Women in the Labor Force:
A Databook
U.S. Department of Labor
Hilda L. Solis, Secretary
.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Keith Hall, Commissioner
September 2009
Report 1018
27
Contents
Page
Women in the Labor Force: A Databook
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Highlights ................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Statistical Tables
01. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2008 annual averages ...... 4
02. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,
1970–2008 annual averages......................................................................................................................... 7
03. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2008 annual averages ............... 10
04. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2008 annual averages ........................................................ 12
05. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
March 2008 . ............................................................................................................................................. 13
06. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, March 2008 ............................................................................................................... 15
07. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–2008 ...................... 18
08. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational
attainment and sex, 2008 annual averages . .............................................................................................. 21
09. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex,
1970–2008 ................................................................................................................................................ 22
10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2007 and 2008 annual averages . .................................. 26
11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages................................................. 28
12. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2008 annual averages ............. 39
13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2007 and 2008 annual averages.................................................... 40
14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2008 annual averages...................................................... 43
15. Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2008 annual averages................... 50
16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race,
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979–2008 annual averages . ....................................................... 51
17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over
by educational attainment and sex, 2008 annual averages ....................................................................... 53
18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2008 annual averages . .............................................................................................................................. 55
19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex,
2008 annual averages . .............................................................................................................................. 68
20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2008 annual averages............................... 69
21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries by sex,
1976–2008 annual averages . .................................................................................................................... 73
22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2007 . ..... 74
23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2007 ............................................ 75
24. Contribution of wives’ earnings to family income, 1970–2007 . ................................................................ 77
25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2007 . ............................................................................ 78
26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum
wage by selected characteristics, 2008 annual averages .......................................................................... 79
27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007 ........................................................................................................... 81
28. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and contingent and noncontingent status,
February 2005............................................................................................................................................ 83
29. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and alternative work arrangements,
February 2005 . ......................................................................................................................................... 84
ii
Contents—Continued
Page
Statistical Tables—Continued
30. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2004 ............... 85
31. Job-related work at home on primary job: All workers by marital status, presence and age of children,
sex, and pay status, May 2004 ................................................................................................................... 86
32. Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in
January 2008 . ........................................................................................................................................... 87
33. Labor force status of 2008 high school graduates and 2007–08 high school dropouts 16 to 24
years old by school enrollment and sex, October 2008 ............................................................................ 88
34. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment,
October 2008 ............................................................................................................................................ 89
35. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, May of selected years, 1970–2008,
not seasonally adjusted ............................................................................................................................. 90
36. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976–2008 annual averages.... 91
37. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population by age
and sex, 2008 annual averages ................................................................................................................. 92
38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983–2008 ................. 94
Technical Note ........................................................................................................................................................ 96
iii
Women in the Labor Force:
A Databook
Introduction
rose from 47 percent to a peak of 73 percent. (These
data were collected in the March CPS.) By 2004,
the participation rate for mothers had receded to 71
percent, where it remained through 2008. (See tables
6 and 7.)
T
he past several decades have been marked by notable
changes in women’s labor force activities. Women’s
labor force participation is significantly higher today
than it was in the 1970s, particularly among women with
children, and a larger share of women work full time and
year round than in past decades. In addition, women have
increasingly attained higher levels of education: among
women aged 25 to 64 who are in the labor force, the proportion with a college degree roughly tripled from 1970 to
2008. Women’s earnings as a proportion of men’s earnings
also have grown over time. In 1979, women working full
time earned 62 percent of what men did; in 2008, women’s
earnings were 80 percent of men’s.
This report presents historical and current labor force
and earnings data for women and men from the Current
Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly
survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the
U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the
CPS. Users should note that the comparisons of earnings in
this report are on a broad level and do not control for many
factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences. For a detailed description of the source of the data
and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the
Technical Note at the end of this report.
• In general, mothers with older children (6 to 17 years of
age, none younger) are more likely to participate in the
labor force than mothers with younger children (under
6 years of age), and unmarried mothers have higher
participation rates than married mothers. In 2008, 76
percent of unmarried mothers were in the labor force,
compared with 69 percent of married mothers. (See
tables 6 and 7.)
• The educational attainment of women aged 25 to 64 in
the labor force rose substantially from 1970 to 2008.
Thirty-six percent of these women held college degrees
in 2008, compared with 11 percent in 1970. Only 7
percent of women were high school dropouts in 2008,
down from 34 percent in 1970. (See table 9.)
• In 2008, women accounted for 51 percent of all persons
employed in management, professional, and related
occupations, somewhat more than their share of total
employment (47 percent). The share of women in
specific occupations within this broad category varied.
For example, 8 percent of construction managers and
34 percent of lawyers were women, while 61 percent
of accountants and 79 percent of social workers were
women. (See table 11.)
Highlights
• In 2008, 59.5 percent of women were in the labor
force, and this share has been relatively stable over the
past several years. Women’s labor force participation
rate peaked at 60 percent in 1999, following several
decades in which women increasingly entered the labor
market. (See tables 1 and 2.)
• Employed Asian women were more likely (46 percent)
to work in the higher paying management, professional, and related occupations in 2008 than were
employed white (41 percent), black (31 percent), or
Hispanic (24 percent) women. Meanwhile, Hispanic
women (31 percent) and black women (28 percent)
were more likely than white and Asian women (each
19 percent) to work in service occupations. (See table
12.)
• In 2008, the overall unemployment rate for women was
5.4 percent, but rates varied by race and Hispanic ethnicity. Asian women had the lowest rate (3.7 percent), followed by white (4.9 percent), Hispanic (7.7 percent), and
black (8.9 percent) women. (See tables 1, 2, and 3.)
• In 2008, women accounted for more than half of all
workers within several industry sectors: financial
activities, education and health services, leisure and
hospitality, and other services. However, women were
• From March 1975 to March 2000, the labor force participation rate of mothers with children under age 18
from 1970, when wives’ earnings accounted for 27
percent of their families’ total incomes. The proportion
of wives earning more than their husbands also has
grown. In 1987, 18 percent of working wives whose
husbands also worked earned more than their spouses;
in 2007, the proportion was 26 percent. (See tables 24
and 25.) (These data were collected in the 1971, 1988,
and 2008 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to
the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience of
the prior calendar year.)
substantially underrepresented (relative to their share
of total employment) in agriculture, mining, construction, manufacturing, and transportation and utilities.
(See table 14.)
• Women who worked full time in wage and salary jobs
had median usual weekly earnings of $638 in 2008.
This represented 80 percent of men’s median weekly
earnings ($798). Earnings of Asian ($753) and white
($654) women were substantially higher than the
earnings of their black ($554) and Hispanic ($501)
counterparts. Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios were
higher among blacks (89 percent) and Hispanics (90
percent) than among whites (79 percent) and Asians
(78 percent). (See table 16.)
• In 2008, approximately 1.5 million women paid at an
hourly rate had earnings at or below the prevailing
Federal minimum wage. This represented 4 percent of
all women paid at an hourly rate. Among women 25
years and older who were paid hourly rates, 3 percent
had earnings at or below the minimum wage, compared
with 10 percent of women aged 16 to 24. (On July
24, 2008, the Federal minimum wage level rose from
$5.85 to $6.55 an hour. Data in this report reflect the
average number of workers who earned $5.85 or less
from January 2008 through July 2008 and those who
earned $6.55 or less from August 2008 through the
end of the year.) (See table 26.)
• In 2008, female full-time wage and salary workers
aged 25 and older with only a high school diploma
had median usual weekly earnings of $520. This represented 79 percent of the earnings for women with
an associate degree ($661), and 54 percent of those
for women with a bachelor’s degree or higher ($955).
(See table 17.)
• In 2008, 25 percent of employed women usually
worked part time—fewer than 35 hours per week.
In comparison, 11 percent of employed men usually
worked part time. (See table 20.)
• Among workers who were in the labor force for at least
27 weeks in 2007, women were slightly more likely
than men to live in poverty—6 percent, compared with
5 percent. Black and Hispanic women who were in
the labor force for 27 weeks or more were significantly
more likely than their white or Asian counterparts to be
among the working poor. The poverty rates for black
and Hispanic working women were 12 percent and 11
percent, respectively, compared with 5 percent and 4
percent, respectively, for white and Asian women. (See
table 27.) (Data are from the 2008 Annual Social and
Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings
and work experience of the prior calendar year.)
• Women in nonagricultural industries worked an average of 36.1 hours per week in 2008. The average
workweek for men in nonagricultural industries was
41.2 hours. (See table 21.)
• Of all women who worked at some point during calendar year 2007, 62 percent worked full time and year
round, compared with 41 percent in 1970. During
the same period, the proportion of men who worked
full time and year round grew from 66 to 75 percent.
(See table 22.) (These data were collected in the 1971
and 2008 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to
the CPS and refer to work experience during the prior
calendar year.)
• Among 2008 high school graduates, young women
(72 percent) were somewhat more likely than young
men (66 percent) to be enrolled in college in October
2008. (See table 33.) (Data are from the October 2008
School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)
• Both the wife and husband had earnings from work
in 58 percent of married-couple families in 2007, up
from 44 percent in 1967. Couples in which only the
husband worked represented 18 percent of marriedcouple families in 2007, compared with 36 percent
in 1967. (See table 23.) (These data were collected
in the 1968 and 2008 Annual Social and Economic
Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and work
experience of the prior calendar year.)
• In October 2008, 45 percent of women aged 16 to 24
who were enrolled in either high school or college
were in the labor force. Young men of the same age
group who were enrolled in school had a lower labor
force participation rate (39 percent). Among those not
enrolled in school, women were less likely to be in the
labor force than men (74 percent, compared with 85
percent). (See table 34.) (Data are from the October
2008 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)
• In 2007, working wives contributed 36 percent of
their families’ incomes, up by 9 percentage points
• Among 16- to 24-year-old women who were not en-
rolled in school, those who did not have a high school
diploma were significantly less likely to participate in
the labor force than those who had a high school diploma
but no additional education (50 percent, compared with
71 percent). Of those in the labor force, the high school
dropouts were more likely to be unemployed than the
high school graduates (25 percent, compared with 13
percent). (See table 34.) (Data are from the October
2008 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)
self-employed persons were women, compared with
27 percent in 1976. (See table 36.)
• In 2008, foreign-born women were less likely than native-born women to be in the labor force (55 percent,
compared with 60 percent). Of those in the labor force,
native-born women were less likely to be unemployed
(5.3 and 6.0 percent, respectively). Among men, the
opposite was true. Foreign-born men were more likely
than the native born to be in the labor force (81 percent,
compared with 71 percent) and somewhat less likely
to be unemployed (5.7 and 6.2 percent, respectively).
(See table 37.)
• In May 2008, 5.6 percent of employed women held
more than one job, nearly the same as the previous
year. The May 2008 multiple jobholding rate for
men was lower, at 4.9 percent. Multiple jobholding
rates for both women and men have declined since the
mid-1990s. (See table 35.) (Data were collected in
the May CPS.)
• Thirteen percent of female wage and salary workers
were represented by unions in 2008, compared with 15
percent of men. Union attachment for both sexes had
been on a downward trend since 1983, when unions
represented 18 percent of women and 28 percent of
men in wage and salary jobs. Over the past 2 years,
however, union representation has increased slightly
among both women and men, from lows in 2006 of 12
percent and 14 percent, respectively. (See table 38.)
• Since 1976, the percentage of working women who
were self-employed has trended up (from 4.4 percent
in 1976 to 5.2 percent in 2008), while the percentage
of men who were self-employed has edged down (from
8.4 percent to 7.6 percent). In 2008, 38 percent of all
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2008
annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Age
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Unemployed
Not in
labor
force
Total
Percent of
labor force
62.2
8,924
5.8
79,501
Percent of
population
Total, both sexes
16 years and over ……...
233,788
16 to 19 years …….…… 17,075
154,287
66.0
145,362
6,858
40.2
5,573
32.6
1,285
18.7
10,218
16 to 17 years………
9,133
2,552
27.9
1,989
21.8
563
22.1
6,581
18 to 19 years………
7,942
4,306
54.2
3,584
45.1
722
16.8
3,637
20 to 24 years………....
20,409
15,174
74.4
13,629
66.8
1,545
10.2
5,234
25 to 54 years……….… 125,652
104,396
83.1
99,369
79.1
5,027
4.8
21,255
39,993
33,332
83.3
31,383
78.5
1,949
5.8
6,661
25 to 29 years……… 20,815
17,293
83.1
16,171
77.7
1,122
6.5
3,522
30 to 34 years……… 19,179
16,039
83.6
15,212
79.3
827
5.2
3,139
41,699
35,061
84.1
33,457
80.2
1,604
4.6
6,638
35 to 39 years……… 20,537
17,218
83.8
16,408
79.9
810
4.7
3,319
40 to 44 years……… 21,162
17,843
84.3
17,049
80.6
795
4.5
3,318
25 to 34 years………
35 to 44 years………
45 to 54 years………
43,960
36,003
81.9
34,529
78.5
1,473
4.1
7,957
45 to 49 years…….
22,644
18,870
83.3
18,106
80.0
764
4.0
3,774
50 to 54 years……… 21,316
17,133
80.4
16,423
77.0
710
4.1
4,183
55 to 64 years…………
33,491
21,615
64.5
20,812
62.1
803
3.7
11,876
55 to 59 years………
18,444
13,480
73.1
12,969
70.3
511
3.8
4,964
60 to 64 years………
15,047
8,135
54.1
7,843
52.1
292
3.6
6,912
65 years and over…….
37,161
6,243
16.8
5,979
16.1
264
4.2
30,918
65 to 69 years………
11,242
3,451
30.7
3,307
29.4
144
4.2
7,791
70 to 74 years………
8,639
1,534
17.8
1,462
16.9
72
4.7
7,105
75 years and over…… 17,281
1,258
7.3
1,211
7.0
48
3.8
16,023
4
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2008
annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Age
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent of
labor force
3,891
5.4
Not in
labor
force
Women
16 years and over ……...
120,675
71,767
59.5
67,876
56.2
48,908
16 to 19 years …….……
8,415
3,385
40.2
2,837
33.7
549
16.2
5,030
16 to 17 years………
4,508
1,314
29.2
1,063
23.6
251
19.1
3,194
18 to 19 years………
3,907
2,071
53.0
1,774
45.4
297
14.3
1,836
20 to 24 years………....
10,160
7,109
70.0
6,484
63.8
625
8.8
3,050
25 to 54 years……….…
63,574
48,195
75.8
45,965
72.3
2,229
4.6
15,379
25 to 34 years………
19,994
15,030
75.2
14,200
71.0
830
5.5
4,964
25 to 29 years……… 10,363
7,862
75.9
7,397
71.4
466
5.9
2,501
30 to 34 years………
9,631
7,168
74.4
6,803
70.6
365
5.1
2,463
21,132
16,089
76.1
15,360
72.7
730
4.5
5,043
35 to 39 years……… 10,395
7,814
75.2
7,437
71.5
377
4.8
2,581
40 to 44 years……… 10,737
8,275
77.1
7,922
73.8
353
4.3
2,462
35 to 44 years………
45 to 54 years………
22,448
17,075
76.1
16,406
73.1
669
3.9
5,372
45 to 49 years…….
11,536
8,908
77.2
8,565
74.2
343
3.9
2,628
50 to 54 years……… 10,912
8,167
74.8
7,841
71.9
326
4.0
2,744
55 to 64 years…………
17,367
10,270
59.1
9,893
57.0
377
3.7
7,097
55 to 59 years………
9,515
6,445
67.7
6,199
65.2
246
3.8
3,070
60 to 64 years………
7,852
3,825
48.7
3,694
47.0
132
3.4
4,027
65 years and over…….
21,160
2,808
13.3
2,697
12.7
111
3.9
18,352
65 to 69 years………
5,995
1,585
26.4
1,528
25.5
57
3.6
4,410
70 to 74 years………
4,728
676
14.3
644
13.6
32
4.7
4,052
75 years and over…… 10,437
547
5.2
525
5.0
22
4.0
9,890
5
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2008
annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Age
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
68.5
5,033
6.1
Not in
labor
force
Men
16 years and over ……...
113,113
82,520
73.0
77,486
30,593
16 to 19 years …….……
8,660
3,472
40.1
2,736
31.6
736
21.2
5,188
16 to 17 years………
4,625
1,238
26.8
926
20.0
312
25.2
3,387
18 to 19 years………
4,035
2,235
55.4
1,810
44.9
425
19.0
1,800
20 to 24 years………....
10,249
8,065
78.7
7,145
69.7
920
11.4
2,184
25 to 54 years……….…
62,078
56,202
90.5
53,404
86.0
2,798
5.0
5,876
25 to 34 years………
19,999
18,302
91.5
17,183
85.9
1,119
6.1
1,697
25 to 29 years……… 10,451
9,431
90.2
8,774
84.0
657
7.0
1,020
30 to 34 years………
9,548
8,871
92.9
8,409
88.1
462
5.2
677
20,567
18,972
92.2
18,097
88.0
875
4.6
1,595
35 to 39 years……… 10,142
9,404
92.7
8,971
88.4
433
4.6
739
40 to 44 years……… 10,425
9,568
91.8
9,126
87.5
442
4.6
857
35 to 44 years………
45 to 54 years………
21,512
18,928
88.0
18,124
84.2
804
4.2
2,584
45 to 49 years…….
11,108
9,962
89.7
9,541
85.9
420
4.2
1,146
50 to 54 years……… 10,404
8,966
86.2
8,582
82.5
383
4.3
1,438
55 to 64 years…………
16,123
11,345
70.4
10,919
67.7
425
3.8
4,779
55 to 59 years………
8,929
7,035
78.8
6,770
75.8
265
3.8
1,894
60 to 64 years………
7,194
4,310
59.9
4,149
57.7
160
3.7
2,885
65 years and over…….
16,002
3,436
21.5
3,282
20.5
153
4.5
12,566
65 to 69 years………
5,246
1,866
35.6
1,779
33.9
87
4.7
3,380
70 to 74 years………
3,912
858
21.9
818
20.9
40
4.7
3,053
75 years and over……
6,844
711
10.4
685
10.0
26
3.6
6,133
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
6
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,
1970-2008 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Year
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not in labor
force
Total, both sexes
1970…….……
1971…….……
1972 1………
1973 1………
1974…….……
1975…….……
1976…….……
1977…….……
1978 1….......
1979…………
137,085
140,216
144,126
147,096
150,120
153,153
156,150
159,033
161,910
164,863
82,771
84,382
87,034
89,429
91,949
93,775
96,158
99,009
102,251
104,962
60.4
60.2
60.4
60.8
61.3
61.2
61.6
62.3
63.2
63.7
78,678
79,367
82,153
85,064
86,794
85,846
88,752
92,017
96,048
98,824
57.5
56.6
57.0
57.8
57.8
56.1
56.8
57.9
59.3
59.9
4,093
5,016
4,882
4,365
5,156
7,929
7,406
6,991
6,202
6,137
4.9
5.9
5.6
4.9
5.6
8.5
7.7
7.1
6.1
5.8
54,315
55,834
57,091
57,667
58,171
59,377
59,991
60,025
59,659
59,900
1980…………
1981…...……
1982…...……
1983…...……
1984…...……
1985…...……
1986 1….......
