.0
1,295
583
846
822
456
1,633
615
470
250
920
72.7
57.2
54.7
56.4
597
456
246
892
70.5
55.5
54.0
54.7
18
14
3
28
3.0
2.9
1.4
3.0
231
352
207
712
Asian, married, spouse present
Asian, other marital statuses1
Total, 16 years and over……………………
With children under 18 years old…………
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….…………………
With children under 6 years old…………
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old………
2,218
214
1,233
180
55.6
83.8
1,190
169
53.7
79.1
43
10
3.5
5.6
985
35
133
81
39
2,004
115
64
25
1,054
86.6
79.1
65.3
52.6
112
57
25
1,021
84.1
70.8
65.3
50.9
3
7
33
2.9
10.5
3.1
18
17
14
950
See footnote at end of table.
16
Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, March 2007—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Presence and age of children
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
Hispanic or Latino, all marital statuses
Total, 16 years and over…………………… 15,075
With children under 18 years old…………
6,894
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….………………… 3,298
With children under 6 years old…………
3,596
With children under 3 years old………… 2,086
With no children under 18 years old……… 8,181
8,527
4,270
56.6
61.9
8,084
4,028
53.6
58.4
443
242
5.2
5.7
6,549
2,624
2,336
1,933
1,027
4,257
70.8
53.8
49.3
52.0
2,228
1,800
953
4,056
67.6
50.1
45.7
49.6
108
133
74
201
4.6
6.9
7.2
4.7
962
1,663
1,058
3,924
Hispanic or Latino, married, spouse present
Total, 16 years and over……………………
With children under 18 years old…………
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….…………………
With children under 6 years old…………
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old………
7,455
4,702
4,084
2,676
54.8
56.9
3,930
2,568
52.7
54.6
155
108
3.8
4.0
3,371
2,026
2,178
2,524
1,496
2,753
1,445
1,231
677
1,409
66.3
48.8
45.3
51.2
1,388
1,180
651
1,361
63.8
46.7
43.5
49.4
56
52
26
47
3.9
4.2
3.9
3.3
733
1,292
819
1,345
Hispanic or Latino, other marital statuses1
Total, 16 years and over……………………
With children under 18 years old…………
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….…………………
With children under 6 years old…………
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old………
7,620
2,193
4,442
1,594
58.3
72.7
4,154
1,460
54.5
66.6
288
134
6.5
8.4
3,178
599
1,120
1,072
590
5,428
892
702
351
2,848
79.6
65.5
59.4
52.5
839
620
303
2,694
74.9
57.8
51.3
49.6
52
82
48
154
5.9
11.6
13.7
5.4
228
370
239
2,579
1
Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed
persons.
NOTE: Children are "own children" and include sons,
daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included
are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and
unrelated children. Detail for the above race groups (white,
black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because
data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of
Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
17
Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975-2007
(Numbers in thousands)
With own children under age 18
Civilian labor force
Year
Total
With own children ages 6 to 17, none younger
Unemployed
Percent Employed
of
population
Civilian labor force
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Total
Unemployed
Percent Employed
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
1975...……
1976...……
1977………
1978………
1979...……
14,616
15,073
15,669
16,385
16,883
47.4
48.8
50.8
53.0
54.5
13,069
13,725
14,276
15,142
15,624
1,548
1,346
1,393
1,242
1,259
11.0
8.9
8.9
7.6
7.7
8,917
9,388
10,040
10,401
10,646
54.9
56.2
58.3
60.0
61.6
8,218
8,769
9,389
9,845
10,030
700
621
650
556
615
7.9
6.6
6.5
5.3
5.8
1980………
1981...……
1982...……
1983...……
1984………
1985………
1986………
1987………
1988………
1989………
17,790
18,422
18,744
18,924
19,555
20,041
20,620
21,422
21,545
21,936
56.6
58.1
58.5
58.9
60.5
62.1
62.8
64.7
65.1
65.7
16,526
16,952
16,854
16,792
17,782
18,306
18,922
19,798
20,141
20,647
1,264
1,471
1,890
2,131
1,773
1,735
1,698
1,624
1,404
1,289
7.1
8.0
10.1
11.3
9.1
8.7
8.2
7.6
6.5
5.9
11,252
11,490
11,377
11,340
11,538
11,826
12,075
12,438
12,683
12,800
64.3
65.5
65.8
66.3
68.1
69.9
70.4
72.0
73.3
74.2
10,640
10,725
10,440
10,303
10,739
10,984
11,320
11,661
12,042
12,168
612
765
936
1,037
799
842
756
778
641
632
5.4
6.7
8.2
9.1
6.9
7.1
6.3
6.3
5.1
4.9
1990...……
1991...……
1992...……
1993………
1994………
1995………
1996………
1997………
1998...……
1999………
22,196
22,327
22,756
23,063
24,191
24,695
24,720
25,604
25,647
25,472
66.7
66.6
67.2
66.9
68.4
69.7
70.2
72.1
72.3
72.1
20,865
20,774
21,052
21,521
22,467
23,195
23,386
24,082
24,209
24,307
1,331
1,552
1,704
1,541
1,724
1,500
1,334
1,522
1,438
1,165
6.0
7.0
7.5
6.7
7.1
6.1
5.4
5.9
5.6
4.6
12,799
12,691
13,183
13,441
13,863
14,300
14,427
14,993
15,028
15,150
74.7
74.4
75.9
75.4
76.0
76.4
77.2
78.1
78.4
78.5
12,133
12,017
12,391
12,757
13,074
13,608
13,794
14,282
14,370
14,633
666
674
793
684
789
691
633
711
658
516
5.2
5.3
6.0
5.1
5.7
4.8
4.4
4.7
4.4
3.4
2000...……
2001...……
2002………
2003...……
2004………
2005………
2006...……
2007...……
25,795
26,269
26,140
26,202
25,913
25,941
26,009
26,834
72.9
72.7
72.2
71.7
70.7
70.5
70.6
71.3
24,693
25,030
24,612
24,598
24,413
24,564
24,728
25,646
1,102
1,239
1,529
1,603
1,501
1,377
1,281
1,188
4.3
4.7
5.8
6.1
5.8
5.3
4.9
4.4
15,479
15,839
15,948
15,993
15,782
15,594
15,579
15,940
79.0
79.4
78.6
78.7
77.5
76.9
76.9
77.7
14,931
15,220
15,171
15,166
15,006
14,930
14,949
15,341
549
619
777
828
776
663
630
599
3.5
3.9
4.9
5.2
4.9
4.3
4.0
3.8
See note at end of table.
18
Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child,
March 1975-2007—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
With own children under age 6
Civilian labor force
Year
Total
With own children under age 3
Unemployed
Percent Employed
of
population
Civilian labor force
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Total
Unemployed
Percent Employed
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
1975...……
1976...……
1977………
1978………
1979...……
5,699
5,684
5,629
5,983
6,238
39.0
40.1
41.2
44.0
45.7
4,851
4,957
4,887
5,297
5,594
848
727
742
687
644
14.9
12.8
13.2
11.5
10.3
2,824
2,702
2,795
3,179
3,380
34.3
34.1
35.4
39.4
41.1
2,326
2,285
2,371
2,768
2,979
500
418
424
411
401
17.7
15.5
15.2
12.9
11.9
1980………
1981...……
1982...……
1983...……
1984………
1985………
1986………
1987………
1988………
1989………
6,538
6,933
7,367
7,583
8,017
8,215
8,545
8,983
8,862
9,136
46.8
48.9
49.9
50.5
52.1
53.5
54.4
56.7
56.1
56.7
5,886
6,227
6,414
6,489
7,043
7,322
7,602
8,137
8,099
8,478
652
706
953
1,094
974
893
943
846
763
657
10.0
10.2
12.9
14.4
12.1
10.9
11.0
9.4
8.6
7.2
3,565
3,826
4,133
4,233
4,401
4,601
4,786
5,064
4,947
5,053
41.9
44.3
45.6
46.0
47.6
49.5
50.8
52.9
52.4
52.4
3,167
3,380
3,542
3,551
3,839
4,089
4,227
4,570
4,477
4,671
398
446
591
682
562
513
559
494
470
381
11.2
11.7
14.3
16.1
12.8
11.1
11.7
9.8
9.5
7.5
1990...……
1991...……
1992...……
1993………
1994………
1995………
1996………
1997………
1998...……
1999………
9,397
9,636
9,573
9,621
10,328
10,395
10,293
10,610
10,619
10,322
58.2
58.4
58.0
57.9
60.3
62.3
62.3
65.0
65.2
64.4
8,732
8,758
8,662
8,764
9,394
9,587
9,592
9,800
9,839
9,674
664
878
911
857
935
809
701
810
780
648
7.1
9.1
9.5
8.9
9.0
7.8
6.8
7.6
7.3
6.3
5,216
5,417
5,329
5,349
5,724
5,650
5,619
5,839
5,882
5,645
53.6
54.5
54.5
53.9
57.1
58.7
59.0
61.8
62.2
60.7
4,823
4,868
4,776
4,857
5,165
5,172
5,222
5,366
5,454
5,285
393
550
553
492
559
478
397
473
428
359
7.5
10.1
10.4
9.2
9.8
8.5
7.1
8.1
7.3
6.4
2000...……
2001...……
2002………
2003...……
2004………
2005………
2006...……
2007...……
10,316
10,430
10,193
10,209
10,131
10,347
10,430
10,894
65.3
64.4
64.1
62.9
62.2
62.6
63.0
63.5
9,763
9,810
9,441
9,433
9,407
9,634
9,779
10,305
553
620
752
776
724
714
651
589
5.4
5.9
7.4
7.6
7.1
6.9
6.2
5.4
5,670
5,743
5,600
5,568
5,401
5,704
5,842
6,006
61.0
60.7
60.5
58.7
57.3
58.9
59.9
60.1
5,350
5,350
5,160
5,112
4,983
5,299
5,458
5,679
320
393
440
456
417
405
384
327
5.6
6.8
7.9
8.2
7.7
7.1
6.6
5.5
See note at end of table.
19
Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and
age of youngest child, March 1975-2007—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
With no own children under age 18
Civilian labor force
Year
Total
Unemployed
Percent Employed
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
1975...……
1976...……
1977………
1978………
1979...……
22,365
23,327
24,385
25,362
26,962
45.1
45.7
46.4
47.0
48.6
20,381
21,389
22,348
23,631
25,285
1,984
1,938
2,037
1,731
1,677
8.9
8.3
8.4
6.8
6.2
1980………
1981...……
1982...……
1983...……
1984………
1985………
1986………
1987………
1988………
1989………
27,144
27,992
28,351
28,856
29,684
30,850
31,112
31,538
32,490
33,255
48.1
48.7
48.6
48.7
49.3
50.4
50.5
50.5
51.2
51.9
25,375
25,934
26,041
26,373
27,652
28,814
29,107
29,688
30,911
31,761
1,769
2,059
2,311
2,483
2,032
2,036
2,005
1,850
1,580
1,495
6.5
7.4
8.2
8.6
6.8
6.6
6.4
5.9
4.9
4.5
1990...……
1991...……
1992...……
1993………
1994………
1995………
1996………
1997………
1998...……
1999………
33,942
34,047
34,487
34,495
35,455
35,843
36,509
37,295
38,253
39,314
52.3
52.0
52.3
52.1
53.1
52.9
53.0
53.6
54.1
54.3
32,391
32,167
32,481
32,476
33,345
34,054
34,698
35,572
36,680
37,587
1,551
1,880
2,006
2,020
2,110
1,789
1,811
1,723
1,573
1,727
4.6
5.5
5.8
5.9
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.6
4.1
4.4
2000...……
2001...……
2002………
2003...……
2004………
2005………
2006...……
2007...……
40,142
40,996
41,278
42,039
42,289
42,677
43,392
44,039
54.8
54.4
54.0
54.1
53.8
53.5
53.6
53.9
38,408
39,363
39,038
39,667
40,000
40,570
41,440
42,279
1,733
1,633
2,241
2,372
2,289
2,107
1,952
1,760
4.3
4.0
5.4
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.5
4.0
NOTE: "Own children" include sons, daughters, stepchildren,
and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews,
grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Data
for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with
data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a
major redesign of the Current Population Survey.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of
Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
20
Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational
attainment and sex, 2007 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Educational attainment and sex
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
Total
Total, 25 to 64 years………………...…… 158,230
Less than a high school diploma……… 18,309
High school graduates, no college 1…… 47,949
Some college or associate degree…… 42,625
College graduates, total……………….
49,347
Bachelor's degree……………………… 32,755
Master's degree………………………. 12,014
2,618
Professional degree……………………
Doctoral degree………………………… 1,960
125,104
11,651
36,569
34,599
42,285
27,783
10,348
2,371
1,784
79.1
63.6
76.3
81.2
85.7
84.8
86.1
90.6
91.0
120,558
10,801
34,947
33,371
41,439
27,174
10,166
2,340
1,759
76.2
59.0
72.9
78.3
84.0
83.0
84.6
89.4
89.7
4,545
850
1,622
1,227
846
609
182
31
25
3.6
7.3
4.4
3.5
2.0
2.2
1.8
1.3
1.4
33,126
6,658
11,380
8,026
7,062
4,972
1,666
247
177
80,491
8,538
23,771
22,905
25,277
17,013
6,539
1,017
708
57,791
4,124
16,139
17,382
20,146
13,320
5,338
868
621
71.8
48.3
67.9
75.9
79.7
78.3
81.6
85.3
87.7
55,675
3,770
15,440
16,740
19,726
13,022
5,238
855
611
69.2
44.2
65.0
73.1
78.0
76.5
80.1
84.1
86.3
2,116
354
699
642
421
298
100
13
10
3.7
8.6
4.3
3.7
2.1
2.2
1.9
1.5
1.6
22,700
4,414
7,633
5,523
5,131
3,694
1,201
149
87
77,739
9,772
24,178
19,720
24,070
15,741
5,475
1,601
1,252
67,313
7,527
20,431
17,216
22,138
14,463
5,010
1,503
1,162
86.6
77.0
84.5
87.3
92.0
91.9
91.5
93.9
92.8
64,883
7,031
19,507
16,631
21,714
14,152
4,929
1,485
1,148
83.5
72.0
80.7
84.3
90.2
89.9
90.0
92.8
91.7
2,429
496
924
585
425
311
81
18
15
3.6
6.6
4.5
3.4
1.9
2.2
1.6
1.2
1.3
10,426
2,244
3,747
2,504
1,931
1,278
465
98
90
Women
Total, 25 to 64 years…………………….
Less than a high school diploma………
High school graduates, no college 1……
Some college or associate degree……
College graduates, total…………………
Bachelor's degree…………………….
Master's degree……………………….
Professional degree……………………
Doctoral degree…………………………
Men
Total, 25 to 64 years………………………
Less than a high school diploma………
High school graduates, no college 1……
Some college or associate degree……
College graduates, total…………………
Bachelor's degree…………………….
Master's degree…………………...……
Professional degree…………………..
Doctoral degree…………………………
1
Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
21
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by
educational attainment and sex, 1970-2007 annual averages
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
High school
Total
Less than 4
years
4 years, no
college
College
1 to 3 years
4 years or
more
11.8
12.3
12.4
13.0
13.7
14.4
15.2
15.7
16.5
17.3
17.6
17.7
17.3
18.1
18.4
19.0
19.5
19.7
19.7
20.0
20.7
21.1
14.1
14.8
15.5
16.4
17.5
18.3
19.4
20.2
20.6
21.3
22.0
22.0
23.1
24.2
24.7
24.9
24.8
25.3
25.7
26.4
26.4
26.5
Total, both sexes
1
1970 …...………
1971…...………
1972…...………
1973…...………
1974…...………
1975…...………
1976…...………
1977…...………
1978…...………
1979…...………
1980…...………
1981…...………
1982…...………
1983……..........
1984……..........
1985…...………
1986…...………
1987…...………
1988……..........
1989…...………
1990……..........
1991…...………
61,765
62,344
63,704
64,775
66,527
67,774
69,243
71,324
73,504
75,781
78,010
80,273
81,516
83,615
86,001
88,424
90,500
92,966
94,870
97,318
99,175
100,480
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
36.1
34.5
33.3
30.9
29.3
27.5
25.8
24.9
23.7
21.8
20.6
19.7
18.8
17.8
16.7
15.9
15.5
14.9
14.7
14.0
13.4
13.0
38.1
38.4
38.8
39.7
39.5
39.7
39.6
39.2
39.2
39.5
39.8
40.6
40.8
39.9
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
39.9
39.6
39.5
39.4
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
Total
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates,
no college 2
Some
college, no
degree, or
associate
degree
College
graduates
Total, both sexes
4
1992……………
1993…...………
1994…...………
1995……..........
1996…...………
1997……..........
1998……..........
1999…...………
2000…...………
2001…...………
2002…...………
2003……..........
2004…...………
2005……………
2006……………
2007……………
103,018
104,237
105,610
107,032
108,932
110,945
111,932
113,095
115,750
116,893
118,028
119,621
120,135
121,752
123,550
125,104
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.1
11.3
10.8
10.4
10.6
10.6
10.5
10.0
10.1
10.1
10.0
9.9
9.7
9.8
9.7
9.3
See footnotes at end of table.
22
35.7
35.1
33.9
33.2
32.9
32.9
32.4
31.8
31.4
30.9
30.7
30.3
30.1
29.9
29.6
29.2
25.6
26.6
27.7
28.1
27.8
27.5
27.4
27.6
27.8
28.0
27.7
27.6
27.7
27.8
27.7
27.7
26.6
27.0
27.6
28.3
28.7
29.0
29.8
30.5
30.7
31.0
31.6
32.1
32.4
32.5
33.0
33.8
3
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by
educational attainment and sex, 1970-2007 annual averages—Continued
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
High school
Total
Less than 4
years
4 years, no
college
College
1 to 3 years
4 years or
more
10.9
11.9
11.8
12.4
13.4
13.9
14.7
15.2
16.1
17.1
17.4
17.9
18.3
18.8
18.9
19.9
20.3
20.7
21.2
20.9
21.9
22.2
11.2
11.8
12.4
13.3
14.6
14.1
16.2
16.9
17.0
17.8
18.7
18.6
19.5
20.9
21.7
22.0
22.2
22.8
23.1
24.3
24.5
25.2
Some
college, no
degree, or
associate
degree
College
graduates 3
27.3
28.4
29.8
30.2
29.9
29.4
29.4
29.5
29.8
30.2
29.9
29.9
30.2
30.2
30.2
30.1
25.0
25.7
26.2
26.9
27.8
28.4
29.2
29.9
30.1
30.4
31.3
32.2
32.6
33.3
33.9
34.9
Women
1
1970 …...………
1971…...………
1972…...………
1973…...………
1974…...………
1975…...………
1976…...………
1977…...………
1978…...………
1979…...………
1980…...………
1981…...………
1982…...………
1983……..........
1984……..........
1985…...………
1986…...………
1987…...………
1988……..........
1989…...………
1990……..........
1991…...………
22,462
22,804
23,606
24,158
25,203
26,146
27,166
28,369
29,738
31,151
32,593
33,910
34,870
35,712
37,234
38,779
39,767
41,105
42,254
43,650
44,699
45,315
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
33.5
32.2
30.7
28.4
26.7
26.5
24.0
22.8
22.0
20.1
18.4
17.4
16.6
15.6
14.5
13.7
13.2
12.5
12.4
11.9
11.3
10.9
44.3
44.2
45.1
45.9
45.3
45.5
45.1
45.1
44.9
45.0
45.4
46.1
45.6
44.8
44.9
44.4
44.3
44.0
43.3
42.9
42.4
41.6
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
Total
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates,
no college 2
Women
4
1992……………
1993…...………
1994…...………
1995……..........
1996…...………
1997……..........
1998……..........
1999…...………
2000…...………
2001…...………
2002…...………
2003……..........
2004…...………
2005……………
2006……………
2007……………
46,589
47,245
48,405
49,247
50,240
51,261
51,678
52,525
53,749
54,229
54,710
55,596
55,616
56,322
57,201
57,791
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
10.3
9.3
9.0
8.8
8.8
8.7
8.8
8.5
8.5
8.4
8.1
7.9
7.7
7.7
7.6
7.1
See footnotes at end of table.
23
37.4
36.6
35.0
34.1
33.6
33.5
32.7
32.1
31.6
31.0
30.6
30.0
29.4
28.7
28.3
27.9
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by
educational attainment and sex, 1970-2007 annual averages—Continued
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
High school
Total
Less than 4
years
College
4 years, no
college
1 to 3 years
4 years or
more
34.5
35.1
35.1
36.0
36.0
36.1
36.0
35.3
35.3
35.7
35.7
36.5
36.8
36.3
36.7
36.9
37.0
37.1
37.3
36.9
37.2
37.5
12.2
12.5
12.8
13.4
13.9
14.8
15.5
16.1
16.9
17.5
17.7
17.4
17.5
17.7
18.0
18.3
18.9
18.9
18.5
19.2
19.7
20.2
15.7
16.5
17.3
18.2
19.3
20.2
21.5
22.3
23.0
23.8
24.3
24.6
25.5
26.6
26.9
27.1
26.9
27.2
27.8
28.2
28.0
27.6
Men
1
1970 …...………
1971…...………
1972…...………
1973…...………
1974…...………
1975…...………
1976…...………
1977…...………
1978…...………
1979…...………
1980…...………
1981…...………
1982…...………
1983……..........
1984……..........
1985…...………
1986…...………
1987…...………
1988……..........
1989…...………
1990……..........
1991…...………
39,303
39,539
40,098
40,617
41,344
41,628
42,077
42,954
43,766
44,630
45,417
46,363
47,144
47,903
48,767
49,647
50,733
51,860
52,616
53,668
54,476
55,165
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
37.5
35.9
34.8
32.4
30.8
28.9
27.0
26.3
24.8
23.0
22.2
21.5
20.3
19.4
18.4
17.7
17.2
16.8
16.5
15.7
15.1
14.7
See footnotes at end of table.
24
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by
educational attainment and sex, 1970-2007 annual averages—Continued
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
Total
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates,
no college 2
Some
college, no
degree, or
associate
degree
College
graduates 3
24.3
25.1
25.9
26.3
26.1
25.9
25.6
26.0
26.1
26.2
25.8
25.6
25.6
25.7
25.5
25.6
27.8
28.1
28.8
29.4
29.4
29.6
30.3
31.0
31.2
31.4
31.8
32.1
32.3
31.9
32.3
32.9
Men
4
1992……………
1993…...………
1994…...………
1995……..........
1996…...………
1997……..........
1998……..........
1999…...………
2000…...………
2001…...………
2002…...………
2003……..........
2004…...………
2005……………
2006……………
2007……………
56,428
56,992
57,205
57,784
58,692
59,684
60,255
60,570
62,001
62,664
63,318
64,025
64,519
65,430
66,350
67,313
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
13.7
12.9
12.4
11.8
12.2
12.2
12.0
11.4
11.5
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.2
1
Data from 1970-1991 are based on the March
Current Population Survey.
2
Includes persons with a high school diploma or
equivalent.
3
Includes persons with bachelor's, master's,
professional, and doctoral degrees.
4
Beginning in 1992, data on educational
attainment are annual averages and are based
25
34.2
33.9
33.0
32.4
32.3
32.4
32.1
31.6
31.2
30.9
30.8
30.6
30.7
30.9
30.6
30.4
on the highest diploma or degree received
rather than the number of years of school
completed.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2006-07 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Occupation and sex
2006
Number
2007
Percent
Number
Percent
Total
Total, 16 years and over…………….………………………………
Management, professional, and related occupations ............................
Management, business, and financial operations occupations ..........
Professional and related occupations ................................................
Service occupations ..............................................................................
Sales and office occupations ................................................................
Sales and related occupations ...........................................................
Office and administrative support occupations ..................................
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ...........
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................
Construction and extraction occupations ...........................................
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .............................
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ..............
Production occupations ......................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations ..............................
144,427
100.0
146,047
100.0
50,420
21,233
29,187
23,811
36,141
16,641
19,500
15,830
961
9,507
5,362
18,224
9,378
8,846
34.9
14.7
20.2
16.5
25.0
11.5
13.5
11.0
.7
6.6
3.7
12.6
6.5
6.1
51,788
21,577
30,210
24,137
36,212
16,698
19,513
15,740
960
9,535
5,245
18,171
9,395
8,776
35.5
14.8
20.7
16.5
24.8
11.4
13.4
10.8
.7
6.5
3.6
12.4
6.4
6.0
66,925
25,492
8,886
16,606
13,653
22,866
8,163
14,703
752
212
292
248
4,163
2,850
1,313
100.0
38.1
13.3
24.8
20.4
34.2
12.2
22.0
1.1
.3
.4
.4
6.2
4.3
2.0
67,792
26,195
9,203
16,992
13,800
22,948
8,275
14,673
662
201
258
202
4,188
2,832
1,355
100.0
38.6
13.6
25.1
20.4
33.8
12.2
21.6
1.0
.3
.4
.3
6.2
4.2
2.0
Women
Total, 16 years and over.………………………………………………
Management, professional, and related occupations ............................
Management, business, and financial operations occupations ..........
Professional and related occupations ................................................
Service occupations ..............................................................................
Sales and office occupations ................................................................
Sales and related occupations ...........................................................
Office and administrative support occupations ..................................
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ...........
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................
Construction and extraction occupations ...........................................
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .............................
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ..............
Production occupations ......................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations ..............................