1987…………
1988…...……
1989…………
167,745
170,130
172,271
174,215
176,383
178,206
180,587
182,753
184,613
186,393
106,940
108,670
110,204
111,550
113,544
115,461
117,834
119,865
121,669
123,869
63.8
63.9
64.0
64.0
64.4
64.8
65.3
65.6
65.9
66.5
99,303
100,397
99,526
100,834
105,005
107,150
109,597
112,440
114,968
117,342
59.2
59.0
57.8
57.9
59.5
60.1
60.7
61.5
62.3
63.0
7,637
8,273
10,678
10,717
8,539
8,312
8,237
7,425
6,701
6,528
7.1
7.6
9.7
9.6
7.5
7.2
7.0
6.2
5.5
5.3
60,806
61,460
62,067
62,665
62,839
62,744
62,752
62,888
62,944
62,523
1990 1….......
1991…...……
1992…...……
1993…...……
1994 1….......
1995…...……
1996…...……
1997 1….......
1998 1….......
1999 1….......
189,164
190,925
192,805
194,838
196,814
198,584
200,591
203,133
205,220
207,753
125,840
126,346
128,105
129,200
131,056
132,304
133,943
136,297
137,673
139,368
66.5
66.2
66.4
66.3
66.6
66.6
66.8
67.1
67.1
67.1
118,793
117,718
118,492
120,259
123,060
124,900
126,708
129,558
131,463
133,488
62.8
61.7
61.5
61.7
62.5
62.9
63.2
63.8
64.1
64.3
7,047
8,628
9,613
8,940
7,996
7,404
7,236
6,739
6,210
5,880
5.6
6.8
7.5
6.9
6.1
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.5
4.2
63,324
64,578
64,700
65,638
65,758
66,280
66,647
66,837
67,547
68,385
2000 1….......
2001 …………
2002 …………
2003 1….......
2004 1….......
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008 1….......
212,577
215,092
217,570
221,168
223,357
226,082
228,815
231,867
233,788
142,583
143,734
144,863
146,510
147,401
149,320
151,428
153,124
154,287
67.1
66.8
66.6
66.2
66.0
66.0
66.2
66.0
66.0
136,891
136,933
136,485
137,736
139,252
141,730
144,427
146,047
145,362
64.4
63.7
62.7
62.3
62.3
62.7
63.1
63.0
62.2
5,692
6,801
8,378
8,774
8,149
7,591
7,001
7,078
8,924
4.0
4.7
5.8
6.0
5.5
5.1
4.6
4.6
5.8
69,994
71,359
72,707
74,658
75,956
76,762
77,387
78,743
79,501
See footnote at end of table.
7
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,
1970-2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Year
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not in labor
force
Women
1970…….……
1971…….……
1972 1………
1973 1………
1974…….……
1975…….……
1976…….……
1977…….……
1978 1….......
1979…………
72,782
74,274
76,290
77,804
79,312
80,860
82,390
83,840
85,334
86,843
31,543
32,202
33,479
34,804
36,211
37,475
38,983
40,613
42,631
44,235
43.3
43.4
43.9
44.7
45.7
46.3
47.3
48.4
50.0
50.9
29,688
29,976
31,257
32,715
33,769
33,989
35,615
37,289
39,569
41,217
40.8
40.4
41.0
42.0
42.6
42.0
43.2
44.5
46.4
47.5
1,855
2,227
2,222
2,089
2,441
3,486
3,369
3,324
3,061
3,018
5.9
6.9
6.6
6.0
6.7
9.3
8.6
8.2
7.2
6.8
41,239
42,072
42,811
43,000
43,101
43,386
43,406
43,227
42,703
42,608
1980…………
1981…...……
1982…...……
1983…...……
1984…...……
1985…...……
1986 1….......
1987…………
1988…...……
1989…………
88,348
89,618
90,748
91,684
92,778
93,736
94,789
95,853
96,756
97,630
45,487
46,696
47,755
48,503
49,709
51,050
52,413
53,658
54,742
56,030
51.5
52.1
52.6
52.9
53.6
54.5
55.3
56.0
56.6
57.4
42,117
43,000
43,256
44,047
45,915
47,259
48,706
50,334
51,696
53,027
47.7
48.0
47.7
48.0
49.5
50.4
51.4
52.5
53.4
54.3
3,370
3,696
4,499
4,457
3,794
3,791
3,707
3,324
3,046
3,003
7.4
7.9
9.4
9.2
7.6
7.4
7.1
6.2
5.6
5.4
42,861
42,922
42,993
43,181
43,068
42,686
42,376
42,195
42,014
41,601
1990 1….......
1991…...……
1992…...……
1993…...……
1994 1….......
1995…...……
1996…...……
1997 1….......
1998 1….......
1999 1….......
98,787
99,646
100,535
101,506
102,460
103,406
104,385
105,418
106,462
108,031
56,829
57,178
58,141
58,795
60,239
60,944
61,857
63,036
63,714
64,855
57.5
57.4
57.8
57.9
58.8
58.9
59.3
59.8
59.8
60.0
53,689
53,496
54,052
54,910
56,610
57,523
58,501
59,873
60,771
62,042
54.3
53.7
53.8
54.1
55.3
55.6
56.0
56.8
57.1
57.4
3,140
3,683
4,090
3,885
3,629
3,421
3,356
3,162
2,944
2,814
5.5
6.4
7.0
6.6
6.0
5.6
5.4
5.0
4.6
4.3
41,957
42,468
42,394
42,711
42,221
42,462
42,528
42,382
42,748
43,175
2000 1….......
2001 …………
2002 …………
2003 1….......
2004 1….......
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008 1….......
110,613
111,811
112,985
114,733
115,647
116,931
118,210
119,694
120,675
66,303
66,848
67,363
68,272
68,421
69,288
70,173
70,988
71,767
59.9
59.8
59.6
59.5
59.2
59.3
59.4
59.3
59.5
63,586
63,737
63,582
64,404
64,728
65,757
66,925
67,792
67,876
57.5
57.0
56.3
56.1
56.0
56.2
56.6
56.6
56.2
2,717
3,111
3,781
3,868
3,694
3,531
3,247
3,196
3,891
4.1
4.7
5.6
5.7
5.4
5.1
4.6
4.5
5.4
44,310
44,962
45,621
46,461
47,225
47,643
48,037
48,707
48,908
See footnote at end of table.
8
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,
1970-2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Year
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not in labor
force
Men
1970…….……
1971…….……
1972 1………
1973 1………
1974…….……
1975…….……
1976…….……
1977…….……
1978 1….......
1979…………
64,304
65,942
67,835
69,292
70,808
72,291
73,759
75,193
76,576
78,020
51,228
52,180
53,555
54,624
55,739
56,299
57,174
58,396
59,620
60,726
79.7
79.1
78.9
78.8
78.7
77.9
77.5
77.7
77.9
77.8
48,990
49,390
50,896
52,349
53,024
51,857
53,138
54,728
56,479
57,607
76.2
74.9
75.0
75.5
74.9
71.7
72.0
72.8
73.8
73.8
2,238
2,789
2,659
2,275
2,714
4,442
4,036
3,667
3,142
3,120
4.4
5.3
5.0
4.2
4.9
7.9
7.1
6.3
5.3
5.1
13,076
13,762
14,280
14,667
15,069
15,993
16,585
16,797
16,956
17,293
1980…………
1981…...……
1982…...……
1983…...……
1984…...……
1985…...……
1986 1….......
1987…………
1988…...……
1989…………
79,398
80,511
81,523
82,531
83,605
84,469
85,798
86,899
87,857
88,762
61,453
61,974
62,450
63,047
63,835
64,411
65,422
66,207
66,927
67,840
77.4
77.0
76.6
76.4
76.4
76.3
76.3
76.2
76.2
76.4
57,186
57,397
56,271
56,787
59,091
59,891
60,892
62,107
63,273
64,315
72.0
71.3
69.0
68.8
70.7
70.9
71.0
71.5
72.0
72.5
4,267
4,577
6,179
6,260
4,744
4,521
4,530
4,101
3,655
3,525
6.9
7.4
9.9
9.9
7.4
7.0
6.9
6.2
5.5
5.2
17,945
18,537
19,073
19,484
19,771
20,058
20,376
20,692
20,930
20,923
1990 1….......
1991…...……
1992…...……
1993…...……
1994 1….......
1995…...……
1996…...……
1997 1….......
1998 1….......
1999 1….......
90,377
91,278
92,270
93,332
94,355
95,178
96,206
97,715
98,758
99,722
69,011
69,168
69,964
70,404
70,817
71,360
72,087
73,261
73,959
74,512
76.4
75.8
75.8
75.4
75.1
75.0
74.9
75.0
74.9
74.7
65,104
64,223
64,440
65,349
66,450
67,377
68,207
69,685
70,693
71,446
72.0
70.4
69.8
70.0
70.4
70.8
70.9
71.3
71.6
71.6
3,906
4,946
5,523
5,055
4,367
3,983
3,880
3,577
3,266
3,066
5.7
7.2
7.9
7.2
6.2
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.4
4.1
21,367
22,110
22,306
22,927
23,538
23,818
24,119
24,454
24,799
25,210
2000 1….......
2001 …………
2002 …………
2003 1….......
2004 1….......
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008 1….......
101,964
103,282
104,585
106,435
107,710
109,151
110,605
112,173
113,113
76,280
76,886
77,500
78,238
78,980
80,033
81,255
82,136
82,520
74.8
74.4
74.1
73.5
73.3
73.3
73.5
73.2
73.0
73,305
73,196
72,903
73,332
74,524
75,973
77,502
78,254
77,486
71.9
70.9
69.7
68.9
69.2
69.6
70.1
69.8
68.5
2,975
3,690
4,597
4,906
4,456
4,059
3,753
3,882
5,033
3.9
4.8
5.9
6.3
5.6
5.1
4.6
4.7
6.1
25,684
26,396
27,085
28,197
28,730
29,119
29,350
30,036
30,593
1
documentation provided at
http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf .
The comparability of historical labor force data has
been affected at various times by methodological and
conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey
(CPS).
For an explanation, see the Historical
Comparability section of the Household Data technical
SOURCE:
Current Population Survey, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
9
Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2008 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Race, age, sex, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Unemployed
Not in
labor
force
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
125,635
5,644
12,142
83,922
18,464
5,463
66.3
43.1
76.3
83.7
65.7
17.0
119,126
4,697
11,055
80,297
17,829
5,247
62.8
35.9
69.5
80.1
63.4
16.3
6,509
947
1,087
3,625
634
216
5.2
16.8
9.0
4.3
3.4
4.0
63,905
7,440
3,773
16,346
9,646
26,702
Total
White
Total, 16 years and over……… 189,540
16 to 19 years………………
13,084
20 to 24 years……………..… 15,914
25 to 54 years……………… 100,268
55 to 64 years………………
28,109
32,165
65 years and over…………..
Women, 16 years and over…
16 to 19 years………….....…
20 to 24 years…………….…
25 to 54 years……………..…
55 to 64 years……………....
65 years and over…………..
96,814
6,414
7,842
49,954
14,411
18,193
57,284
2,776
5,616
37,866
8,609
2,417
59.2
43.3
71.6
75.8
59.7
13.3
54,501
2,377
5,197
36,291
8,312
2,325
56.3
37.1
66.3
72.6
57.7
12.8
2,782
399
419
1,575
298
92
4.9
14.4
7.5
4.2
3.5
3.8
39,531
3,639
2,226
12,088
5,802
15,776
Men, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years…………….…
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years……………..…
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and over……………
92,725
6,669
8,072
50,314
13,698
13,972
68,351
2,868
6,526
46,056
9,855
3,046
73.7
43.0
80.8
91.5
71.9
21.8
64,624
2,320
5,858
44,006
9,518
2,922
69.7
34.8
72.6
87.5
69.5
20.9
3,727
548
668
2,050
337
124
5.5
19.1
10.2
4.5
3.4
4.1
24,374
3,801
1,546
4,258
3,844
10,926
Total, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and over……………
27,843
2,676
2,914
15,643
3,429
3,182
17,740
787
1,981
12,589
1,908
476
63.7
29.4
68.0
80.5
55.6
15.0
15,953
541
1,625
11,555
1,791
440
57.3
20.2
55.8
73.9
52.2
13.8
1,788
246
355
1,034
117
36
10.1
31.2
17.9
8.2
6.1
7.5
10,103
1,889
933
3,054
1,521
2,706
Women, 16 years and over…
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and over……………
15,328
1,354
1,530
8,597
1,910
1,937
9,393
402
997
6,688
1,056
251
61.3
29.7
65.2
77.8
55.3
13.0
8,554
294
831
6,193
1,000
236
55.8
21.7
54.3
72.0
52.3
12.2
839
108
166
495
56
15
8.9
26.8
16.6
7.4
5.3
5.8
5,934
952
533
1,909
854
1,686
Men, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and over……………
12,516
1,322
1,384
7,046
1,519
1,245
8,347
385
984
5,901
852
225
66.7
29.1
71.1
83.7
56.1
18.1
7,398
247
794
5,362
792
204
59.1
18.7
57.4
76.1
52.1
16.4
949
138
190
539
61
21
11.4
35.9
19.3
9.1
7.1
9.5
4,169
937
400
1,146
666
1,020
Black or
African American
10
Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2008 annual
averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Race, age, sex, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not in
labor
force
Asian
Total, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and over……………
10,751
630
872
6,615
1,343
1,291
7,202
157
526
5,408
891
219
67.0
24.9
60.3
81.8
66.4
17.0
6,917
134
493
5,223
856
211
64.3
21.3
56.5
79.0
63.8
16.3
285
23
33
186
35
8
4.0
14.6
6.3
3.4
3.9
3.8
3,549
473
346
1,207
452
1,072
Women, 16 years and over…
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years……………...…
65 years and over……………
5,639
306
443
3,426
726
738
3,350
72
258
2,488
434
99
59.4
23.6
58.2
72.6
59.7
13.4
3,225
63
242
2,405
418
97
57.2
20.7
54.7
70.2
57.6
13.1
125
9
16
83
15
2
3.7
12.3
6.1
3.3
3.5
2.2
2,289
234
185
938
293
639
Men, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years……………...…
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and over……………
5,112
324
429
3,189
616
553
3,852
85
268
2,921
457
120
75.3
26.2
62.5
91.6
74.2
21.8
3,692
71
251
2,818
438
114
72.2
21.9
58.5
88.4
71.1
20.7
160
14
17
103
19
6
4.1
16.6
6.5
3.5
4.3
5.1
1,260
239
161
268
159
433
Total, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and over……………
32,141
3,042
3,620
20,030
2,840
2,609
22,024
1,121
2,668
16,117
1,701
417
68.5
36.9
73.7
80.5
59.9
16.0
20,346
870
2,361
15,110
1,619
385
63.3
28.6
65.2
75.4
57.0
14.8
1,678
251
307
1,007
81
32
7.6
22.4
11.5
6.2
4.8
7.8
10,116
1,921
952
3,913
1,139
2,192
Women, 16 years and over…
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and over……………
15,616
1,489
1,730
9,435
1,475
1,488
8,769
495
1,074
6,304
722
174
56.2
33.3
62.1
66.8
48.9
11.7
8,098
391
955
5,901
690
161
51.9
26.2
55.2
62.5
46.8
10.8
672
104
119
403
32
13
7.7
21.1
11.1
6.4
4.4
7.7
6,847
994
655
3,131
753
1,314
Men, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years………………
20 to 24 years………………
25 to 54 years………………
55 to 64 years………………
65 years and over……………
16,524
1,553
1,890
10,594
1,365
1,121
13,255
626
1,594
9,813
979
243
80.2
40.3
84.3
92.6
71.7
21.7
12,248
479
1,406
9,209
929
224
74.1
30.9
74.4
86.9
68.1
20.0
1,007
147
188
604
50
19
7.6
23.4
11.8
6.2
5.1
7.8
3,270
927
297
781
386
878
Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
11
Table 4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2008 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Marital status and sex
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Unemployed
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
Total
Total, 16 years and over……
Married, spouse present……
Unmarried, total……………
Never married……………
Other marital status………
Divorced…………………
Separated…………………
Widowed……………….…
233,788
122,349
111,439
66,254
45,185
22,864
8,198
14,122
154,287
84,644
69,643
44,874
24,769
16,126
5,772
2,872
66.0
69.2
62.5
67.7
54.8
70.5
70.4
20.3
145,362
81,729
63,634
40,452
23,182
15,182
5,296
2,704
62.2
66.8
57.1
61.1
51.3
66.4
64.6
19.1
8,924
2,915
6,010
4,422
1,587
944
475
168
5.8
3.4
8.6
9.9
6.4
5.9
8.2
5.9
79,501
37,705
41,796
21,381
20,415
6,738
2,427
11,251
120,675
60,554
60,121
30,980
29,141
13,379
4,520
11,242
71,767
37,194
34,573
20,231
14,342
9,222
2,947
2,173
59.5
61.4
57.5
65.3
49.2
68.9
65.2
19.3
67,876
35,869
32,007
18,513
13,494
8,743
2,702
2,048
56.2
59.2
53.2
59.8
46.3
65.4
59.8
18.2
3,891
1,325
2,566
1,717
849
479
246
125
5.4
3.6
7.4
8.5
5.9
5.2
8.3
5.7
48,908
23,360
25,548
10,749
14,799
4,157
1,572
9,069
113,113
61,794
51,318
35,274
16,044
9,486
3,678
2,880
82,520
47,450
35,070
24,643
10,427
6,905
2,824
698
73.0
76.8
68.3
69.9
65.0
72.8
76.8
24.3
77,486
45,860
31,627
21,938
9,688
6,439
2,594
655
68.5
74.2
61.6
62.2
60.4
67.9
70.5
22.7
5,033
1,590
3,443
2,705
739
465
230
43
6.1
3.4
9.8
11.0
7.1
6.7
8.1
6.2
30,593
14,345
16,248
10,631
5,617
2,581
854
2,181
Women
Total, 16 years and over……
Married, spouse present……
Unmarried, total……….……
Never married…………...…
Other marital status………
Divorced…………………
Separated…………………
Widowed…………………
Men
Total, 16 years and over……
Married, spouse present……
Unmarried, total……………
Never married……………
Other marital status………
Divorced…………………
Separated……………….
Widowed…………………
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
12
Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
March 2008
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Characteristic
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
Total
Women, 16 years and over…………….. 120,300
With children under 18 years old………
36,410
19,972
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
16,438
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
9,657
With no children under 18 years old…… 83,890
71,515
59.4
68,054
3,462
4.8
48,784
24,637
14,842
9,794
5,380
43,417
56.6
67.7
74.3
59.6
55.7
51.8
25,930
15,479
10,452
5,754
45,585
71.2
77.5
63.6
59.6
54.3
1,294
636
657
374
2,168
5.0
4.1
6.3
6.5
4.8
10,479
4,493
5,986
3,903
38,305
Men, 16 years and over………………… 112,695
With children under 18 years old………
27,898
15,301
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
12,597
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
7,514
With no children under 18 years old…… 84,797
81,576
26,192
14,181
12,011
7,198
55,384
72.4
93.9
92.7
95.3
95.8
65.3
76,737
25,201
13,710
11,491
6,871
51,536
68.1
90.3
89.6
91.2
91.4
60.8
4,839
991
471
520
328
3,848
5.9
3.8
3.3
4.3
4.6
6.9
31,119
1,706
1,119
587
316
29,413
White
Women, 16 years and over………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old…….…
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
96,576
28,428
15,697
12,731
7,544
68,149
57,044
20,085
12,115
7,970
4,458
36,960
59.1
70.7
77.2
62.6
59.1
54.2
54,604
19,213
11,678
7,536
4,207
35,390
56.5
67.6
74.4
59.2
55.8
51.9
2,440
871
437
434
251
1,569
4.3
4.3
3.6
5.4
5.6
4.2
39,532
8,343
3,582
4,761
3,086
31,189
Men, 16 years and over…………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
92,469
23,321
12,729
10,592
6,361
69,148
67,675
22,070
11,914
10,155
6,133
45,605
73.2
94.6
93.6
95.9
96.4
66.0
64,105
21,310
11,554
9,756
5,893
42,795
69.3
91.4
90.8
92.1
92.6
61.9
3,570
760
360
399
240
2,810
5.3
3.4
3.0
3.9
3.9
6.2
24,794
1,252
815
437
229
23,543
Women, 16 years and over……………..
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
15,261
5,100
2,800
2,300
1,301
10,160
9,386
3,848
2,240
1,608
808
5,538
61.5
75.4
80.0
69.9
62.1
54.5
8,600
3,503
2,079
1,424
706
5,097
56.4
68.7
74.2
61.9
54.3
50.2
786
345
161
184
102
441
8.4
9.0
7.2
11.5
12.6
8.0
5,875
1,252
560
692
493
4,622
Men, 16 years and over…………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
12,448
2,377
1,401
976
553
10,071
8,163
2,091
1,196
895
510
6,072
65.6
88.0
85.4
91.7
92.2
60.3
7,266
1,950
1,134
816
456
5,316
58.4
82.0
80.9
83.6
82.4
52.8
898
142
62
79
54
756
11.0
6.8
5.2
8.9
10.6
12.5
4,285
286
205
81
43
3,999
Black or African American
See note at end of table.
13
Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
March 2008—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Characteristic
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
Asian
Women, 16 years and over………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
5,580
1,899
1,005
895
513
3,680
3,384
1,321
756
566
314
2,063
60.7
69.6
75.2
63.2
61.3
56.1
3,271
1,279
731
547
306
1,993
58.6
67.3
72.8
61.2
59.7
54.1
113
43
24
18
8
70
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
2.6
3.4
2,195
578
249
329
198
1,617
Men, 16 years and over…………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
4,992
1,522
840
681
396
3,470
3,753
1,424
786
638
372
2,328
75.2
93.6
93.6
93.6
93.9
67.1
3,607
1,387
765
622
361
2,220
72.3
91.1
91.0
91.3
91.2
64.0
146
37
22
16
11
108
3.9
2.6
2.8
2.5
2.8
4.6
1,239
97
54
43
24
1,142
Women, 16 years and over………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
15,465
6,820
3,370
3,450
1,996
8,645
8,708
4,165
2,359
1,806
945
4,543
56.3
61.1
70.0
52.3
47.3
52.5
8,115
3,891
2,225
1,666
859
4,224
52.5
57.0
66.0
48.3
43.0
48.9
593
274
134
140
87
319
6.8
6.6
5.7
7.8
9.2
7.0
6,757
2,655
1,011
1,644
1,051
4,102
Men, 16 years and over…………………
With children under 18 years old………
With children 6 to 17, none younger…
With children under 6 years old………
With children under 3 years old……
With no children under 18 years old……
16,355
5,072
2,393
2,679
1,578
11,283
13,046
4,780
2,219
2,561
1,516
8,267
79.8
94.2
92.7
95.6
96.1
73.3
12,002
4,518
2,109
2,409
1,424
7,484
73.4
89.1
88.1
89.9
90.2
66.3
1,045
262
111
151
92
783
8.0
5.5
5.0
5.9
6.1
9.5
3,309
292
174
118
62
3,017
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters,
stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,
nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.
Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African
American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are
not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified
14
as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
SOURCE: 2008 Annual Social and Economic Supplement,
Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, March 2008
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Presence and age of children
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
Total, all marital statuses
Total, 16 years and over…………………… 120,300
With children under 18 years old………… 36,410
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….………………… 19,972
With children under 6 years old………… 16,438
With children under 3 years old………… 9,657
With no children under 18 years old……… 83,890
71,515
25,930
59.4
71.2
68,054
24,637
56.6
67.7
3,462
1,294
4.8
5.0
48,784
10,479
15,479
10,452
5,754
45,585
77.5
63.6
59.6
54.3
14,842
9,794
5,380
43,417
74.3
59.6
55.7
51.8
636
657
374
2,168
4.1
6.3
6.5
4.8
4,493
5,986
3,903
38,305
Total, married, spouse present
Total, 16 years and over……………………
With children under 18 years old…………
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….…………………
With children under 6 years old…………
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old………
60,108
25,754
37,074
17,886
61.7
69.4
35,919
17,269
59.8
67.1
1,155
616
3.1
3.4
23,034
7,868
13,919
11,835
7,091
34,354
10,601
7,285
4,146
19,188
76.2
61.6
58.5
55.9
10,270
6,999
3,981
18,650
73.8
59.1
56.1
54.3
331
285
165
539
3.1
3.9
4.0
2.8
3,318
4,551
2,945
15,166
Total, other marital statuses1
Total, 16 years and over…………………… 60,192
With children under 18 years old………… 10,656
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….………………… 6,053
With children under 6 years old…………
4,603
With children under 3 years old………… 2,566
With no children under 18 years old……… 49,536
34,441
8,045
57.2
75.5
32,135
7,367
53.4
69.1
2,307
677
6.7
8.4
25,750
2,611
4,878
3,167
1,608
26,397
80.6
68.8
62.7
53.3
4,573
2,795
1,399
24,767
75.5
60.7
54.5
50.0
305
372
209
1,629
6.3
11.7
13.0
6.2
1,176
1,436
958
23,139
White, all marital statuses
Total, 16 years and over……………………
With children under 18 years old…………
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….…………………
With children under 6 years old…………
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old………
96,576
28,428
57,044
20,085
59.1
70.7
54,604
19,213
56.5
67.6
2,440
871
4.3
4.3
39,532
8,343
15,697
12,731
7,544
68,149
12,115
7,970
4,458
36,960
77.2
62.6
59.1
54.2
11,678
7,536
4,207
35,390
74.4
59.2
55.8
51.9
437
434
251
1,569
3.6
5.4
5.6
4.2
3,582
4,761
3,086
31,189
Total, 16 years and over……………………
With children under 18 years old…………
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….…………………
With children under 6 years old…………
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old………
51,326
21,566
31,375
14,870
61.1
69.0
30,442
14,381
59.3
66.7
933
489
3.0
3.3
19,951
6,696
11,636
9,929
6,005
29,760
8,817
6,053
3,504
16,505
75.8
61.0
58.4
55.5
8,552
5,830
3,376
16,061
73.5
58.7
56.2
54.0
265
223
128
445
3.0
3.7
3.7
2.7
2,819
3,876
2,501
13,255
White, married, spouse present
White, other marital statuses 1
Total, 16 years and over…………………… 45,250
With children under 18 years old…………
6,862
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….………………… 4,060
With children under 6 years old…………
2,801
With children under 3 years old………… 1,539
With no children under 18 years old……… 38,388
25,669
5,215
56.7
76.0
24,162
4,832
53.4
70.4
1,507
383
5.9
7.3
19,581
1,647
3,298
1,917
954
20,454
81.2
68.4
62.0
53.3
3,126
1,706
831
19,330
77.0
60.9
54.0
50.4
172
211
123
1,124
5.2
11.0
12.9
5.5
763
884
585
17,934
See footnote at end of table.
15
Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, March 2008—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Presence and age of children
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Percent
of
population
Total
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
Black or African American, all marital statuses
Total, 16 years and over…………………… 15,261
With children under 18 years old…………
5,100
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….………………… 2,800
With children under 6 years old…………
2,300
With children under 3 years old………… 1,301
With no children under 18 years old……… 10,160
9,386
3,848
61.5
75.4
8,600
3,503
56.4
68.7
786
345
8.4
9.0
5,875
1,252
2,240
1,608
808
5,538
80.0
69.9
62.1
54.5
2,079
1,424
706
5,097
74.2
61.9
54.3
50.2
161
184
102
441
7.2
11.5
12.6
8.0
560
692
493
4,622
Black or African American, married, spouse present
Total, 16 years and over……………………
With children under 18 years old…………
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….…………………
With children under 6 years old…………
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old………
4,298
1,912
2,897
1,473
67.4
77.0
2,764
1,394
64.3
72.9
133
79
4.6
5.4
1,402
439
1,117
795
442
2,386
923
550
263
1,424
82.6
69.1
59.5
59.7
885
508
238
1,370
79.3
63.9
54.0
57.4
38
41
24
54
4.1
7.5
9.3
3.8
194
246
179
962
Black or African American, other marital statuses1
Total, 16 years and over…………………… 10,962
With children under 18 years old…………
3,188
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….………………… 1,683
With children under 6 years old…………
1,505
859
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old……… 7,774
6,489
2,375
59.2
74.5
5,836
2,109
53.2
66.2
653
266
10.1
11.2
4,473
813
1,317
1,058
545
4,114
78.2
70.3
63.5
52.9
1,194
915
468
3,727
70.9
60.8
54.4
47.9
123
143
78
387
9.3
13.5
14.2
9.4
367
446
314
3,660
Asian, all marital statuses
Total, 16 years and over……………………
With children under 18 years old…………
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….…………………
With children under 6 years old…………
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old………
5,580
1,899
3,384
1,321
60.7
69.6
3,271
1,279
58.6
67.3
113
43
3.3
3.2
2,195
578
1,005
895
513
3,680
756
566
314
2,063
75.2
63.2
61.3
56.1
731
547
306
1,993
72.8
61.2
59.7
54.1
24
18
8
70
3.2
3.2
2.6
3.4
249
329
198
1,617
Total, 16 years and over……………………
With children under 18 years old…………
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….…………………
With children under 6 years old…………
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old………
3,293
1,656
2,064
1,119
62.7
67.6
2,009
1,087
61.0
65.7
55
31
2.6
2.8
1,229
537
874
782
452
1,637
640
478
269
945
73.3
61.2
59.5
57.7
619
468
263
922
70.8
59.9
58.1
56.3
21
10
6
23
3.3
2.1
2.4
2.5
234
303
183
692
Asian, married, spouse present
Asian, other marital statuses1
Total, 16 years and over……………………
With children under 18 years old…………
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….…………………
With children under 6 years old…………
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old………
2,287
244
1,320
203
57.7
83.2
1,262
191
55.2
78.6
59
11
4.4
5.5
966
41
131
113
60
2,043
116
87
45
1,118
88.2
77.3
74.9
54.7
112
79
43
1,070
85.8
70.2
72.0
52.4
3
8
2
47
2.7
9.2
3.9
4.2
15
26
15
925
See footnote at end of table.
16
Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, March 2008—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Presence and age of children
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
Hispanic or Latino, all marital statuses
Total, 16 years and over…………………… 15,465
With children under 18 years old…………
6,820
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….………………… 3,370
With children under 6 years old…………
3,450
With children under 3 years old………… 1,996
With no children under 18 years old……… 8,645
8,708
4,165
56.3
61.1
8,115
3,891
52.5
57.0
593
274
6.8
6.6
6,757
2,655
2,359
1,806
945
4,543
70.0
52.3
47.3
52.5
2,225
1,666
859
4,224
66.0
48.3
43.0
48.9
134
140
87
319
5.7
7.8
9.2
7.0
1,011
1,644
1,051
4,102
Hispanic or Latino, married, spouse present
Total, 16 years and over……………………
With children under 18 years old…………
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….…………………
With children under 6 years old…………
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old………
7,557
4,663
4,103
2,625
54.3
56.3
3,874
2,482
51.3
53.2
229
143
5.6
5.4
3,454
2,038
2,259
2,403
1,407
2,894
1,482
1,143
614
1,479
65.6
47.6
43.6
51.1
1,414
1,067
564
1,393
62.6
44.4
40.1
48.1
67
76
50
86
4.5
6.6
8.1
5.8
778
1,260
793
1,415
Hispanic or Latino, other marital statuses1
Total, 16 years and over……………………
With children under 18 years old…………
With children 6 to 17 years old,
none younger………….…………………
With children under 6 years old…………
With children under 3 years old…………
With no children under 18 years old………
7,908
2,157
4,605
1,540
58.2
71.4
4,241
1,409
53.6
65.3
364
131
7.9
8.5
3,304
617
1,110
1,047
589
5,751
877
663
331
3,064
79.0
63.3
56.2
53.3
810
599
294
2,832
73.0
57.2
49.9
49.2
67
64
37
233
7.6
9.7
11.1
7.6
233
384
258
2,687
1
Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed
persons.
NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons,
daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included
are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and
unrelated children. Detail for the above race groups (white,
black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because
data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
SOURCE: 2008 Annual Social and Economic Supplement,
Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics.
17
Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975-2008
(Numbers in thousands)
With children under age 18
Civilian labor force
Year
Total
With children ages 6 to 17, none younger
Unemployed
Percent Employed
of
population
Civilian labor force
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Total
Unemployed
Percent Employed
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
1975...……
1976...……
1977………
1978………
1979...……
14,616
15,073
15,669
16,385
16,883
47.4
48.8
50.8
53.0
54.5
13,069
13,725
14,276
15,142
15,624
1,548
1,346
1,393
1,242
1,259
11.0
8.9
8.9
7.6
7.7
8,917
9,388
10,040
10,401
10,646
54.9
56.2
58.3
60.0
61.6
8,218
8,769
9,389
9,845
10,030
700
621
650
556
615
7.9
6.6
6.5
5.3
5.8
1980………
1981...……
1982...……
1983...……
1984………
1985………
1986………
1987………
1988………
1989………
17,790
18,422
18,744
18,924
19,555
20,041
20,620
21,422
21,545
21,936
56.6
58.1
58.5
58.9
60.5
62.1
62.8
64.7
65.1
65.7
16,526
16,952
16,854
16,792
17,782
18,306
18,922
19,798
20,141
20,647
1,264
1,471
1,890
2,131
1,773
1,735
1,698
1,624
1,404
1,289
7.1
8.0
10.1
11.3
9.1
8.7
8.2
7.6
6.5
5.9
11,252
11,490
11,377
11,340
11,538
11,826
12,075
12,438
12,683
12,800
64.3
65.5
65.8
66.3
68.1
69.9
70.4
72.0
73.3
74.2
10,640
10,725
10,440
10,303
10,739
10,984
11,320
11,661
12,042
12,168
612
765
936
1,037
799
842
756
778
641
632
5.4
6.7
8.2
9.1
6.9
7.1
6.3
6.3
5.1
4.9
1990...……
1991...……
1992...……
1993………
1994………
1995………
1996………
1997………
1998...……
1999………
22,196
22,327
22,756
23,063
24,191
24,695
24,720
25,604
25,647
25,472
66.7
66.6
67.2
66.9
68.4
69.7
70.2
72.1
72.3
72.1
20,865
20,774
21,052
21,521
22,467
23,195
23,386
24,082
24,209
24,307
1,331
1,552
1,704
1,541
1,724
1,500
1,334
1,522
1,438
1,165
6.0
7.0
7.5
6.7
7.1
6.1
5.4
5.9
5.6
4.6
12,799
12,691
13,183
13,441
13,863
14,300
14,427
14,993
15,028
15,150
74.7
74.4
75.9
75.4
76.0
76.4
77.2
78.1
78.4
78.5
12,133
12,017
12,391
12,757
13,074
13,608
13,794
14,282
14,370
14,633
666
674
793
684
789
691
633
711
658
516
5.2
5.3
6.0
5.1
5.7
4.8
4.4
4.7
4.4
3.4
2000...……
2001...……
2002………
2003...……
2004………
2005………
2006...……
2007...……
2008...……
25,795
26,269
26,140
26,202
25,913
25,941
26,009
26,834
25,930
72.9
72.7
72.2
71.7
70.7
70.5
70.6
71.3
71.2
24,693
25,030
24,612
24,598
24,413
24,564
24,728
25,646
24,637
1,102
1,239
1,529
1,603
1,501
1,377
1,281
1,188
1,294
4.3
4.7
5.8
6.1
5.8
5.3
4.9
4.4
5.0
15,479
15,839
15,948
15,993
15,782
15,594
15,579
15,940
15,479
79.0
79.4
78.6
78.7
77.5
76.9
76.9
77.7
77.5
14,931
15,220
15,171
15,166
15,006
14,930
14,949
15,341
14,842
549
619
777
828
776
663
630
599
636
3.5
3.9
4.9
5.2
4.9
4.3
4.0
3.8
4.1
See note at end of table.