26
Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2006-07 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Occupation
2006
2007
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
77,502
100.0
78,254
100.0
24,928
12,347
12,581
10,159
13,275
8,478
4,797
15,079
750
9,216
5,114
14,061
6,529
7,533
32.2
15.9
16.2
13.1
17.1
10.9
6.2
19.5
1.0
11.9
6.6
18.1
8.4
9.7
25,593
12,375
13,218
10,337
13,264
8,424
4,840
15,078
759
9,276
5,043
13,983
6,563
7,420
32.7
15.8
16.9
13.2
16.9
10.8
6.2
19.3
1.0
11.9
6.4
17.9
8.4
9.5
Men
Total, 16 years and over.……………………………………………
Management, professional, and related occupations ............................
Management, business, and financial operations occupations ..........
Professional and related occupations ................................................
Service occupations ..............................................................................
Sales and office occupations ................................................................
Sales and related occupations ...........................................................
Office and administrative support occupations ..................................
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ...........
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................
Construction and extraction occupations ...........................................
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .............................
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ..............
Production occupations ......................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations ..............................
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
27
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2007 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Percent
women
Total, 16 years and over……………………...……………………………………………………………
146,047
46.4
Management, professional, and related occupations..........................................................................
Management, business, and financial operations occupations........................................................
Management occupations.............................................................................................................
Chief executives.........................................................................................................................
General and operations managers............................................................................................
Legislators………………………………………………….……………………………………………
Advertising and promotions managers......................................................................................
Marketing and sales managers..................................................................................................
Public relations managers..........................................................................................................
Administrative services managers.............................................................................................
Computer and information systems managers..........................................................................
Financial managers....................................................................................................................
Human resources managers......................................................................................................
Industrial production managers..................................................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................................................................
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers..................................................................
Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers...........................................................................
Farmers and ranchers................................................................................................................
Construction managers..............................................................................................................
Education administrators...........................................................................................................
Engineering managers...............................................................................................................
Food service managers.............................................................................................................
Funeral directors……….………………………………………………………………………………
Gaming managers……………..………………………………………………………………………
Lodging managers.....................................................................................................................
Medical and health services managers......................................................................................
Natural sciences managers…………………………………………..………………………………
Postmasters and mail superintendents......................................................................................
Property, real estate, and community association managers....................................................
Social and community service managers..................................................................................
Managers, all other………………………………………………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations............................................................................
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes………………………………
Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products………………………………………………………
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products...................................................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products...............................................
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators......................................................
Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation...
Cost estimators..........................................................................................................................
Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists........................................................
Logisticians................................................................................................................................
Management analysts................................................................................................................
Meeting and convention planners……………………………………………………………………
Other business operations specialists…………………………………………………………………
Accountants and auditors..........................................................................................................
Appraisers and assessors of real estate....................................................................................
Budget analysts.........................................................................................................................
Credit analysts……………………………………………………………………………………………
Financial analysts......................................................................................................................
51,788
21,577
15,486
1,649
971
19
77
848
63
98
467
1,181
253
264
168
260
204
742
1,176
810
114
1,002
43
7
151
536
12
50
594
331
3,398
6,091
41
7
200
280
289
139
115
793
55
627
44
218
1,806
118
62
30
109
50.6
42.7
37.5
25.6
27.5
56.2
38.8
53.8
32.7
27.8
54.6
70.3
16.7
40.3
17.2
22.5
25.5
8.1
64.1
8.0
44.3
50.6
69.9
54.1
50.5
65.8
36.5
55.9
51.5
55.5
61.8
50.6
15.4
71.1
40.8
44.3
71.4
61.9
25.8
66.1
34.3
See note at end of table.
28
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Personal financial advisors........................................................................................................
Insurance underwriters..............................................................................................................
Financial examiners……………………………………………………………………………………
Loan counselors and officers.....................................................................................................
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents........................................................................
Tax preparers.............................................................................................................................
Financial specialists, all other…………………………………………………………………………
Professional and related occupations...............................................................................................
Computer and mathematical occupations.....................................................................................
Computer scientists and systems analysts................................................................................
Computer programmers.............................................................................................................
Computer software engineers....................................................................................................
Computer support specialists.....................................................................................................
Database administrators............................................................................................................
Network and computer systems administrators.........................................................................
Network systems and data communications analysts...............................................................
Actuaries…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Mathematicians…………………………………………………………………………………………
Operations research analysts....................................................................................................
Statisticians……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations…………………………………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations....................................................................................
Architects, except naval.............................................................................................................
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists…………………………………………………
Aerospace engineers.................................................................................................................
Agricultural engineers……………………………………………………………………………………
Biomedical engineers……………………………………………………………………………………
Chemical engineers...................................................................................................................
Civil engineers...........................................................................................................................
Computer hardware engineers..................................................................................................
Electrical and electronics engineers..........................................................................................
Environmental engineers………………………………………………………………………………
Industrial engineers, including health and safety.......................................................................
Marine engineers and naval architects………………………………………………………………
Materials engineers……………………………………………………………………………………
Mechanical engineers................................................................................................................
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers……………………………
Nuclear engineers………………………………………………………………………………………
Petroleum engineers……………………………………………………………………………………
Engineers, all other…………………………………………………………………………………….
Drafters......................................................................................................................................
Engineering technicians, except drafters...................................................................................
Surveying and mapping technicians..........................................................................................
Life, physical, and social science occupations..............................................................................
Agricultural and food scientists…………………………………………………………………………
Biological scientists....................................................................................................................
Conservation scientists and foresters…………………………………………………………………
Medical scientists.......................................................................................................................
Astronomers and physicists……………………………………………………………………………
Atmospheric and space scientists……………………………………………………………………
Chemists and materials scientists..............................................................................................
See note at end of table.
29
373
94
6
467
62
104
52
30,210
3,441
825
526
907
332
104
214
383
18
2
87
41
3
2,932
240
45
123
4
12
75
382
79
347
36
161
11
38
296
5
10
21
349
187
420
92
1,382
32
92
30
152
17
7
118
Percent
women
31.7
71.2
52.7
57.1
62.2
60.5
56.2
25.6
27.1
24.7
20.8
30.0
35.9
14.7
26.3
47.5
14.4
24.7
10.5
21.2
11.5
9.6
8.6
17.5
7.3
10.0
20.6
22.4
10.5
42.7
42.6
49.1
40.8
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Environmental scientists and geoscientists...............................................................................
Physical scientists, all other…………………………………………………………………………..
Economists……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Market and survey researchers.................................................................................................
Psychologists.............................................................................................................................
Sociologists………………………………………………………………………………………………
Urban and regional planners………………………………………………………………………..
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers…………………………………………………
Agricultural and food science technicians…………………………………………………………..
Biological technicians……………………………………………………………………………………
Chemical technicians.................................................................................................................
Geological and petroleum technicians………………………………………………………………
Nuclear technicians……………………………………………………………………………………
Other life, physical, and social science technicians…………………………………………………
Community and social services occupations.................................................................................
Counselors.................................................................................................................................
Social workers............................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists...........................................................
Clergy.........................................................................................................................................
Directors, religious activities and education...............................................................................
Religious workers, all other……………………………………………………………………………
Legal occupations.........................................................................................................................
Lawyers......................................................................................................................................
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers........................................................................
Paralegals and legal assistants.................................................................................................
Miscellaneous legal support workers.........................................................................................
Education, training, and library occupations..................................................................................
Postsecondary teachers............................................................................................................
Preschool and kindergarten teachers........................................................................................
Elementary and middle school teachers....................................................................................
Secondary school teachers........................................................................................................
Special education teachers........................................................................................................
Other teachers and instructors...................................................................................................
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians………………………………………………………
Librarians...................................................................................................................................
Library technicians.....................................................................................................................
Teacher assistants.....................................................................................................................
Other education, training, and library workers...........................................................................
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations........................................................
Artists and related workers........................................................................................................
Designers...................................................................................................................................
Actors……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Producers and directors.............................................................................................................
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers......................................................................
Dancers and choreographers……………………………………………………………………….
Musicians, singers, and related workers....................................................................................
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other……………………………..
Announcers................................................................................................................................
News analysts, reporters and correspondents...........................................................................
Public relations specialists.........................................................................................................
Editors........................................................................................................................................
See note at end of table.
30
98
119
23
159
185
7
30
36
23
23
62
15
2
151
2,265
686
673
317
422
57
110
1,668
1,001
68
347
253
8,485
1,261
667
2,943
1,158
363
732
42
215
52
974
78
2,789
227
852
28
149
253
25
170
42
51
84
132
163
Percent
women
29.9
33.5
56.8
64.4
32.4
39.3
60.7
65.9
82.0
63.2
15.1
69.7
61.2
51.5
32.6
43.3
88.4
77.5
73.3
46.2
97.3
80.9
56.9
81.5
63.8
83.2
62.3
91.5
69.7
47.1
52.9
54.7
30.5
36.3
31.5
24.4
42.1
63.3
49.5
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Technical writers........................................................................................................................
Writers and authors....................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous media and communication workers....................................................................
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators..........................................
Photographers...........................................................................................................................
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors………………………………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations........................................................................
Chiropractors.............................................................................................................................
Dentists......................................................................................................................................
Dietitians and nutritionists..........................................................................................................
Optometrists……………………………………………………………………………………………
Pharmacists...............................................................................................................................
Physicians and surgeons...........................................................................................................
Physician assistants...................................................................................................................
Podiatrists…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Registered nurses......................................................................................................................
Audiologists………………………………………………………………………………………………
Occupational therapists.............................................................................................................
Physical therapists.....................................................................................................................
Radiation therapists……………………………………………………………………………………
Recreational therapists…………………………………………………………………………………
Respiratory therapists................................................................................................................
Speech-language pathologists...................................................................................................
Therapists, all other……………………………………………………………………………………
Veterinarians..............................................................................................................................
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other………………………………………………
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians......................................................................
Dental hygienists........................................................................................................................
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians......................................................................
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics......................................................................
Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians...............................................
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses....................................................................
Medical records and health information technicians..................................................................
Opticians, dispensing.................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians………………………………………………
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations…………………………………………
Service occupations.............................................................................................................................
Healthcare support occupations.......................................................................................................
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides.............................................................................
Occupational therapist assistants and aides……………………………………………………….
Physical therapist assistants and aides.....................................................................................
Massage therapists....................................................................................................................
Dental assistants........................................................................................................................
Medical assistants and other healthcare support occupations……………………………………
Protective service occupations.........................................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers……………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives..........................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers....................................
Supervisors, protective service workers, all other………………………………………………….
Fire fighters................................................................................................................................
See note at end of table.
31
Percent
women
51
179
73
89
173
47
7,248
62
184
100
34
247
888
87
10
2,629
15
79
212
13
22
97
122
123
56
21
332
156
287
162
462
533
83
54
124
53
47.8
59.5
68.0
11.6
47.5
73.6
16.8
28.2
87.6
53.3
30.0
70.1
91.7
85.6
68.2
66.9
98.0
76.5
48.4
75.9
99.2
69.2
26.5
78.0
93.2
93.0
63.0
72.1
39.4
24,137
3,138
1,879
9
61
134
275
781
3,071
47
116
56
97
288
57.2
89.2
88.3
67.4
89.1
96.3
90.6
22.5
14.5
9.2
25.8
5.3
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Fire inspectors……………………………………………………………………………………………
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers.....................................................................................
Detectives and criminal investigators.........................................................................................
Fish and game wardens………………………………………………………………………………
Parking enforcement workers…………………………………………………………………………
Police and sheriff's patrol officers..............................................................................................
Transit and railroad police…………………………………………………………………………….
Animal control workers…………………………………………………………………………………
Private detectives and investigators..........................................................................................
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers......................................................................
Crossing guards…………………………………………………………………………………………
Lifeguards and other protective service workers……………………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations..........................................................................
Chefs and head cooks...............................................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers................................
Cooks.........................................................................................................................................
Food preparation workers..........................................................................................................
Bartenders.................................................................................................................................
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food.......................................
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop.............................................
Waiters and waitresses..............................................................................................................
Food servers, nonrestaurant......................................................................................................
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers....................................................
Dishwashers..............................................................................................................................
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop.......................................................
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other……………………………………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations.........................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers…………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers...
Janitors and building cleaners...................................................................................................
Maids and housekeeping cleaners............................................................................................
Pest control workers..................................................................................................................
Grounds maintenance workers..................................................................................................
Personal care and service occupations............................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers..................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers....................................................
Animal trainers………………………………………………………………………………………….
Nonfarm animal caretakers........................................................................................................
Gaming services workers...........................................................................................................
Motion picture projectionists……………………………………………………………………………
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers...............................................................................
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers……………………………………
Funeral service workers……………………………………………………………………………….
Barbers......................................................................................................................................
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists...........................................................................
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers............................................................................
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges...............................................................................
Tour and travel guides………………………………………………………………………………..
Transportation attendants..........................................................................................................
Child care workers.....................................................................................................................
Personal and home care aides..................................................................................................
See note at end of table.
32
16
444
135
8
11
669
5
10
86
891
48
144
7,699
345
610
1,939
681
375
302
323
1,978
182
392
281
284
7
5,469
319
234
2,080
1,427
77
1,332
4,760
139
157
31
140
111
6
51
160
12
102
778
223
60
47
148
1,341
766
Percent
women
29.5
23.2
13.7
31.1
23.2
57.2
56.4
20.6
57.3
40.1
61.2
54.0
70.1
64.5
74.0
73.4
48.9
24.8
85.8
40.0
34.1
5.9
34.2
89.2
4.0
5.9
79.3
43.2
71.3
78.0
50.3
37.1
45.2
26.1
92.9
84.9
16.7
75.9
94.6
88.2
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Percent
women
Recreation and fitness workers..................................................................................................
Residential advisors...................................................................................................................
Personal care and service workers, all other…………………………………………………………
331
64
90
61.7
67.4
51.4
Sales and office occupations...............................................................................................................
Sales and related occupations.........................................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers.............................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers......................................................
Cashiers.....................................................................................................................................
Counter and rental clerks...........................................................................................................
Parts salespersons....................................................................................................................
Retail salespersons....................................................................................................................
Advertising sales agents............................................................................................................
Insurance sales agents..............................................................................................................
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents...................................................
Travel agents.............................................................................................................................
Sales representatives, services, all other..................................................................................
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing................................................................
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters........................................................................
Real estate brokers and sales agents........................................................................................
Sales engineers…………………………………………………………………………………………
Telemarketers............................................................................................................................
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers.............................
Sales and related workers, all other…………………………………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations.................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers..........................
Switchboard operators, including answering service………………………………………………
Telephone operators…………………………………………………………………………………..
Communications equipment operators, all other……………………………………………………
Bill and account collectors.........................................................................................................
Billing and posting clerks and machine operators......................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks...........................................................................
Gaming cage workers…………………………………………………………………………………
Payroll and timekeeping clerks..................................................................................................
Procurement clerks…………………………………………………………………………………….
Tellers........................................................................................................................................
Brokerage clerks…………………………………………………………………………………………
Correspondence clerks……………………………………………………………………………….
Court, municipal, and license clerks..........................................................................................
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks………………………………………………………………
Customer service representatives.............................................................................................
Eligibility interviewers, government programs............................................................................
File clerks...................................................................................................................................
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks...........................................................................................
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan......................................................................................
Library assistants, clerical..........................................................................................................
Loan interviewers and clerks.....................................................................................................
New accounts clerks……………………………………………………………………………………
Order clerks...............................................................................................................................
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping……………………………………
Receptionists and information clerks.........................................................................................
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks.................................................
36,212
16,698
3,445
1,333
3,022
158
132
3,492
219
538
398
111
590
1,442
75
1,050
40
160
265
227
19,513
1,629
50
40
8
216
442
1,490
13
181
28
472
6
7
99
48
1,917
68
403
118
141
113
155
17
102
49
1,441
144
63.4
49.6
42.6
28.2
75.6
53.4
17.4
51.5
57.5
45.4
31.2
75.3
36.2
27.1
83.4
55.4
60.2
66.7
60.9
75.2
73.4
89.4
63.2
89.5
90.3
89.1
87.5
80.7
68.5
79.6
82.0
68.1
81.5
84.2
80.4
70.1
93.0
59.1
See note at end of table.
33
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Percent
women
Information and record clerks, all other………………………………………………………………
Cargo and freight agents………………………………………………………………………………
Couriers and messengers..........................................................................................................
Dispatchers................................................................................................................................
Meter readers, utilities…………………………………………………………………………………
Postal service clerks..................................................................................................................
Postal service mail carriers........................................................................................................
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators............................
Production, planning, and expediting clerks..............................................................................
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks........................................................................................
Stock clerks and order fillers......................................................................................................
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping................................................
Secretaries and administrative assistants..................................................................................
Computer operators...................................................................................................................
Data entry keyers.......................................................................................................................
Word processors and typists......................................................................................................
Desktop publishers………………………………………………………………………………………
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks..........................................................................
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service.................................................
Office clerks, general.................................................................................................................
Office machine operators, except computer..............................................................................
Proofreaders and copy markers………………………………………………………………………
Statistical assistants……………………………………………………………………………………
Office and administrative support workers, all other…………………………………………………
101
21
254
286
42
172
364
84
258
539
1,512
68
3,401
160
449
214
4
283
123
1,097
48
13
21
603
88.9
15.1
55.1
53.0
36.9
43.3
54.3
33.4
35.5
48.7
96.7
51.1
78.6
89.6
87.0
48.6
85.3
75.9
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations.........................................................
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.......................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers………………………
Agricultural inspectors…………………………………………………………………………………
Animal breeders…………………………………………………………………………………………
Graders and sorters, agricultural products.................................................................................
Miscellaneous agricultural workers……………………………………………………………………
Fishers and related fishing workers……………………………………………………………………
Hunters and trappers……………………………………………………………………………………
Forest and conservation workers………………………………………………………………………
Logging workers.........................................................................................................................
Construction and extraction occupations..........................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers........................
Boilermakers……………………………………………………………………………………………
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons.........................................................................
Carpenters.................................................................................................................................
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers.............................................................................
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers.......................................................
Construction laborers.................................................................................................................
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators………………………………………………
Pile-driver operators……………………………………………………………………………………
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators............................................
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers....................................................................
Electricians.................................................................................................................................
Glaziers......................................................................................................................................
Insulation workers......................................................................................................................
Painters, construction and maintenance....................................................................................
15,740
960
42
14
8
81
683
34
1
9
88
9,535
918
24
233
1,824
258
112
1,771
28
5
411
232
912
52
52
714
4.2
20.9
64.1
19.3
1.5
2.7
3.2
1.2
1.9
2.1
2.2
2.7
2.7
3.6
1.7
1.3
1.9
6.9
See note at end of table.
34
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Paperhangers……………………………………………………………………………………………
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters....................................................................
Plasterers and stucco masons...................................................................................................
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers………………………………………………………………….
Roofers......................................................................................................................................
Sheet metal workers..................................................................................................................
Structural iron and steel workers...............................................................................................
Helpers, construction trades......................................................................................................
Construction and building inspectors.........................................................................................
Elevator installers and repairers………………………………………………………………………
Fence erectors……………………………………………………………………………………………
Hazardous materials removal workers………………………………………………………………
Highway maintenance workers..................................................................................................
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators……………………………………………
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners………………………………………………………
Miscellaneous construction and related workers……………………………………………………
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining………………………………
Earth drillers, except oil and gas………………………………………………………………………
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters……………………………………
Mining machine operators………………………………………………………………………………
Roof bolters, mining……………………………………………………………………………………
Roustabouts, oil and gas………………………………………………………………………………
Helpers--extraction workers……………………………………………………………………………
Other extraction workers………………………………………………………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations...........................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers...................................
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers........................................................
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers...........................................
Avionics technicians……………………………………………………………………………………
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers……………………………………………………
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment……………………
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility……………………………………………
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles……………………………………
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers...........................................
Security and fire alarm systems installers..................................................................................
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians...............................................................................
Automotive body and related repairers......................................................................................
Automotive glass installers and repairers……………………………………………………………
Automotive service technicians and mechanics........................................................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics................................
Small engine mechanics............................................................................................................
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers……………
Control and valve installers and repairers……………………………………………………………
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers........................................
Home appliance repairers..........................................................................................................
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics.........................................................................
Maintenance and repair workers, general..................................................................................
Maintenance workers, machinery..............................................................................................
Millwrights..................................................................................................................................
Electrical power-line installers and repairers.............................................................................
See note at end of table.
35
6
697
82
12
269
143
88
117
107
31
35
17
109
12
5
48
43
40
4
58
4
5
5
50
5,245
330
318
203
14
27
5
14
28
62
64
126
155
16
879
365
226
68
88
20
403
51
426
488
55
75
103
Percent
women
1.5
.6
.9
3.7
.4
4.2
10.0
.5
1.0
4.0
3.9
5.4
10.6
14.8
.3
.4
2.1
1.6
.7
1.1
1.3
2.5
2.2
.9
4.4
3.2
3.1
.7
.9
1.4
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Percent
women
Telecommunications line installers and repairers......................................................................
Precision instrument and equipment repairers..........................................................................
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers.............................................
Commercial divers………………………………………………………………………………………
Locksmiths and safe repairers…………………………………………………………………………
Manufactured building and mobile home installers…………………………………………………
Riggers……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Signal and track switch repairers………………………………………………………………………
Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers……………………………………………
Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers…………………………………………………
227
58
61
7
24
18
8
10
22
198
7.5
12.6
17.6
8.5
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations.............................................................
Production occupations....................................................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers......................................
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers……………………………………
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers........................................................
Engine and other machine assemblers………………………………………………………………
Structural metal fabricators and fitters…………………………………………………………………
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators……………………………………………………………
Bakers........................................................................................................................................
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers................................................
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders………………
Food batchmakers.....................................................................................................................
Food cooking machine operators and tenders………………………………………………………
Computer control programmers and operators..........................................................................
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic……………
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………………………………
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………………………………
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic........
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic……………
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal
and plastic................................................................................................................................
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic……………
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………………
Machinists..................................................................................................................................
Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders………………………………………………………
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic………………………………………………
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic....................
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………………………
Tool and die makers..................................................................................................................
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers...................................................................................
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………………………
Lay-out workers, metal and plastic……………………………………………………………………
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………………
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners…………………………………………………………………
Metalworkers and plastic workers, all other…………………………………………………………
Bookbinders and bindery workers……………………………………………………………………
Job printers………………………………………………………………………………………………
Prepress technicians and workers.............................................................................................
Printing machine operators........................................................................................................
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers.............................................................................................
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials.......................................................................
18,171
9,395
941
10
205
14
33
1,071
192
281
16
92
7
55
18
9
12
118
2
23.0
30.1
19.4
57.9
38.3
54.1
26.8
58.0
8.7
21.6
-
55
15
4
422
24
15
75
5
80
577
13
8
18
7
435
47
42
52
222
229
59
13.2
5.2
18.1
2.0
5.6
28.9
46.8
17.2
56.4
72.2
See note at end of table.
36
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Sewing machine operators........................................................................................................
Shoe and leather workers and repairers………………………………………………………………
Shoe machine operators and tenders……………………………………………………………….
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers.............................................................................................
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders……………………………………
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders……………………………………………
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders……………………………
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders……………
Fabric and apparel patternmakers……………………………………………………………………
Upholsterers...............................................................................................................................
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other…………………………………………………
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters.......................................................................................
Furniture finishers………………………………………………………………………………………
Model makers and patternmakers, wood……………………………………………………………
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood............................................................
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing…………………………
Woodworkers, all other…………………………………………………………………………………
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers………………………………………………
Stationary engineers and boiler operators.................................................................................
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators..................................................
Miscellaneous plant and system operators…………………………………………………………
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders……………………………………
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers.....................................................
Cutting workers..........................................................................................................................
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders………
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders………………………………………
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers.................................................................
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers……………………………………………………
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians............................................................
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders...............................................................
Painting workers........................................................................................................................
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators..........................................
Semiconductor processors……………………………………………………………………………
Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders……………………………………………
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders………………………
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders……………………………………………
Etchers and engravers…………………………………………………………………………………
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic…………………………………………
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders………………………………………………
Tire builders………………………………………………………………………………………………
Helpers--production workers……………………………………………………………………………
Production workers, all other…………………………………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations.............................................................................
Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers.........................................................
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers..............................................................................................
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists……………………………………………
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians……………………
Bus drivers.................................................................................................................................
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers.......................................................................................
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs........................................................................................................
Motor vehicle operators, all other………………………………………………………………………
See note at end of table.
37
265
12
9
90
5
6
13
25
5
53
16
91
20
1
52
30
35
48
95
72
44
47
118
94
32
14
737
47
107
279
193
64
3
16
12
5
8
39
49
15
44
1,006
8,776
225
123
33
17
578
3,460
333
74
Percent
women
81.6
75.3
14.9
6.5
9.1
1.3
6.2
12.5
24.4
39.5
44.0
57.1
11.0
56.4
30.5
15.4
20.3
4.2
51.6
5.3
15.4
10.4
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Locomotive engineers and operators.........................................................................................
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators…………………………………………………………
Railroad conductors and yardmasters.......................................................................................
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers……………………………………………
Sailors and marine oilers………………………………………………………………………………
Ship and boat captains and operators…………………………………………………………………
Ship engineers……………………………………………………………………………………………
Bridge and lock tenders…………………………………………………………………………………
Parking lot attendants................................................................................................................
Service station attendants..........................................................................................................
Transportation inspectors………………………………………………………………………………
Other transportation workers……………………………………………………………………………
Conveyor operators and tenders...............................................................................................