18
Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child,
March 1975-2008—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
With children under age 6
Civilian labor force
Year
Total
With children under age 3
Unemployed
Percent Employed
of
population
Civilian labor force
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Total
Unemployed
Percent Employed
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
1975...……
1976...……
1977………
1978………
1979...……
5,699
5,684
5,629
5,983
6,238
39.0
40.1
41.2
44.0
45.7
4,851
4,957
4,887
5,297
5,594
848
727
742
687
644
14.9
12.8
13.2
11.5
10.3
2,824
2,702
2,795
3,179
3,380
34.3
34.1
35.4
39.4
41.1
2,326
2,285
2,371
2,768
2,979
500
418
424
411
401
17.7
15.5
15.2
12.9
11.9
1980………
1981...……
1982...……
1983...……
1984………
1985………
1986………
1987………
1988………
1989………
6,538
6,933
7,367
7,583
8,017
8,215
8,545
8,983
8,862
9,136
46.8
48.9
49.9
50.5
52.1
53.5
54.4
56.7
56.1
56.7
5,886
6,227
6,414
6,489
7,043
7,322
7,602
8,137
8,099
8,478
652
706
953
1,094
974
893
943
846
763
657
10.0
10.2
12.9
14.4
12.1
10.9
11.0
9.4
8.6
7.2
3,565
3,826
4,133
4,233
4,401
4,601
4,786
5,064
4,947
5,053
41.9
44.3
45.6
46.0
47.6
49.5
50.8
52.9
52.4
52.4
3,167
3,380
3,542
3,551
3,839
4,089
4,227
4,570
4,477
4,671
398
446
591
682
562
513
559
494
470
381
11.2
11.7
14.3
16.1
12.8
11.1
11.7
9.8
9.5
7.5
1990...……
1991...……
1992...……
1993………
1994………
1995………
1996………
1997………
1998...……
1999………
9,397
9,636
9,573
9,621
10,328
10,395
10,293
10,610
10,619
10,322
58.2
58.4
58.0
57.9
60.3
62.3
62.3
65.0
65.2
64.4
8,732
8,758
8,662
8,764
9,394
9,587
9,592
9,800
9,839
9,674
664
878
911
857
935
809
701
810
780
648
7.1
9.1
9.5
8.9
9.0
7.8
6.8
7.6
7.3
6.3
5,216
5,417
5,329
5,349
5,724
5,650
5,619
5,839
5,882
5,645
53.6
54.5
54.5
53.9
57.1
58.7
59.0
61.8
62.2
60.7
4,823
4,868
4,776
4,857
5,165
5,172
5,222
5,366
5,454
5,285
393
550
553
492
559
478
397
473
428
359
7.5
10.1
10.4
9.2
9.8
8.5
7.1
8.1
7.3
6.4
2000...……
2001...……
2002………
2003...……
2004………
2005………
2006...……
2007...……
2008...……
10,316
10,430
10,193
10,209
10,131
10,347
10,430
10,894
10,452
65.3
64.4
64.1
62.9
62.2
62.6
63.0
63.5
63.6
9,763
9,810
9,441
9,433
9,407
9,634
9,779
10,305
9,794
553
620
752
776
724
714
651
589
657
5.4
5.9
7.4
7.6
7.1
6.9
6.2
5.4
6.3
5,670
5,743
5,600
5,568
5,401
5,704
5,842
6,006
5,754
61.0
60.7
60.5
58.7
57.3
58.9
59.9
60.1
59.6
5,350
5,350
5,160
5,112
4,983
5,299
5,458
5,679
5,380
320
393
440
456
417
405
384
327
374
5.6
6.8
7.9
8.2
7.7
7.1
6.6
5.5
6.5
See note at end of table.
19
Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and
age of youngest child, March 1975-2008—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
With no children under age 18
Civilian labor force
Year
Total
Unemployed
Percent Employed
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
1975...……
1976...……
1977………
1978………
1979...……
22,365
23,327
24,385
25,362
26,962
45.1
45.7
46.4
47.0
48.6
20,381
21,389
22,348
23,631
25,285
1,984
1,938
2,037
1,731
1,677
8.9
8.3
8.4
6.8
6.2
1980………
1981...……
1982...……
1983...……
1984………
1985………
1986………
1987………
1988………
1989………
27,144
27,992
28,351
28,856
29,684
30,850
31,112
31,538
32,490
33,255
48.1
48.7
48.6
48.7
49.3
50.4
50.5
50.5
51.2
51.9
25,375
25,934
26,041
26,373
27,652
28,814
29,107
29,688
30,911
31,761
1,769
2,059
2,311
2,483
2,032
2,036
2,005
1,850
1,580
1,495
6.5
7.4
8.2
8.6
6.8
6.6
6.4
5.9
4.9
4.5
1990...……
1991...……
1992...……
1993………
1994………
1995………
1996………
1997………
1998...……
1999………
33,942
34,047
34,487
34,495
35,455
35,843
36,509
37,295
38,253
39,314
52.3
52.0
52.3
52.1
53.1
52.9
53.0
53.6
54.1
54.3
32,391
32,167
32,481
32,476
33,345
34,054
34,698
35,572
36,680
37,587
1,551
1,880
2,006
2,020
2,110
1,789
1,811
1,723
1,573
1,727
4.6
5.5
5.8
5.9
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.6
4.1
4.4
2000...……
2001...……
2002………
2003...……
2004………
2005………
2006...……
2007...……
2008...……
40,142
40,996
41,278
42,039
42,289
42,677
43,392
44,039
45,585
54.8
54.4
54.0
54.1
53.8
53.5
53.6
53.9
54.3
38,408
39,363
39,038
39,667
40,000
40,570
41,440
42,279
43,417
1,733
1,633
2,241
2,372
2,289
2,107
1,952
1,760
2,168
4.3
4.0
5.4
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.5
4.0
4.8
NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons,
daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are
nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated
children. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly
comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the
introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population
Survey.
SOURCE: 2008 Annual Social and Economic Supplement,
Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
20
Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational
attainment and sex, 2008 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Educational attainment and sex
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not
in
labor
force
Total
Total, 25 to 64 years………………...…… 159,142
Less than a high school diploma……… 17,959
High school graduates, no college 1…… 47,528
Some college or associate degree…… 43,487
College graduates, total……………….
50,168
Bachelor's degree……………………… 33,175
Master's degree………………………. 12,454
2,550
Professional degree……………………
Doctoral degree………………………… 1,989
126,011
11,400
36,263
35,251
43,097
28,214
10,775
2,306
1,801
79.2
63.5
76.3
81.1
85.9
85.0
86.5
90.4
90.6
120,181
10,353
34,181
33,639
42,008
27,445
10,531
2,267
1,766
75.5
57.6
71.9
77.4
83.7
82.7
84.6
88.9
88.8
5,830
1,047
2,082
1,612
1,089
769
244
40
35
4.6
9.2
5.7
4.6
2.5
2.7
2.3
1.7
2.0
33,131
6,559
11,265
8,236
7,071
4,961
1,679
244
188
80,941
8,379
23,352
23,369
25,842
17,230
6,829
1,023
760
58,465
4,045
15,881
17,754
20,785
13,605
5,637
879
664
72.2
48.3
68.0
76.0
80.4
79.0
82.5
85.9
87.4
55,858
3,652
15,024
16,945
20,237
13,219
5,512
860
646
69.0
43.6
64.3
72.5
78.3
76.7
80.7
84.1
85.0
2,607
393
857
809
548
386
124
19
18
4.5
9.7
5.4
4.6
2.6
2.8
2.2
2.2
2.8
22,476
4,334
7,471
5,614
5,057
3,624
1,192
144
96
78,202
9,580
24,176
20,119
24,326
15,945
5,625
1,528
1,229
67,546
7,355
20,382
17,497
22,312
14,608
5,139
1,428
1,137
86.4
76.8
84.3
87.0
91.7
91.6
91.4
93.5
92.5
64,323
6,700
19,157
16,694
21,772
14,226
5,019
1,407
1,120
82.3
69.9
79.2
83.0
89.5
89.2
89.2
92.1
91.2
3,223
655
1,225
803
540
383
120
21
17
4.8
8.9
6.0
4.6
2.4
2.6
2.3
1.5
1.5
10,655
2,225
3,794
2,622
2,014
1,337
486
100
92
Women
Total, 25 to 64 years…………………….
Less than a high school diploma………
High school graduates, no college 1……
Some college or associate degree……
College graduates, total…………………
Bachelor's degree…………………….
Master's degree……………………….
Professional degree……………………
Doctoral degree…………………………
Men
Total, 25 to 64 years………………………
Less than a high school diploma………
High school graduates, no college 1……
Some college or associate degree……
College graduates, total…………………
Bachelor's degree…………………….
Master's degree…………………...……
Professional degree…………………..
Doctoral degree…………………………
1
Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
21
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by
educational attainment and sex, 1970-2008
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
High school
Total
Less than 4
years
4 years, no
college
College
1 to 3 years
4 years or
more
11.8
12.3
12.4
13.0
13.7
14.4
15.2
15.7
16.5
17.3
17.6
17.7
17.3
18.1
18.4
19.0
19.5
19.7
19.7
20.0
20.7
21.1
14.1
14.8
15.5
16.4
17.5
18.3
19.4
20.2
20.6
21.3
22.0
22.0
23.1
24.2
24.7
24.9
24.8
25.3
25.7
26.4
26.4
26.5
Total, both sexes
1
1970 …...………
1971…...………
1972…...………
1973…...………
1974…...………
1975…...………
1976…...………
1977…...………
1978…...………
1979…...………
1980…...………
1981…...………
1982…...………
1983……..........
1984……..........
1985…...………
1986…...………
1987…...………
1988……..........
1989…...………
1990……..........
1991…...………
61,765
62,344
63,704
64,775
66,527
67,774
69,243
71,324
73,504
75,781
78,010
80,273
81,516
83,615
86,001
88,424
90,500
92,966
94,870
97,318
99,175
100,480
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
36.1
34.5
33.3
30.9
29.3
27.5
25.8
24.9
23.7
21.8
20.6
19.7
18.8
17.8
16.7
15.9
15.5
14.9
14.7
14.0
13.4
13.0
38.1
38.4
38.8
39.7
39.5
39.7
39.6
39.2
39.2
39.5
39.8
40.6
40.8
39.9
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
39.9
39.6
39.5
39.4
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
Total
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates,
no college 2
Some
college, no
degree, or
associate
degree
College
graduates
Total, both sexes
4
1992……………
1993…...………
1994…...………
1995……..........
1996…...………
1997……..........
1998……..........
1999…...………
2000…...………
2001…...………
2002…...………
2003……..........
2004…...………
2005……………
2006……………
2007……………
2008……………
103,018
104,237
105,610
107,032
108,932
110,945
111,932
113,095
115,750
116,893
118,028
119,621
120,135
121,752
123,550
125,104
126,011
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.1
11.3
10.8
10.4
10.6
10.6
10.5
10.0
10.1
10.1
10.0
9.9
9.7
9.8
9.7
9.3
9.0
See footnotes at end of table.
22
35.7
35.1
33.9
33.2
32.9
32.9
32.4
31.8
31.4
30.9
30.7
30.3
30.1
29.9
29.6
29.2
28.8
25.6
26.6
27.7
28.1
27.8
27.5
27.4
27.6
27.8
28.0
27.7
27.6
27.7
27.8
27.7
27.7
28.0
26.6
27.0
27.6
28.3
28.7
29.0
29.8
30.5
30.7
31.0
31.6
32.1
32.4
32.5
33.0
33.8
34.2
3
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by
educational attainment and sex, 1970-2008—Continued
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
High school
Total
Less than 4
years
4 years, no
college
College
1 to 3 years
4 years or
more
10.9
11.9
11.8
12.4
13.4
13.9
14.7
15.2
16.1
17.1
17.4
17.9
18.3
18.8
18.9
19.9
20.3
20.7
21.2
20.9
21.9
22.2
11.2
11.8
12.4
13.3
14.6
14.1
16.2
16.9
17.0
17.8
18.7
18.6
19.5
20.9
21.7
22.0
22.2
22.8
23.1
24.3
24.5
25.2
Some
college, no
degree, or
associate
degree
College
graduates 3
27.3
28.4
29.8
30.2
29.9
29.4
29.4
29.5
29.8
30.2
29.9
29.9
30.2
30.2
30.2
30.1
30.4
25.0
25.7
26.2
26.9
27.8
28.4
29.2
29.9
30.1
30.4
31.3
32.2
32.6
33.3
33.9
34.9
35.6
Women
1
1970 …...………
1971…...………
1972…...………
1973…...………
1974…...………
1975…...………
1976…...………
1977…...………
1978…...………
1979…...………
1980…...………
1981…...………
1982…...………
1983……..........
1984……..........
1985…...………
1986…...………
1987…...………
1988……..........
1989…...………
1990……..........
1991…...………
22,462
22,804
23,606
24,158
25,203
26,146
27,166
28,369
29,738
31,151
32,593
33,910
34,870
35,712
37,234
38,779
39,767
41,105
42,254
43,650
44,699
45,315
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
33.5
32.2
30.7
28.4
26.7
26.5
24.0
22.8
22.0
20.1
18.4
17.4
16.6
15.6
14.5
13.7
13.2
12.5
12.4
11.9
11.3
10.9
44.3
44.2
45.1
45.9
45.3
45.5
45.1
45.1
44.9
45.0
45.4
46.1
45.6
44.8
44.9
44.4
44.3
44.0
43.3
42.9
42.4
41.6
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
Total
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates,
no college 2
Women
4
1992……………
1993…...………
1994…...………
1995……..........
1996…...………
1997……..........
1998……..........
1999…...………
2000…...………
2001…...………
2002…...………
2003……..........
2004…...………
2005……………
2006……………
2007……………
2008……………
46,589
47,245
48,405
49,247
50,240
51,261
51,678
52,525
53,749
54,229
54,710
55,596
55,616
56,322
57,201
57,791
58,465
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
10.3
9.3
9.0
8.8
8.8
8.7
8.8
8.5
8.5
8.4
8.1
7.9
7.7
7.7
7.6
7.1
6.9
See footnotes at end of table.
23
37.4
36.6
35.0
34.1
33.6
33.5
32.7
32.1
31.6
31.0
30.6
30.0
29.4
28.7
28.3
27.9
27.2
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by
educational attainment and sex, 1970-2008—Continued
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
High school
Total
Less than 4
years
College
4 years, no
college
1 to 3 years
4 years or
more
34.5
35.1
35.1
36.0
36.0
36.1
36.0
35.3
35.3
35.7
35.7
36.5
36.8
36.3
36.7
36.9
37.0
37.1
37.3
36.9
37.2
37.5
12.2
12.5
12.8
13.4
13.9
14.8
15.5
16.1
16.9
17.5
17.7
17.4
17.5
17.7
18.0
18.3
18.9
18.9
18.5
19.2
19.7
20.2
15.7
16.5
17.3
18.2
19.3
20.2
21.5
22.3
23.0
23.8
24.3
24.6
25.5
26.6
26.9
27.1
26.9
27.2
27.8
28.2
28.0
27.6
Men
1
1970 …...………
1971…...………
1972…...………
1973…...………
1974…...………
1975…...………
1976…...………
1977…...………
1978…...………
1979…...………
1980…...………
1981…...………
1982…...………
1983……..........
1984……..........
1985…...………
1986…...………
1987…...………
1988……..........
1989…...………
1990……..........
1991…...………
39,303
39,539
40,098
40,617
41,344
41,628
42,077
42,954
43,766
44,630
45,417
46,363
47,144
47,903
48,767
49,647
50,733
51,860
52,616
53,668
54,476
55,165
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
37.5
35.9
34.8
32.4
30.8
28.9
27.0
26.3
24.8
23.0
22.2
21.5
20.3
19.4
18.4
17.7
17.2
16.8
16.5
15.7
15.1
14.7
See footnotes at end of table.
24
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by
educational attainment and sex, 1970-2008—Continued
Percent distribution
Year
Civilian labor
force
(thousands)
Total
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates,
no college 2
Some
college, no
degree, or
associate
degree
College
graduates 3
24.3
25.1
25.9
26.3
26.1
25.9
25.6
26.0
26.1
26.2
25.8
25.6
25.6
25.7
25.5
25.6
25.9
27.8
28.1
28.8
29.4
29.4
29.6
30.3
31.0
31.2
31.4
31.8
32.1
32.3
31.9
32.3
32.9
33.0
Men
4
1992……………
1993…...………
1994…...………
1995……..........
1996…...………
1997……..........
1998……..........
1999…...………
2000…...………
2001…...………
2002…...………
2003……..........
2004…...………
2005……………
2006……………
2007……………
2008……………
56,428
56,992
57,205
57,784
58,692
59,684
60,255
60,570
62,001
62,664
63,318
64,025
64,519
65,430
66,350
67,313
67,546
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
13.7
12.9
12.4
11.8
12.2
12.2
12.0
11.4
11.5
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.2
10.9
1
Data from 1970-1991 are based on the March
Current Population Survey.
2
Includes persons with a high school diploma or
equivalent.
3
Includes persons with bachelor's, master's,
professional, and doctoral degrees.
4
Beginning in 1992, data on educational
attainment are annual averages and are based
25
34.2
33.9
33.0
32.4
32.3
32.4
32.1
31.6
31.2
30.9
30.8
30.6
30.7
30.9
30.6
30.4
30.2
on the highest diploma or degree received
rather than the number of years of school
completed.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2007 and 2008 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Occupation and sex
2007
Number
2008
Percent
Number
Percent
Total
Total, 16 years and over…………….………………………………
Management, professional, and related occupations ............................
Management, business, and financial operations occupations ..........
Professional and related occupations ................................................
Service occupations ..............................................................................
Sales and office occupations ................................................................
Sales and related occupations ...........................................................
Office and administrative support occupations ..................................
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ...........
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................
Construction and extraction occupations ...........................................
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .............................
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ..............
Production occupations ......................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations ..............................
146,047
100.0
145,362
100.0
51,788
21,577
30,210
24,137
36,212
16,698
19,513
15,740
960
9,535
5,245
18,171
9,395
8,776
35.5
14.8
20.7
16.5
24.8
11.4
13.4
10.8
.7
6.5
3.6
12.4
6.4
6.0
52,761
22,059
30,702
24,451
35,544
16,295
19,249
14,806
988
8,667
5,152
17,800
8,973
8,827
36.3
15.2
21.1
16.8
24.5
11.2
13.2
10.2
.7
6.0
3.5
12.2
6.2
6.1
67,792
26,195
9,203
16,992
13,800
22,948
8,275
14,673
662
201
258
202
4,188
2,832
1,355
100.0
38.6
13.6
25.1
20.4
33.8
12.2
21.6
1.0
.3
.4
.3
6.2
4.2
2.0
67,876
26,813
9,412
17,401
13,980
22,477
8,073
14,404
626
208
219
199
3,980
2,661
1,319
100.0
39.5
13.9
25.6
20.6
33.1
11.9
21.2
.9
.3
.3
.3
5.9
3.9
1.9
Women
Total, 16 years and over.………………………………………………
Management, professional, and related occupations ............................
Management, business, and financial operations occupations ..........
Professional and related occupations ................................................
Service occupations ..............................................................................
Sales and office occupations ................................................................
Sales and related occupations ...........................................................
Office and administrative support occupations ..................................
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ...........
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................
Construction and extraction occupations ...........................................
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .............................
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ..............
Production occupations ......................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations ..............................
26
Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2007 and 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Occupation
2007
2008
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
78,254
100.0
77,486
100.0
25,593
12,375
13,218
10,337
13,264
8,424
4,840
15,078
759
9,276
5,043
13,983
6,563
7,420
32.7
15.8
16.9
13.2
16.9
10.8
6.2
19.3
1.0
11.9
6.4
17.9
8.4
9.5
25,948
12,647
13,301
10,471
13,067
8,221
4,845
14,181
780
8,448
4,953
13,820
6,313
7,507
33.5
16.3
17.2
13.5
16.9
10.6
6.3
18.3
1.0
10.9
6.4
17.8
8.1
9.7
Men
Total, 16 years and over.……………………………………………
Management, professional, and related occupations ............................
Management, business, and financial operations occupations ..........
Professional and related occupations ................................................
Service occupations ..............................................................................
Sales and office occupations ................................................................
Sales and related occupations ...........................................................
Office and administrative support occupations ..................................
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ...........
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................
Construction and extraction occupations ...........................................
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .............................
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ..............
Production occupations ......................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations ..............................
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
27
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Percent
women
Total, 16 years and over……………………...……………………………………………………………
145,362
46.7
Management, professional, and related occupations..........................................................................
Management, business, and financial operations occupations........................................................
Management occupations.............................................................................................................
Chief executives.........................................................................................................................
General and operations managers............................................................................................