Crane and tower operators........................................................................................................
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators.................................................................
Hoist and winch operators………………………………………………………………………………
Industrial truck and tractor operators.........................................................................................
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment..........................................................................................
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand............................................................
Machine feeders and offbearers………………………………………………………………………
Packers and packagers, hand...................................................................................................
Pumping station operators……………………………………………………………………………
Refuse and recyclable material collectors.................................................................................
Shuttle car operators……………………………………………………………………………………
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders………………………………………………………………………
Material moving workers, all other……………………………………………………………………
NOTE: Dash indicates data not shown for occupations where employment base is less than 50,000.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
38
52
6
53
18
15
41
2
3
90
90
43
19
6
61
61
9
571
326
1,877
29
406
23
79
4
7
39
Percent
women
5.5
5.9
15.4
7.0
.6
2.2
5.9
13.0
18.6
64.4
6.4
-
Table 12. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages
(Percent distribution)
Occupation
White
Total, 16 years and over (thousands)……………..………………
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
54,503
8,551
3,162
8,072
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations .....................
39.5
31.2
46.8
23.1
Percent……………………………………………………..…………
Management, business, and financial operations occupations ...
13.9
11.0
15.7
8.6
Professional and related occupations .........................................
25.6
20.3
31.1
14.5
Service occupations .......................................................................
19.3
26.8
18.9
30.7
Sales and office occupations ..........................................................
34.4
32.7
26.0
33.1
Sales and related occupations ....................................................
12.3
11.7
11.4
12.4
Office and administrative support occupations ...........................
22.1
21.0
14.7
20.7
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ....
1.0
.8
.9
1.8
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................
.3
.2
.3
1.0
Construction and extraction occupations ....................................
.4
.3
.1
.6
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ......................
.3
.3
.5
.2
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ........
5.7
8.5
7.4
11.3
Production occupations ...............................................................
3.9
5.4
6.3
8.0
Transportation and material moving occupations .......................
1.9
3.1
1.0
3.3
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
39
Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2006-07 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Industry and sex
2006
2007
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Total, 16 years and over…………….………………………
144,427
100.0
146,047
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ..................................
Mining ........................................................................................
Construction ...............................................................................
Manufacturing ............................................................................
Durable goods .........................................................................
Nondurable goods ...................................................................
Wholesale and retail trade .........................................................
Wholesale trade .......................................................................
Retail trade ..............................................................................
Transportation and utilities .........................................................
Transportation and warehousing .............................................
Utilities .....................................................................................
Information .................................................................................
Financial activities ......................................................................
Finance and insurance ............................................................
Real estate and rental and leasing ..........................................
Professional and business services ...........................................
Professional and technical services .........................................
Management, administrative, and waste services....................
Education and health services ...................................................
Educational services ................................................................
Health care and social assistance ...........................................
Hospitals ................................................................................
Health services, except hospitals ..........................................
Social assistance ...................................................................
Leisure and hospitality ...............................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation .........................................
Accommodation and food services ..........................................
Other services ............................................................................
Other services, except private households ..............................
Private households ..................................................................
Public administration ..................................................................
2,206
687
11,749
16,377
10,499
5,877
21,328
4,561
16,767
7,455
6,269
1,186
3,573
10,490
7,254
3,237
14,868
8,776
6,092
29,938
12,522
17,416
5,712
8,639
3,065
12,145
2,671
9,474
7,088
6,285
803
6,524
1.5
.5
8.1
11.3
7.3
4.1
14.8
3.2
11.6
5.2
4.3
.8
2.5
7.3
5.0
2.2
10.3
6.1
4.2
20.7
8.7
12.1
4.0
6.0
2.1
8.4
1.8
6.6
4.9
4.4
.6
4.5
2,095
736
11,856
16,302
10,363
5,938
20,937
4,367
16,570
7,650
6,457
1,193
3,566
10,488
7,306
3,182
15,621
9,208
6,412
30,662
12,828
17,834
5,955
8,733
3,147
12,415
2,833
9,582
6,972
6,159
813
6,746
1.4
.5
8.1
11.2
7.1
4.1
14.3
3.0
11.3
5.2
4.4
.8
2.4
7.2
5.0
2.2
10.7
6.3
4.4
21.0
8.8
12.2
4.1
6.0
2.2
8.5
1.9
6.6
4.8
4.2
.6
4.6
Total, both sexes
40
Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2006-07 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Industry and sex
2006
2007
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Total, 16 years and over…………….………………………
66,925
100.0
67,792
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ..................................
Mining ........................................................................................
Construction ...............................................................................
Manufacturing ............................................................................
Durable goods .........................................................................
Nondurable goods ...................................................................
Wholesale and retail trade .........................................................
Wholesale trade .......................................................................
Retail trade ..............................................................................
Transportation and utilities .........................................................
Transportation and warehousing .............................................
Utilities .....................................................................................
Information .................................................................................
Financial activities ......................................................................
Finance and insurance ............................................................
Real estate and rental and leasing ..........................................
Professional and business services ...........................................
Professional and technical services .........................................
Management, administrative, and waste services....................
Education and health services ...................................................
Educational services ................................................................
Health care and social assistance ...........................................
Hospitals ................................................................................
Health services, except hospitals ..........................................
Social assistance ...................................................................
Leisure and hospitality ...............................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation .........................................
Accommodation and food services ..........................................
Other services ............................................................................
Other services, except private households ..............................
Private households ..................................................................
Public administration ..................................................................
543
89
1,131
4,834
2,710
2,123
9,526
1,323
8,203
1,807
1,547
259
1,588
5,817
4,219
1,598
6,322
3,897
2,425
22,414
8,630
13,784
4,376
6,790
2,619
6,230
1,208
5,023
3,663
2,921
742
2,961
.8
.1
1.7
7.2
4.0
3.2
14.2
2.0
12.3
2.7
2.3
.4
2.4
8.7
6.3
2.4
9.4
5.8
3.6
33.5
12.9
20.6
6.5
10.1
3.9
9.3
1.8
7.5
5.5
4.4
1.1
4.4
490
101
1,119
4,885
2,696
2,189
9,414
1,276
8,138
1,878
1,621
257
1,501
5,807
4,276
1,531
6,659
4,040
2,619
22,906
8,866
14,040
4,491
6,880
2,669
6,377
1,320
5,057
3,628
2,892
737
3,026
.7
.1
1.7
7.2
4.0
3.2
13.9
1.9
12.0
2.8
2.4
.4
2.2
8.6
6.3
2.3
9.8
6.0
3.9
33.8
13.1
20.7
6.6
10.1
3.9
9.4
1.9
7.5
5.4
4.3
1.1
4.5
Women
41
Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2006-07 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Industry and sex
2006
2007
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Total, 16 years and over…………….………………………
77,502
100.0
78,254
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ..................................
Mining ........................................................................................
Construction ...............................................................................
Manufacturing ............................................................................
Durable goods .........................................................................
Nondurable goods ...................................................................
Wholesale and retail trade .........................................................
Wholesale trade .......................................................................
Retail trade ..............................................................................
Transportation and utilities .........................................................
Transportation and warehousing .............................................
Utilities .....................................................................................
Information .................................................................................
Financial activities ......................................................................
Finance and insurance ............................................................
Real estate and rental and leasing ..........................................
Professional and business services ...........................................
Professional and technical services .........................................
Management, administrative, and waste services....................
Education and health services ...................................................
Educational services ................................................................
Health care and social assistance ...........................................
Hospitals ................................................................................
Health services, except hospitals ..........................................
Social assistance ...................................................................
Leisure and hospitality ...............................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation .........................................
Accommodation and food services ..........................................
Other services ............................................................................
Other services, except private households ..............................
Private households ..................................................................
Public administration ..................................................................
1,663
598
10,618
11,543
7,789
3,754
11,802
3,238
8,564
5,648
4,722
926
1,985
4,673
3,035
1,638
8,546
4,878
3,668
7,524
3,892
3,632
1,337
1,850
446
5,914
1,463
4,452
3,425
3,364
60
3,563
2.1
.8
13.7
14.9
10.1
4.8
15.2
4.2
11.1
7.3
6.1
1.2
2.6
6.0
3.9
2.1
11.0
6.3
4.7
9.7
5.0
4.7
1.7
2.4
.6
7.6
1.9
5.7
4.4
4.3
.1
4.6
1,604
635
10,738
11,416
7,667
3,749
11,523
3,091
8,433
5,772
4,836
936
2,065
4,681
3,030
1,651
8,962
5,168
3,794
7,756
3,962
3,794
1,464
1,852
478
6,038
1,514
4,525
3,343
3,267
76
3,720
2.0
.8
13.7
14.6
9.8
4.8
14.7
3.9
10.8
7.4
6.2
1.2
2.6
6.0
3.9
2.1
11.5
6.6
4.8
9.9
5.1
4.8
1.9
2.4
.6
7.7
1.9
5.8
4.3
4.2
.1
4.8
Men
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
42
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2007 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Total, 16 years and over……………………...……………………………………………
146,047
46.4
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting......................................................................
Crop production......................................................................................................
Animal production...................................................................................................
Forestry, except logging..........................................................................................
Logging...................................................................................................................
Fishing, hunting, and trapping.................................................................................
Support activities for agriculture and forestry..........................................................
2,095
896
854
55
101
47
141
23.4
22.0
25.4
24.3
3.7
36.5
Mining............................................................................................................................
Oil and gas extraction.............................................................................................
Coal mining.............................................................................................................
Metal ore mining.....................................................................................................
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying..............................................................
Not specified type of mining....................................................................................
Support activities for mining....................................................................................
736
96
95
36
107
9
393
13.8
16.8
5.2
14.1
15.0
Construction...................................................................................................................
11,856
9.4
Manufacturing................................................................................................................
Durable goods............................................................................................................
Nonmetallic mineral products..................................................................................
Pottery, ceramics, and related product manufacturing........................................
Structural clay product manufacturing.................................................................
Glass and glass products....................................................................................
Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum products...................................................
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing.................................
Primary metals and fabricated metal products........................................................
Iron and steel mills and steel products................................................................
Aluminum production and processing.................................................................
Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing........................
Foundries.............................................................................................................
Metal forgings and stampings..............................................................................
Cutlery and hand tools.........................................................................................
Structural metals and tanks and shipping containers..........................................
Machine shops; turned products; screws, nuts, and bolts...................................
Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities.........................................
Ordnance.............................................................................................................
Miscellaneous fabricated metal product manufacturing......................................
Not specified metal industries..............................................................................
Machinery manufacturing........................................................................................
Agricultural implements.......................................................................................
Construction, mining, and oil field machinery......................................................
Commercial and service industry machinery.......................................................
Metalworking machinery......................................................................................
Engines, turbines, and power transmission equipment.......................................
Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c..........................................................................
Not specified machinery manufacturing..............................................................
Computers and electronic products........................................................................
Computer and peripheral equipment...................................................................
Communications, audio, and video equipment....................................................
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments.....................
Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c....................................
16,302
10,363
544
28
39
141
233
102
1,899
273
89
65
99
89
54
393
342
108
36
330
21
1,309
94
145
105
158
71
724
11
1,487
334
166
232
755
30.0
26.0
19.1
26.8
11.7
19.8
18.6
13.2
15.7
23.8
17.2
18.1
31.4
16.9
14.2
19.0
26.2
21.1
20.9
15.1
28.9
17.3
22.3
22.1
33.7
28.9
36.4
32.5
35.5
See note at end of table.
43
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Electrical equipment and appliances......................................................................
Household appliances.........................................................................................
Electrical lighting, equipment, and supplies manufacturing, n.e.c.......................
Transportation equipment.......................................................................................
Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment......................................................
Aircraft and parts.................................................................................................
Aerospace products and parts.............................................................................
Railroad rolling stock manufacturing...................................................................
Ship and boat building.........................................................................................
Other transportation equipment manufacturing...................................................
Wood products........................................................................................................
Sawmills and wood preservation.........................................................................
Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products..............................................
Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes................................................
Miscellaneous wood products.............................................................................
Furniture and related products manufacturing.....................................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing.................................................................................
Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing.................................................
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods manufacturing........................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c....................................................................
Not specified manufacturing industries................................................................
484
84
400
2,215
1,282
375
318
30
171
38
511
136
59
61
255
641
1,273
506
118
455
194
32.1
36.0
31.3
24.1
26.3
23.2
21.9
16.4
18.7
12.6
22.5
14.4
22.1
24.8
40.7
43.4
40.1
40.0
36.0
Nondurable goods......................................................................................................
Food manufacturing................................................................................................
Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling................................................................
Sugar and confectionery products.......................................................................
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty foods............................................
Dairy products.....................................................................................................
Animal slaughtering and processing....................................................................
Retail bakeries.....................................................................................................
Bakeries, except retail.........................................................................................
Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c....................................................
Not specified food industries...............................................................................
Beverages and tobacco products...........................................................................
Beverages manufacturing....................................................................................
Tobacco manufacturing.......................................................................................
Textiles, apparel, and leather..................................................................................
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills................................................................................
Fabric mills, except knitting.................................................................................
Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills.......................................................
Carpet and rug mills............................................................................................
Textile product mills, except carpets and rugs....................................................
Knitting mills........................................................................................................
Cut and sew apparel............................................................................................
Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing.......................................
Footwear manufacturing......................................................................................
Leather tanning and products, except footwear manufacturing...........................
Paper and printing...................................................................................................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.......................................................................
Paperboard containers and boxes.......................................................................
Miscellaneous paper and pulp products..............................................................
Printing and related support activities..................................................................
Petroleum and coal products..................................................................................
Petroleum refining...............................................................................................
5,938
1,600
141
80
166
161
477
137
219
194
25
243
208
35
805
18
131
28
63
109
34
339
14
37
33
1,156
185
150
85
736
181
159
36.9
39.6
23.7
53.2
44.3
30.7
38.5
58.7
38.3
40.5
25.1
22.5
57.7
44.4
40.4
56.4
68.7
29.6
22.6
25.0
25.8
32.8
21.0
20.8
See note at end of table.
44
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products.......................................................
Chemicals...............................................................................................................
Resins, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments..............................................
Agricultural chemical manufacturing....................................................................
Pharmaceuticals and medicines..........................................................................
Paints, coatings, and adhesives..........................................................................
Soaps, cleaning compounds, and cosmetics......................................................
Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals..............................................................
Plastics and rubber products..................................................................................
Plastics product manufacturing...........................................................................
Tire manufacturing...............................................................................................
Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing........................................................
22
1,229
101
35
468
80
161
383
725
564
84
77
34.7
30.6
43.3
21.3
50.2
22.6
30.6
31.8
17.3
36.1
Wholesale and retail trade.............................................................................................
Wholesale trade.........................................................................................................
Motor vehicles, parts and supplies..........................................................................
Furniture and home furnishings..............................................................................
Lumber and other construction materials................................................................
Professional and commercial equipment and supplies...........................................
Metals and minerals, except petroleum..................................................................
Electrical goods.......................................................................................................
Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies....................................
Machinery, equipment, and supplies......................................................................
Recyclable materials...............................................................................................
Miscellaneous durable goods.................................................................................
Paper and paper products......................................................................................
Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products................................................
Apparel, fabrics, and notions..................................................................................
Groceries and related products...............................................................................
Farm product raw materials....................................................................................
Petroleum and petroleum products.........................................................................
Alcoholic beverages................................................................................................
Farm supplies.........................................................................................................
Miscellaneous nondurable goods...........................................................................
Wholesale electronic markets, agents and brokers................................................
Not specified wholesale trade.................................................................................
20,937
4,367
255
92
230
417
81
259
186
486
119
124
82
289
132
833
60
115
173
51
115
106
61
45.0
29.2
21.1
42.0
22.7
32.6
26.5
27.2
25.2
24.8
14.1
37.6
37.7
42.5
53.2
26.0
15.3
26.5
19.8
30.7
39.6
37.7
28.6
Retail trade.................................................................................................................
Automobile dealers.................................................................................................
Other motor vehicle dealers....................................................................................
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores..................................................................
Furniture and home furnishings stores...................................................................
Household appliance stores....................................................................................
Radio, TV, and computer stores.............................................................................
Building material and supplies dealers...................................................................
Hardware stores......................................................................................................
Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores..................................................
Grocery stores........................................................................................................
Specialty food stores...............................................................................................
Beer, wine, and liquor stores..................................................................................
Pharmacies and drug stores...................................................................................
Health and personal care, except drug, stores.......................................................
Gasoline stations....................................................................................................
Clothing and accessories, except shoe, stores.......................................................
16,570
1,371
174
462
660
91
594
1,063
186
275
2,622
192
155
859
332
508
1,010
49.1
20.0
23.1
16.5
43.2
27.5
32.1
28.2
36.8
34.2
51.3
49.0
38.7
63.0
66.9
51.5
73.9
See note at end of table.
45
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Shoe stores.............................................................................................................
Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores...........................................................
Sporting goods, camera, and hobby and toy stores...............................................
Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores.........................................................
Music stores............................................................................................................
Book stores and news dealers................................................................................
Department stores and discount stores..................................................................
Miscellaneous general merchandise stores............................................................
Retail florists...........................................................................................................
Office supplies and stationery stores......................................................................
Used merchandise stores.......................................................................................
Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops............................................................................
Miscellaneous retail stores......................................................................................
Electronic shopping.................................................................................................
Electronic auctions..................................................................................................
Mail order houses...................................................................................................
Vending machine operators....................................................................................
Fuel dealers............................................................................................................
Other direct selling establishments.........................................................................
Not specified retail trade.........................................................................................
142
210
433
85
85
199
2,283
484
153
153
216
216
397
78
27
127
78
112
274
266
59.0
64.4
43.7
70.7
35.3
59.0
62.5
58.1
69.9
45.2
64.0
77.6
52.8
45.7
60.8
26.7
30.1
69.5
48.7
Transportation and utilities.............................................................................................
Transportation and warehousing................................................................................
Air transportation.....................................................................................................
Rail transportation...................................................................................................
Water transportation...............................................................................................
Truck transportation................................................................................................
Bus service and urban transit.................................................................................
Taxi and limousine service......................................................................................
Pipeline transportation............................................................................................
Scenic and sightseeing transportation....................................................................
Services incidental to transportation.......................................................................
Postal Service.........................................................................................................
Couriers and messengers.......................................................................................
Warehousing and storage.......................................................................................
7,650
6,457
534
286
69
2,040
544
237
42
20
696
839
724
425
24.6
25.1
41.0
10.1
29.9
13.7
38.9
13.8
27.1
40.7
21.8
30.3
Utilities........................................................................................................................
Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution.......................................
Natural gas distribution...........................................................................................
Electric and gas, and other combinations...............................................................
Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems...........................................
Sewage treatment facilities.....................................................................................
Not specified utilities...............................................................................................
1,193
637
125
60
241
104
26
21.6
22.7
18.4
30.7
20.3
11.7
-
Information.....................................................................................................................
Newspaper publishers............................................................................................
Publishing, except newspapers and software.........................................................
Software publishing…………..................................................................................
Motion pictures and video industries.......................................................................
Sound recording industries.....................................................................................
Radio and television broadcasting and cable.........................................................
Internet publishing and broadcasting......................................................................
Wired telecommunications carriers.........................................................................
Other telecommunications services........................................................................
3,566
419
314
139
359
40
609
26
923
293
42.1
46.0
54.5
28.5
35.8
36.8
37.0
39.0
See note at end of table.
46
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Internet service providers........................................................................................
Data processing, hosting, and related services......................................................
Libraries and archives.............................................................................................
Other information services......................................................................................
76
110
224
34
26.8
43.9
83.5
-
Financial activities..........................................................................................................
Finance and insurance...............................................................................................
Banking and related activities.................................................................................
Savings institutions, including credit unions............................................................
Non-depository credit and related activities............................................................
Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments.................
Insurance carriers and related activities.................................................................
10,488
7,306
2,044
317
1,120
1,256
2,569
55.4
58.5
66.4
73.6
52.9
38.7
62.6
Real estate and rental and leasing.............................................................................
Real estate..............................................................................................................
Rental and leasing services....................................................................................
Automotive equipment rental and leasing...........................................................
Videotape and disk rental....................................................................................
Other consumer goods rental..............................................................................
Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing...............
3,182
2,684
498
176
95
97
130
48.1
50.9
33.2
30.1
56.0
29.9
23.3
Professional and business services..............................................................................
Professional and technical services...........................................................................
Legal services.........................................................................................................
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services............................
Architectural, engineering, and related services.....................................................
Specialized design services....................................................................................
Computer systems design and related services.....................................................
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services.....................................
Scientific research and development services........................................................
Advertising and related services.............................................................................
Veterinary services.................................................................................................
Other professional, scientific, and technical services.............................................
15,621
9,208
1,642
998
1,658
403
1,809
1,027
533
496
260
384
42.6
43.9
58.5
61.1
25.7
54.5
25.9
41.7
43.6
53.7
81.5
56.5
Management, administrative, and waste services......................................................
Management of companies and enterprises...........................................................
Employment services..............................................................................................
Business support services......................................................................................
Travel arrangement and reservation services.........................................................
Investigation and security services.........................................................................
Services to buildings and dwellings........................................................................
Landscaping services.............................................................................................
Other administrative and other support services....................................................
Waste management and remediation services.......................................................
6,412
159
1,081
791
294
775
1,325
1,282
280
424
40.8
51.9
58.8
63.7
66.9
26.0
51.2
8.2
51.5
16.3
Education and health services.......................................................................................
Educational services..................................................................................................
Elementary and secondary schools........................................................................
Colleges and universities, including junior colleges................................................
Business, technical, and trade schools and training...............................................
Other schools, instruction, and educational services..............................................
30,662
12,828
8,721
3,344
126
637
74.7
69.1
75.3
53.7
54.9
67.7
Health care and social assistance..............................................................................
Hospitals.................................................................................................................
17,834
5,955
78.7
75.4
See note at end of table.
47
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Health services, except hospitals............................................................................
Offices of physicians............................................................................................
Offices of dentists................................................................................................
Offices of chiropractors........................................................................................
Offices of optometrists.........................................................................................
Offices of other health practitioners.....................................................................
Outpatient care centers.......................................................................................
Home health care services..................................................................................
Other health care services...................................................................................
Nursing care facilities..........................................................................................
Residential care facilities, without nursing...........................................................
Social assistance....................................................................................................
Individual and family services..............................................................................
Community food and housing, and emergency services.....................................
Vocational rehabilitation services........................................................................
Child day care services.......................................................................................
8,733
1,720
843
144
114
299
881
959
1,334
1,689
749
3,147
1,282
123
181
1,560
78.8
75.8
80.9
62.4
76.9
76.2
75.5
90.0
70.1
87.1
74.0
84.8
77.2
68.9
63.0
94.9
Leisure and hospitality...................................................................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation............................................................................
Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries.......
Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions..............................
Bowling centers.......................................................................................................
Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries.........................................
12,415
2,833
773
399
47
1,614
51.4
46.6
42.5
45.4
49.0
Accommodation and food services............................................................................
Accommodation......................................................................................................
Traveler accommodation.....................................................................................
Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses.......
Food services and drinking places..........................................................................
Restaurants and other food services...................................................................
Drinking places, alcoholic beverages..................................................................
9,582
1,463
1,374
89
8,119
7,857
261
52.8
55.9
56.7
43.9
52.2
52.2
52.1
Other services................................................................................................................
Other services, except private households................................................................
Repair and maintenance.........................................................................................
Automotive repair and maintenance....................................................................
Car washes..........................................................................................................
Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance..............................
Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance..
Personal and household goods repair and maintenance....................................
Footwear and leather goods repair......................................................................
Personal and laundry services................................................................................
Barber shops.......................................................................................................
Beauty salons......................................................................................................
Nail salons and other personal care services......................................................
Drycleaning and laundry services........................................................................
Funeral homes, cemeteries, and crematories.....................................................
Other personal services.......................................................................................
Membership associations and organizations..........................................................
Religious organizations.......................................................................................
Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services......
Labor unions........................................................................................................
Business, professional, political, and similar organizations.................................
Private households.....................................................................................................
6,972
6,159
2,105
1,261
154
174
323
188
5
2,218
103
942
358
369
117
330
1,836
1,066
519
63
188
813
52.0
47.0
12.9
10.3
17.6
16.7
7.9
31.0
72.6
26.7
91.4
80.6
57.5
32.1
55.7
55.0
48.6
67.5
42.1
61.4
90.7
See note at end of table.
48
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Public administration......................................................................................................
Executive offices and legislative bodies..................................................................
Public finance activities...........................................................................................
Other general government and support..................................................................
Justice, public order, and safety activities...............................................................
Administration of human resource programs..........................................................
Administration of environmental quality and housing programs.............................
Administration of economic programs and space research....................................
National security and international affairs...............................................................
6,746
883
358
130
2,864
907
323
581
699
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.
NOTE: Dash indicates data not shown for industries where employment base is less than 50,000.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
49
44.9
54.0
62.7
32.6
35.3
71.1
37.7
45.8
34.0
Table 15. Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 annual averages
(Percent distribution)
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Total, 16 years and over (thousands)……………..……
54,503
8,551
3,162
8,072
Percent……………………………………………………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.8
0.1
0.4
0.9
Industry
Agriculture and related industries .......................................
Mining .................................................................................
.2
-
-
.1
Construction .......................................................................
1.8
.7
.9
1.5
Manufacturing .....................................................................
7.1
6.7
10.4
9.7
Durable goods ..................................................................
4.0
3.2
6.2
4.4
Nondurable goods ............................................................
3.1
3.5
4.2
5.3
Wholesale and retail trade .................................................
14.2
11.7
12.9
14.9
Wholesale trade ...............................................................
2.0
1.1
2.4
2.2
Retail trade .......................................................................
12.3
10.6
10.5
12.7
Transportation and utilities .................................................
2.5
4.4
2.8
2.8
Transportation and warehousing ......................................
2.1
4.0
2.3
2.5
Utilities ..............................................................................
.4
.4
.5
.3
Information .........................................................................
2.2
2.5
1.9
1.6
Financial activities ..............................................................
8.7
7.8
8.7
7.5
Finance and insurance .....................................................
6.3
6.2
6.7
5.3
Real estate and rental and leasing ...................................
2.4
1.6
1.9
2.3
Professional and business services ...................................
10.0
8.4
10.9
9.8
Professional and technical services .................................
6.3
3.2
8.4
3.7
Management, administrative, and waste services............
3.7
5.2
2.5
6.1
Education and health services ...........................................
33.5
37.9
29.9
27.6
Educational services ........................................................
13.7
11.0
8.6
9.5
Health care and social assistance ....................................
19.7
26.9
21.3
18.1
Hospitals .........................................................................
6.3
8.0
9.3
4.0
Health services, except hospitals ...................................
9.7
13.2
9.3
9.3
Social assistance ............................................................
3.7
5.7
2.7
4.9
Leisure and hospitality .......................................................
9.4
8.5
10.5
13.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation ..................................
2.0
1.3
1.9
1.5
Accommodation and food services ..................................
7.4
7.1
8.6
11.4
Other services ....................................................................
5.4
4.2
7.1
7.0
Other services, except private households ......................
4.3
3.1
6.3
3.8
Private households ...........................................................
1.1
1.0
.8
3.2
Public administration ..........................................................
4.1
7.0
3.7
3.5
NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
50
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race,
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2007 annual averages
Total, both sexes
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Total
White
Black or
African
American
$241
$248
$199
-
$194
$182
$184
$169
-
$157
1980…….
1981…….
1982…….
1983…….
1984…….
1985………
1986 1……
1987…….
1988………
1989…….
262
284
302
313
326
344
359
374
385
399
269
291
310
320
336
356
371
384
395
409
212
235
245
261
269
277
291
301
314
319
-
209
223
240
250
259
270
277
285
290
298
201
219
239
252
265
277
291
303
315
328
203
221
242
254
268
281
294
307
318
334
185
206
217
232
241
252
264
276
288
301
-
172
190
203
215
223
230
241
251
260
269
1990 1……
1991…….
1992…….
1993…….
1994 1……
1995…….
1996…….
1997 1……
1998 1……
1999 1……
412
426
440
459
467
479
490
503
523
549
424
442
458
475
484
494
506
519
545
573
329
348
357
369
371
383
387
400
426
445
-
304
312
321
331
324
329
339
351
370
385
346
366
380
393
399
406
418
431
456
473
353
373
387
401
408
415
428
444
468
483
308
323
335
348
346
355
362
375
400
409
-
278
292
302
313
305
305
316
318
337
348
2000 1……
2001…….
2002…….
2003 1……
2004…….
2005……
2006…….
2007…….
576
596
608
620
638
651
671
695
590
610
623
636
657
672
690
716
474
491
498
514
525
520
554
569
399
417
424
440
456
471
486
503
493
512
529
552
573
585
600
614
502
522
547
567
584
596
609
626
429
454
473
491
505
499
519
533
Year
1979…….
Women
Asian
$615
639
658
693
708
753
784
830
See footnote at end of table.
51
Asian
$547
563
566
598
613
665
699
731
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
366
388
397
410
419
429
440
473
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race,
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2007 annual averages—Continued
Men
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Total
White
Black or
African
American
$292
$298
$227
-
$219
62.3
61.7
74.4
-
71.7
1980…….
1981…….
1982…….
1983…….
1984…….
1985………
1986 1……
1987…….
1988………
1989…….
313
340
364
379
392
407
419
434
449
468
320
350
375
387
401
418
433
450
465
482
244
268
278
294
303
305
319
327
348
348
-
234
251
269
274
287
296
299
306
308
315
64.2
64.4
65.7
66.5
67.6
68.1
69.5
69.8
70.2
70.1
63.4
63.1
64.5
65.6
66.8
67.2
67.9
68.2
68.4
69.3
75.8
76.9
78.1
78.9
79.5
82.6
82.8
84.4
82.8
86.5
-
73.5
75.7
75.5
78.5
77.7
77.7
80.6
82.0
84.4
85.4
1990 1……
1991…….
1992…….
1993…….
1994 1……
1995…….
1996…….
1997 1……
1998 1……
1999 1……
481
493
501
510
522
538
557
579
598
618
494
506
514
524
547
566
580
595
615
638
361
375
380
392
400
411
412
432
468
488
-
318
323
339
346
343
350
356
371
390
406
71.9
74.2
75.8
77.1
76.4
75.5
75.0
74.4
76.3
76.5
71.5
73.7
75.3
76.5
74.6
73.3
73.8
74.6
76.1
75.7
85.3
86.1
88.2
88.8
86.5
86.4
87.9
86.8
85.5
83.8
-
87.4
90.4
89.1
90.5
88.9
87.1
88.8
85.7
86.4
85.7
2000 1……
2001…….
2002…….
2003 1……
2004…….
2005……
2006…….
2007…….
641
670
679
695
713
722
743
766
662
689
702
715
732
743
761
788
510
529
524
555
569
559
591
600
417
440
451
464
480
489
505
520
76.9
76.4
77.9
79.4
80.4
81.0
80.8
80.2
75.8
75.8
77.9
79.3
79.8
80.2
80.0
79.4
84.1
85.8
90.3
88.5
88.8
89.3
87.8
88.8
Year
1979…….
Women's earnings as a percent of men's
Asian
$685
732
756
772
802
825
882
936
1
The comparability of historical labor force data has been
affected at various times by methodological and conceptual
changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an
explanation, see the Historical Comparability documentation
provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for the above race
groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) include
persons who selected this race group only; persons who
selected more than one race group are not included. Prior
Asian
79.9
76.9
74.9
77.5
76.4
80.6
79.3
78.1
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
87.8
88.2
88.0
88.4
87.3
87.7
87.1
91.0
to 2003, persons who reported more than one race were
included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for
2000-02 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders.
Starting in 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. For
more
information,
see
the
Historical
Comparability
documentation. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to
2000.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of
Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
52
Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time
wage and salary workers 25 years and over by educational
attainment and sex, 2007 annual averages
Total employed
(in thousands)
Educational attainment and sex
Median weekly
earnings
Total, both sexes
Total……………….…………………………
Less than a high school diploma …………
High school graduate or more 1………….
High school graduates, no college 1……
Some college or associate degree………
Some college, no degree…………….…
Associate degree………………….……
Occupational program…………...……
Academic program…………….………
College graduates, total…………………
Bachelor's degree……………….………
Master's degree…………………...……
Professional degree…..……………..…
Doctoral degree…………...……………
96,089
8,746
87,344
27,997
26,190
16,486
9,704
4,812
4,891
33,157
21,673
8,367
1,646
1,471
$738
428
773
604
704
683
740
732
749
1,072
987
1,165
1,427
1,497
42,249
2,756
39,493
11,744
12,475
7,625
4,850
2,296
2,554
15,274
9,974
4,193
621
487
646
369
673
512
609
592
640
620
661
932
860
1,034
1,177
1,279
Women
Total……………………………..……………
Less than a high school diploma…………
High school graduate or more 1………….
High school graduates, no college 1……
Some college or associate degree………
Some college, no degree…………….…
Associate degree………………….……
Occupational program…………...……
Academic program…………….………
College graduates, total…………………
Bachelor's degree……………...………
Master's degree………………...………
Professional degree……………….……
Doctoral degree……………………..……
53
Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time
wage and salary workers 25 years and over by educational
attainment and sex, 2007 annual averages—Continued
Total employed
(in thousands)
Educational attainment and sex
Median weekly
earnings
Men
Total……………………….…………………
Less than a high school diploma…………
High school graduate or more 1………….
High school graduates, no college 1……
Some college or associate degree………
Some college, no degree…………….…
Associate degree………………….……
Occupational program…………...……
Academic program…………….………
College graduates, total…………………
Bachelor's degree………………….……
Master's degree……………...…………
Professional degree…………...…………
Doctoral degree………………….………
1
53,840
5,990
47,851
16,253
13,715
8,861
4,854
2,516
2,338
17,883
11,699
4,174
1,025
984
$823
481
883
689
810
784
857
852
862
1,243
1,147
1,375
1,612
1,606
Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
54
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2007 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Women
Median
weekly
earnings
Total, 16 years and older…………………………………… 107,339
Management, professional, and related occupations…… 39,147
Management, business, and financial
operations occupations…………………………………… 15,977
Management occupations……………………………… 11,009
Chief executives………………………………………
1,043
General and operations managers…………………
893
Legislators………………………………………………
10
Advertising and promotions managers………………
69
Marketing and sales managers………………………
784
Public relations managers……………………………
60
Administrative services managers……………………
97
Computer and information systems managers……
444
Financial managers…………………………………… 1,070
Human resources managers…………………………
238
Industrial production managers………………………
253
Purchasing managers…………………………………
154
Transportation, storage, and
distribution managers………………………………
252
Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers………
86
Construction managers………………………………
546
Education administrators…………………………….
713
Engineering managers…………………………………
116
Food service managers………………………………
646
Funeral directors……….………………………………
31
Gaming managers……………..………………………
6
Lodging managers……………………………………
104
Medical and health services managers………………
448
Natural sciences managers…………………………
10
Postmasters and mail superintendents………………
35
Property, real estate, and
community association managers……….. ………
338
Social and community service managers……………
269
Managers, all other…………………………………… 2,296
Business and financial operations occupations……… 4,968
Agents and business managers of
artists, performers, and athletes……………………
23
Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products……
7
Wholesale and retail buyers,
except farm products…………………………………
157
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and
farm products…………………………………………
260
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners,
and investigators……………………………………
270
Compliance officers, except agriculture,
construction, health and safety, and
transportation…………………………………………
125
Cost estimators…………………………………………
104
Human resources, training, and labor relations
specialists……………………………………………
731
Logisticians……………………………………………
53
Management analysts…………………………………
352
Meeting and convention planners……………………
31
See footnotes at end of table.
55
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
$695
996
47,041
19,924
$614
858
60,298
19,222
$766
1,187
80.2
72.3
1,080
1,161
1,882
1,221
(1)
965
1,319
1,145
1,057
1,553
1,078
1,208
1,216
1,240
7,293
4,438
267
249
5
41
296
30
28
123
575
166
41
64
908
963
1,536
987
(1)
(1)
1,028
(1)
(1)
1,363
909
1,073
(1)
1,054
8,684
6,570
776
644
5
29
488
29
69
321
495
72
211
90
1,261
1,337
1,918
1,332
(1)
(1)
1,511
(1)
1,068
1,596
1,452
1,581
1,244
1,374
72.0
72.0
80.1
74.1
(²)
(²)
68.0
(²)
(²)
85.4
62.6
67.9
(²)
76.7
845
713
1,143
1,131
1,713
645
(1)
(1)
696
1,136
(1)
(1)
43
19
48
454
9
308
9
1
56
326
5
16
(1)
(1)
(1)
960
(1)
584
(1)
(1)
618
1,063
(1)
(1)
208
67
497
259
107
338
22
5
48
122
6
19
836
693
1,155
1,371
1,748
731
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,414
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
70.0
(²)
79.9
(²)
(²)
(²)
75.2
(²)
(²)
787
962
1,180
941
197
164
897
2,854
732
913
1,006
832
140
105
1,399
2,114
970
1,063
1,307
1,131
75.5
85.9
77.0
73.6
(1)
(1)
8
1
(1)
(1)
14
6
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
750
81
737
77
794
92.8
854
148
753
112
992
75.9
809
164
743
106
898
82.7
936
1,034
63
16
747
(1)
62
89
1,124
1,063
66.5
(²)
875
990
1,200
(1)
517
22
166
26
811
(1)
1,083
(1)
215
30
186
5
1,037
(1)
1,388
(1)
78.2
(²)
78.0
(²)
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Other business operations specialists………………
Accountants and auditors……………………………
Appraisers and assessors of real estate……………
Budget analysts………………………………………
Credit analysts…………………………………………
Financial analysts………………………………………
Personal financial advisors……………………………
Insurance underwriters………………………………
Financial examiners……………………………………
Loan counselors and officers…………………………
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents……
Tax preparers…………………………………………
Financial specialists, all other…………………………
Professional and related occupations……………………
Computer and mathematical occupations……………
Computer scientists and systems analysts…………
Computer programmers………………………………
Computer software engineers………………………
Computer support specialists…………………………
Database administrators………………………………
Network and computer systems administrators……
Network systems and data communications
analysts………………………………………………
Actuaries………………………………………………
Mathematicians…………………………………………
Operations research analysts…………………………
Statisticians……………………………………………
Miscellaneous mathematical
science occupations…………………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations……………
Architects, except naval………………………………
Surveyors, cartographers, and
photogrammetrists……………………………………
Aerospace engineers…………………………………
Agricultural engineers…………………………………
Biomedical engineers…………………………………
Chemical engineers……………………………………
Civil engineers…………………………………………
Computer hardware engineers………………………
Electrical and electronics engineers…………………
Environmental engineers………………………………
Industrial engineers, including health and safety…
Marine engineers and naval architects………………
Materials engineers……………………………………
Mechanical engineers…………………………………
Mining and geological engineers, including
mining safety engineers……………………………
Nuclear engineers……………………………………
Petroleum engineers…………………………………
Engineers, all other……………………………………
Drafters…………………………………………………
Engineering technicians, except drafters……………
Surveying and mapping technicians…………………
Median
weekly
earnings
Women
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
195
1,519
67
53
30
76
260
91
3
408
59
52
43
23,170
3,117
712
485
872
273
101
205
$834
968
960
1,124
(1)
1,232
1,204
979
(1)
938
837
761
(1)
951
1,229
1,173
1,232
1,455
877
1,345
1,180
136
942
22
33
14
25
89
65
2
219
33
32
30
12,632
790
201
124
178
73
37
27
$772
858
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,047
865
(1)
844
(1)
(1)
(1)
835
1,047
1,041
1,074
1,318
764
(1)
(1)
59
577
45
20
15
51
171
26
2
189
26
21
13
10,538
2,326
511
361
694
200
64
178
$1,026
1,186
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,238
1,377
(1)
(1)
1,129
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,148
1,294
1,243
1,268
1,509
905
1,400
1,204
75.2
72.3
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
76.0
(²)
(²)
74.8
(²)
(²)
(²)
72.7
80.9
83.7
84.7
87.3
84.4
(²)
(²)
328
18
3
85
31
1,039
(1)
(1)
1,182
(1)
91
6
38
15
853
(1)
(1)
(1)
237
13
3
47
16
1,181
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
72.2
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
3
2,633
160
(1)
1,213
1,151
1
384
40
(1)
981
(1)
3
2,249
120
(1)
1,258
1,296
(²)
78.0
(²)
36
127
2
12
72
330
66
325
29
163
11
36
281
(1)
1,557
(1)
(1)
1,410
1,337
1,325
1,454
(1)
1,223
(1)
(1)
1354
5
13
2
18
35
3
32
11
28
2
22
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
31
114
2
10
54
295
63
292
18
135
11
34
259
(1)
1,637
(1)
(1)
1,495
1,358
1,352
1,483
(1)
1,250
(1)
(1)
1349
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
3
9
19
310
161
405
75
(1)
(1)
(1)
1350
823
902
748
1
2
35
35
90
7
( )
(1)
(1)
(1)
781
(1)
3
8
18
275
126
315
68
(1)
(1)
(1)
1373
885
958
750
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
81.5
(²)
See footnotes at end of table.
56
1
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Life, physical, and social science occupations………
Agricultural and food scientists………………………
Biological scientists……………………………………
Conservation scientists and foresters………………
Medical scientists………………………………………
Astronomers and physicists…………………………
Atmospheric and space scientists……………………
Chemists and materials scientists……………………
Environmental scientists and geoscientists…………
Physical scientists, all other…………………………
Economists……………………………………………
Market and survey researchers………………………
Psychologists…………………………………………
Sociologists……………………………………………
Urban and regional planners…………………………
Miscellaneous social scientists and related
workers…………………………………………………
Agricultural and food science technicians…………
Biological technicians…………………………………
Chemical technicians…………………………………
Geological and petroleum technicians………………
Nuclear technicians……………………………………
Other life, physical, and social science
technicians……………………………………………
Community and social services occupations…………
Counselors………………………………………………
Social workers…………………………………………
Miscellaneous community and social service
specialists……………………………………………
Clergy……………………………………………………
Directors, religious activities and education…………
Religious workers, all other……………………………
Legal occupations………………………………………
Lawyers…………………………………………………
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers……
Paralegals and legal assistants………………………
Miscellaneous legal support workers………………
Education, training, and library occupations…………
Postsecondary teachers………………………………
Preschool and kindergarten teachers………………
Elementary and middle school teachers……………
Secondary school teachers……………………………
Special education teachers……………………………
Other teachers and instructors………………………
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians………
Librarians………………………………………………
Library technicians……………………………………
Teacher assistants……………………………………
Other education, training, and library workers………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations……………………………………………
Artists and related workers……………………………
Designers………………………………………………
Women
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
1,152
17
81
29
145
16
7
120
78
120
20
122
100
8
29
$1,053
(1)
1,004
(1)
1,098
(1)
(1)
1,149
1,080
1,371
(1)
1,062
1,170
(1)
(1)
469
4
34
4
66
4
53
20
41
4
68
63
7
5
$939
(1)
(1)
(1)
856
(1)
980
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,035
1,152
(1)
(1)
683
13
46
25
78
12
7
67
58
78
15
54
38
1
24
$1,151
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,374
(1)
(1)
1,354
1,159
1,531
(1)
1,160
(1)
(1)
(1)
81.6
(²)
(²)
(²)
62.3
(²)
(²)
72.4
(²)
(²)
(²)
89.2
(²)
(²)
(²)
30
19
19
57
16
2
(1)
(1)
(1)
785
(1)
(1)
15
7
5
21
4
-
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
-
14
12
13
37
12
2
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
117
1,893
577
587
749
755
760
757
41
1,117
375
475
(1)
720
724
754
76
776
202
112
833
807
833
764
(²)
89.2
86.9
98.7
272
359
35
62
1,167
624
67
285
192
6,500
860
488
2,595
1,028
323
335
31
169
22
600
49
680
797
(1)
668
1,148
1,591
1,728
797
722
841
1,131
567
863
944
881
766
(1)
861
(1)
410
(1)
169
46
20
32
663
231
26
251
155
4,690
370
473
2,081
558
265
188
23
134
12
553
34
636
(1)
(1)
(1)
930
1,381
(1)
789
662
784
962
561
847
900
886
685
(1)
846
(1)
406
(1)
103
313
16
30
505
393
41
34
37
1,810
491
15
514
471
58
147
8
35
11
47
14
788
832
(1)
(1)
1,579
1,783
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,007
1,239
(1)
938
1,001
860
987
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
80.7
(²)
(²)
(²)
58.9
77.5
(²)
(²)
(²)
77.9
77.6
(²)
90.3
89.9
103.0
69.4
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
1,568
78
553
829
953
776
689
31
275
732
(1)
697
879
47
278
920
(1)
894
79.6
(²)
78.0
See footnotes at end of table.
57
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Actors……………………………………………………
10
Producers and directors………………………………
93
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers…
119
Dancers and choreographers…………………………
12
Musicians, singers, and related workers……………
32
Entertainers and performers, sports and related
workers, all other……………………………………
14
Announcers……………………………………………
31
News analysts, reporters and correspondents……
63
Public relations specialists……………………………
110
Editors…………………………………………………
134
Technical writers………………………………………
47
Writers and authors……………………………………
80
Miscellaneous media and communication workers…
37
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians
and radio operators……………………... …………
70
Photographers…………………………………………
61
Television, video, and motion picture camera
operators and editors…………………………………
25
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations…… 5,140
Chiropractors……………………………………………
6
Dentists…………………………………………………
36
Dietitians and nutritionists……………………………
76
Optometrists……………………………………………
11
Pharmacists……………………………………………
172
Physicians and surgeons……………………………
611
Physician assistants……………………………………
71
Podiatrists………………………………………………
4
Registered nurses……………………………………
1,965
Audiologists……………………………………………
10
Occupational therapists………………………………
51
Physical therapists……………………………………
139
9
Radiation therapists……………………………………
Recreational therapists………………………………
17
Respiratory therapists…………………………………
77
Speech-language pathologists………………………
84
Therapists, all other……………………………………
73
Veterinarians……………………………………………
27
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners,
all other………………………………………………
5
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians…
270
Dental hygienists………………………………………
61
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians…
226
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics…
129
Health diagnosing and treating practitioner
support technicians………………….. ………………
341
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses…
422
Medical records and health information
technicians……………………………………………
72
Opticians, dispensing…………………………………
36
Miscellaneous health technologists and
technicians……………………………………………
99
Women
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
(1)
$1,008
773
(1)
(1)
6
29
25
8
10
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
3
64
94
5
22
(1)
$988
798
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
(1)
943
851
931
(1)
999
(1)
7
10
27
70
59
25
46
25
(1)
(1)
(1)
$804
804
(1)
(1)
(1)
7
21
36
39
75
22
34
12
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
979
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
82.1
(²)
(²)
(²)
864
660
10
26
(1)
(1)
60
35
893
(1)
(²)
(²)
(1)
920
(1)
(1)
734
(1)
1,838
1,475
1,211
(1)
984
(1)
1,099
1,143
(1)
(1)
896
1,037
730
(1)
1
3,830
2
17
70
4
87
197
48
1
1,773
9
40
79
9
14
50
82
53
13
(1)
875
(1)
(1)
720
(1)
1,603
1,062
(1)
(1)
976
(1)
(1)
1,096
(1)
(1)
881
1,039
729
(1)
24
1,310
4
19
6
7
84
413
22
3
192
1
11
60
2
27
2
21
14
(1)
1,156
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,887
1,796
(1)
(1)
1,098
(1)
(1)
1,247
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
75.7
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
84.9
59.1
(²)
(²)
88.9
(²)
(²)
87.9
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
844
946
916
704
4
201
60
144
34
(1)
803
949
845
(1)
1
68
1
83
95
(1)
1,049
(1)
1,050
751
(²)
76.5
(²)
80.5
(²)
579
668
273
392
538
664
68
30
687
(1)
78.3
(²)
507
(1)
68
21
509
(1)
4
15
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
688
66
681
33
(1)
(²)
See footnotes at end of table.
58
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Other healthcare practitioners and technical
occupations……………………………………………
Service occupations………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations………………………
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides………
Occupational therapist assistants and aides………
Physical therapist assistants and aides……………
Massage therapists……………………………………
Dental assistants………………………………………
Medical assistants and other healthcare support
occupations……………………………………………
Protective service occupations…………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of correctional
officers…………………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of police and
detectives………………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and
prevention workers……………………………………
Supervisors, protective service workers, all other…
Fire fighters……………………………………………
Fire inspectors…………………………………………
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers……………
Detectives and criminal investigators………………
Fish and game wardens………………………………
Parking enforcement workers…………………………
Police and sheriff's patrol officers……………………
Transit and railroad police……………………………
Animal control workers………………………………
Private detectives and investigators…………………
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers…
Crossing guards………………………………………
Lifeguards and other protective service workers……
Food preparation and serving related occupations…
Chefs and head cooks…………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of food
preparation and serving workers……………………
Cooks……………………………………………………
Food preparation workers……………………………
Bartenders………………………………………………
Combined food preparation and serving workers,
including fast food…………………………………
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession,
and coffee shop………………………………………
Waiters and waitresses………………………………
Food servers, nonrestaurant…………………………
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and
bartender helpers…………………... ………………
Dishwashers……………………………………………
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and
coffee shop……………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related workers,
all other………………………………………………
Women
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
42
14,716
2,187
1,344
7
42
36
169
(1)
$454
454
423
(1)
(1)
(1)
508
20
7,345
1,926
1,174
6
26
33
155
(1)
$406
447
416
(1)
(1)
(1)
508
22
7,371
261
170
16
4
14
(1)
$515
522
500
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
78.8
85.6
83.2
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
589
2,736
490
719
531
560
487
588
58
2,175
575
754
84.7
78.0
41
(1)
10
(1)
31
(1)
(²)
124
1,067
20
(1)
105
1,084
(²)
59
91
266
14
437
134
6
10
655
6
8
64
750
13
58
4,107
290
1,197
758
901
(1)
648
1,066
(1)
(1)
891
(1)
(1)
696
510
(1)
410
385
518
6
23
14
1
132
30
1
7
86
2
3
17
172
7
29
2,037
53
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
578
(1)
(1)
(1)
791
(1)
(1)
(1)
465
(1)
(1)
363
482
53
68
252
14
304
104
4
4
568
4
5
46
579
6
29
2,070
236
1,119
876
919
(1)
686
1,121
(1)
(1)
907
(1)
(1)
(1)
524
(1)
(1)
403
535
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
84.3
(²)
(²)
(²)
87.2
(²)
(²)
(²)
88.7
(²)
(²)
90.1
90.1
449
1,263
322
212
491
365
349
479
258
448
198
104
423
341
335
404
191
815
124
108
586
377
367
551
72.2
90.5
91.3
73.3
145
340
99
358
46
(1)
(²)
91
865
95
305
380
415
55
592
67
299
360
401
36
274
29
(1)
415
(1)
(²)
86.7
(²)
156
150
356
316
67
38
345
(1)
89
111
370
314
93.2
(²)
63
366
56
363
7
(1)
(²)
6
(1)
2
(1)
4
(1)
(²)
See footnotes at end of table.