Legislators………………………………………………….……………………………………………
Advertising and promotions managers......................................................................................
Marketing and sales managers..................................................................................................
Public relations managers..........................................................................................................
Administrative services managers.............................................................................................
Computer and information systems managers..........................................................................
Financial managers....................................................................................................................
Human resources managers......................................................................................................
Industrial production managers..................................................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................................................................
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers..................................................................
Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers...........................................................................
Farmers and ranchers................................................................................................................
Construction managers..............................................................................................................
Education administrators...........................................................................................................
Engineering managers...............................................................................................................
Food service managers.............................................................................................................
Funeral directors……….………………………………………………………………………………
Gaming managers……………..………………………………………………………………………
Lodging managers.....................................................................................................................
Medical and health services managers......................................................................................
Natural sciences managers…………………………………………..………………………………
Postmasters and mail superintendents......................................................................................
Property, real estate, and community association managers....................................................
Social and community service managers..................................................................................
Managers, all other………………………………………………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations............................................................................
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes………………………………
Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products………………………………………………………
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products...................................................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products...............................................
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators......................................................
Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation...
Cost estimators..........................................................................................................................
Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists........................................................
Logisticians................................................................................................................................
Management analysts................................................................................................................
Meeting and convention planners……………………………………………………………………
Other business operations specialists…………………………………………………………………
Accountants and auditors..........................................................................................................
Appraisers and assessors of real estate....................................................................................
Budget analysts.........................................................................................................................
Credit analysts……………………………………………………………………………………………
Financial analysts......................................................................................................................
52,761
22,059
15,852
1,655
985
23
77
922
64
100
475
1,168
293
243
193
239
217
751
1,244
829
109
1,039
45
18
177
561
15
41
558
338
3,473
6,207
50
6
191
264
312
179
100
803
50
731
55
254
1,762
102
64
20
110
50.8
42.7
37.4
23.4
30.1
62.1
42.0
60.3
32.6
27.2
54.8
66.3
14.5
40.4
17.0
23.9
24.4
8.2
65.1
6.3
44.8
46.7
69.4
49.6
68.1
35.8
56.2
36.5
47.6
56.5
65.7
52.3
10.0
70.7
47.2
43.5
79.2
66.3
61.1
33.4
57.1
38.8
See note at end of table.
28
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Personal financial advisors........................................................................................................
Insurance underwriters..............................................................................................................
Financial examiners……………………………………………………………………………………
Loan counselors and officers.....................................................................................................
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents........................................................................
Tax preparers.............................................................................................................................
Financial specialists, all other…………………………………………………………………………
Professional and related occupations...............................................................................................
Computer and mathematical occupations.....................................................................................
Computer scientists and systems analysts................................................................................
Computer programmers.............................................................................................................
Computer software engineers....................................................................................................
Computer support specialists.....................................................................................................
Database administrators............................................................................................................
Network and computer systems administrators.........................................................................
Network systems and data communications analysts...............................................................
Actuaries…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Mathematicians…………………………………………………………………………………………
Operations research analysts....................................................................................................
Statisticians……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations…………………………………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations....................................................................................
Architects, except naval.............................................................................................................
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists…………………………………………………
Aerospace engineers.................................................................................................................
Agricultural engineers……………………………………………………………………………………
Biomedical engineers……………………………………………………………………………………
Chemical engineers...................................................................................................................
Civil engineers...........................................................................................................................
Computer hardware engineers..................................................................................................
Electrical and electronics engineers..........................................................................................
Environmental engineers………………………………………………………………………………
Industrial engineers, including health and safety.......................................................................
Marine engineers and naval architects………………………………………………………………
Materials engineers……………………………………………………………………………………
Mechanical engineers................................................................................................................
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers……………………………
Nuclear engineers………………………………………………………………………………………
Petroleum engineers……………………………………………………………………………………
Engineers, all other…………………………………………………………………………………….
Drafters......................................................................................................................................
Engineering technicians, except drafters...................................................................................
Surveying and mapping technicians..........................................................................................
Life, physical, and social science occupations..............................................................................
Agricultural and food scientists…………………………………………………………………………
Biological scientists....................................................................................................................
Conservation scientists and foresters…………………………………………………………………
Medical scientists.......................................................................................................................
Astronomers and physicists……………………………………………………………………………
Atmospheric and space scientists……………………………………………………………………
Chemists and materials scientists..............................................................................................
See note at end of table.
29
430
82
7
392
58
105
78
30,702
3,676
837
534
1,034
382
93
227
422
26
3
75
41
3
2,931
233
49
137
3
9
64
346
69
350
37
177
17
40
318
10
9
18
363
162
416
105
1,307
38
101
24
132
19
10
118
Percent
women
34.3
80.3
58.0
64.2
66.6
57.0
56.7
24.8
27.5
22.4
20.9
27.7
29.2
21.4
23.7
47.6
13.5
24.8
10.3
13.1
10.4
19.4
7.7
14.9
6.7
11.5
23.4
18.5
4.9
46.1
52.9
52.3
33.1
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Environmental scientists and geoscientists...............................................................................
Physical scientists, all other…………………………………………………………………………..
Economists……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Market and survey researchers.................................................................................................
Psychologists.............................................................................................................................
Sociologists………………………………………………………………………………………………
Urban and regional planners………………………………………………………………………..
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers…………………………………………………
Agricultural and food science technicians…………………………………………………………..
Biological technicians……………………………………………………………………………………
Chemical technicians.................................................................................................................
Geological and petroleum technicians………………………………………………………………
Nuclear technicians……………………………………………………………………………………
Other life, physical, and social science technicians…………………………………………………
Community and social services occupations.................................................................................
Counselors.................................................................................................................................
Social workers............................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists...........................................................
Clergy.........................................................................................................................................
Directors, religious activities and education...............................................................................
Religious workers, all other……………………………………………………………………………
Legal occupations.........................................................................................................................
Lawyers......................................................................................................................................
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers........................................................................
Paralegals and legal assistants.................................................................................................
Miscellaneous legal support workers.........................................................................................
Education, training, and library occupations..................................................................................
Postsecondary teachers............................................................................................................
Preschool and kindergarten teachers........................................................................................
Elementary and middle school teachers....................................................................................
Secondary school teachers........................................................................................................
Special education teachers........................................................................................................
Other teachers and instructors...................................................................................................
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians………………………………………………………
Librarians...................................................................................................................................
Library technicians.....................................................................................................................
Teacher assistants.....................................................................................................................
Other education, training, and library workers...........................................................................
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations........................................................
Artists and related workers........................................................................................................
Designers...................................................................................................................................
Actors……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Producers and directors.............................................................................................................
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers......................................................................
Dancers and choreographers……………………………………………………………………….
Musicians, singers, and related workers....................................................................................
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other……………………………..
Announcers................................................................................................................................
News analysts, reporters and correspondents...........................................................................
Public relations specialists.........................................................................................................
Editors........................................................................................................................................
See note at end of table.
30
85
136
19
134
176
2
32
41
24
24
53
9
3
129
2,293
674
729
303
441
50
95
1,671
1,014
54
346
257
8,605
1,218
685
2,958
1,210
387
751
35
197
44
1,020
101
2,820
213
834
30
154
252
25
186
39
41
94
135
171
Percent
women
29.3
40.7
57.0
66.9
35.2
48.3
60.3
68.0
79.4
61.4
14.8
63.5
65.6
51.9
34.4
43.6
87.7
74.5
74.0
46.1
97.6
81.2
56.0
84.9
66.9
83.5
91.7
76.0
47.8
48.6
57.5
38.5
32.5
29.3
45.4
61.6
54.8
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Technical writers........................................................................................................................
Writers and authors....................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous media and communication workers....................................................................
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators..........................................
Photographers...........................................................................................................................
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors………………………………
Media and communication equipment workers, all other……………………………………………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations........................................................................
Chiropractors.............................................................................................................................
Dentists......................................................................................................................................
Dietitians and nutritionists..........................................................................................................
Optometrists……………………………………………………………………………………………
Pharmacists...............................................................................................................................
Physicians and surgeons...........................................................................................................
Physician assistants...................................................................................................................
Podiatrists…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Registered nurses......................................................................................................................
Audiologists………………………………………………………………………………………………
Occupational therapists.............................................................................................................
Physical therapists.....................................................................................................................
Radiation therapists……………………………………………………………………………………
Recreational therapists…………………………………………………………………………………
Respiratory therapists................................................................................................................
Speech-language pathologists...................................................................................................
Therapists, all other……………………………………………………………………………………
Veterinarians..............................................................................................................................
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other………………………………………………
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians......................................................................
Dental hygienists........................................................................................................................
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians......................................................................
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics......................................................................
Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians...............................................
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses....................................................................
Medical records and health information technicians..................................................................
Opticians, dispensing.................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians………………………………………………
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations…………………………………………
Service occupations.............................................................................................................................
Healthcare support occupations.......................................................................................................
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides.............................................................................
Occupational therapist assistants and aides……………………………………………………….
Physical therapist assistants and aides.....................................................................................
Massage therapists....................................................................................................................
Dental assistants........................................................................................................................
Medical assistants and other healthcare support occupations……………………………………
Protective service occupations.........................................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers……………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives..........................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers....................................
Supervisors, protective service workers, all other………………………………………………….
Fire fighters................................................................................................................................
See note at end of table.
31
Percent
women
47
186
83
98
181
50
1
7,399
60
152
100
37
243
877
99
12
2,778
12
87
197
20
17
109
133
107
56
20
351
143
298
138
447
566
98
50
139
52
57.3
72.2
16.1
44.1
15.3
74.6
15.3
27.2
90.0
51.8
30.5
66.9
91.7
95.9
69.0
68.3
98.1
80.8
56.7
75.7
97.7
72.0
30.2
76.7
93.3
95.0
63.4
63.0
42.1
24,451
3,212
1,889
7
75
147
263
831
3,047
42
117
54
102
293
57.2
88.8
88.7
77.0
84.5
96.3
88.8
22.8
14.7
8.7
21.7
4.8
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Fire inspectors……………………………………………………………………………………………
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers.....................................................................................
Detectives and criminal investigators.........................................................................................
Fish and game wardens………………………………………………………………………………
Parking enforcement workers…………………………………………………………………………
Police and sheriff's patrol officers..............................................................................................
Transit and railroad police…………………………………………………………………………….
Animal control workers…………………………………………………………………………………
Private detectives and investigators..........................................................................................
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers......................................................................
Crossing guards…………………………………………………………………………………………
Lifeguards and other protective service workers……………………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations..........................................................................
Chefs and head cooks...............................................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers................................
Cooks.........................................................................................................................................
Food preparation workers..........................................................................................................
Bartenders.................................................................................................................................
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food.......................................
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop.............................................
Waiters and waitresses..............................................................................................................
Food servers, nonrestaurant......................................................................................................
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers....................................................
Dishwashers..............................................................................................................................
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop.......................................................
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other……………………………………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations.........................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers…………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers...
Janitors and building cleaners...................................................................................................
Maids and housekeeping cleaners............................................................................................
Pest control workers..................................................................................................................
Grounds maintenance workers..................................................................................................
Personal care and service occupations............................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers..................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers....................................................
Animal trainers………………………………………………………………………………………….
Nonfarm animal caretakers........................................................................................................
Gaming services workers...........................................................................................................
Motion picture projectionists……………………………………………………………………………
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers...............................................................................
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers……………………………………
Funeral service workers……………………………………………………………………………….
Barbers......................................................................................................................................
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists...........................................................................
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers............................................................................
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges...............................................................................
Tour and travel guides………………………………………………………………………………..
Transportation attendants..........................................................................................................
Child care workers.....................................................................................................................
Personal and home care aides..................................................................................................
See note at end of table.
32
27
403
139
4
6
674
5
9
89
867
68
148
7,824
351
635
1,997
724
365
323
323
2,010
187
349
289
263
7
5,445
296
258
2,125
1,434
71
1,262
4,923
155
174
40
157
111
7
42
166
13
87
773
229
72
35
139
1,314
871
Percent
women
30.0
19.2
14.7
39.4
23.6
73.5
52.3
56.0
17.0
57.8
40.1
60.7
58.3
68.5
64.1
73.2
70.5
47.8
22.7
88.7
40.2
39.9
7.5
32.2
89.8
8.2
6.1
78.4
38.6
73.2
73.5
51.5
43.0
20.8
90.6
82.3
17.3
71.0
95.6
85.4
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Percent
women
Recreation and fitness workers..................................................................................................
Residential advisors...................................................................................................................
Personal care and service workers, all other…………………………………………………………
353
70
114
68.1
65.8
54.1
Sales and office occupations...............................................................................................................
Sales and related occupations.........................................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers.............................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers......................................................
Cashiers.....................................................................................................................................
Counter and rental clerks...........................................................................................................
Parts salespersons....................................................................................................................
Retail salespersons....................................................................................................................
Advertising sales agents............................................................................................................
Insurance sales agents..............................................................................................................
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents...................................................
Travel agents.............................................................................................................................
Sales representatives, services, all other..................................................................................
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing................................................................
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters........................................................................
Real estate brokers and sales agents........................................................................................
Sales engineers…………………………………………………………………………………………
Telemarketers............................................................................................................................
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers.............................
Sales and related workers, all other…………………………………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations.................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers..........................
Switchboard operators, including answering service………………………………………………
Telephone operators…………………………………………………………………………………..
Communications equipment operators, all other……………………………………………………
Bill and account collectors.........................................................................................................
Billing and posting clerks and machine operators......................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks...........................................................................
Gaming cage workers…………………………………………………………………………………
Payroll and timekeeping clerks..................................................................................................
Procurement clerks…………………………………………………………………………………….
Tellers........................................................................................................................................
Brokerage clerks…………………………………………………………………………………………
Correspondence clerks……………………………………………………………………………….
Court, municipal, and license clerks..........................................................................................
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks………………………………………………………………
Customer service representatives.............................................................................................
Eligibility interviewers, government programs............................................................................
File clerks...................................................................................................................................
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks...........................................................................................
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan......................................................................................
Library assistants, clerical..........................................................................................................
Loan interviewers and clerks.....................................................................................................
New accounts clerks……………………………………………………………………………………
Order clerks...............................................................................................................................
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping……………………………………
Receptionists and information clerks.........................................................................................
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks.................................................
35,544
16,295
3,471
1,287
3,031
161
119
3,416
216
573
388
98
521
1,343
74
962
40
139
243
212
19,249
1,641
49
48
11
232
516
1,434
16
158
26
466
5
7
100
64
1,908
63
364
120
146
107
122
23
112
52
1,413
136
63.2
49.5
43.3
26.1
75.5
50.4
10.8
52.2
54.7
46.9
27.9
71.6
34.4
27.3
79.0
54.4
66.3
62.2
61.1
74.8
71.2
68.0
90.9
91.5
90.1
84.8
75.6
71.1
68.3
83.9
83.8
71.9
82.2
83.8
84.7
58.8
84.8
93.6
60.9
See note at end of table.
33
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Percent
women
Information and record clerks, all other………………………………………………………………
Cargo and freight agents………………………………………………………………………………
Couriers and messengers..........................................................................................................
Dispatchers................................................................................................................................
Meter readers, utilities…………………………………………………………………………………
Postal service clerks..................................................................................................................
Postal service mail carriers........................................................................................................
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators............................
Production, planning, and expediting clerks..............................................................................
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks........................................................................................
Stock clerks and order fillers......................................................................................................
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping................................................
Secretaries and administrative assistants..................................................................................
Computer operators...................................................................................................................
Data entry keyers.......................................................................................................................
Word processors and typists......................................................................................................
Desktop publishers………………………………………………………………………………………
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks..........................................................................
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service.................................................
Office clerks, general.................................................................................................................
Office machine operators, except computer..............................................................................
Proofreaders and copy markers………………………………………………………………………
Statistical assistants……………………………………………………………………………………
Office and administrative support workers, all other…………………………………………………
107
19
261
286
45
167
373
90
269
543
1,481
63
3,296
134
415
149
4
275
123
1,176
43
13
19
558
91.1
17.4
57.4
53.7
33.0
42.7
58.2
32.8
35.4
44.7
96.1
51.4
77.3
92.9
83.4
49.0
84.4
77.3
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations.........................................................
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.......................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers………………………
Agricultural inspectors…………………………………………………………………………………
Animal breeders…………………………………………………………………………………………
Graders and sorters, agricultural products.................................................................................
Miscellaneous agricultural workers……………………………………………………………………
Fishers and related fishing workers……………………………………………………………………
Hunters and trappers……………………………………………………………………………………
Forest and conservation workers………………………………………………………………………
Logging workers.........................................................................................................................
Construction and extraction occupations..........................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers........................
Boilermakers……………………………………………………………………………………………
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons.........................................................................
Carpenters.................................................................................................................................
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers.............................................................................
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers.......................................................
Construction laborers.................................................................................................................
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators………………………………………………
Pile-driver operators……………………………………………………………………………………
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators............................................
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers....................................................................
Electricians.................................................................................................................................
Glaziers......................................................................................................................................
Insulation workers......................................................................................................................
Painters, construction and maintenance....................................................................................
14,806
988
48
24
12
63
723
36
1
8
73
8,667
844
22
230
1,562
224
90
1,651
24
3
398
209
874
49
38
647
4.2
21.1
65.3
19.3
1.0
2.5
2.7
.4
1.5
2.3
3.1
1.5
2.1
1.0
6.3
See note at end of table.
34
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Paperhangers……………………………………………………………………………………………
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters....................................................................
Plasterers and stucco masons...................................................................................................
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers………………………………………………………………….
Roofers......................................................................................................................................
Sheet metal workers..................................................................................................................
Structural iron and steel workers...............................................................................................
Helpers, construction trades......................................................................................................
Construction and building inspectors.........................................................................................
Elevator installers and repairers………………………………………………………………………
Fence erectors……………………………………………………………………………………………
Hazardous materials removal workers………………………………………………………………
Highway maintenance workers..................................................................................................
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators……………………………………………
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners………………………………………………………
Miscellaneous construction and related workers……………………………………………………
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining………………………………
Earth drillers, except oil and gas………………………………………………………………………
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters……………………………………
Mining machine operators………………………………………………………………………………
Roof bolters, mining……………………………………………………………………………………
Roustabouts, oil and gas………………………………………………………………………………
Helpers—extraction workers……………………………………………………………………………
Other extraction workers………………………………………………………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations...........................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers...................................
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers........................................................
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers...........................................
Avionics technicians……………………………………………………………………………………
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers……………………………………………………
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment……………………
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility……………………………………………
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles……………………………………
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers...........................................
Security and fire alarm systems installers..................................................................................
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians...............................................................................
Automotive body and related repairers......................................................................................
Automotive glass installers and repairers……………………………………………………………
Automotive service technicians and mechanics........................................................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics................................
Small engine mechanics............................................................................................................
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers……………
Control and valve installers and repairers……………………………………………………………
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers........................................