59
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations……………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of
housekeeping and janitorial workers………………
First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping,
lawn service, and groundskeeping workers………
Janitors and building cleaners………………………
Maids and housekeeping cleaners…………………
Pest control workers……………………………………
Grounds maintenance workers………………………
Personal care and service occupations………………
First-line supervisors/managers of gaming
workers…………………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of personal
service workers…………….. ………………………
Animal trainers…………………………………………
Nonfarm animal caretakers……………………………
Gaming services workers……………………………
Motion picture projectionists…………………………
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers…………
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and
related workers………………………………………
Funeral service workers………………………………
Barbers…………………………………………………
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists………
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers………
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges…………
Tour and travel guides…………………………………
Transportation attendants……………………………
Child care workers……………………………………
Personal and home care aides………………………
Recreation and fitness workers………………………
Residential advisors……………………………………
Personal care and service workers, all other………
Sales and office occupations………………………………
Sales and related occupations…………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of retail
sales workers…………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail
sales workers………………. ………………………
Cashiers…………………………………………………
Counter and rental clerks……………………………
Parts salespersons……………………………………
Retail salespersons……………………………………
Advertising sales agents………………………………
Insurance sales agents………………………………
Securities, commodities, and financial services
sales agents…………………………………………
Travel agents……………………………………………
Sales representatives, services, all other……………
Sales representatives, wholesale and
manufacturing…………………………………………
Women
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
3,520
$422
1,230
$376
2,290
$472
79.7
180
586
54
481
126
646
74.5
105
1,444
849
68
874
2,166
718
434
366
516
420
434
6
416
717
3
34
1,593
(1)
388
357
(1)
(1)
402
99
1,028
132
65
840
574
732
475
439
518
421
578
(²)
81.7
81.3
(²)
(²)
69.6
97
728
32
(1)
65
805
(²)
50
8
48
88
3
11
605
(1)
(1)
627
(1)
(1)
30
3
39
36
3
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
20
5
9
51
3
8
(1)
(1)
(1)
655
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
62
3
48
309
129
53
20
96
445
433
164
48
51
25,702
10,448
416
(1)
(1)
425
429
522
(1)
595
368
380
523
(1)
489
598
643
26
1
15
278
98
9
9
71
408
379
96
32
28
15,976
4,675
(1)
(1)
(1)
409
402
(1)
(1)
557
360
373
513
(1)
(1)
550
493
37
2
33
31
31
44
11
25
38
55
68
16
24
9,725
5,773
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
434
626
(1)
(1)
714
791
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
85.9
81.9
(²)
(²)
77.0
62.3
2,352
647
1,004
538
1,349
746
72.1
865
1,459
95
122
2,034
185
357
928
356
504
598
513
741
747
278
1,074
45
21
841
110
189
768
344
(1)
(1)
409
683
644
587
385
50
101
1,193
74
168
990
409
567
638
638
900
959
77.6
84.1
(²)
(²)
64.1
75.9
67.2
307
79
485
1,128
649
854
100
60
164
1,031
670
713
208
18
321
1,243
(1)
939
82.9
(²)
75.9
1,228
933
327
784
900
976
80.3
See footnotes at end of table.
60
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters……
Real estate brokers and sales agents………………
Sales engineers………………………………………
Telemarketers…………………………………………
Door-to-door salesworkers, news and street
vendors, and related workers………………………
Sales and related workers, all other…………………
Office and administrative support occupations………
First-line supervisors/managers of office and
administrative support workers……………………
Switchboard operators, including answering
service…………………………………………………
Telephone operators…………………………………
Communications equipment operators, all other……
Bill and account collectors……………………………
Billing and posting clerks and machine operators…
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks………
Gaming cage workers…………………………………
Payroll and timekeeping clerks………………………
Procurement clerks……………………………………
Tellers……………………………………………………
Brokerage clerks………………………………………
Correspondence clerks………………………………
Court, municipal, and license clerks…………………
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks……………
Customer service representatives……………………
Eligibility interviewers, government programs………
File clerks………………………………………………
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks…………………
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan………………
Library assistants, clerical……………………………
Loan interviewers and clerks…………………………
New accounts clerks…………………………………
Order clerks……………………………………………
Human resources assistants, except payroll and
timekeeping……………………………………………
Receptionists and information clerks…………………
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and
travel clerks…………... ………………………………
Information and record clerks, all other………………
Cargo and freight agents………………………………
Couriers and messengers……………………………
Dispatchers……………………………………………
Meter readers, utilities…………………………………
Postal service clerks…………………………………
Postal service mail carriers……………………………
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and
processing machine operators………………………
Production, planning, and expediting clerks…………
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks………………
Stock clerks and order fillers…………………………
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers,
recordkeeping…………………………………………
Secretaries and administrative assistants…………
Women
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
21
504
38
110
(1)
$851
(1)
407
14
263
4
60
(1)
$701
(1)
391
7
241
34
50
(1)
$1,027
(1)
422
(²)
68.3
(²)
92.7
55
152
15,253
464
736
581
29
91
11,301
(1)
682
570
26
62
3,952
(1)
851
619
(²)
80.1
92.1
1,396
711
990
675
406
803
84.1
32
35
4
190
365
964
11
156
23
342
6
7
92
44
1,570
68
279
97
107
44
122
15
95
(1)
(1)
(1)
537
560
606
(1)
652
(1)
455
(1)
(1)
623
(1)
541
661
525
406
560
(1)
639
(1)
542
28
23
1
118
327
859
9
142
14
304
3
6
74
39
1,085
54
222
64
90
38
103
13
68
(1)
(1)
(1)
521
560
601
(1)
636
(1)
457
(1)
(1)
626
(1)
521
619
519
396
550
(1)
633
(1)
529
3
12
4
72
39
105
2
14
9
37
2
1
17
5
485
14
57
33
17
6
19
2
27
(1)
(1)
(1)
586
(1)
666
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
608
(1)
574
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
88.9
(²)
90.2
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
85.7
(²)
90.4
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
43
1,019
(1)
482
35
940
(1)
480
8
79
(1)
503
(²)
95.4
130
87
18
191
265
36
151
315
564
597
(1)
707
602
(1)
831
896
71
80
5
24
143
4
76
105
565
586
(1)
(1)
551
(1)
850
799
59
7
13
167
122
32
75
209
562
(1)
(1)
720
649
(1)
812
929
100.5
(²)
(²)
(²)
84.9
(²)
104.7
86.0
81
240
468
1,067
832
746
508
445
36
128
150
383
(1)
658
500
441
45
112
318
684
(1)
885
514
448
(²)
74.4
97.3
98.4
53
2,668
513
599
30
2,578
(1)
597
24
90
(1)
694
(²)
86.0
See footnotes at end of table.
61
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Computer operators……………………………………
Data entry keyers………………………………………
Word processors and typists…………………………
Desktop publishers……………………………………
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks……
Mail clerks and mail machine operators,
except postal service…………………………………
Office clerks, general…………………………………
Office machine operators, except computer………
Proofreaders and copy markers………………………
Statistical assistants……………………………………
Office and administrative support workers, all
other……………………………………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations……………………………………………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations……………
First-line supervisors/managers of farming,
fishing, and forestry workers…………………………
Agricultural inspectors…………………………………
Animal breeders………………………………………
Graders and sorters, agricultural products…………
Miscellaneous agricultural workers…………………
Fishers and related fishing workers…………………
Hunters and trappers…………………………………
Forest and conservation workers……………………
Logging workers………………………………………
Construction and extraction occupations………………
First-line supervisors/managers of
construction trades and extraction workers ………
Boilermakers……………………………………………
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons……
Carpenters………………………………………………
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers………
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and
terrazzo workers………………………………………
Construction laborers…………………………………
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment
operators………………………………………………
Pile-driver operators……………………………………
Operating engineers and other construction
equipment operators…………………………………
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers…
Electricians……………………………………………
Glaziers…………………………………………………
Insulation workers………………………………………
Painters, construction and maintenance……………
Paperhangers…………………………………………
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters…
Plasterers and stucco masons………………………
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers…………………
Roofers…………………………………………………
Sheet metal workers…………………………………
Structural iron and steel workers……………………
Helpers, construction trades…………………………
Women
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
145
381
180
3
246
$595
519
585
(1)
571
71
302
164
1
214
$562
521
586
(1)
559
74
80
16
2
32
$628
511
(1)
(1)
(1)
89.5
102.0
(²)
(²)
(²)
101
748
31
10
20
516
556
(1)
(1)
(1)
51
625
19
9
16
523
550
(1)
(1)
(1)
50
123
12
1
4
509
584
(1)
(1)
(1)
102.8
94.2
(²)
(²)
(²)
490
650
366
634
125
719
88.2
12,486
739
670
372
457
138
539
348
12,028
601
674
382
80.0
91.1
39
10
1
70
546
7
1
6
59
7,227
(1)
(1)
(1)
398
352
(1)
(1)
(1)
471
646
4
3
45
86
1
156
(1)
(1)
(1)
332
(1)
573
35
7
1
25
461
7
6
58
7,071
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
357
(1)
(1)
469
648
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
93.0
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
88.4
678
20
170
1,182
153
901
(1)
609
615
511
15
4
20
5
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
663
20
165
1,162
148
906
(1)
608
615
515
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
86
1,374
527
514
3
24
(1)
(1)
83
1,351
530
514
(²)
(²)
27
5
(1)
(1)
2
-
(1)
-
26
5
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
376
189
777
44
49
435
2
584
63
7
190
123
71
91
765
511
805
(1)
(1)
515
(1)
721
513
(1)
550
790
870
434
12
10
14
1
15
1
5
1
6
2
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
364
179
764
44
48
420
2
579
63
7
188
118
70
89
772
509
804
(1)
(1)
515
(1)
720
513
(1)
553
786
867
432
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
See footnotes at end of table.
62
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Women
Median
weekly
earnings
Construction and building inspectors………………
92
Elevator installers and repairers………………………
31
Fence erectors…………………………………………
28
Hazardous materials removal workers………………
21
Highway maintenance workers………………………
102
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment
operators………………………………………………
11
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners……
4
Miscellaneous construction and related workers……
34
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators,
oil, gas, and mining…………………………………
42
Earth drillers, except oil and gas……………………
30
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts,
and blasters……………………………………………
4
Mining machine operators……………………………
59
Roof bolters, mining……………………………………
3
Roustabouts, oil and gas………………………………
5
Helpers--extraction workers…………………………
7
Other extraction workers………………………………
57
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations…… 4,520
First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics,
installers, and repairers………………………………
324
Computer, automated teller, and office machine
repairers………………………………………………
251
Radio and telecommunications equipment
installers and repairers………………………………
182
Avionics technicians……………………………………
13
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers……
24
Electrical and electronics installers and
repairers, transportation equipment………………
4
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial
and utility………………………………………………
14
Electronic equipment installers and repairers,
motor vehicles…………………………………………
26
Electronic home entertainment equipment
installers and repairers………………………………
48
Security and fire alarm systems installers…………
59
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians…………
128
Automotive body and related repairers………………
119
Automotive glass installers and repairers……………
11
Automotive service technicians and mechanics……
670
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists……………………………………………
332
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service
technicians and mechanics…………………………
226
Small engine mechanics………………………………
45
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment
mechanics, installers, and repairers………………
70
Control and valve installers and repairers…………
20
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics and installers……………………………
345
Home appliance repairers……………………………
34
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics……
393
Maintenance and repair workers, general…………
444
See footnotes at end of table.
63
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
$906
(1)
(1)
(1)
621
9
1
1
(1)
(1)
(1)
83
31
28
19
102
$906
(1)
(1)
(1)
623
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
(1)
(1)
1
(1)
11
4
33
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
(1)
1
( )
42
29
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(1)
954
(1)
(1)
(1)
777
749
1
1
163
( )
(1)
$726
3
57
3
5
7
56
4,357
(1)
961
(1)
(1)
(1)
769
750
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
96.8
960
18
(1)
306
961
(²)
751
34
(1)
217
777
(²)
927
(1)
(1)
25
3
-
(1)
(1)
-
157
10
24
923
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
-
-
4
(1)
(²)
(1)
-
-
14
(1)
(²)
(1)
1
(1)
25
(1)
(²)
(1)
739
889
620
(1)
655
2
2
3
(1)
(1)
(1)
48
59
126
117
11
667
(1)
739
895
623
(1)
656
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
698
4
(1)
328
697
(²)
803
(1)
2
1
(1)
(1)
224
44
802
(1)
(²)
(²)
508
(1)
1
(1)
70
19
506
(1)
(²)
(²)
728
(1)
798
694
3
1
12
12
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
342
33
381
432
729
(1)
798
694
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
1
1
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Women
Median
weekly
earnings
53
Maintenance workers, machinery……………………
Millwrights………………………………………………
74
Electrical power-line installers and repairers………
98
Telecommunications line installers and repairers…
212
Precision instrument and equipment repairers……
44
Coin, vending, and amusement machine
servicers and repairers………………………………
50
Commercial divers……………………………………
7
Locksmiths and safe repairers………………………
20
Manufactured building and mobile home installers…
9
Riggers…………………………………………………
6
Signal and track switch repairers……………………
10
Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair
workers…………………………………………………
21
Other installation, maintenance, and repair
workers…………………………………………………
134
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations…………………………………………… 15,289
Production occupations…………………………………
8,389
First-line supervisors/managers of production
and operating workers………………………………
876
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems
assemblers……………………………………………
8
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical
assemblers……………………………………………
200
Engine and other machine assemblers………………
15
Structural metal fabricators and fitters………………
31
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators…………
951
Bakers…………………………………………………
134
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish
processing workers…………………………………
240
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying
machine operators and tenders……………………
11
Food batchmakers……………………………………
74
Food cooking machine operators and tenders……
5
Computer control programmers and operators……
55
Extruding and drawing machine setters,
operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………
17
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic………………………………………
9
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic………………………………………
13
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters,
operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………
120
Drilling and boring machine tool setters,
operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………
2
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine
tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and
plastic…………………………………………………
49
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic………………………
13
Milling and planing machine setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic………………………
3
Machinists………………………………………………
406
See footnotes at end of table.
64
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
$700
897
1,008
843
(1)
1
1
11
6
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
52
73
98
201
38
$703
902
1,007
849
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
685
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
7
1
-
(1)
(1)
-
43
7
20
9
5
10
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
2
(1)
19
(1)
(²)
618
10
(1)
124
620
(²)
577
581
3,338
2,396
$437
443
11,951
5,992
616
641
70.9
69.1
824
150
615
726
864
71.2
(1)
1
(1)
7
(1)
(²)
488
(1)
(1)
524
433
114
3
2
362
69
447
(1)
(1)
460
404
86
12
29
588
65
543
(1)
(1)
587
498
82.3
(²)
(²)
78.4
81.1
495
57
406
183
558
72.8
(1)
493
(1)
780
2
41
2
5
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
9
33
3
51
(1)
(1)
(1)
798
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
1
(1)
16
(1)
(²)
(1)
2
(1)
7
(1)
(²)
(1)
4
(1)
8
(1)
(²)
563
19
(1)
101
577
(²)
(1)
-
-
2
(1)
(²)
(1)
7
(1)
42
(1)
(²)
(1)
1
(1)
12
(1)
(²)
(1)
700
1
22
(1)
(1)
2
384
(1)
706
(²)
(²)
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders………
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and
plastic…………………………………………………
Molders and molding machine setters,
operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and
tenders, metal and plastic……………………………
Tool and die makers……………………………………
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers……………
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and
tenders, metal and plastic……………………………
Lay-out workers, metal and plastic…………………
Plating and coating machine setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic………………………
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners…………………
Metalworkers and plastic workers, all other…………
Bookbinders and bindery workers……………………
Job printers……………………………………………
Prepress technicians and workers……………………
Printing machine operators……………………………
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers……………………
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials…
Sewing machine operators……………………………
Shoe and leather workers and repairers……………
Shoe machine operators and tenders………………
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers……………………
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators
and tenders…………………………………………
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and
tenders…………………………………………………
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters,
operators, and tenders………………………………
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out
machine setters, operators, and tenders…………
Fabric and apparel patternmakers……………………
Upholsterers……………………………………………
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other…
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters………………
Furniture finishers………………………………………
Model makers and patternmakers, wood……………
Sawing machine setters, operators, and
tenders, wood…………………………………………
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and
tenders, except sawing……………………………..
Woodworkers, all other………………………………
Power plant operators, distributors, and
dispatchers……………………………………………
Stationary engineers and boiler operators…………
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and
system operators……………………………………
Miscellaneous plant and system operators…………
Chemical processing machine setters,
operators, and tenders………………………………
Women
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
23
(1)
2
(1)
21
(1)
(²)
12
(1)
-
-
11
(1)
(²)
73
$580
12
(1)
61
$618
(²)
5
75
536
(1)
918
607
1
3
37
(1)
(1)
(1)
4
72
499
(1)
923
618
(²)
(²)
(²)
12
7
(1)
(1)
2
-
(1)
-
9
7
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
15
5
422
43
34
51
180
176
50
226
6
10
54
(1)
(1)
551
(1)
(1)
538
613
380
344
361
(1)
(1)
453
2
1
123
15
4
26
26
98
33
179
1
5
34
(1)
(1)
$482
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
340
(1)
359
(1)
(1)
(1)
14
4
299
28
30
25
153
78
17
47
5
5
20
(1)
(1)
588
(1)
(1)
(1)
657
496
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
82.0
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
68.5
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
4
(1)
1
(1)
4
(1)
(²)
6
(1)
1
(1)
5
(1)
(²)
11
(1)
9
(1)
2
(1)
(²)
23
6
34
11
67
11
1
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
598
(1)
(1)
14
6
2
2
6
3
-
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
-
8
32
9
61
7
1
(1)
(1)
(1)
607
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
54
483
5
(1)
49
(1)
(²)
25
19
(1)
(1)
6
2
(1)
(1)
19
18
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
47
88
(1)
752
4
1
(1)
(1)
43
86
(1)
757
(²)
(²)
74
40
722
(1)
5
5
(1)
(1)
69
35
731
(1)
(²)
(²)
44
(1)
7
(1)
37
(1)
(²)
See footnotes at end of table.
65
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Women
Median
weekly
earnings
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and
blending workers……………………………………
103
Cutting workers…………………………………………
84
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting
machine setters, operators, and tenders…………
31
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators
and tenders……………………………………………
12
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and
weighers………………………………………………
687
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers…
21
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory
technicians……………………………………………
77
Packaging and filling machine operators and
tenders…………………………………………………
264
Painting workers………………………………………
168
Photographic process workers and processing
machine operators……………………………………
50
Semiconductor processors……………………………
4
Cementing and gluing machine operators and
tenders…………………………………………………
17
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling
equipment operators and tenders…………………
12
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and
tenders…………………………………………………
5
Etchers and engravers…………………………………
3
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal
and plastic……………………………………………
27
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and
tenders…………………………………………………
48
Tire builders……………………………………………
16
Helpers--production workers…………………………
36
Production workers, all other…………………………
912
Transportation and material moving occupations……
6,900
Supervisors, transportation and material moving
workers…………………………………………………
203
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers……………………
95
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations
specialists……………………………………………
31
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except
emergency medical technicians……………………
14
Bus drivers………………………………………………
365
Driver/salesworkers and truck drivers………………
2,772
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs……………………………
217
Motor vehicle operators, all other……………………
37
Locomotive engineers and operators………………
54
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators………
7
Railroad conductors and yardmasters………………
51
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation
workers…………………………………………………
17
Sailors and marine oilers………………………………
16
Ship and boat captains and operators………………
38
Ship engineers…………………………………………
3
Bridge and lock tenders………………………………
3
Parking lot attendants…………………………………
71
See footnotes at end of table.
66
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
$607
527
10
21
(1)
(1)
94
63
$604
546
(²)
(²)
(1)
8
(1)
22
(1)
(²)
(1)
3
(1)
9
(1)
(²)
625
(1)
268
6
$506
(1)
419
15
735
(1)
68.8
(²)
504
38
(1)
38
(1)
(²)
430
576
138
16
396
(1)
126
153
493
590
80.3
(²)
437
(1)
25
1
(1)
(1)
25
3
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(1)
8
(1)
9
(1)
(²)
(1)
3
(1)
9
(1)
(²)
(1)
(1)
1
1
(1)
(1)
4
2
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(1)
2
(1)
24
(1)
(²)
(1)
(1)
(1)
540
570
14
2
6
276
942
(1)
(1)
(1)
445
424
34
15
29
636
5,959
(1)
(1)
(1)
583
596
(²)
(²)
(²)
76.3
71.1
811
1,358
39
4
(1)
(1)
164
92
836
1,381
(²)
(²)
(1)
10
(1)
21
(1)
(²)
(1)
507
665
501
(1)
1,157
(1)
912
3
178
113
28
4
2
2
(1)
476
499
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
11
187
2,658
189
32
51
7
49
(1)
540
672
518
(1)
1,184
(1)
(1)
(²)
88.1
74.3
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
410
1
1
6
(1)
(1)
(1)
16
14
38
3
3
64
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
422
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
63
Service station attendants……………………………
Transportation inspectors……………………………
41
Other transportation workers…………………………
18
Conveyor operators and tenders……………………
7
Crane and tower operators……………………………
55
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine
operators………………………………………………
44
Hoist and winch operators……………………………
6
Industrial truck and tractor operators…………………
532
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment…………………
233
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers,
hand…………………………………………………… 1,428
Machine feeders and offbearers……………………
23
Packers and packagers, hand………………………
335
Pumping station operators……………………………
17
Refuse and recyclable material collectors…………
60
Shuttle car operators…………………………………
2
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders……………………
4
Material moving workers, all other……………………
36
1
Women
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
$404
(1)
(1)
(1)
715
6
5
2
-
(1)
(1)
(1)
-
57
36
17
7
55
$411
(1)
(1)
(1)
716
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
(1)
519
405
2
29
33
( )
(1)
(1)
44
4
503
200
(1)
(1)
522
413
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
474
(1)
374
(1)
517
(1)
(1)
(1)
233
10
221
3
1
4
$418
(1)
362
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,195
13
114
17
58
1
4
32
486
(1)
414
(1)
525
(1)
(1)
(1)
86.0
(²)
87.4
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
1
Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
² Data not shown where base for either the numerator or denominator is less than 50,000.
NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
67
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex,
2007 annual averages
Both Sexes
Industry
Total
Employed
Total, 16 years and over…………….……… 107,339
Agriculture and related industries ....................
Mining ..............................................................
Construction ....................................................
Manufacturing ..................................................
Durable goods ..............................................
Nondurable goods ........................................
Wholesale and retail trade ...............................
Wholesale trade ...........................................
Retail trade ...................................................
Transportation and utilities ..............................
Transportation and warehousing ..................
Utilities ..........................................................
Information .......................................................
Financial activities ...........................................
Finance and insurance .................................
Real estate and rental and leasing ...............
Professional and business services ................
Professional and technical services .............
Management, administrative, and waste
services......................................................
Education and health services .........................
Educational services ....................................
Health care and social assistance ................
Leisure and hospitality .....................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation ..............
Accomodation and food services .................
Other services .................................................
Other services, except private households ..
Private households .......................................
Public administration........................................
1
Median
Weekly
Earnings
Women
Men
Women's
earnings
as
Median
Median
Total
Total
percent
of
Weekly
Weekly
Employed
Employed
men's
Earnings
Earnings
$695
47,041
$614
60,298
$766
80.2
920
685
8,354
14,755
9,462
5,293
14,517
3,695
10,822
6,293
5,152
1,141
2,960
8,127
6,130
1,997
10,787
6,371
421
969
675
719
745
669
587
720
539
765
729
944
885
782
821
692
787
1,032
157
85
692
4,283
2,407
1,876
5,830
1,052
4,778
1,464
1,221
243
1,198
4,571
3,681
890
4,511
2,782
399
776
672
582
612
531
487
612
464
645
622
763
739
680
690
637
675
794
763
601
7,662
10,473
7,055
3,417
8,688
2,643
6,044
4,829
3,931
898
1,762
3,556
2,449
1,107
6,275
3,590
426
1,007
676
783
797
755
664
764
622
808
767
995
998
984
1,152
745
918
1,250
93.7
77.1
99.4
74.3
76.8
70.3
73.3
80.1
74.6
79.8
81.1
76.7
74.0
69.1
59.9
85.5
73.5
63.5
4,415
22,580
9,830
12,750
7,019
1,602
5,418
4,031
3,646
385
6,310
529
727
808
649
447
588
414
581
599
394
859
1,730
16,549
6,659
9,890
3,231
660
2,571
1,743
1,404
339
2,728
513
674
763
609
407
513
386
482
505
390
736
2,686
6,031
3,170
2,860
3,789
942
2,847
2,288
2,242
47
3,582
546
886
920
842
489
624
448
659
665
( 1)
961
Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
68
94.0
76.1
82.9
72.3
83.2
82.2
86.2
73.1
75.9
( 1)
76.6
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2007 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Year
Total employed
Usually full time
1
Usually part time
2
Percent usually
full time
Percent usually
part time
1970…………...…
1971………...……
1972 3………...…
1973 3………...…
1974……...………
1975…………...…
1976………...……
1977………...……
1978 3…………...
1979………..……
78,678
79,367
82,153
85,064
86,794
85,846
88,752
92,017
96,048
98,824
66,753
66,973
69,214
71,803
73,093
71,586
73,964
76,625
80,193
82,654
11,925
12,393
12,939
13,262
13,701
14,260
14,788
15,391
15,855
16,171
84.8
84.4
84.3
84.4
84.2
83.4
83.3
83.3
83.5
83.6
15.2
15.6
15.7
15.6
15.8
16.6
16.7
16.7
16.5
16.4
1980……..………
1981……..………
1982………..……
1983…..…………
1984…..…………
1985……...………
1986 3….…..……
1987……...….……
1988……...………
1989……...………
99,303
100,397
99,526
100,834
105,005
107,150
109,597
112,440
114,968
117,342
82,562
83,243
81,421
82,322
86,544
88,534
90,529
92,957
95,214
97,369
16,740
17,154
18,106
18,511
18,462
18,615
19,069
19,483
19,754
19,973
83.1
82.9
81.8
81.6
82.4
82.6
82.6
82.7
82.8
83.0
16.9
17.1
18.2
18.4
17.6
17.4
17.4
17.3
17.2
17.0
1990 3……...……
1991……...………
1992………...……
1993……….……
1994 3………...…
1995………...……
1996….…………
1997 3………..…
1998 3……...……
1999 3……………
118,793
117,718
118,492
120,259
123,060
124,900
126,708
129,558
131,463
133,488
98,666
97,190
97,664
99,114
99,772
101,679
103,537
106,334
108,202
110,302
20,128
20,528
20,828
21,145
23,288
23,220
23,170
23,224
23,261
23,186
83.1
82.6
82.4
82.4
81.1
81.4
81.7
82.1
82.3
82.6
16.9
17.4
17.6
17.6
18.9
18.6
18.3
17.9
17.7
17.4
2000 3………...…
2001…………..…
2002………………
2003 3…………..
2004 ……………
2005 ……………
2006 ……………
2007 ……………
136,891
136,933
136,485
137,736
139,252
141,730
144,427
146,047
113,846
113,573
112,700
113,324
114,518
117,016
119,688
121,091
23,044
23,361
23,785
24,412
24,734
24,714
24,739
24,956
83.2
82.9
82.6
82.3
82.2
82.6
82.9
82.9
16.8
17.1
17.4
17.7
17.8
17.4
17.1
17.1
See footnotes at end of table.
69
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2007 annual
averages―Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Women
Year
Total employed
Usually full time
1
Usually part time
2
Percent usually
full time
Percent usually
part time
1970…………...…
1971………...……
1972 3………...…
1973 3………...…
1974……...………
1975…………...…
1976………...……
1977………...……
1978 3…………...
1979………..……
29,688
29,976
31,257
32,715
33,769
33,989
35,615
37,289
39,569
41,217
21,929
21,950
22,842
23,960
24,714
24,598
25,814
27,076
28,912
30,227
7,758
8,026
8,416
8,756
9,055
9,391
9,799
10,213
10,658
10,990
73.9
73.2
73.1
73.2
73.2
72.4
72.5
72.6
73.1
73.3
26.1
26.8
26.9
26.8
26.8
27.6
27.5
27.4
26.9
26.7
1980……..………
1981……..………
1982………..……
1983…..…………
1984…..…………
1985……...………
1986 3….…..……
1987……...….……
1988……...………
1989……...………
42,117
43,000
43,256
44,047
45,915
47,259
48,706
50,334
51,696
53,027
30,845
31,337
31,086
31,679
33,473
34,672
35,845
37,210
38,398
39,484
11,270
11,664
12,170
12,367
12,441
12,587
12,862
13,124
13,298
13,544
73.2
72.9
71.9
71.9
72.9
73.4
73.6
73.9
74.3
74.5
26.8
27.1
28.1
28.1
27.1
26.6
26.4
26.1
25.7
25.5
1990 3……...……
1991……...………
1992………...……
1993……….……
1994 3………...…
1995………...……
1996….…………
1997 3………..…
1998 3……...……
1999 3……………
53,689
53,496
54,052
54,910
56,610
57,523
58,501
59,873
60,771
62,042
40,165
39,783
40,301
40,991
40,940
41,743
42,776
44,076
45,014
46,372
13,524
13,713
13,751
13,919
15,670
15,779
15,725
15,797
15,757
15,670
74.8
74.4
74.6
74.7
72.3
72.6
73.1
73.6
74.1
74.7
25.2
25.6
25.4
25.3
27.7
27.4
26.9
26.4
25.9
25.3
2000 3………...…
2001…………..…
2002………………
2003 3…………..
2004 ……………
2005 ……………
2006 ……………
2007 ……………
63,586
63,737
63,582
64,404
64,728
65,757
66,925
67,792
47,916
47,950
47,494
47,946
48,073
49,158
50,380
51,056
15,670
15,788
16,088
16,459
16,654
16,598
16,545
16,736
75.4
75.2
74.7
74.4
74.3
74.8
75.3
75.3
24.6
24.8
25.3
25.6
25.7
25.2
24.7
24.7
See footnotes at end of table.
70
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2007 annual
averages―Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Men
Year
Total employed
Usually full time
1
Usually part time
2
Percent usually
full time
Percent usually
part time
1970…………...…
1971………...……
1972 3………...…
1973 3………...…
1974……...………
1975…………...…
1976………...……
1977………...……
1978 3…………...
1979………..……
48,990
49,390
50,896
52,349
53,024
51,857
53,138
54,728
56,479
57,607
44,825
45,023
46,373
47,843
48,378
46,988
48,150
49,551
51,281
52,427
4,166
4,367
4,523
4,507
4,646
4,870
4,988
5,178
5,198
5,180
91.5
91.2
91.1
91.4
91.2
90.6
90.6
90.5
90.8
91.0
8.5
8.8
8.9
8.6
8.8
9.4
9.4
9.5
9.2
9.0
1980……..………
1981……..………
1982………..……
1983…..…………
1984…..…………
1985……...………
1986 3….…..……
1987……...….……
1988……...………
1989……...………
57,186
57,397
56,271
56,787
59,091
59,891
60,892
62,107
63,273
64,315
51,717
51,906
50,334
50,643
53,070
53,862
54,685
55,746
56,816
57,885
5,471
5,492
5,937
6,145
6,020
6,028
6,207
6,360
6,457
6,430
90.4
90.4
89.4
89.2
89.8
89.9
89.8
89.8
89.8
90.0
9.6
9.6
10.6
10.8
10.2
10.1
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.0
1990 3……...……
1991……...………
1992………...……
1993……….……
1994 3………...…
1995………...……
1996….…………
1997 3………..…
1998 3……...……
1999 3……………
65,104
64,223
64,440
65,349
66,450
67,377
68,207
69,685
70,693
71,446
58,501
57,407
57,363
58,123
58,832
59,936
60,762
62,258
63,189
63,930
6,604
6,815
7,077
7,226
7,617
7,441
7,445
7,427
7,504
7,516
89.9
89.4
89.0
88.9
88.5
89.0
89.1
89.3
89.4
89.5
10.1
10.6
11.0
11.1
11.5
11.0
10.9
10.7
10.6
10.5
See footnotes at end of table.
71
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2007 annual
averages―Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Men
Year
Total employed
2000 3………...…
2001…………..…
2002………………
2003 3…………..
2004 ……………
2005 ……………
2006 ……………
2007 ……………
1
73,305
73,196
72,903
73,332
74,524
75,973
77,502
78,254
Usually full time
1
Usually part time
65,930
65,623
65,205
65,379
66,444
67,858
69,307
70,035
Prior to 1994, total includes persons who usually
work part-time but who worked 35 or more hours
during the reference week; for 1994 and later years,
such persons were included in the part-time total. In
all years, the total includes those who usually work full
time but who worked less than 35 hours during the
reference week for noneconomic reasons, such as
illness or holiday, and those absent from work for the
entire reference week who usually work full time.
These groups are not shown separately.
2
For all years, total includes those who usually
work less than 35 hours a week but who were
absent from work for the entire reference week and
7,375
7,573
7,697
7,953
8,080
8,115
8,194
8,220
2
Percent usually
full time
Percent usually
part time
89.9
89.7
89.4
89.2
89.2
89.3
89.4
89.5
10.1
10.3
10.6
10.8
10.8
10.7
10.6
10.5
for 1994 and later years, those who worked 35 or more
hours during the reference week. These groups are
not shown separately.
3
The comparability of historical labor force data has
been affected at various times by methodological and
conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey
(CPS). For an explanation, see the Historical
Comparability documentation provided at
http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf .
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
72
Table 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in
nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2007 annual averages
All industries
Nonagricultural industries
Year
Total
Women
Men
Total
Women
Men
1976…….
1977…….
1978 1……
1979…...…
38.7
38.8
39.0
38.9
34.1
34.2
34.5
34.5
41.7
41.9
42.1
42.0
38.4
38.5
38.7
38.6
34.1
34.2
34.4
34.4
41.4
41.6
41.8
41.7
1980…….
1981…….
1982…...…
1983…….
1984………
1985…...…
1986 1……
1987…….
1988…….
1989…...…
38.5
38.1
38.0
38.3
38.8
39.0
39.1
39.0
39.4
39.6
34.5
34.1
34.1
34.5
34.9
35.2
35.4
35.3
35.7
35.8
41.5
41.1
40.9
41.2
41.8
42.0
42.1
42.0
42.4
42.6
38.3
37.9
37.7
38.1
38.6
38.9
38.9
38.8
39.3
39.4
34.4
34.1
34.0
34.4
34.9
35.2
35.3
35.3
35.7
35.8
41.2
40.7
40.6
41.0
41.5
41.8
41.9
41.8
42.2
42.4
1990 1……
1991…...…
1992…….
1993………
1994 1……
1995…….
1996………
1997 1……
1998 1……
1999 1……
39.4
39.2
38.9
39.4
39.2
39.3
39.3
39.5
39.3
39.6
35.8
35.8
35.6
36.0
35.5
35.6
35.7
36.0
35.8
36.2
42.3
42.0
41.7
42.2
42.2
42.3
42.3
42.4
42.2
42.4
39.3
39.1
38.8
39.3
39.1
39.2
39.2
39.4
39.2
39.5
35.8
35.8
35.6
36.0
35.6
35.7
35.7
36.0
35.9
36.2
42.1
41.9
41.6
42.1
42.1
42.2
42.2
42.3
42.2
42.4
2000 1……
2001…...…
2002…….
2003 1……
2004…….
2005…….
2006………
2007………
39.7
39.2
39.2
39.0
39.0
39.2
39.2
39.2
36.4
36.1
36.0
35.9
35.9
36.1
36.2
36.1
42.5
41.9
41.8
41.7
41.7
41.8
41.8
41.7
39.6
39.2
39.1
39.0
39.0
39.1
39.2
39.1
36.4
36.1
36.1
35.9
35.9
36.1
36.2
36.1
42.4
41.8
41.7
41.6
41.6
41.7
41.7
41.6
1
The comparability of historical data has been affected at various times by
methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey
(CPS). For an explanation, see the Historical Comparability documentation
provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf .
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics.
73
Table 22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970-2006
(Percent distribution)
With work experience
Population
(in
thousands)
Year
Total
Percent of
(in
population
thousands)
Percent distribution by work experience
Usually work full time
Total
Total
50 to 52
weeks
Usually work part time
1 to 49
weeks
Total
50 to 52
weeks
1 to 49
weeks
Total, both sexes
1970………….……… 138,953
1975………….……… 153,180
1980…….…………… 169,452
1985………….……… 179,944
1990 1………...……… 189,238
1995………….……… 199,925
2000 1………...……… 214,292
2005…………………… 227,975
2006…………………… 231,033
93,850
102,603
115,752
123,466
132,562
138,971
150,787
154,322
156,658
67.5
67.0
68.3
68.6
70.1
69.5
70.4
67.7
67.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
79.4
78.9
78.5
78.2
78.8
78.6
80.4
80.3
80.9
55.6
54.3
56.1
58.7
60.4
62.9
66.7
67.5
68.4
23.8
24.6
22.4
19.5
18.4
15.7
13.7
12.8
12.5
20.6
21.2
21.4
21.9
21.3
21.3
19.5
19.7
19.1
6.7
7.5
7.7
8.3
8.7
9.1
9.3
10.0
9.7
13.9
13.7
13.7
13.6
12.6
12.2
10.2
9.7
9.4
38,809
43,511
51,492
56,165
61,494
65,304
71,341
72,309
73,527
52.7
53.8
57.7
59.4
62.1
62.8
64.0
61.4
61.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
67.9
67.1
67.7
68.1
69.8
70.2
72.9
72.7
73.0
40.7
41.4
44.7
48.9
51.5
54.3
58.4
59.9
60.7
27.2
25.7
23.0
19.2
18.3
15.9
14.5
12.8
12.3
32.2
32.8
32.3
31.8
30.2
29.7
27.1
27.3
27.0
10.1
11.7
11.9
12.3
12.8
13.3
13.4
14.1
14.1
22.1
21.1
20.4
19.5
17.4
16.4
13.7
13.2
12.9
55,041
59,091
64,260
67,301
71,068
73,667
79,446
82,013
83,131
84.3
81.7
80.1
78.8
78.7
76.8
77.2
74.4
74.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.6
87.5
87.2
86.5
86.4
86.2
87.5
87.0
87.8
66.1
63.8
65.2
66.8
68.0
70.6
74.2
74.2
75.2
21.5
23.7
22.0
19.7
18.4
15.6
13.3
12.8
12.6
12.4
12.5
12.8
13.5
13.5
13.9
12.6
13.0
12.2
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.8
5.1
5.5
5.5
6.3
5.7
8.0
8.1
8.4
8.7
8.4
8.4
7.1
6.7
6.5
Women
1970………….……… 73,657
1975…….…………… 80,834
1980……….………… 89,259
1985…….…………… 94,490
1990 1………...……… 98,970
1995……….………… 104,058
2000 1………...……… 111,440
2005…………………… 117,814
2006…………………… 119,300
Men
1970………….……… 65,296
1975………….……… 72,346
1980……….………… 80,193
1985……….………… 85,454
1990 1………...……… 90,269
1995……….………… 95,867
2000 1………...……… 102,853
2005…………………… 110,161
2006…………………… 111,733
1
The comparability of historical labor force data has been
affected at various times by methodological and conceptual
changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an
explanation, see the Historical Comparability documentation
provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf .
NOTE:
Economic Supplement, reflect the work experience of the
entire year.
SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements,
1971-2007, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department
of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
These data, collected in the Annual Social and
74
Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2006
(Numbers in thousands)
Married-couple families
Two earners or more
One earner
Year
Total
No
earners
Total
Husband
only
Wife
only
Other
family
member
Total
Husband Wife and Husband
Husband
and other other
and wife
and
family
family
are not
wife
member member earners
1967…….
1968…….
1969…….
43,292
43,842
44,436
2,943
2,888
3,022
16,490
16,375
16,268
15,429
15,310
15,133
716
730
797
345
335
339
23,859
24,579
25,145
18,888
19,743
20,327
4,639
4,522
4,517
-
-
1970…...…
1971…...…
1972…….
1973…...…
1974…...…
1975…...…
1976…….
1977…...…
1978…...…
1979…...…
44,832
45,939
46,594
47,185
47,438
47,878
48,150
48,131
48,532
49,132
3,252
3,471
3,632
4,027
4,325
4,943
4,962
5,177
5,226
5,559
16,117
16,847
16,787
16,080
15,795
16,217
15,630
15,119
14,456
13,912
14,931
15,502
15,387
14,547
14,122
14,343
13,690
13,153
12,434
11,934
867
1,004
1,003
1,110
1,216
1,394
1,424
1,456
1,509
1,499
320
340
398
423
457
481
516
512
513
480
25,464
25,621
26,175
27,078
27,319
26,717
27,559
27,835
28,850
29,660
20,510
20,641
21,279
22,152
22,451
22,338
23,104
23,474
24,655
25,595
4,622
4,651
4,553
4,535
4,442
3,861
3,829
3,812
3,609
3,476
-
-
1980…….
1981…….
1982…….
1983…...…
1984…….
1985…...…
1986…….
1987…….
1988…….
1989…...…
49,316
49,669
49,947
50,134
50,395
50,978
51,574
51,847
52,149
52,385
5,903
6,213
6,427
6,549
6,630
6,693
6,731
6,741
6,754
6,812
13,900
13,832
14,235
13,692
12,952
12,961
12,565
12,435
11,876
11,748
11,621
11,524
11,575
11,100
10,472
10,406
9,984
9,787
9,463
9,212
1,707
1,680
2,048
1,944
1,852
1,897
1,917
1,946
1,777
1,840
573
628
613
647
628
658
664
702
636
695
29,513
29,624
29,285
29,893
30,814
31,324
32,278
32,671
33,519
33,825
25,557
25,729
25,387
26,119
27,035
27,787
28,811
29,369
30,536
30,879
3,380
3,212
3,149
2,996
2,891
2,764
2,730
2,576
2,303
2,373
-
-
532
435
148
138
1990…….
1991…….
1992…….
1993…...…
1994…...…
1995…….
1996…….
1997…….
1998…...…
1999…….
52,241
52,549
53,254
53,248
53,929
53,621
53,654
54,362
54,829
55,352
6,770
7,091
7,256
7,282
7,227
7,278
7,148
7,289
7,257
7,163
11,630
11,523
11,977
11,842
11,774
11,739
11,556
11,728
12,279
12,328
9,107
8,873
9,114
8,745
8,719
8,821
8,671
8,792
9,198
9,093
1,826
1,993
2,145
2,411
2,374
2,253
2,214
2,302
2,419
2,595
698
657
718
687
681
664
671
634
662
640
33,841
33,935
34,021
34,123
34,928
34,604
34,950
35,345
35,293
35,861
30,829
31,049
31,268
31,302
32,125
32,061
32,406
32,764
32,810
33,360
2,369
2,161
1,940
2,051
2,048
1,878
1,899
1,853
1,726
1,815
479
527
624
614
603
539
522
569
616
519
164
197
199
156
151
127
123
158
141
167
2000…...…
2001…….
2002…….
2003…….
2004………
2005………
2006………
56,643
56,798
57,362
57,767
58,045
58,225
59,050
7,463
7,666
7,803
8,043
7,996
8,017
8,091
12,717
12,907
13,487
14,051
14,352
14,292
14,545
9,515
9,621
10,109
10,469
10,821
10,603
10,693
2,601
2,698
2,818
3,026
2,991
3,096
3,261
600
588
560
557
540
593
591
36,463
36,224
36,071
35,673
35,696
35,915
36,414
33,892
33,696
33,547
33,220
33,131
33,380
33,880
1,865
1,898
1,845
1,789
1,832
1,818
1,752
566
501
558
548
610
597
639
139
129
121
117
123
121
142
See note at end of table.
75
Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2006—Continued
(Percent distribution)
Married-couple families
One earner
Year
Total
No
earners
Total
Husband
only
Wife
only
Two earners or more
Other
family
member
Total
Husband Wife and Husband
Husband and other other
and wife
and wife
family
family
are not
member member earners
6.9
6.5
6.3
6.0
5.7
5.4
5.3
5.0
4.4
4.5
-
-
1.0
.8
0.3
.3
59.0
59.1
58.7
58.8
59.6
59.8
60.4
60.3
59.8
60.3
4.5
4.1
3.6
3.9
3.8
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.1
3.3
.9
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
.9
.3
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
59.8
59.3
58.5
57.5
57.1
57.3
57.4
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.1
3.0
1.0
.9
1.0
.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
1967…..… 100.0
1968…...… 100.0
1969…...… 100.0
6.8
6.6
6.8
38.1
37.4
36.6
35.6
34.9
34.1
1.7
1.7
1.8
0.8
.8
.8
55.1
56.1
56.6
43.6
45.0
45.7
10.7
10.3
10.2
1970…...…
1971…...…
1972…...…
1973………
1974…...…
1975…...…
1976…...…
1977…….
1978…….
1979…….
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
7.3
7.6
7.8
8.5
9.1
10.3
10.3
10.8
10.8
11.3
35.9
36.7
36.0
34.1
33.3
33.9
32.5
31.4
29.8
28.3
33.3
33.7
33.0
30.8
29.8
30.0
28.4
27.3
25.6
24.3
1.9
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.9
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.1
.7
.7
.9
.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
56.8
55.8
56.2
57.4
57.6
55.8
57.2
57.8
59.4
60.4
45.7
44.9
45.7
46.9
47.3
46.7
48.0
48.8
50.8
52.1
10.3
10.1
9.8
9.6
9.4
8.1
8.0
7.9
7.4
7.1
1980…….
1981…….
1982…….
1983…….
1984…….
1985…….
1986…….
1987…….
1988…….
1989…….
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.0
12.5
12.9
13.1
13.2
13.1
13.1
13.0
13.0
13.0
28.2
27.8
28.5
27.3
25.7
25.4
24.4
24.0
22.8
22.4
23.6
23.2
23.2
22.1
20.8
20.4
19.4
18.9
18.1
17.6
3.5
3.4
4.1
3.9
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.8
3.4
3.5
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.3
59.8
59.6
58.6
59.6
61.1
61.4
62.6
63.0
64.3
64.6
51.8
51.8
50.8
52.1
53.6
54.5
55.9
56.6
58.6
58.9
1990…...…
1991…...…
1992…...…
1993…...…
1994…….
1995…….
1996…….
1997…….
1998…….
1999…….
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
13.0
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.4
13.6
13.3
13.4
13.2
12.9
22.3
21.9
22.5
22.2
21.8
21.9
21.5
21.6
22.4
22.3
17.4
16.9
17.1
16.4
16.2
16.5
16.2
16.2
16.8
16.4
3.5
3.8
4.0
4.5
4.4
4.2
4.1
4.2
4.4
4.7
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
64.8
64.6
63.9
64.1
64.8
64.5
65.1
65.0
64.4
64.8
2000…...…
2001…….
2002…...…
2003…….
2004………
2005………
2006………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
13.2
13.5
13.6
13.9
13.8
13.8
13.7
22.5
22.7
23.5
24.3
24.7
24.5
24.6
16.8
16.9
17.6
18.1
18.6
18.2
18.1
4.6
4.8
4.9
5.2
5.2
5.3
5.5
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
.9
1.0
1.0
64.4
63.8
62.9
61.8
61.5
61.7
61.7
NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social
and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and
work experience of the entire year. Dash indicates data
not available.
SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements,
1968-2007, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department
of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
76
Table 24. Contribution of wives' earnings to
family income, 1970-2006
Contribution to
family income
(median percent)
Year
1970………………….………
1971…………………….……
1972…………...………………
1973……………….…………
1974……………….…………
1975…………….……………
1976………………….………
1977………………….………
1978……...……………………
1979……………...……………
26.6
27.5
26.7
26.0
25.4
26.3
26.4
26.1
26.1
26.0
1980………….………………
1981……...……………………
1982……………...……………
1983……………….…………
1984………………….………
1985……………….…………
1986………………...…………
1987……………………...……
1988……………………...……
1989……………………….…
26.7
27.3
28.4
28.8
28.4
28.3
29.0
29.5
29.6
29.9
1990………………….………
1991………………….………
1992…………………….……
1993………….………………
1994…………….……………
1995……………….…………
1996……………………….…
1997…………………….……
1998……………….…………
1999……………………….…
30.7
31.3
32.4
32.2
31.9
31.9
32.6
32.7
32.8
32.8
2000……………………….…
2001……………………….…
2002……………………….…
2003……………………….…
2004……………………………
2005……………………………
2006……………………………
33.5
34.4
34.8
35.2
34.9
35.1
35.6
NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social
and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and
work experience of the entire year.
SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic
Supplements, 1971-2007, Current Population Survey,
U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
77
Table 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987-2006
(Numbers in thousands)
Families in which wives have earnings
but husbands may not
Year
Families in which both wives and husbands
have earnings
Married-couple
Married-couple
families in which
Wives who earn Percent of wives families in which Wives who earn Percent of wives
wife (but not
more than
more than
who earn more
who earn more
both wife and
necessarily
their
their
than their
than their
husband had
husband) had
earnings from
husbands 2
husbands 1
husbands 1
husbands 2
earnings from
work
work
1987…...…………
1988…...…………
1989…...…………
32,025
32,810
33,119
7,581
7,827
8,068
23.7
23.9
24.4
29,755
30,503
30,848
5,311
5,520
5,796
17.8
18.1
18.8
1990…...…………
1991…...…………
1992…...…………
1993…...…………
1994…...…………
1995…...…………
1996…...…………
1997……............
1998……............
1999……............
33,093
33,516
33,987
34,286
35,066
34,819
35,120
35,613
35,806
36,454
8,221
8,983
9,715
10,000
10,184
9,822
10,070
10,309
10,467
10,548
24.8
26.8
28.6
29.2
29.0
28.2
28.7
28.9
29.2
28.9
30,794
30,998
31,221
31,264
32,091
32,030
32,389
32,745
32,782
33,340
5,923
6,465
6,948
6,978
7,209
7,033
7,340
7,441
7,443
7,434
19.2
20.9
22.3
22.3
22.5
22.0
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.3
2000……............
2001……............
2002……............
2003……............
2004………………
2005………………
2006………………
37,037
36,864
36,905
36,761
36,710
37,055
37,733
11,070
11,329
11,765
11,923
11,985
12,215
12,601
29.9
30.7
31.9
32.4
32.6
33.0
33.4
33,873
33,665
33,531
33,189
33,110
33,364
33,838
7,906
8,130
8,391
8,351
8,386
8,524
8,707
23.3
24.1
25.0
25.2
25.3
25.5
25.7
1
Includes families in which husband had no earnings
from work.