Home appliance repairers..........................................................................................................
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics.........................................................................
Maintenance and repair workers, general..................................................................................
Maintenance workers, machinery..............................................................................................
Millwrights..................................................................................................................................
Electrical power-line installers and repairers.............................................................................
See note at end of table.
35
8
606
46
15
234
136
77
113
93
38
38
23
103
15
11
38
40
35
11
51
4
7
7
55
5,152
300
335
200
18
24
3
18
27
75
62
153
157
28
852
358
217
64
86
21
397
51
439
461
39
60
109
Percent
women
1.4
1.3
4.8
.9
4.1
9.5
1.9
2.2
2.8
3.9
8.0
10.5
11.4
1.6
1.7
2.1
1.6
.9
1.1
2.0
1.9
2.0
5.3
2.6
3.5
.9
1.4
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Percent
women
Telecommunications line installers and repairers......................................................................
Precision instrument and equipment repairers..........................................................................
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers.............................................
Commercial divers………………………………………………………………………………………
Locksmiths and safe repairers…………………………………………………………………………
Manufactured building and mobile home installers…………………………………………………
Riggers……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Signal and track switch repairers………………………………………………………………………
Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair workers……………………………………………
Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers…………………………………………………
204
58
41
3
31
12
8
5
23
213
3.3
15.4
7.5
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations.............................................................
Production occupations....................................................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers......................................
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers……………………………………
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers........................................................
Engine and other machine assemblers………………………………………………………………
Structural metal fabricators and fitters…………………………………………………………………
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators……………………………………………………………
Bakers........................................................................................................................................
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers................................................
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders………………
Food batchmakers.....................................................................................................................
Food cooking machine operators and tenders………………………………………………………
Computer control programmers and operators..........................................................................
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic……………
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………………………………
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………………………………
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic........
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic……………
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal
and plastic................................................................................................................................
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic……………
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………………
Machinists..................................................................................................................................
Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders………………………………………………………
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic………………………………………………
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic....................
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………………………
Tool and die makers..................................................................................................................
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers...................................................................................
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic………………………
Lay-out workers, metal and plastic……………………………………………………………………
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………………
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners…………………………………………………………………
Metalworkers and plastic workers, all other…………………………………………………………
Bookbinders and bindery workers……………………………………………………………………
Job printers………………………………………………………………………………………………
Prepress technicians and workers.............................................................................................
Printing machine operators........................................................................................................
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers.............................................................................................
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials.......................................................................
17,800
8,973
874
18
203
13
36
1,050
194
309
11
73
7
68
9
9
12
105
4
22.4
29.7
18.1
57.8
35.0
55.7
26.8
53.5
8.7
20.2
-
50
20
8
409
24
10
58
4
71
598
11
9
13
7
349
36
47
44
213
239
57
19.7
6.9
18.1
1.0
4.7
21.1
19.8
60.8
79.2
See note at end of table.
36
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Sewing machine operators........................................................................................................
Shoe and leather workers and repairers………………………………………………………………
Shoe machine operators and tenders……………………………………………………………….
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers.............................................................................................
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders……………………………………
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders……………………………………………
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders……………………………
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders……………
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders………
Fabric and apparel patternmakers……………………………………………………………………
Upholsterers...............................................................................................................................
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other…………………………………………………
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters.......................................................................................
Furniture finishers………………………………………………………………………………………
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood............................................................
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing…………………………
Woodworkers, all other…………………………………………………………………………………
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers………………………………………………
Stationary engineers and boiler operators.................................................................................
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators..................................................
Miscellaneous plant and system operators…………………………………………………………
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders……………………………………
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers.....................................................
Cutting workers..........................................................................................................................
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders………
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders………………………………………
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers.................................................................
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers……………………………………………………
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians............................................................
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders...............................................................
Painting workers........................................................................................................................
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators..........................................
Semiconductor processors……………………………………………………………………………
Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders……………………………………………
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders………………………
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders……………………………………………
Etchers and engravers…………………………………………………………………………………
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic…………………………………………
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders………………………………………………
Tire builders………………………………………………………………………………………………
Helpers—production workers…………………………………………………………………………
Production workers, all other…………………………………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations.............................................................................
Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers.........................................................
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers..............................................................................................
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists……………………………………………
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians……………………
Bus drivers.................................................................................................................................
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers.......................................................................................
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs........................................................................................................
Motor vehicle operators, all other………………………………………………………………………
See note at end of table.
37
226
8
6
71
3
6
5
17
2
2
56
21
85
19
44
22
37
55
101
71
34
52
108
80
29
16
751
59
95
261
183
53
7
11
10
2
7
38
42
14
34
958
8,827
208
141
27
16
651
3,388
373
66
Percent
women
78.2
84.2
19.7
6.5
9.2
1.7
8.6
15.4
13.3
26.7
41.3
47.0
56.9
51.5
13.6
47.8
31.0
14.9
20.5
2.6
49.0
4.9
13.3
18.0
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
employed
Occupation
Locomotive engineers and operators.........................................................................................
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators…………………………………………………………
Railroad conductors and yardmasters.......................................................................................
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers……………………………………………
Sailors and marine oilers………………………………………………………………………………
Ship and boat captains and operators…………………………………………………………………
Ship engineers……………………………………………………………………………………………
Bridge and lock tenders…………………………………………………………………………………
Parking lot attendants................................................................................................................
Service station attendants..........................................................................................................
Transportation inspectors………………………………………………………………………………
Other transportation workers……………………………………………………………………………
Conveyor operators and tenders...............................................................................................
Crane and tower operators........................................................................................................
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators.................................................................
Hoist and winch operators………………………………………………………………………………
Industrial truck and tractor operators.........................................................................................
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment..........................................................................................
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand............................................................
Machine feeders and offbearers………………………………………………………………………
Packers and packagers, hand...................................................................................................
Pumping station operators……………………………………………………………………………
Refuse and recyclable material collectors.................................................................................
Shuttle car operators……………………………………………………………………………………
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders………………………………………………………………………
Material moving workers, all other……………………………………………………………………
NOTE: Dash indicates data not shown for occupations where employment base is less than 50,000.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
38
58
5
53
18
18
39
5
7
83
87
51
19
5
69
60
5
568
317
1,889
34
391
25
98
5
2
48
Percent
women
2.8
4.7
12.6
14.8
11.3
3.7
1.2
8.9
9.5
17.1
58.1
14.0
-
Table 12. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2008 annual averages
(Percent distribution)
Occupation
White
Total, 16 years and over (thousands)……………..………………
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
54,501
8,554
3,225
8,098
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations .....................
40.6
31.3
46.0
23.5
Percent……………………………………………………..…………
Management, business, and financial operations occupations ...
14.3
10.4
16.4
8.8
Professional and related occupations .........................................
26.3
20.9
29.7
14.7
Service occupations .......................................................................
19.3
28.2
19.4
31.3
Sales and office occupations ..........................................................
33.7
31.9
26.1
32.9
Sales and related occupations ....................................................
12.0
11.1
11.4
12.1
Office and administrative support occupations ...........................
21.7
20.7
14.7
20.7
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ....
.9
.7
.6
1.7
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................
.3
.1
.2
.9
Construction and extraction occupations ....................................
.3
.3
.1
.4
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ......................
.3
.3
.3
.4
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ........
5.4
7.9
7.8
10.6
Production occupations ...............................................................
3.6
4.8
6.6
7.4
Transportation and material moving occupations .......................
1.8
3.1
1.2
3.2
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
39
Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2007 and 2008 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Industry and sex
2007
2008
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Total, 16 years and over…………….………………………
146,047
100.0
145,362
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ..................................
Mining ........................................................................................
Construction ...............................................................................
Manufacturing ............................................................................
Durable goods .........................................................................
Nondurable goods ...................................................................
Wholesale and retail trade .........................................................
Wholesale trade .......................................................................
Retail trade ..............................................................................
Transportation and utilities .........................................................
Transportation and warehousing .............................................
Utilities .....................................................................................
Information .................................................................................
Financial activities ......................................................................
Finance and insurance ............................................................
Real estate and rental and leasing ..........................................
Professional and business services ...........................................
Professional and technical services .........................................
Management, administrative, and waste services....................
Education and health services ...................................................
Educational services ................................................................
Health care and social assistance ...........................................
Hospitals ................................................................................
Health services, except hospitals ..........................................
Social assistance ...................................................................
Leisure and hospitality ...............................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation .........................................
Accommodation and food services ..........................................
Other services ............................................................................
Other services, except private households ..............................
Private households ..................................................................
Public administration ..................................................................
2,095
736
11,856
16,302
10,363
5,938
20,937
4,367
16,570
7,650
6,457
1,193
3,566
10,488
7,306
3,182
15,621
9,208
6,412
30,662
12,828
17,834
5,955
8,733
3,147
12,415
2,833
9,582
6,972
6,159
813
6,746
1.4
.5
8.1
11.2
7.1
4.1
14.3
3.0
11.3
5.2
4.4
.8
2.4
7.2
5.0
2.2
10.7
6.3
4.4
21.0
8.8
12.2
4.1
6.0
2.2
8.5
1.9
6.6
4.8
4.2
.6
4.6
2,168
819
10,974
15,904
10,273
5,631
20,585
4,052
16,533
7,727
6,501
1,225
3,481
10,228
7,279
2,949
15,540
9,362
6,178
31,402
13,169
18,233
6,241
8,865
3,127
12,767
2,972
9,795
7,005
6,200
805
6,763
1.5
0.6
7.5
10.9
7.1
3.9
14.2
2.8
11.4
5.3
4.5
0.8
2.4
7.0
5.0
2.0
10.7
6.4
4.3
21.6
9.1
12.5
4.3
6.1
2.2
8.8
2.0
6.7
4.8
4.3
0.6
4.7
Total, both sexes
40
Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2007 and 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Industry and sex
2007
2008
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Total, 16 years and over…………….………………………
67,792
100.0
67,876
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ..................................
Mining ........................................................................................
Construction ...............................................................................
Manufacturing ............................................................................
Durable goods .........................................................................
Nondurable goods ...................................................................
Wholesale and retail trade .........................................................
Wholesale trade .......................................................................
Retail trade ..............................................................................
Transportation and utilities .........................................................
Transportation and warehousing .............................................
Utilities .....................................................................................
Information .................................................................................
Financial activities ......................................................................
Finance and insurance ............................................................
Real estate and rental and leasing ..........................................
Professional and business services ...........................................
Professional and technical services .........................................
Management, administrative, and waste services....................
Education and health services ...................................................
Educational services ................................................................
Health care and social assistance ...........................................
Hospitals ................................................................................
Health services, except hospitals ..........................................
Social assistance ...................................................................
Leisure and hospitality ...............................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation .........................................
Accommodation and food services ..........................................
Other services ............................................................................
Other services, except private households ..............................
Private households ..................................................................
Public administration ..................................................................
490
101
1,119
4,885
2,696
2,189
9,414
1,276
8,138
1,878
1,621
257
1,501
5,807
4,276
1,531
6,659
4,040
2,619
22,906
8,866
14,040
4,491
6,880
2,669
6,377
1,320
5,057
3,628
2,892
737
3,026
.7
.1
1.7
7.2
4.0
3.2
13.9
1.9
12.0
2.8
2.4
.4
2.2
8.6
6.3
2.3
9.8
6.0
3.9
33.8
13.1
20.7
6.6
10.1
3.9
9.4
1.9
7.5
5.4
4.3
1.1
4.5
518
105
1,069
4,655
2,624
2,030
9,257
1,196
8,062
1,786
1,547
239
1,449
5,605
4,223
1,382
6,584
4,130
2,453
23,603
9,174
14,429
4,790
6,965
2,674
6,575
1,372
5,203
3,615
2,881
735
3,056
.8
.2
1.6
6.9
3.9
3.0
13.6
1.8
11.9
2.6
2.3
.4
2.1
8.3
6.2
2.0
9.7
6.1
3.6
34.8
13.5
21.3
7.1
10.3
3.9
9.7
2.0
7.7
5.3
4.2
1.1
4.5
Women
41
Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2007 and 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Year
Industry and sex
2007
2008
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Total, 16 years and over…………….………………………
78,254
100.0
77,486
100.0
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ..................................
Mining ........................................................................................
Construction ...............................................................................
Manufacturing ............................................................................
Durable goods .........................................................................
Nondurable goods ...................................................................
Wholesale and retail trade .........................................................
Wholesale trade .......................................................................
Retail trade ..............................................................................
Transportation and utilities .........................................................
Transportation and warehousing .............................................
Utilities .....................................................................................
Information .................................................................................
Financial activities ......................................................................
Finance and insurance ............................................................
Real estate and rental and leasing ..........................................
Professional and business services ...........................................
Professional and technical services .........................................
Management, administrative, and waste services....................
Education and health services ...................................................
Educational services ................................................................
Health care and social assistance ...........................................
Hospitals ................................................................................
Health services, except hospitals ..........................................
Social assistance ...................................................................
Leisure and hospitality ...............................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation .........................................
Accommodation and food services ..........................................
Other services ............................................................................
Other services, except private households ..............................
Private households ..................................................................
Public administration ..................................................................
1,604
635
10,738
11,416
7,667
3,749
11,523
3,091
8,433
5,772
4,836
936
2,065
4,681
3,030
1,651
8,962
5,168
3,794
7,756
3,962
3,794
1,464
1,852
478
6,038
1,514
4,525
3,343
3,267
76
3,720
2.0
.8
13.7
14.6
9.8
4.8
14.7
3.9
10.8
7.4
6.2
1.2
2.6
6.0
3.9
2.1
11.5
6.6
4.8
9.9
5.1
4.8
1.9
2.4
.6
7.7
1.9
5.8
4.3
4.2
.1
4.8
1,650
714
9,905
11,249
7,649
3,601
11,327
2,856
8,471
5,940
4,954
987
2,032
4,623
3,056
1,567
8,957
5,232
3,725
7,799
3,994
3,805
1,451
1,900
453
6,192
1,600
4,592
3,390
3,319
70
3,707
2.1
.9
12.8
14.5
9.9
4.6
14.6
3.7
10.9
7.7
6.4
1.3
2.6
6.0
3.9
2.0
11.6
6.8
4.8
10.1
5.2
4.9
1.9
2.5
.6
8.0
2.1
5.9
4.4
4.3
.1
4.8
Men
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
42
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2008 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Total, 16 years and over……………………...………………………………………………
145,362
46.7
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting.........................................................................
Crop production.........................................................................................................
Animal production.....................................................................................................
Forestry, except logging............................................................................................
Logging.....................................................................................................................
Fishing, hunting, and trapping...................................................................................
Support activities for agriculture and forestry............................................................
2,168
954
864
59
86
53
152
Mining..............................................................................................................................
Oil and gas extraction...............................................................................................
Coal mining...............................................................................................................
Metal ore mining........................................................................................................
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying................................................................
Not specified type of mining......................................................................................
Support activities for mining......................................................................................
819
76
100
36
101
7
498
12.9
17.5
7.2
14.4
13.0
Construction.....................................................................................................................
10,974
9.7
Manufacturing..................................................................................................................
Durable goods..............................................................................................................
Nonmetallic mineral products....................................................................................
Pottery, ceramics, and related product manufacturing..........................................
Structural clay product manufacturing...................................................................
Glass and glass products......................................................................................
Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum products.....................................................
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing...................................
Primary metals and fabricated metal products..........................................................
Iron and steel mills and steel products..................................................................
Aluminum production and processing....................................................................
Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing..........................
Foundries...............................................................................................................
Metal forgings and stampings................................................................................
Cutlery and hand tools...........................................................................................
Structural metals and tanks and shipping containers............................................
Machine shops; turned products; screws, nuts, and bolts.....................................
Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities...........................................
Ordnance...............................................................................................................
Miscellaneous fabricated metal product manufacturing.........................................
Not specified metal industries................................................................................
Machinery manufacturing..........................................................................................
Agricultural implements..........................................................................................
Construction, mining, and oil field machinery........................................................
Commercial and service industry machinery.........................................................
Metalworking machinery........................................................................................
Engines, turbines, and power transmission equipment.........................................
Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c.............................................................................
Not specified machinery manufacturing.................................................................
Computers and electronic products..........................................................................
Computer and peripheral equipment.....................................................................
Communications, audio, and video equipment......................................................
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments........................
Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c.......................................
15,904
10,273
521
24
45
162
205
85
1,798
317
75
62
80
49
47
403
300
85
38
332
9
1,308
107
149
107
166
60
706
12
1,467
345
190
214
718
29.3
25.5
17.8
27.7
7.5
16.4
16.9
12.3
13.1
20.6
13.6
15.9
13.9
17.1
23.4
22.2
19.8
16.3
38.6
17.9
29.0
22.0
32.7
28.8
31.2
32.8
35.0
See note at end of table.
43
23.9
22.3
25.5
35.2
4.4
11.7
35.8
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Electrical equipment and appliances.........................................................................
Household appliances...........................................................................................
Electrical lighting, equipment, and supplies manufacturing, n.e.c.........................
Transportation equipment.........................................................................................
Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment........................................................
Aircraft and parts....................................................................................................
Aerospace products and parts...............................................................................
Railroad rolling stock manufacturing......................................................................
Ship and boat building...........................................................................................
Other transportation equipment manufacturing.....................................................
Wood products..........................................................................................................
Sawmills and wood preservation...........................................................................
Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products.................................................
Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes..................................................
Miscellaneous wood products................................................................................
Furniture and related products manufacturing.......................................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing....................................................................................
Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing....................................................
Toys, amusement, and sporting goods manufacturing..........................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c......................................................................
Not specified manufacturing industries..................................................................
492
84
408
2,333
1,241
432
428
21
166
45
481
132
48
48
253
582
1,291
547
147
428
169
32.8
32.2
32.9
22.8
25.1
21.8
20.7
16.4
19.0
11.2
23.7
28.1
39.3
42.5
32.1
37.6
39.7
Nondurable goods........................................................................................................
Food manufacturing..................................................................................................
Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling..................................................................
Sugar and confectionery products.........................................................................
Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty foods..............................................
Dairy products........................................................................................................
Animal slaughtering and processing......................................................................
Retail bakeries.......................................................................................................
Bakeries, except retail...........................................................................................
Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c......................................................
Not specified food industries..................................................................................
Beverages and tobacco products..............................................................................
Beverages manufacturing......................................................................................
Tobacco manufacturing.........................................................................................
Textiles, apparel, and leather....................................................................................
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills..................................................................................
Fabric mills, except knitting....................................................................................
Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills.........................................................
Carpet and rug mills...............................................................................................
Textile product mills, except carpets and rugs.......................................................
Knitting mills...........................................................................................................
Cut and sew apparel..............................................................................................
Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing.........................................
Footwear manufacturing........................................................................................
Leather tanning and products, except footwear manufacturing.............................
Paper and printing.....................................................................................................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.........................................................................
Paperboard containers and boxes.........................................................................