2
Excludes families in which husband had no earnings
from work.
experience of the entire year.
SOURCE:
Annual Social
and Economic
Supplements, 1988-2007, Current Population Survey,
U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social
and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work
78
Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal
minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2007 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Workers paid hourly rates
Total at or below prevailing minimum wage
Characteristic
Total
Total
Percent of
hourly paid
workers
At prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Below
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Age and sex
Total, 16 years and over………………..…………
16 to 24 years………………………..……………
25 years and over……………………..…………
75,873
16,275
59,597
1,729
814
915
2.3
5.0
1.5
267
145
122
1,462
669
793
Women, 16 years and over……………..…………
16 to 24 years………………………..……………
25 years and over……………………..…………
38,082
7,961
30,121
1,183
572
611
3.1
7.2
2.0
181
93
88
1,002
479
523
Men, 16 years and over………………………..…
16 to 24 years…………………………………..…
25 years and over…………………………..……
37,790
8,314
29,476
546
242
304
1.4
2.9
1.0
86
52
34
460
190
270
White……………………………..…………………
Women………………………..………………….…
Men………………………..………………….……
61,061
30,117
30,944
1,420
949
471
2.3
3.2
1.5
204
131
73
1,216
818
398
Black or African American…………………………
Women………………………..………………….…
Men………………………..………………….……
9,965
5,483
4,482
205
156
49
2.1
2.8
1.1
55
45
10
150
111
39
Asian……………….……………………………….
Women………………………..………………….…
Men………………………..………………….……
2,730
1,469
1,260
51
37
14
1.9
2.5
1.1
1
1
-
50
36
14
Hispanic or Latino …………………………………
Women………………………..………………….…
Men………………………..………………….……
13,168
5,372
7,796
246
132
114
1.9
2.5
1.5
41
22
19
205
110
95
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
79
Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal
minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2007 annual averages―Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Workers paid hourly rates
Total at or below prevailing minimum wage
Characteristic
Total
Total
Full- and part-time status
Percent of
hourly paid
workers
At prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Below
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
1
Full-time workers……………………..……………
Women……………………………….……………
Men……………………………………..…………
57,745
25,743
32,003
752
469
283
1.3
1.8
.9
94
64
30
658
405
253
Part-time workers…………………..………………
Women……………………………...………………
Men…………………………..……………………
17,997
12,276
5,721
971
711
260
5.4
5.8
4.5
172
117
56
799
594
204
1
The distinction between full- and part-time workers is
based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to
totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is
not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage rose from
$5.15 to $5.85 an hour on July 24, 2007. Data in this table
reflect the average number of workers who earned $5.15 or
less from January 2007 through July 2007 and those who
earned $5.85 or less from August 2007 through the end of
the year. Data are for wage and salary workers, excluding
the incorporated self-employed. They refer to a person's
80
earnings on his or her sole or principal job, and pertain
only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried
workers and other nonhourly workers are not included.
Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or
African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because
data are not presented for all races. Persons whose
ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any
race. Dash represents or rounds to zero.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department
of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race,
and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2006
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
Age and sex
Total
White
Total, 16 years and older…… 145,229 118,915
16 to 19 years……………
4,128
3,461
20 to 24 years…………...
13,299
10,743
25 to 34 years…………...
31,831
25,212
35 to 44 years…………… 34,617
27,815
45 to 54 years…………… 34,977
28,926
55 to 64 years…………… 20,618
17,658
65 years and older………
5,759
5,100
Below poverty level
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Total
White
Black or
African
American
16,437
440
1,706
4,012
4,184
3,866
1,812
417
6,624
65
436
1,704
1,859
1,536
843
182
19,985
620
2,420
6,259
5,267
3,528
1,496
396
7,427
432
1,480
2,196
1,674
1,050
498
96
5,295
320
1,079
1,515
1,212
710
388
71
1,601
91
306
527
333
243
81
22
251
4
39
72
59
59
14
3
1,956
91
266
689
546
241
102
21
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Women, 16 years and older…
16 to 19 years……………
20 to 24 years…………...
25 to 34 years………...…
35 to 44 years……………
45 to 54 years……………
55 to 64 years……………
65 years and older………
66,772
2,074
6,114
14,090
15,666
16,544
9,724
2,558
53,382
1,760
4,816
10,816
12,197
13,413
8,151
2,230
8,790
211
884
2,090
2,273
2,088
1,023
220
3,072
27
222
774
840
725
403
82
7,808
261
922
2,238
2,075
1,529
623
161
3,863
232
812
1,132
854
522
268
44
2,569
190
559
687
555
352
191
35
1,054
36
208
379
233
132
57
8
104
–
22
23
29
21
9
–
769
40
99
247
221
111
44
6
Men, 16 years and older………
16 to 19 years……………
20 to 24 years……………
25 to 34 years……………
35 to 44 years…………...
45 to 54 years……………
55 to 64 years……………
65 years and older………
78,457
2,054
7,185
17,740
18,951
18,433
10,894
3,200
65,533
1,701
5,926
14,397
15,618
15,513
9,507
2,870
7,648
229
822
1,921
1,911
1,778
789
197
3,552
38
214
930
1,019
811
441
100
12,177
360
1,498
4,021
3,191
1,999
873
235
3,564
201
668
1,064
821
528
231
52
2,726
129
520
829
657
358
197
36
547
55
98
147
99
111
23
13
147
4
17
49
30
37
5
3
1,187
51
167
441
325
130
57
15
81
Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor
force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 2006—Continued
Rate 1
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older……
16 to 19 years……………
20 to 24 years…………...
25 to 34 years…………...
35 to 44 years……………
45 to 54 years……………
55 to 64 years……………
65 years and older………
5.1
10.5
11.1
6.9
4.8
3.0
2.4
1.7
4.5
9.2
10.0
6.0
4.4
2.5
2.2
1.4
9.7
20.7
17.9
13.1
8.0
6.3
4.4
5.2
3.8
( 2)
8.9
4.2
3.2
3.8
1.7
1.9
9.8
14.7
11.0
11.0
10.4
6.8
6.8
5.3
Women, 16 years and older…
16 to 19 years……………
20 to 24 years…………...
25 to 34 years………...…
35 to 44 years……………
45 to 54 years……………
55 to 64 years……………
65 years and older………
5.8
11.2
13.3
8.0
5.4
3.2
2.8
1.7
4.8
10.8
11.6
6.3
4.6
2.6
2.3
1.6
12.0
17.0
23.5
18.1
10.3
6.3
5.6
3.8
3.4
( 2)
9.7
2.9
3.5
2.9
2.3
–
9.8
15.5
10.7
11.0
10.6
7.3
7.1
3.8
Men, 16 years and older………
16 to 19 years……………
20 to 24 years……………
25 to 34 years……………
35 to 44 years…………...
45 to 54 years……………
55 to 64 years……………
65 years and older………
4.5
9.8
9.3
6.0
4.3
2.9
2.1
1.6
4.2
7.6
8.8
5.8
4.2
2.3
2.1
1.3
7.2
24.0
11.9
7.7
5.2
6.3
3.0
6.7
4.1
( 2)
8.0
5.3
3.0
4.6
1.2
3.0
9.7
14.1
11.2
11.0
10.2
6.5
6.6
6.3
Age and sex
1
Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for
27 weeks or more.
2
Data not shown where base is less than 80,000.
NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement,
reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. Estimates for the
above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to
totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash represents or rounds to
zero.
SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population
Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
82
Table 28. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and contingent and
noncontingent status, February 2005
Age and sex
Total
employed
(in
thousands)
Contingent workers 1
Estimate 1
Estimate 2
Estimate 3
Noncontingent
workers1
Total, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years……………….
20 to 24 years……………….
25 to 34 years…………………
35 to 44 years…………………
45 to 54 years……………….
55 to 64 years…………………
65 years and over……………
138,952
5,510
13,114
30,103
34,481
32,947
17,980
4,817
1.8
5.6
4.6
2.3
1.2
.8
.8
1.6
2.3
6.1
5.2
2.9
1.7
1.2
1.1
2.3
4.1
8.6
8.2
4.8
3.0
2.7
3.0
5.2
95.9
91.4
91.8
95.2
97.0
97.3
97.0
94.8
Women, 16 years and over…
16 to 19 years…………………
20 to 24 years…………………
25 to 34 years…………………
35 to 44 years…………………
45 to 54 years……………….
55 to 64 years……………….
65 years and over…………..
65,006
2,931
6,186
13,480
15,958
15,754
8,495
2,202
1.8
5.6
4.0
2.2
1.1
1.1
.9
2.6
2.4
6.2
4.8
2.7
1.7
1.6
1.1
3.5
4.3
8.4
7.8
4.6
3.2
3.2
3.2
7.2
95.7
91.6
92.2
95.4
96.8
96.8
96.8
92.8
Men, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years…………………
20 to 24 years…………………
25 to 34 years…………………
35 to 44 years…………………
45 to 54 years…………………
55 to 64 years…………………
65 years and over……………
73,946
2,579
6,928
16,624
18,523
17,193
9,485
2,615
1.8
5.6
5.2
2.4
1.3
.6
.7
.7
2.2
6.1
5.7
3.1
1.6
.8
1.1
1.3
3.9
8.9
8.6
5.0
2.9
2.1
2.8
3.5
96.1
91.2
91.4
95.0
97.1
97.9
97.2
96.5
1
Contingent workers are those who do not have
an implicit or explicit contract for ongoing
employment. Persons who do not expect to continue
in their jobs for personal reasons, such as retirement
or returning to school, are not considered contingent
workers, provided that they would have the option of
continuing in the job were it not for these personal
reasons. Estimate 1 includes wage and salary
workers who expect their jobs will last for an
additional year or less and who had worked at their
jobs for 1 year or less. Estimate 2 includes wage
and salary workers, the self-employed, and
independent
contractors
who
expect
their
employment to last for an additional year or less and
83
who had worked at their jobs (or been selfemployed) for 1 year or less. Estimate 3 includes
all workers who do not expect their jobs to last.
This is the broadest definition of contingency and
estimates 1 and 2 of contingency are included in
estimate 3. Noncontingent workers are those
workers who do not fall into any of the three
definitions of contingency.
SOURCE: Contingent and alternative work
arrangements supplement to the Current
Population Survey, February 2005, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
Table 29. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and alternative work arrangements,
February 2005
Percent of workers with alternative arrangements 1
Age and sex
Total
employed
(in
thousands)
Workers with
Workers
Temporary
traditional
provided by
help agency
arrangements
contract
workers
firms
Total
Independent
contractors
On-call
workers
Total, 16 years and over……… 138,952
16 to 19 years……………..…
5,510
20 to 24 years…………...…… 13,114
25 to 34 years…………….…
30,103
35 to 44 years……………..… 34,481
45 to 54 years………..……… 32,947
55 to 64 years……………….
17,980
65 years and over………….…
4,817
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
7.4
1.6
2.7
5.0
8.0
8.5
10.8
18.3
1.8
2.4
2.7
1.8
1.7
1.3
1.5
3.6
0.9
.6
1.5
1.2
.7
.6
.8
.7
0.6
.1
.7
.7
.6
.6
.6
.4
89.1
94.3
91.9
91.1
88.9
89.0
86.2
76.8
Women, 16 years and over…
65,006
16 to 19 years…………………
2,931
20 to 24 years……………..…
6,186
25 to 34 years……………..… 13,480
35 to 44 years………………… 15,958
45 to 54 years……………….
15,754
55 to 64 years…………..……
8,495
65 years and over……………
2,202
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
5.6
1.9
2.6
3.8
5.8
6.6
7.7
13.3
1.9
1.8
2.5
1.8
2.0
1.3
1.9
3.8
1.0
.3
1.5
1.3
.8
.8
1.0
.8
.4
.4
.5
.4
.3
.5
.7
91.0
95.7
92.5
92.6
91.0
90.9
88.8
81.1
73,946
2,579
6,928
16,624
18,523
17,193
9,485
2,615
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
9.1
1.2
2.8
6.1
9.8
10.3
13.6
22.5
1.7
3.2
2.9
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.1
3.5
.8
.9
1.5
1.1
.6
.4
.5
.6
.8
.3
.9
.8
.8
.8
.7
.1
87.5
92.6
91.4
89.9
87.1
87.3
83.9
73.3
Men, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years……………..…
20 to 24 years…………..……
25 to 34 years……………..…
35 to 44 years……….………
45 to 54 years………….……
55 to 64 years…………………
65 years and over……………
1
Independent contractors are workers who were
identified as independent contractors, independent
consultants, or freelance workers, whether they were selfemployed or wage and salary workers. On-call workers are
workers who are called to work only as needed, although
they can be scheduled to work for several days or weeks in
a row. Temporary help agency workers are workers who
were paid by a temporary help agency, whether or not their
job was temporary. Workers provided by contract firms are
workers who are employed by a company that provides
them or their services to others under contract and who are
usually assigned to only one customer and usually work at
the customer's worksite.
84
NOTE: Workers with traditional arrangements are
those who do not fall into any of the "alternative
arrangements" categories. Detail may not sum to totals
because the total employed includes day laborers (an
alternative arrangement, not shown separately) and a
small number of workers who were both "on-call" and
"provided by contract firms." Dash represents zero.
SOURCE: Contingent and alternative work
arrangements supplement to the Current Population
Survey, February 2005, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 30. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2004
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Women
With flexible
schedules 2
Characteristic
Total 1
Men
With flexible
schedules 2
Number
Percent
of total
27,411
336
27,075
2,058
6,902
7,807
6,651
3,181
475
2,394
21,360
3,656
27.5
23.6
27.5
22.9
28.0
29.2
26.8
27.1
35.4
23.0
28.0
27.9
23,121
2,476
1,132
2,596
Total 1
With flexible
schedules 2
Total 1
Number
Percent
of total
56,412
903
55,509
5,147
14,358
15,424
13,440
6,383
757
6,050
43,222
7,140
15,853
185
15,668
1,065
4,051
4,605
3,769
1,865
314
1,250
12,425
2,179
28.1
20.5
28.2
20.7
28.2
29.9
28.0
29.2
41.4
20.7
28.7
30.5
27.8
20.9
22.4
21.2
46,222
6,447
2,300
8,621
13,582
1,193
720
1,430
29.4
18.5
31.3
16.6
5,888
3,088
2,582
25.9
28.9
25.9
34,926
14,469
7,018
10,382
3,605
1,866
29.7
24.9
26.6
27,081
16,285
7,349
4,209
27.1
25.8
34,680
21,733
9,410
6,443
27.1
29.6
10,262
6,023
2,619
1,590
25.5
26.4
11,477
10,256
3,341
3,102
29.1
30.2
Number
Percent
of total
43,366
524
42,842
3,856
10,283
11,342
11,415
5,361
585
4,380
33,040
5,946
11,558
151
11,406
993
2,851
3,202
2,882
1,316
161
1,144
8,935
1,477
26.7
28.9
26.6
25.8
27.7
28.2
25.2
24.5
27.6
26.1
27.0
24.8
28.7
19.7
27.4
18.4
34,276
6,131
1,836
5,489
9,539
1,283
412
1,166
16,270
6,693
4,448
28.2
26.6
26.2
22,704
10,676
9,986
61,761
38,018
16,759
10,652
27.1
28.0
21,739
16,279
5,960
4,692
27.4
28.8
Age
Total 16 years and over……………… 99,778
16 to 19 years……………..……… 1,427
20 years and over…………..…… 98,351
20 to 24 years………………
9,004
25 to 34 years……………… 24,640
35 to 44 years…………..…… 26,766
45 to 54 years……………… 24,855
55 to 64 years……………… 11,745
65 years and over…………… 1,341
16 to 24 years……..……………. 10,431
25 to 54 years……..……...……… 76,261
55 years and over……………… 13,086
Race and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity
White……………………………… 80,498
Black or African American……… 12,578
Asian………………..……………
4,136
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity……… 14,110
Marital status
Married, spouse present………… 57,630
Never married….……..….….…… 25,144
Other marital status……………… 17,004
Presence and age of children
With no own children under 18…
With own children under 18…..…
With own children 6 to 17,
none younger…………………
With own children under 6……
1
Includes persons who did not provide information on
flexible schedules.
2
Persons with flexible schedules are able to vary or
make changes in their beginning and ending hours of work,
whether or not they have a formal flexitime program on their
job.
black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals
because data are not presented for all races. In addition,
persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino
may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity
as well as by race. Own children include sons, daughters,
stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,
nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated
children.
NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time
wage and salary workers who were at work during the
survey reference week and exclude all self-employed
persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were
incorporated. Estimates for the above race groups (white,
SOURCE: May 2004 Flexible schedules and shift work
supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
85
Table 31. Job-related work at home on primary job: All workers by marital status, presence and age
of children, sex, and pay status, May 2004
(Numbers in thousands)
Persons who usually worked at home
Characteristic
Total
employed
1
2
Percent distribution by class of worker
3
Total
Rate
Wage and salary
Paid
Unpaid
Selfemployed
4
Total
Total, 16 years and over………………
Married, spouse present………...
Not married……………...…………
Never married…………………
Other marital status……………
136,602
77,243
59,359
36,857
22,502
20,673
14,623
6,050
3,087
2,963
15.1
18.9
10.2
8.4
13.2
16.2
16.4
15.7
17.7
13.6
49.3
48.1
52.2
58.1
46.1
33.7
34.6
31.5
23.2
40.2
With own children under 18………
With own children under 6…
With no own children under 18……
50,011
21,373
86,591
8,584
3,599
12,090
17.2
16.8
14.0
17.4
19.2
15.4
47.5
47.3
50.5
34.0
32.8
33.4
Total, 16 years and over………………
Married, spouse present………...
Not married……….....………………
Never married…………………
Other marital status……………
64,185
33,750
30,435
16,754
13,681
9,893
6,509
3,384
1,522
1,862
15.4
19.3
11.1
9.1
13.6
17.8
18.2
17.1
19.2
15.3
51.4
48.8
56.5
66.2
48.6
29.4
31.4
25.5
12.7
35.9
With own children under 18………
With own children under 6…
With no own children under 18……
24,108
9,331
40,077
4,051
1,614
5,842
16.8
17.3
14.6
19.9
23.4
16.3
46.6
42.6
54.8
31.5
32.6
27.9
Total, 16 years and over………………
Married, spouse present…………
Not married…………..……...………
Never married…………………
Other marital status……………
72,417
43,493
28,924
20,104
8,820
10,780
8,114
2,666
1,565
1,101
14.9
18.7
9.2
7.8
12.5
14.7
15.0
13.9
16.2
10.5
47.3
47.5
46.8
50.3
41.8
37.6
37.1
39.1
33.3
47.4
With own children under 18…….…
With own children under 6…
With no own children under 18……
25,903
12,042
46,514
4,533
1,986
6,247
17.5
16.5
13.4
15.1
15.8
14.5
48.4
51.0
46.5
36.3
33.0
38.6
Women
Men
1
Persons who usually work at home are defined as
those who work at home at least once per week as part
of their primary job.
2
Unpaid family workers and wage and salary workers
who did not report pay status are included in total but not
shown separately.
3
Includes persons who did not provide information on
work at home.
NOTE: Data refer to employed persons in
nonagricultural industries. Own children include sons,
daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not
included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other
related and unrelated children.
SOURCE: May 2004 Work at home supplement to
the Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of
Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
4
Includes both the incorporated and unincorporated
self-employed.
86
Table 32. Displaced workers1 by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and
employment status in January 2008
Age, sex, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity
Percent distribution by employment status
Total
(in
thousands)
Total
Employed
Unemployed
Not in labor
force
Total
Total, 20 years and over…………...…
20 to 24 years…………………...……
25 to 54 years……………...…………
55 to 64 years…………...……………
65 years and over…………...………
3,641
127
2,602
708
204
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
67.1
67.5
72.6
60.8
18.4
18.0
22.8
17.4
20.7
12.6
15.0
9.7
10.0
18.5
69.0
Women, 20 years and over…………
20 to 24 years……………………...…
25 to 54 years………………..………
55 to 64 years…………………..……
65 years and over………………..…
1,617
53
1,112
352
101
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
63.5
( 2)
70.1
53.4
22.4
16.9
( 2)
15.1
23.6
9.8
19.6
( 2)
14.8
23.0
67.8
Men, 20 years and over……………..
20 to 24 years……………………..…
25 to 54 years……………..…………
55 to 64 years…………..……………
65 years and over…………..………
2,024
75
1,490
356
103
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
69.9
66.4
74.4
68.0
14.4
18.8
22.5
19.1
17.9
15.4
11.2
11.1
6.5
14.0
70.2
3,032
1,348
1,684
1 684
100.0
100.0
100.0
100 0
67.9
64.4
70.8
70 8
16.8
14.9
18.2
18 2
15.3
20.7
11.0
11 0
408
187
221
100.0
100.0
100.0
58.6
56.3
60.5
28.2
31.1
25.7
13.3
12.6
13.8
122
57
65
100.0
100.0
100.0
67.3
( 2)
( 2)
11.7
( 2)
( 2)
21.0
( 2)
( 2)
423
153
270
100.0
100.0
100.0
68.4
65.5
70.1
17.4
6.9
23.4
14.1
27.6
6.6
White
Total, 20 years and over…………..…
Women………………………………
Men……………………………….……
Men
Black or African American
Total, 20 years and over………………
Women…………………………….…
Men…………………………….………
Asian
Total, 20 years and over………………
Women…………………………….…
Men………………………………..…
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 20 years and over………….…
Women………………………………
Men…………………………..………
1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years
of tenure on a job they had lost or left between
January 2005 and December 2007 because of plant
or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or
the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups
(white, black or African American, and Asian) do not
sum to totals because data are not presented for all
races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as
Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
SOURCE:
January 2008 Displaced Worker
supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
87
Table 33. Labor force status of 2007 high school graduates and 2006-07 high school dropouts
16 to 24 years old by school enrollment and sex, October 2007
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Characteristic
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Total, 2007 high school graduates……
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
2,955
1,531
51.8
1,307
44.2
224
14.7
1,424
Women…………………….……………… 1,444
Men……………………….………………… 1,511
731
800
50.6
52.9
635
672
44.0
44.5
96
128
13.2
16.0
713
711
Enrolled in college………...……………… 1,986
Percent of total 2007 graduates……… 67.2
789
51.5
39.7
-
712
54.5
35.9
-
77
34.4
9.8
-
1,197
84.1
Women…………………………..………
Percent of female 2007 graduates…
986
68.3
402
55.0
40.7
-
353
55.6
35.8
-
49
51.0
12.1
-
585
82.0
Men………………………….……………
Percent of male 2007 graduates……
999
66.1
387
48.4
38.8
-
359
53.4
35.9
-
28
21.9
7.3
-
612
86.1
Not enrolled in college……………..……
Percent of total 2007 graduates………
970
32.8
742
48.5
76.6
-
595
45.5
61.3
-
147
65.6
19.9
-
227
15.9
Women…………………………………..
Percent of female 2007 graduates…
458
31.7
330
45.1
72.0
-
282
44.4
61.6
-
48
50.0
14.5
-
128
18.0
Men………………………………………
Percent of male 2007 graduates……
512
33.9
413
51.6
80.6
-
313
46.6
61.1
-
100
78.1
24.1
-
99
13.9
Total, 2006-07 high school dropouts 1…
426
239
56.2
175
41.1
64
26.9
187
Women…………………………..………
Men………………………………….……
193
233
99
141
51.1
60.4
79
96
40.6
41.4
20
44
20.4
31.5
95
92
1
Data refer to persons who dropped out of school between October 2006 and October 2007.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. The weights used in estimation were revised
with the release of October 2007 data. As a result, the 2007 October data are not strictly comparable with published
estimates from earlier years.
SOURCE: October 2007 Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
88
Table 34. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational
attainment, October 2007
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Characteristic
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Unemployed
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
21,061
8,979
42.6
8,181
38.8
798
8.9
12,083
Women……………………………….… 10,717
Men……………………………….……… 10,344
4,884
4,095
45.6
39.6
4,470
3,711
41.7
35.9
414
383
8.5
9.4
5,833
6,250
Enrolled in high school 1…………...……
9,724
2,855
29.4
2,421
24.9
434
15.2
6,869
Women……………………………….…
Men……………………………….……
4,607
5,118
1,425
1,431
30.9
28.0
1,218
1,203
26.4
23.5
206
227
14.5
15.9
3,182
3,687
11,337
6,124
54.0
5,760
50.8
364
5.9
5,213
6,110
5,226
3,460
2,664
56.6
51.0
3,252
2,508
53.2
48.0
208
156
6.0
5.9
2,651
2,563
Not enrolled in school……………..…… 16,419
13,264
80.8
11,740
71.5
1,524
11.5
3,155
Enrolled in school…………………...…
Enrolled in college……………..………
Women…………………….……………
Men…………………….………………
Women…………………………….……
Less than a high school diploma ......
High school graduates, no college 2 .
Some college or associate degree ...
Bachelor’s degree and higher ...........
7,823
1,419
3,340
1,884
1,180
5,710
689
2,371
1,527
1,122
73.0
48.6
71.0
81.1
95.1
5,112
558
2,077
1,416
1,061
65.3
39.3
62.2
75.1
90.0
598
131
294
112
61
10.5
19.0
12.4
7.3
5.4
2,113
730
969
357
58
Men……………………………………...
Less than a high school diploma ......
High school graduates, no college 2 .
Some college or associate degree ...
Bachelor’s degree and higher ...........
8,595
1,859
4,073
1,768
895
7,554
1,496
3,544
1,662
852
87.9
80.5
87.0
94.0
95.1
6,628
1,261
3,069
1,509
789
77.1
67.8
75.3
85.4
88.1
926
236
475
152
63
12.3
15.7
13.4
9.2
7.4
1,042
362
529
106
44
1
2
Includes a small number of persons enrolled in grades below high school.