Miscellaneous paper and pulp products................................................................
Printing and related support activities....................................................................
Petroleum and coal products....................................................................................
Petroleum refining..................................................................................................
5,631
1,575
148
82
171
138
488
151
209
171
17
257
230
27
700
18
136
19
51
92
15
293
10
39
27
1,087
214
118
77
678
169
145
36.1
37.0
26.3
45.6
31.5
26.2
35.4
63.0
38.0
38.3
27.2
25.6
55.5
42.5
38.3
51.2
63.7
32.5
21.5
27.9
35.9
36.4
21.1
21.6
See note at end of table.
44
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products..........................................................
Chemicals.................................................................................................................
Resins, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments................................................
Agricultural chemical manufacturing......................................................................
Pharmaceuticals and medicines............................................................................
Paints, coatings, and adhesives............................................................................
Soaps, cleaning compounds, and cosmetics.........................................................
Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals................................................................
Plastics and rubber products.....................................................................................
Plastics product manufacturing..............................................................................
Tire manufacturing.................................................................................................
Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing...........................................................
24
1,293
165
28
457
71
146
425
550
389
70
92
34.7
29.6
46.4
19.0
51.6
22.5
27.5
28.8
14.4
31.9
Wholesale and retail trade...............................................................................................
Wholesale trade............................................................................................................
Motor vehicles, parts and supplies, merchant wholesalers.......................................
Furniture and home furnishings, merchant wholesalers...........................................
Lumber and other construction materials, merchant wholesalers.............................
Professional and commercial equipment and supplies, merchant wholesalers........
Metals and minerals, except petroleum, merchant wholesalers...............................
Electrical goods, merchant wholesalers....................................................................
Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies, merchant wholesalers.
Machinery, equipment, and supplies, merchant wholesalers....................................
Recyclable materials, merchant wholesalers............................................................
Miscellaneous durable goods, merchant wholesalers...............................................
Paper and paper products, merchant wholesalers....................................................
Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products, merchant wholesalers..............
Apparel, fabrics, and notions, merchant wholesalers................................................
Groceries and related products, merchant wholesalers............................................
Farm product raw materials, merchant wholesalers.................................................
Petroleum and petroleum products, merchant wholesalers......................................
Alcoholic beverages, merchant wholesalers.............................................................
Farm supplies, merchant wholesalers.......................................................................
Miscellaneous nondurable goods, merchant wholesalers.........................................
Wholesale electronic markets, agents and brokers..................................................
Not specified wholesale trade...................................................................................
20,585
4,052
216
90
230
351
66
224
172
424
122
123
82
255
128
829
68
144
149
37
198
74
70
45.0
29.5
27.6
40.0
21.0
37.4
22.7
26.4
28.4
25.1
10.1
38.2
46.0
40.2
44.0
23.7
23.8
33.9
17.0
41.2
47.3
36.2
Retail trade...................................................................................................................
Automobile dealers...................................................................................................
Other motor vehicle dealers......................................................................................
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores....................................................................
Furniture and home furnishings stores......................................................................
Household appliance stores......................................................................................
Radio, TV, and computer stores...............................................................................
Building material and supplies dealers......................................................................
Hardware stores........................................................................................................
Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores.....................................................
Grocery stores...........................................................................................................
Specialty food stores.................................................................................................
Beer, wine, and liquor stores.....................................................................................
Pharmacies and drug stores.....................................................................................
Health and personal care, except drug, stores.........................................................
Gasoline stations.......................................................................................................
Clothing and accessories, except shoe, stores.........................................................
16,533
1,350
175
507
655
85
629
960
222
279
2,644
254
144
859
320
507
965
48.8
19.8
21.5
16.9
42.5
30.9
31.7
28.2
32.9
31.8
50.0
43.9
34.2
64.8
65.2
50.2
74.9
See note at end of table.
45
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Shoe stores...............................................................................................................
Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores..............................................................
Sporting goods, camera, and hobby and toy stores..................................................
Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores...........................................................
Music stores..............................................................................................................
Book stores and news dealers..................................................................................
Department stores and discount stores....................................................................
Miscellaneous general merchandise stores..............................................................
Retail florists..............................................................................................................
Office supplies and stationery stores........................................................................
Used merchandise stores.........................................................................................
Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops..............................................................................
Miscellaneous retail stores........................................................................................
Electronic shopping...................................................................................................
Electronic auctions....................................................................................................
Mail order houses......................................................................................................
Vending machine operators......................................................................................
Fuel dealers..............................................................................................................
Other direct selling establishments...........................................................................
Not specified retail trade...........................................................................................
137
247
470
76
80
190
2,298
491
145
163
195
189
412
92
27
96
62
114
230
263
60.3
65.7
44.5
74.7
36.5
65.3
61.9
56.1
73.4
38.1
62.0
80.0
57.5
47.8
65.5
22.1
24.6
70.0
56.4
Transportation and utilities...............................................................................................
Transportation and warehousing..................................................................................
Air transportation.......................................................................................................
Rail transportation.....................................................................................................
Water transportation..................................................................................................
Truck transportation..................................................................................................
Bus service and urban transit....................................................................................
Taxi and limousine service........................................................................................
Pipeline transportation..............................................................................................
Scenic and sightseeing transportation......................................................................
Services incidental to transportation.........................................................................
Postal Service...........................................................................................................
Couriers and messengers.........................................................................................
Warehousing and storage.........................................................................................
7,727
6,501
569
284
76
1,994
574
275
35
34
733
831
710
385
23.1
23.8
34.6
5.9
30.9
14.0
38.9
11.6
26.5
39.3
19.9
25.1
Utilities..........................................................................................................................
Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution.........................................
Natural gas distribution.............................................................................................
Electric and gas, and other combinations.................................................................
Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems.............................................
Sewage treatment facilities.......................................................................................
Not specified utilities.................................................................................................
1,225
622
126
84
259
108
26
19.5
17.9
20.1
26.4
20.9
15.5
-
Information.......................................................................................................................
Newspaper publishers...............................................................................................
Publishing, except newspapers and software...........................................................
Software publishing…………....................................................................................
Motion pictures and video industries.........................................................................
Sound recording industries.......................................................................................
Radio and television broadcasting and cable............................................................
Internet publishing and broadcasting........................................................................
Wired telecommunications carriers...........................................................................
Other telecommunications services..........................................................................
3,481
407
303
79
397
41
578
34
971
234
41.6
45.8
55.2
41.1
33.0
33.4
35.4
42.9
See note at end of table.
46
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Internet service providers..........................................................................................
Data processing, hosting, and related services........................................................
Libraries and archives...............................................................................................
Other information services........................................................................................
78
87
218
55
Financial activities............................................................................................................
Finance and insurance.................................................................................................
Banking and related activities...................................................................................
Savings institutions, including credit unions..............................................................
Non-depository credit and related activities..............................................................
Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments...................
Insurance carriers and related activities....................................................................
10,228
7,279
2,133
290
949
1,359
2,548
54.8
58.0
65.4
74.7
52.7
39.2
62.0
Real estate and rental and leasing...............................................................................
Real estate................................................................................................................
Rental and leasing services......................................................................................
Automotive equipment rental and leasing..............................................................
Videotape and disk rental......................................................................................
Other consumer goods rental................................................................................
Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing.................
2,949
2,475
474
183
78
86
127
46.9
50.0
30.5
31.1
46.6
28.4
21.3
Professional and business services.................................................................................
Professional and technical services.............................................................................
Legal services...........................................................................................................
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services..............................
Architectural, engineering, and related services.......................................................
Specialized design services......................................................................................
Computer systems design and related services.......................................................
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services.......................................
Scientific research and development services..........................................................
Advertising and related services...............................................................................
Veterinary services....................................................................................................
Other professional, scientific, and technical services................................................
15,540
9,362
1,642
1,002
1,615
386
1,945
1,112
543
520
246
352
42.4
44.1
58.6
62.8
25.8
59.7
25.5
43.4
47.4
49.9
81.7
55.5
Management, administrative, and waste services........................................................
Management of companies and enterprises.............................................................
Employment services................................................................................................
Business support services........................................................................................
Travel arrangement and reservation services...........................................................
Investigation and security services...........................................................................
Services to buildings and dwellings..........................................................................
Landscaping services................................................................................................
Other administrative and other support services.......................................................
Waste management and remediation services.........................................................
6,178
67
984
801
272
814
1,350
1,229
226
437
39.7
60.7
58.5
62.9
61.6
26.6
50.1
8.6
45.3
15.1
Education and health services.........................................................................................
Educational services.....................................................................................................
Elementary and secondary schools..........................................................................
Colleges and universities, including junior colleges..................................................
Business, technical, and trade schools and training.................................................
Other schools, instruction, and educational services................................................
31,402
13,169
9,036
3,361
100
671
75.2
69.7
75.6
53.8
55.2
71.2
Health care and social assistance................................................................................
Hospitals...................................................................................................................
18,233
6,241
79.1
76.7
See note at end of table.
47
32.0
51.9
81.5
49.6
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Health services, except hospitals..............................................................................
Offices of physicians..............................................................................................
Offices of dentists..................................................................................................
Offices of chiropractors..........................................................................................
Offices of optometrists...........................................................................................
Offices of other health practitioners.......................................................................
Outpatient care centers.........................................................................................
Home health care services....................................................................................
Other health care services.....................................................................................
Nursing care facilities.............................................................................................
Residential care facilities, without nursing.............................................................
Social assistance......................................................................................................
Individual and family services................................................................................
Community food and housing, and emergency services.......................................
Vocational rehabilitation services..........................................................................
Child day care services..........................................................................................
8,865
1,562
774
139
110
195
1,107
881
1,647
1,779
673
3,127
1,284
111
169
1,563
78.6
76.0
82.4
58.3
78.0
73.4
76.0
89.1
71.4
87.0
71.4
85.5
78.0
65.6
64.6
95.3
Leisure and hospitality.....................................................................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation..............................................................................
Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries.........
Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions................................
Bowling centers.........................................................................................................
Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries...........................................
12,767
2,972
810
379
52
1,730
51.5
46.2
43.2
45.3
45.9
47.8
Accommodation and food services...............................................................................
Accommodation........................................................................................................
Traveler accommodation.......................................................................................
Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses.........
Food services and drinking places............................................................................
Restaurants and other food services.....................................................................
Drinking places, alcoholic beverages....................................................................
9,795
1,523
1,423
100
8,272
8,032
240
53.1
56.9
57.4
50.6
52.4
52.4
54.6
Other services..................................................................................................................
Other services, except private households...................................................................
Repair and maintenance...........................................................................................
Automotive repair and maintenance......................................................................
Car washes............................................................................................................
Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance................................
Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance....
Personal and household goods repair and maintenance......................................
Footwear and leather goods repair........................................................................
Personal and laundry services..................................................................................
Barber shops..........................................................................................................
Beauty salons........................................................................................................
Nail salons and other personal care services........................................................
Drycleaning and laundry services..........................................................................
Funeral homes, cemeteries, and crematories.......................................................
Other personal services.........................................................................................
Membership associations and organizations............................................................
Religious organizations..........................................................................................
Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services........
Labor unions..........................................................................................................
Business, professional, political, and similar organizations...................................
Private households.......................................................................................................
7,005
6,200
2,086
1,208
175
177
320
199
6
2,240
95
929
365
378
124
348
1,874
1,060
601
59
155
805
51.6
46.5
12.3
10.6
14.7
14.8
6.9
26.4
71.3
25.2
90.0
75.1
61.4
27.6
56.6
54.8
48.0
67.3
49.4
54.6
91.3
See note at end of table.
48
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Industry
Total employed Percent women
Public administration........................................................................................................
Executive offices and legislative bodies....................................................................
Public finance activities.............................................................................................
Other general government and support....................................................................
Justice, public order, and safety activities.................................................................
Administration of human resource programs............................................................
Administration of environmental quality and housing programs................................
Administration of economic programs and space research......................................
National security and international affairs.................................................................
6,763
890
350
162
2,858
922
319
558
703
n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.
NOTE: Dash indicates data not shown for industries where employment base is less than 50,000.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
49
45.2
54.8
67.1
35.5
35.9
71.0
39.4
41.2
33.8
Table 15. Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2008 annual averages
(Percent distribution)
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Total, 16 years and over (thousands)……………..……
54,501
8,554
3,225
8,098
Percent……………………………………………………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.9
0.1
0.3
1.0
Mining .................................................................................
.2
.1
.1
.1
Construction .......................................................................
1.7
.8
.7
1.3
Manufacturing .....................................................................
6.8
6.0
10.7
8.8
Industry
Agriculture and related industries .......................................
Durable goods ..................................................................
3.9
3.0
6.2
4.1
Nondurable goods ............................................................
2.9
3.0
4.4
4.7
Wholesale and retail trade .................................................
14.0
11.5
12.7
14.7
Wholesale trade ...............................................................
1.9
1.1
2.1
2.0
Retail trade .......................................................................
12.1
10.4
10.5
12.6
Transportation and utilities .................................................
2.5
3.8
2.1
2.9
Transportation and warehousing ......................................
2.1
3.5
1.8
2.6
Utilities ..............................................................................
.4
.4
.3
.3
Information .........................................................................
2.1
2.3
2.0
1.4
Financial activities ..............................................................
8.4
7.3
8.1
7.2
Finance and insurance .....................................................
6.3
5.8
6.6
5.4
Real estate and rental and leasing ...................................
2.2
1.5
1.5
1.9
Professional and business services ...................................
9.9
8.1
10.4
10.0
Professional and technical services .................................
6.4
3.6
8.3
3.8
Management, administrative, and waste services............
3.5
4.6
2.1
6.2
Education and health services ...........................................
34.3
40.5
30.9
28.7
Educational services ........................................................
14.1
12.3
8.9
10.0
Health care and social assistance ....................................
20.2
28.2
22.0
18.7
Hospitals .........................................................................
6.7
8.3
9.8
4.6
Health services, except hospitals ...................................
9.8
13.7
9.4
9.4
Social assistance ............................................................
3.6
6.2
2.8
4.7
Leisure and hospitality .......................................................
9.6
8.4
11.1
13.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation ..................................
2.1
1.3
2.0
1.6
Accommodation and food services ..................................
7.5
7.2
9.2
11.5
Other services ....................................................................
5.4
4.1
7.5
7.3
Other services, except private households ......................
4.3
3.3
6.9
3.9
Private households ...........................................................
1.1
.9
.7
3.5
Public administration ..........................................................
4.1
7.0
3.5
3.6
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
50
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race,
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2008 annual averages
Total, both sexes
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Total
White
Black or
African
American
$241
$248
$199
-
$194
$182
$184
$169
-
$157
1980…….
1981…….
1982…….
1983…….
1984…….
1985………
1986 1……
1987…….
1988………
1989…….
262
284
302
313
326
344
359
374
385
399
269
291
310
320
336
356
371
384
395
409
212
235
245
261
269
277
291
301
314
319
-
209
223
240
250
259
270
277
285
290
298
201
219
239
252
265
277
291
303
315
328
203
221
242
254
268
281
294
307
318
334
185
206
217
232
241
252
264
276
288
301
-
172
190
203
215
223
230
241
251
260
269
1990 1……
1991…….
1992…….
1993…….
1994 1……
1995…….
1996…….
1997 1……
1998 1……
1999 1……
412
426
440
459
467
479
490
503
523
549
424
442
458
475
484
494
506
519
545
573
329
348
357
369
371
383
387
400
426
445
-
304
312
321
331
324
329
339
351
370
385
346
366
380
393
399
406
418
431
456
473
353
373
387
401
408
415
428
444
468
483
308
323
335
348
346
355
362
375
400
409
-
278
292
302
313
305
305
316
318
337
348
2000 1……
2001…….
2002…….
2003 1……
2004…….
2005……
2006…….
2007…….
2008 1……
576
596
608
620
638
651
671
695
722
590
610
623
636
657
672
690
716
742
474
491
498
514
525
520
554
569
589
399
417
424
440
456
471
486
503
529
493
512
529
552
573
585
600
614
638
502
522
547
567
584
596
609
626
654
429
454
473
491
505
499
519
533
554
Year
1979…….
Women
Asian
$615
639
658
693
708
753
784
830
861
See footnote at end of table.
51
Asian
$547
563
566
598
613
665
699
731
753
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
366
388
397
410
419
429
440
473
501
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race,
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2008 annual averages—Continued
Men
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
Total
White
Black or
African
American
$292
$298
$227
-
$219
62.3
61.7
74.4
-
71.7
1980…….
1981…….
1982…….
1983…….
1984…….
1985………
1986 1……
1987…….
1988………
1989…….
313
340
364
379
392
407
419
434
449
468
320
350
375
387
401
418
433
450
465
482
244
268
278
294
303
305
319
327
348
348
-
234
251
269
274
287
296
299
306
308
315
64.2
64.4
65.7
66.5
67.6
68.1
69.5
69.8
70.2
70.1
63.4
63.1
64.5
65.6
66.8
67.2
67.9
68.2
68.4
69.3
75.8
76.9
78.1
78.9
79.5
82.6
82.8
84.4
82.8
86.5
-
73.5
75.7
75.5
78.5
77.7
77.7
80.6
82.0
84.4
85.4
1990 1……
1991…….
1992…….
1993…….
1994 1……
1995…….
1996…….
1997 1……
1998 1……
1999 1……
481
493
501
510
522
538
557
579
598
618
494
506
514
524
547
566
580
595
615
638
361
375
380
392
400
411
412
432
468
488
-
318
323
339
346
343
350
356
371
390
406
71.9
74.2
75.8
77.1
76.4
75.5
75.0
74.4
76.3
76.5
71.5
73.7
75.3
76.5
74.6
73.3
73.8
74.6
76.1
75.7
85.3
86.1
88.2
88.8
86.5
86.4
87.9
86.8
85.5
83.8
-
87.4
90.4
89.1
90.5
88.9
87.1
88.8
85.7
86.4
85.7
2000 1……
2001…….
2002…….
2003 1……
2004…….
2005……
2006…….
2007…….
2008 1……
641
670
679
695
713
722
743
766
798
662
689
702
715
732
743
761
788
825
510
529
524
555
569
559
591
600
620
417
440
451
464
480
489
505
520
559
76.9
76.4
77.9
79.4
80.4
81.0
80.8
80.2
79.9
75.8
75.8
77.9
79.3
79.8
80.2
80.0
79.4
79.3
84.1
85.8
90.3
88.5
88.8
89.3
87.8
88.8
89.4
Year
1979…….
Women's earnings as a percent of men's
Asian
$685
732
756
772
802
825
882
936
966
1
The comparability of historical labor force data has been
affected at various times by methodological and conceptual
changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an
explanation, see the Historical Comparability documentation
provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for the above race
groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) include
persons who selected this race group only; persons who
selected more than one race group are not included. Prior
Asian
79.9
76.9
74.9
77.5
76.4
80.6
79.3
78.1
78.0
Hispanic or
Latino
ethnicity
87.8
88.2
88.0
88.4
87.3
87.7
87.1
91.0
89.6
to 2003, persons who reported more than one race were
included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for
2000-02 are for the category Asians and Pacific Islanders.