Includes high school diploma or equivalent.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. The weights used in estimation were revised
with the release of October 2007 data. As a result, the 2007 October data are not strictly comparable with published estimates
from earlier years.
SOURCE: October 2007 Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
89
Table 35. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, May of selected years,
1970-2007, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Multiple jobholding rate¹
Multiple jobholders
Women
Year
Total
employed
Total
Number
Percent of
all multiple
jobholders
Men
Total
Women
Men
White
Black or
African
American ²
1970…..…
1971…...…
1972…...…
1973…….
1974…...…
78,358
78,708
81,224
83,758
85,786
4,048
4,035
3,770
4,262
3,889
636
765
735
869
867
15.7
19.0
19.5
20.4
22.3
3,412
3,270
3,035
3,393
3,022
5.2
5.1
4.6
5.1
4.5
2.2
2.6
2.4
2.7
2.6
7.0
6.7
6.0
6.6
5.8
5.3
5.3
4.8
5.1
4.6
4.4
3.8
3.7
4.7
3.8
1975…...…
1976…….
1977…...…
1978…...…
1979…….
84,146
87,278
90,482
93,904
96,327
3,918
3,948
4,558
4,493
4,724
956
911
1,241
1,281
1,407
24.4
23.1
27.2
28.5
29.8
2,962
3,037
3,317
3,212
3,317
4.7
4.5
5.0
4.8
4.9
2.9
2.6
3.4
3.3
3.5
5.8
5.8
6.2
5.8
5.9
4.8
4.7
5.3
5.0
5.1
3.7
2.8
2.6
3.1
3.0
1980…...… 96,809
1985…...… 106,878
1989…...… 117,084
1991…..… 116,626
4,759
5,730
7,225
7,183
1,549
2,192
3,109
3,129
32.5
38.3
43.0
43.6
3,210
3,537
4,115
4,054
4.9
5.4
6.2
6.2
3.8
4.7
5.9
5.9
5.8
5.9
6.4
6.4
5.1
5.7
6.5
6.4
3.2
3.2
4.3
4.9
122,946
124,554
126,391
129,565
131,476
133,411
7,316
7,952
7,846
8,197
8,126
7,895
3,343
3,727
3,494
3,800
3,688
3,778
45.7
46.9
44.5
46.4
45.4
47.9
3,973
4,225
4,352
4,398
4,438
4,117
6.0
6.4
6.2
6.3
6.2
5.9
5.9
6.5
6.0
6.4
6.1
6.1
6.0
6.3
6.4
6.3
6.3
5.8
6.1
6.6
6.4
6.5
6.3
6.0
4.9
5.2
5.1
5.7
5.5
5.5
2000…..… 136,685
2001..…… 137,121
2002…..… 136,559
2003..…… 137,567
2004…..… 138,867
2005………141,730
2006………144,041
2007………145,864
7,751
7,540
7,247
7,338
7,258
6,895
7,641
7,693
3,667
3,626
3,511
3,498
3,605
3,402
3,778
3,858
47.3
48.1
48.4
47.7
49.7
49.3
49.4
50.1
4,084
3,914
3,736
3,841
3,653
3,493
3,863
3,835
5.7
5.5
5.3
5.3
5.2
4.9
5.3
5.3
5.8
5.7
5.5
5.4
5.6
5.2
5.7
5.7
5.6
5.3
5.1
5.3
4.9
4.6
5.0
4.9
5.9
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.3
5.4
5.3
5.5
4.9
5.3
4.7
4.3
5.1
4.4
5.4
4.4
1994…..…
1995….…
1996…..…
1997…..…
1998…..…
1999…..…
¹ Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed
persons in specified group.
² Data for years prior to 1977 refer to the black-andother population group.
see the Historical Comparability documentation provided
at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.
Comprehensive surveys of multiple jobholders were not
conducted in 1981-84, 1986-88, 1990, and 1992-93.
NOTE: Data beginning in 1994 are not strictly
comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation,
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
90
Table 36. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2007
annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
Year
1976……
1977…..
1978…..
1979…..
1980…..
1981…..
1982…..
1983…..
1984……
1985…..
1986…..
1987…..
1988……
1989…..
1990……
1991…..
1992…..
1993…..
1994…..
1995…..
1996…..
1997…..
1998…..
1999…..
2000…..
2001…..
2002……
2003…..
2004……
2005…..
2006……
2007……
Total
Selfemployed employed
85,421
88,734
92,661
95,477
95,938
97,030
96,125
97,450
101,685
103,971
106,435
109,232
111,800
114,143
115,570
114,449
115,246
117,144
119,651
121,460
123,264
126,159
128,085
130,207
134,427
134,635
134,174
135,461
137,020
139,532
142,221
143,952
5,782
6,115
6,428
6,792
7,001
7,097
7,263
7,575
7,785
7,810
7,881
8,201
8,519
8,605
8,719
8,850
8,576
8,959
9,003
8,901
8,971
9,056
8,962
8,790
9,205
9,121
8,923
9,344
9,467
9,509
9,685
9,557
Women
Men
Selfemployed
SelfSelfSelfwomen as
employed
employed
employed percent of
Total
SelfTotal
Selfas a
as a
as a
total selfemployed employed
employed employed
percent of
percent of
percent of employed
total
total
total
6.8
6.9
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.3
7.6
7.8
7.7
7.5
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.5
7.5
7.7
7.4
7.6
7.5
7.3
7.3
7.2
7.0
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.7
6.9
6.9
6.8
6.8
6.6
35,027
36,677
38,900
40,556
41,461
42,333
42,591
43,367
45,262
46,615
48,054
49,668
51,020
52,341
53,011
52,815
53,380
54,273
55,755
56,642
57,630
59,026
59,945
61,193
62,983
63,147
62,995
63,824
64,182
65,213
66,382
67,302
1,549
1,692
1,814
1,982
2,097
2,192
2,309
2,439
2,566
2,603
2,610
2,778
2,955
3,043
3,122
3,150
2,963
3,065
3,443
3,440
3,506
3,550
3,482
3,424
3,631
3,594
3,499
3,609
3,607
3,565
3,681
3,637
4.4
4.6
4.7
4.9
5.1
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.4
5.6
5.8
5.8
5.9
6.0
5.6
5.6
6.2
6.1
6.1
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.4
50,394
52,057
53,761
54,921
54,477
54,697
53,534
54,083
56,423
57,356
58,381
59,564
60,780
61,802
62,559
61,634
61,866
62,871
63,896
64,818
65,634
67,133
68,140
69,014
71,444
71,488
71,179
71,636
72,838
74,319
75,838
76,650
4,233
4,423
4,614
4,810
4,904
4,905
4,954
5,136
5,219
5,207
5,271
5,423
5,564
5,562
5,597
5,700
5,613
5,894
5,560
5,461
5,465
5,506
5,480
5,366
5,573
5,527
5,425
5,736
5,860
5,944
6,004
5,920
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.8
9.0
9.0
9.3
9.5
9.2
9.1
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.0
8.9
9.2
9.1
9.4
8.7
8.4
8.3
8.2
8.0
7.8
7.8
7.7
7.6
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.9
7.7
26.8
27.7
28.2
29.2
30.0
30.9
31.8
32.2
33.0
33.3
33.1
33.9
34.7
35.4
35.8
35.6
34.5
34.2
38.2
38.6
39.1
39.2
38.9
39.0
39.4
39.4
39.2
38.6
38.1
37.5
38.0
38.1
NOTE: Beginning in 2000, data reflect the introduction of the 2002 Census industry classification system derived from the
2002 North American Industry Classification System into the Current Population Survey (CPS).
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
91
Table 37. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population
by age and sex, 2007 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Country of birth,
age, and sex
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not in
labor force
Both sexes
Native born1
16 years and over…….. 196,850
16 to 24 years………..… 33,204
25 to 34 years………… 31,509
35 to 44 years………... 34,079
45 to 54 years………… 37,266
55 to 64 years………... 28,683
65 years and over……. 32,109
129,130
19,763
26,708
28,745
30,571
18,219
5,124
65.6
59.5
84.8
84.3
82.0
63.5
16.0
123,079
17,608
25,439
27,756
29,633
17,684
4,959
62.5
53.0
80.7
81.4
79.5
61.7
15.4
6,051
2,155
1,270
989
938
535
165
4.7
10.9
4.8
3.4
3.1
2.9
3.2
67,720
13,442
4,800
5,335
6,695
10,464
26,985
35,017
4,205
8,243
8,322
6,278
3,850
4,119
23,994
2,454
6,421
6,782
5,126
2,531
680
68.5
58.4
77.9
81.5
81.7
65.7
16.5
22,967
2,266
6,147
6,546
4,930
2,424
655
65.6
53.9
74.6
78.7
78.5
63.0
15.9
1,027
188
274
236
196
107
25
4.3
7.7
4.3
3.5
3.8
4.2
3.7
11,023
1,751
1,822
1,540
1,152
1,319
3,440
Native born1
16 years and over…….. 102,347
16 to 24 years………… 16,538
25 to 34 years……...… 16,102
35 to 44 years……...… 17,462
45 to 54 years……….… 19,146
55 to 64 years………..… 14,851
65 years and over……. 18,248
61,464
9,687
12,554
13,494
14,692
8,724
2,314
60.1
58.6
78.0
77.3
76.7
58.7
12.7
58,707
8,762
11,982
13,013
14,232
8,480
2,238
57.4
53.0
74.4
74.5
74.3
57.1
12.3
2,757
924
572
481
460
243
76
4.5
9.5
4.6
3.6
3.1
2.8
3.3
40,883
6,851
3,549
3,968
4,454
6,127
15,934
9,524
895
2,268
2,733
2,204
1,122
301
54.9
45.6
59.8
67.8
71.5
55.4
12.3
9,085
821
2,152
2,623
2,121
1,073
295
52.4
41.8
56.8
65.1
68.8
53.0
12.0
439
74
116
110
83
50
6
4.6
8.2
5.1
4.0
3.8
4.4
1.9
7,823
1,068
1,523
1,296
880
902
2,154
Foreign born 2
16 years and over……..
16 to 24 years……….…
25 to 34 years……..……
35 to 44 years……..……
45 to 54 years…………
55 to 64 years……….…
65 years and over……
Women
Foreign born 2
16 years and over……..
16 to 24 years………..…
25 to 34 years……...…
35 to 44 years……...…
45 to 54 years……….…
55 to 64 years…………
65 years and over……
17,347
1,963
3,791
4,029
3,085
2,025
2,455
See footnotes at end of table.
92
Table 37. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population
by age and sex, 2007 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Country of birth,
age, and sex
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not in
labor force
Men
Native born1
16 years and over………
16 to 24 years…………
25 to 34 years………...
35 to 44 years………...
45 to 54 years……….…
55 to 64 years……….…
65 years and over…….
94,503
16,667
15,406
16,617
18,120
13,832
13,861
67,666
10,076
14,155
15,251
15,879
9,495
2,810
71.6
60.5
91.9
91.8
87.6
68.6
20.3
64,372
8,846
13,457
14,743
15,401
9,204
2,721
68.1
53.1
87.3
88.7
85.0
66.5
19.6
3,294
1,230
698
508
478
291
89
4.9
12.2
4.9
3.3
3.0
3.1
3.2
26,837
6,591
1,251
1,366
2,241
4,337
11,051
Foreign born 2
16 years and over……… 17,670
16 to 24 years……….… 2,242
25 to 34 years……...…
4,452
35 to 44 years………...
4,293
45 to 54 years…………
3,193
55 to 64 years……….… 1,825
65 years and over…….
1,664
14,470
1,559
4,153
4,049
2,922
1,409
378
81.9
69.6
93.3
94.3
91.5
77.2
22.7
13,883
1,445
3,995
3,923
2,809
1,352
359
78.6
64.5
89.7
91.4
88.0
74.0
21.6
588
114
158
126
113
57
19
4.1
7.3
3.8
3.1
3.9
4.1
5.1
3,200
683
299
244
271
417
1,286
1
whom was a U.S. citizen. This group primarily includes
legally admitted immigrants, but also includes refugees,
students, temporary workers, and undocumented aliens.
2
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department
of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Native-born persons are those who were born in the United
States or a U.S. Island Area such as Puerto Rico, or born
abroad of a U.S.-citizen parent.
Foreign born refers to people residing in the United States
who were born outside the United States or one of its outlying
areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of
93
Table 38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2007
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Members of unions
Year
Total
employed
1
Women
Represented by
unions 2
Total
Percent of
employed
Total
Percent of
employed
Members of unions
Total
employed
1
Represented by
unions 2
Total
Percent of
employed
Total
Percent of
employed
18.0
1983……… 88,290
17,717
20.1
20,532
23.3
40,433
5,908
14.6
7,262
1984…...… 92,194
17,340
18.8
19,932
21.6
42,172
5,829
13.8
7,100
16.8
1985…….
1986 3……
94,521
16,996
18.0
19,358
20.5
43,506
5,732
13.2
6,910
15.9
15.5
96,903
16,975
17.5
19,278
19.9
44,961
5,802
12.9
6,961
1987…...… 99,303
16,913
17.0
19,051
19.2
46,365
5,842
12.6
6,907
14.9
1988……. 101,407
17,002
16.8
19,241
19.0
47,495
5,982
12.6
7,109
15.0
1989…...… 103,480
16,960
16.4
19,198
18.6
48,691
6,141
12.6
7,243
14.9
1990 …… 104,876
16,776
16.0
19,105
18.2
49,323
6,179
12.5
7,330
14.9
1991...…… 103,723
16,612
16.0
18,790
18.1
49,105
6,142
12.5
7,247
14.8
1992……. 104,668
16,418
15.7
18,578
17.7
49,842
6,274
12.6
7,411
14.9
1993……. 106,101
1994 3…… 107,989
16,627
15.7
18,682
17.6
50,626
6,516
12.9
7,610
15.0
16,748
15.5
18,850
17.5
51,419
6,642
12.9
7,740
15.1
1995……. 110,038
16,360
14.9
18,346
16.7
52,369
6,430
12.3
7,479
14.3
1996…...… 111,960
1997 3…… 114,533
1998 3…… 116,730
16,269
14.5
18,158
16.2
53,488
6,410
12.0
7,397
13.8
16,110
14.1
17,923
15.6
54,708
6,347
11.6
7,304
13.4
16,211
13.9
17,918
15.4
55,757
6,362
11.4
7,280
13.1
1999 3…… 118,963
16,477
13.9
18,182
15.3
57,050
6,528
11.4
7,425
13.0
3
2000 3…… 122,089
16,334
13.4
18,153
14.9
58,427
6,671
11.4
7,662
13.1
2001……. 122,229
2002……… 121,826
16,305
13.3
18,026
14.7
58,582
6,768
11.6
7,672
13.1
16,145
13.3
17,695
14.5
58,555
6,820
11.6
7,629
13.0
2003 3…… 122,358
15,776
12.9
17,448
14.3
59,122
6,732
11.4
7,601
12.9
2004……… 123,554
15,472
12.5
17,087
13.8
59,408
6,593
11.1
7,450
12.5
2005……
125,889
15,685
12.5
17,223
13.7
60,423
6,815
11.3
7,626
12.6
2006……… 128,237
15,359
12.0
16,860
13.1
61,426
6,702
10.9
7,501
12.2
2007……… 129,767
15,670
12.1
17,243
13.3
62,299
6,903
11.1
7,749
12.4
See footnotes at end of table.
94
Table 38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary
workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2007—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Men
Members of unions
Year
Total
employed
1
Represented by
unions 2
Total
Percent of
employed
Total
Percent of
employed
27.7
1983……… 47,856
11,809
24.7
13,270
1984…...… 50,022
11,511
23.0
12,832
25.7
1985……. 51,015
1986 3…… 51,942
11,264
22.1
12,448
24.4
11,173
21.5
12,317
23.7
1987…...… 52,938
11,071
20.9
12,144
22.9
1988…….
53,912
11,019
20.4
12,132
22.5
1989…...… 54,789
10,820
19.7
11,955
21.8
1990 3…… 55,553
10,597
19.1
11,775
21.2
1991...…… 54,618
10,470
19.2
11,542
21.1
1992…….
54,826
10,144
18.5
11,167
20.4
1993……. 55,475
1994 3…… 56,570
10,112
18.2
11,072
20.0
10,106
17.9
11,110
19.6
1995…….
57,669
9,929
17.2
10,868
18.8
1996…...… 58,473
1997 3…… 59,825
1998 3…… 60,973
9,859
16.9
10,761
18.4
9,763
16.3
10,619
17.7
9,850
16.2
10,638
17.4
1999 3…… 61,914
9,949
16.1
10,758
17.4
2000 3…… 63,662
9,664
15.2
10,491
16.5
2001……. 63,647
2002……… 63,272
2003 3…… 63,236
9,538
15.0
10,354
16.3
9,325
14.7
10,066
15.9
9,044
14.3
9,848
15.6
2004……… 64,145
8,878
13.8
9,638
15.0
2005……
65,466
8,870
13.5
9,597
14.7
2006……… 66,811
8,657
13.0
9,360
14.0
2007……… 67,468
8,767
13.0
9,494
14.1
1
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union.
2
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union, as well as workers who are not
members but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee
association contract.
3
Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an
explanation, see the Historical Comparability documentation
provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf .
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and parttime workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, regardless
of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor,
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
95
Technical Note
have been conducted to quantify some sources of
such error in the CPS. For further discussion of the
reliability of data from the CPS and information on
estimating standard errors, see the Household Data
technical documentation provided at http://www.
bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.
The estimates in this report were obtained from the
Current Population Survey (CPS), a national
monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000
households, which provides a wide range of
information on the labor force, employment, and
unemployment. Earnings and union affiliation data
are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly
sample. The survey is conducted for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a
scientifically-selected national sample with coverage in all 50 States and the District of Columbia.
Concepts and Definitions
Concepts used in this report are defined below.
Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are
persons 16 years of age and older residing in the 50
States and the District of Columbia who are not
confined to institutions (for example, correctional
facilities and residential nursing and mental health
care facilities), and who are not on active duty in
the Armed Forces.
Material in this report is in the public domain and,
with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without
permission.
This information is available to
sensory-impaired individuals on request. Voice
phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message referral
phone number: 1-800-877-8339.
Civilian labor force. This group comprises all
persons classified as employed or unemployed.
Reliability of the Estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample,
rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there
is a chance that the sample estimates may differ
from the “true” population values they represent.
The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending on the particular sample selected, and
this variability is measured by the standard error of
the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or
level of confidence, that an estimate based on a
sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the “true” population value because of
sampling error.
BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
Employed persons. Employed persons are those
who, during the survey week, (a) did any work at all
as paid civilians; (b) worked in their own business
or profession or on their own farm; (c) worked 15
hours or more as unpaid workers in a family
business; or (d) were temporarily absent from their
jobs because of illness, vacation, bad weather, or
another reason.
Unemployed persons. Unemployed persons are
those who had no employment during the survey
week, were available for work at that time, and
made specific efforts to find employment sometime
in the prior 4 weeks. Persons laid off from their
former jobs and awaiting recall did not need to be
looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
All other types of error are referred to as
nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur
for many reasons, including the failure to sample a
segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide
correct information, and errors made in the
collection or processing of data. CPS data also are
affected by nonsampling error. The full extent of
nonsampling error is unknown, but special studies
Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is
the civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian
noninstitutional population.
Employment-population ratio.
This ratio represents the proportion of the population that is
employed.
96
the hour. Data for workers paid at hourly rates are
presented separately in Table 26.
Unemployment rate. This rate represents the
number of unemployed persons as a percent of the
civilian labor force.
Usual weekly earnings. Data are collected on
wages and salaries before taxes and other
deductions and include any overtime pay,
commissions, or tips usually received (at the
principal job in the case of multiple jobholders).
Earnings of self-employed workers are excluded,
regardless of whether their businesses are
incorporated. Prior to 1994, respondents were
asked to report earnings per week. Since January
1994, respondents have been asked to identify the
easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly,
weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly,
annually, other) and how much they usually earn in
the reported period. Earnings reported on a basis
other than weekly are converted to a weekly
equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the
respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition
of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the
term as “more than half the weeks worked during
the past 4 or 5 months.”
Race. White, black or African American, and
Asian are terms used to describe the race of
persons. Persons in these categories are those who
selected that race group only. Data for the
remaining race categories—American Indian or
Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific
Islanders, and persons who selected more than one
race category—are included in totals but are not
shown separately because the number of survey
respondents was too small to develop estimates of
sufficient quality for publication. In the survey
process, race is determined by the household
respondent.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This term refers to
persons who identified themselves in the survey as
being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose
ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be
of any race.
Medians of usual weekly earnings. The median is
the amount that divides a given earnings
distribution into two equal groups, one having
earnings above the median, and the other having
earnings below the median. The BLS estimating
procedure for determining the median of an
earnings distribution places each reported or
calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide
interval that is centered on a multiple of $50. The
value of the median is estimated through a linear
interpolation of the interval in which the median
lies. Over-the-year changes in the medians for
specific groups may not necessarily be consistent
with the movements estimated for the overall group
boundary. The most common reasons for this
possible anomaly follow: (1) There could be a
change in the relative weights of the subgroups.
For example, the medians of both 16- to 24-yearolds and those 25 years and over may rise, but if the
lower earning 16-to-24 age group accounts for a
greatly increased share of the total, the overall
median could actually fall. (2) There could be a
large change in the shape of the distribution of
reported earnings. This could be caused by survey
observations that are clustered at rounded values,
for example, $250, $300, or $400. An estimate
lying in a $50-wide centered interval containing
such a cluster, or “spike,” tends to change more
slowly than one in other intervals. Medians, for
Family. A family is a group of two or more persons
residing together who are related by birth, marriage,
or adoption. Families are classified either as
married-couple families or as families maintained
by women or men without spouses.
Self-employed workers. Self-employed workers are
those who work for profit or fees in their own
business, profession, trade, or farm. Unincorporated self employed are included in the selfemployed category. Self-employed persons whose
businesses are incorporated are included in wage
and salary employment.
Wage and salary workers. These are workers who
receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment
in kind, or piece rates. The group includes
employees in both the private and public sectors
but, for purposes of the earnings series, excludes all
self-employed persons, regardless of whether their
businesses are incorporated.
Hourly paid workers. Workers who are paid an
hourly wage are a subset of wage and salary
workers, representing approximately three-fifths of
all wage and salary workers. Workers paid by the
hour are, therefore, included in the estimates of
median usual weekly earnings in this report, along
with salaried workers and other workers not paid by
97
to the job held during the reference week. Persons
with two or more jobs are classified in the
occupation and industry at which they worked the
greatest number of hours. The occupational and
industry classification of CPS data is based on the
2002 Census Bureau occupational and industrial
classification systems, which are derived from the
2000 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC)
and the 2002 North American Industry
Classification (NAICS). Additional information
about these classifications is available online at
http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.
example, measure the central tendency of a
multipeaked distribution that shifts over time. As
the distribution shifts, the median does not
necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically, the
median takes relatively more time to move through
a frequently reported interval but, once above the
upper limit of such an interval, it can move
relatively quickly to the next frequently reported
earnings interval. BLS procedures for estimating
medians mitigate such irregular movements of the
measures; however, users should be cautious of
these effects when evaluating short-term changes in
the medians, as well as in ratios of the medians.
Work experience. These data reflect work activity
during the calendar year and are obtained from the
Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC)
to the Current Population Survey. Estimates of
persons who worked were based on “yes” responses
to the following questions in the ASEC: “Did you
work at a job or business at any time during [the
survey reference year]?” or “Did you do any
temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a
few days during [the survey reference year]?”
Since the reference period is a full year, the number
of persons with some employment or
unemployment greatly exceeds the average levels
for any given month, which are based on a 1-week
reference period, and the corresponding annual
averages of monthly estimates.
Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked
(at all jobs) during the reference week. For
example, persons who normally work 40 hours a
week but were off during the Columbus Day
holiday would be reported as working 32 hours,
even though they were paid for the holiday.
Usual hours, or usual full- or part-time status.
Data on persons “at work” exclude persons who
were temporarily absent from a job and therefore
classified in the zero-hours worked category, “with
a job but not at work.” These are persons who were
absent from their jobs for the entire week for
reasons such as bad weather, vacation, illness, or
involvement in a labor dispute. To differentiate a
person’s normal schedule from his or her activity
during the reference week, persons also are
classified according to their usual full- or part-time
status. In this context, full-time workers are those
who usually worked 35 hours or more (at all jobs
combined). This group includes some individuals
who worked less than 35 hours in the reference
week for either economic or noneconomic reasons
and those who were temporarily absent from work.
Similarly, part-time workers are those who usually
work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs),
regardless of the number of hours worked in the
reference week. This may include some individuals
who actually worked more than 34 hours in the
reference week, as well as those who were
temporarily absent from work.
Poverty classification. Poverty statistics presented
in this report are based on definitions developed by
the Social Security Administration in 1964 and
revised by the Federal interagency committees in
1969 and 1981. These definitions originally were
based on the Department of Agriculture’s Economy
Food Plan and reflected the different consumption
requirements of families, based on factors such as
family size and the number of children under 18
years of age. The actual poverty thresholds vary in
accordance with the makeup of the family. Poverty
thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes
in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban
Consumers (CPI-U). The thresholds do not vary
geographically. For more information on poverty
data and thresholds, see http://www.census.gov
/hhes/www/poverty/poverty.html.
Occupation and industry. This information applies
98