Starting in 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. For
more
information,
see
the
Historical
Comparability
documentation. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to
2000.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of
Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
52
Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and
salary workers 25 years and over by educational attainment
and sex, 2008 annual averages
Total employed
(in thousands)
Educational attainment and sex
Median weekly
earnings
Total, both sexes
Total……………….…………………………
Less than a high school diploma …………
High school graduate or more 1………….
High school graduates, no college 1……
Some college or associate degree………
Some college, no degree…………….…
Associate degree………………….……
Occupational program…………...……
Academic program…………….………
College graduates, total…………………
Bachelor's degree……………….………
Master's degree…………………...……
Professional degree…..……………..…
Doctoral degree…………...……………
96,027
8,120
87,907
27,392
26,526
16,522
10,004
4,541
5,463
33,990
22,033
8,881
1,620
1,455
$761
453
800
618
722
699
757
750
762
1,115
1,012
1,233
1,531
1,561
42,584
2,566
40,018
11,451
12,756
7,713
5,043
2,121
2,922
15,812
10,202
4,476
629
504
670
378
697
520
628
611
661
639
676
955
878
1,074
1,258
1,352
Women
Total……………………………..……………
Less than a high school diploma…………
High school graduate or more 1………….
High school graduates, no college 1……
Some college or associate degree………
Some college, no degree…………….…
Associate degree………………….……
Occupational program…………...……
Academic program…………….………
College graduates, total…………………
Bachelor's degree……………...………
Master's degree………………...………
Professional degree……………….……
Doctoral degree……………………..……
53
Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and
salary workers 25 years and over by educational attainment
and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued
Total employed
(in thousands)
Educational attainment and sex
Median weekly
earnings
Men
Total……………………….…………………
Less than a high school diploma…………
High school graduate or more 1………….
High school graduates, no college 1……
Some college or associate degree………
Some college, no degree…………….…
Associate degree………………….……
Occupational program…………...……
Academic program…………….………
College graduates, total…………………
Bachelor's degree………………….……
Master's degree……………...…………
Professional degree…………...…………
Doctoral degree………………….………
1
53,444
5,554
47,889
15,941
13,770
8,809
4,961
2,420
2,541
18,178
11,831
4,405
991
951
$857
497
913
709
830
803
883
871
896
1,285
1,172
1,442
1,758
1,736
Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
54
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2008 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Total, 16 years and older…………………………………… 106,648
Management, professional, and related occupations…… 40,154
Management, business, and financial
operations occupations…………………………………… 16,310
Management occupations……………………………… 11,223
Chief executives………………………………………
1,044
General and operations managers…………………
919
Legislators………………………………………………
16
Advertising and promotions managers………………
69
Marketing and sales managers………………………
867
Public relations managers……………………………
57
Administrative services managers……………………
92
Computer and information systems managers……
431
Financial managers…………………………………… 1,063
Human resources managers…………………………
288
Industrial production managers………………………
222
Purchasing managers…………………………………
183
Transportation, storage, and
distribution managers………………………………
218
Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers………
76
Construction managers………………………………
586
Education administrators…………………………….
725
Engineering managers…………………………………
99
Food service managers………………………………
619
Funeral directors……….………………………………
25
Gaming managers……………..………………………
14
Lodging managers……………………………………
119
Medical and health services managers………………
500
Natural sciences managers…………………………
15
Postmasters and mail superintendents………………
36
Property, real estate, and
community association managers……….. ………
303
Social and community service managers……………
277
Managers, all other…………………………………… 2,361
Business and financial operations occupations……… 5,087
Agents and business managers of
artists, performers, and athletes……………………
28
Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products……
5
Wholesale and retail buyers,
except farm products…………………………………
152
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and
farm products…………………………………………
253
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners,
and investigators……………………………………
286
Compliance officers, except agriculture,
construction, health and safety, and
transportation…………………………………………
164
Cost estimators…………………………………………
82
Human resources, training, and labor relations
specialists……………………………………………
717
Logisticians……………………………………………
39
Management analysts…………………………………
454
Meeting and convention planners……………………
47
See footnotes at end of table.
55
Women
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
$722
1,025
47,209
20,535
$638
892
59,439
19,619
$798
1,238
79.9
72.1
1,128
1,204
1,903
1,229
(1)
1,097
1,345
1,232
1,003
1,576
1,134
1,233
1,253
1,139
7,463
4,535
251
274
7
52
357
31
26
120
583
194
30
72
941
979
1,603
993
(1)
1,000
1,024
(1)
(1)
1,260
945
1,137
(1)
995
8,847
6,687
793
646
9
17
510
26
66
311
480
93
192
111
1,343
1,384
1,999
1,315
(1)
(1)
1,601
(1)
1,012
1,641
1,457
1,433
1,285
1,251
70.1
70.7
80.2
75.5
(²)
(²)
64.0
(²)
(²)
76.8
64.9
79.3
(²)
79.5
877
775
1,189
1,170
1,752
676
(1)
(1)
788
1,170
(1)
(1)
38
13
49
447
5
296
6
4
56
351
2
19
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,000
(1)
628
(1)
(1)
720
1,066
(1)
(1)
179
63
536
278
95
323
18
11
63
150
12
17
885
802
1,219
1,398
1,758
739
(1)
(1)
877
1,504
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
71.5
(²)
85.0
(²)
(²)
82.1
70.9
(²)
(²)
847
965
1,225
974
177
191
885
2,928
758
871
1,010
885
126
86
1,477
2,159
1,054
1,254
1,359
1,167
71.9
69.5
74.3
75.8
(1)
(1)
11
3
(1)
(1)
17
2
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
816
70
801
82
826
97.0
890
146
859
107
923
93.1
810
188
766
99
891
86.0
1,126
1,055
86
9
950
(1)
78
73
1,245
1,082
76.3
(²)
918
(1)
1,255
(1)
504
19
209
37
850
(1)
1,139
(1)
213
21
245
10
1,158
(1)
1,391
(1)
73.4
(²)
81.9
(²)
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Other business operations specialists………………
Accountants and auditors……………………………
Appraisers and assessors of real estate……………
Budget analysts………………………………………
Credit analysts…………………………………………
Financial analysts………………………………………
Personal financial advisors……………………………
Insurance underwriters………………………………
Financial examiners……………………………………
Loan counselors and officers…………………………
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents……
Tax preparers…………………………………………
Financial specialists, all other…………………………
Professional and related occupations……………………
Computer and mathematical occupations……………
Computer scientists and systems analysts…………
Computer programmers………………………………
Computer software engineers………………………
Computer support specialists…………………………
Database administrators………………………………
Network and computer systems administrators……
Network systems and data communications
analysts………………………………………………
Actuaries………………………………………………
Mathematicians…………………………………………
Operations research analysts…………………………
Statisticians……………………………………………
Miscellaneous mathematical
science occupations…………………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations……………
Architects, except naval………………………………
Surveyors, cartographers, and
photogrammetrists……………………………………
Aerospace engineers…………………………………
Agricultural engineers…………………………………
Biomedical engineers…………………………………
Chemical engineers……………………………………
Civil engineers…………………………………………
Computer hardware engineers………………………
Electrical and electronics engineers…………………
Environmental engineers………………………………
Industrial engineers, including health and safety…
Marine engineers and naval architects………………
Materials engineers……………………………………
Mechanical engineers…………………………………
Mining and geological engineers, including
mining safety engineers……………………………
Nuclear engineers……………………………………
Petroleum engineers…………………………………
Engineers, all other……………………………………
Drafters…………………………………………………
Engineering technicians, except drafters……………
Surveying and mapping technicians…………………
Median
weekly
earnings
Women
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
214
1,494
61
62
20
84
313
77
6
355
53
54
66
23,845
3,344
752
470
955
379
93
212
$931
981
1,089
1,197
(1)
1,378
1,194
957
(1)
916
850
911
964
980
1,242
1,184
1,218
1,529
893
1,274
1,189
145
904
22
37
11
39
117
62
3
201
35
36
35
13,072
828
213
105
196
105
25
46
$850
908
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
935
917
(1)
812
(1)
(1)
(1)
867
1,088
1,082
1,003
1,351
878
(1)
(1)
69
591
39
26
9
45
197
15
4
154
18
18
30
10,773
2,516
538
365
759
274
68
166
$1,157
1,178
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,370
(1)
(1)
1,118
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,169
1,320
1,240
1,261
1,555
903
1,289
1,209
73.5
77.1
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
68.2
(²)
(²)
72.6
(²)
(²)
(²)
74.2
82.4
87.3
79.5
86.9
97.2
(²)
(²)
353
24
2
69
33
1,130
(1)
(1)
1,259
(1)
82
6
36
14
961
(1)
(1)
(1)
271
18
2
34
19
1,184
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
81.2
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
2
2,652
150
(1)
1,244
1,128
334
35
1,001
(1)
1
2,319
115
(1)
1,286
1,273
(²)
77.8
(²)
34
131
4
10
64
303
62
334
29
163
15
41
300
(1)
1,554
(1)
(1)
1,546
1,332
1,258
1,443
(1)
1,311
(1)
(1)
1,433
3
12
3
8
36
14
26
8
23
6
23
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
32
120
4
8
56
268
48
307
21
140
15
35
276
(1)
1,622
(1)
(1)
1,562
1,349
(1)
1,475
(1)
1,364
(1)
(1)
1,445
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
12
9
18
347
150
392
87
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,418
881
905
794
1
1
39
31
59
6
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
781
(1)
10
9
17
308
119
332
80
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,425
924
933
801
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
83.7
(²)
See footnotes at end of table.
56
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Life, physical, and social science occupations………
Agricultural and food scientists………………………
Biological scientists……………………………………
Conservation scientists and foresters………………
Medical scientists………………………………………
Astronomers and physicists…………………………
Atmospheric and space scientists……………………
Chemists and materials scientists……………………
Environmental scientists and geoscientists…………
Physical scientists, all other…………………………
Economists……………………………………………
Market and survey researchers………………………
Psychologists…………………………………………
Sociologists……………………………………………
Urban and regional planners…………………………
Miscellaneous social scientists and related
workers…………………………………………………
Agricultural and food science technicians…………
Biological technicians…………………………………
Chemical technicians…………………………………
Geological and petroleum technicians………………
Nuclear technicians……………………………………
Other life, physical, and social science
technicians……………………………………………
Community and social services occupations…………
Counselors………………………………………………
Social workers…………………………………………
Miscellaneous community and social service
specialists……………………………………………
Clergy……………………………………………………
Directors, religious activities and education…………
Religious workers, all other……………………………
Legal occupations………………………………………
Lawyers…………………………………………………
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers……
Paralegals and legal assistants………………………
Miscellaneous legal support workers………………
Education, training, and library occupations…………
Postsecondary teachers………………………………
Preschool and kindergarten teachers………………
Elementary and middle school teachers……………
Secondary school teachers……………………………
Special education teachers……………………………
Other teachers and instructors………………………
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians………
Librarians………………………………………………
Library technicians……………………………………
Teacher assistants……………………………………
Other education, training, and library workers………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations……………………………………………
Artists and related workers……………………………
Designers………………………………………………
Median
weekly
earnings
Women
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
1,080
34
91
21
120
20
8
103
70
122
17
109
84
1
31
$1,035
(1)
1,023
(1)
989
(1)
(1)
1,118
1,253
1,363
(1)
1,071
1,220
(1)
(1)
477
11
46
2
60
3
2
38
22
50
4
60
57
1
17
$931
(1)
(1)
(1)
948
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,061
(1)
990
1,004
(1)
(1)
603
23
45
18
60
16
6
65
48
72
13
49
27
13
$1,156
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,133
(1)
(1)
1,430
(1)
1,535
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
80.5
(²)
(²)
(²)
83.7
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
69.1
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
36
23
20
56
9
2
(1)
(1)
(1)
872
(1)
(1)
13
9
8
20
3
1
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
23
14
13
36
6
1
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
103
1,908
522
639
752
788
787
784
50
1,117
355
503
752
753
787
779
54
791
167
135
751
860
787
812
100.1
87.6
100.0
95.9
261
388
38
60
1,199
645
51
304
198
6,677
862
506
2,627
1,086
343
351
25
136
17
651
74
736
882
(1)
669
1,174
1,751
1,281
796
738
866
1,149
591
890
949
944
858
(1)
878
(1)
421
1,071
159
43
21
36
693
247
24
267
155
4,883
379
493
2,127
596
291
209
13
111
14
595
55
680
(1)
(1)
(1)
962
1,509
(1)
790
702
818
1,056
589
871
920
949
812
(1)
811
(1)
413
886
102
346
18
24
506
398
27
37
43
1,794
483
14
500
490
52
142
11
25
3
56
19
874
899
(1)
(1)
1,696
1,875
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,020
1,245
(1)
994
995
914
953
(1)
(1)
(1)
517
(1)
77.8
(²)
(²)
(²)
56.7
80.5
(²)
(²)
(²)
80.2
84.8
(²)
87.6
92.5
103.8
85.2
(²)
(²)
(²)
79.9
(²)
1,570
74
540
882
985
811
689
23
268
777
(1)
744
882
51
271
951
1,103
899
81.7
(²)
82.8
See footnotes at end of table.
57
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Actors……………………………………………………
2
Producers and directors………………………………
108
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers…
117
Dancers and choreographers…………………………
13
Musicians, singers, and related workers……………
32
Entertainers and performers, sports and related
workers, all other……………………………………
12
Announcers……………………………………………
22
News analysts, reporters and correspondents……
68
Public relations specialists……………………………
107
Editors…………………………………………………
132
Technical writers………………………………………
48
Writers and authors……………………………………
79
Miscellaneous media and communication workers…
46
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians
and radio operators…………………………………
75
Photographers…………………………………………
69
Television, video, and motion picture camera
operators and editors…………………………………
26
Media and communication equipment workers,
all other………………………………………………
1
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations…… 5,415
Chiropractors……………………………………………
9
Dentists…………………………………………………
34
Dietitians and nutritionists……………………………
86
Optometrists……………………………………………
11
Pharmacists……………………………………………
196
Physicians and surgeons……………………………
594
Physician assistants……………………………………
86
Podiatrists………………………………………………
6
Registered nurses……………………………………
2,114
Audiologists……………………………………………
7
Occupational therapists………………………………
55
Physical therapists……………………………………
129
15
Radiation therapists……………………………………
Recreational therapists………………………………
16
Respiratory therapists…………………………………
90
Speech-language pathologists………………………
88
Therapists, all other……………………………………
74
Veterinarians……………………………………………
26
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners,
all other………………………………………………
3
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians…
301
Dental hygienists………………………………………
75
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians…
238
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics…
121
Health diagnosing and treating practitioner
support technicians…………………………………
340
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses…
439
Medical records and health information
technicians……………………………………………
77
Opticians, dispensing…………………………………
33
Miscellaneous health technologists and
technicians……………………………………………
105
See footnotes at end of table.
58
Women
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
(1)
$938
825
(1)
(1)
1
42
25
11
5
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
1
65
91
1
27
(1)
$983
837
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
(1)
947
1,000
971
(1)
945
(1)
3
3
25
70
69
22
41
33
(1)
(1)
(1)
$935
941
(1)
(1)
(1)
9
19
43
37
63
26
38
14
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,062
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
88.6
(²)
(²)
(²)
972
690
13
30
(1)
(1)
62
39
996
(1)
(²)
(²)
(1)
5
(1)
21
(1)
(²)
(1)
962
(1)
(1)
672
(1)
1,883
1,731
1,251
(1)
1,022
(1)
1,019
1,176
(1)
(1)
881
1,121
791
(1)
4,052
2
15
75
5
94
189
51
1
1,904
5
54
78
10
12
64
87
56
16
909
(1)
(1)
674
(1)
1,647
1,230
1,077
(1)
1,011
(1)
1,016
1,019
(1)
(1)
819
1,124
796
(1)
1
1,362
8
19
11
5
102
405
34
5
210
2
1
51
5
5
26
18
10
(1)
1,210
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,914
1,911
(1)
(1)
1,168
(1)
(1)
1,329
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
75.1
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
86.1
64.4
(²)
(²)
86.6
(²)
(²)
76.7
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
783
976
957
755
2
223
73
159
39
(1)
750
988
923
(1)
78
2
79
82
942
(1)
1,035
823
(²)
79.6
(²)
89.2
(²)
585
692
258
408
564
679
82
31
677
(1)
83.3
(²)
537
(1)
71
23
551
(1)
6
10
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
671
61
615
44
(1)
(²)
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Other healthcare practitioners and technical
occupations……………………………………………
Service occupations………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations………………………
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides………
Occupational therapist assistants and aides………
Physical therapist assistants and aides……………
Massage therapists……………………………………
Dental assistants………………………………………
Medical assistants and other healthcare support
occupations……………………………………………
Protective service occupations…………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of correctional
officers…………………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of police and
detectives………………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and
prevention workers……………………………………
Supervisors, protective service workers, all other…
Fire fighters……………………………………………
Fire inspectors…………………………………………
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers……………
Detectives and criminal investigators………………
Fish and game wardens………………………………
Parking enforcement workers…………………………
Police and sheriff's patrol officers……………………
Transit and railroad police……………………………
Animal control workers………………………………
Private detectives and investigators…………………
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers…
Crossing guards………………………………………
Lifeguards and other protective service workers……
Food preparation and serving related occupations…
Chefs and head cooks…………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of food
preparation and serving workers……………………
Cooks……………………………………………………
Food preparation workers……………………………
Bartenders………………………………………………
Combined food preparation and serving workers,
including fast food…………………………………
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession,
and coffee shop………………………………………
Waiters and waitresses………………………………
Food servers, nonrestaurant…………………………
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and
bartender helpers……………………………………
Dishwashers……………………………………………
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and
coffee shop……………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related workers,
all other………………………………………………
Median
weekly
earnings
Women
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
49
14,814
2,222
1,370
7
51
32
168
(1)
$475
465
429
(1)
700
(1)
531
17
7,458
1,951
1,201
6
39
22
160
(1)
$418
459
424
(1)
(1)
(1)
524
32
7,355
271
169
1
12
10
8
(1)
$537
512
485
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
77.8
89.6
87.4
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
595
2,683
505
748
524
564
502
594
71
2,119
529
794
94.9
74.8
43
(1)
16
(1)
27
(1)
(²)
120
1,200
20
(1)
99
1,239
(²)
53
94
283
24
387
139
4
5
674
3
9
76
695
20
54
4,153
295
1,327
763
970
(1)
695
1,053
(1)
(1)
893
(1)
(1)
780
516
(1)
401
402
548
4
22
13
112
28
4
101
3
28
173
17
23
2,035
40
(1)
(1)
(1)
605
(1)
(1)
731
(1)
(1)
478
(1)
(1)
376
(1)
49
72
270
24
275
112
4
1
573
3
6
47
523
3
31
2,118
255
(1)
768
975
(1)
725
1,112
(1)
(1)
929
(1)
(1)
(1)
540
(1)
(1)
432
551
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
83.4
(²)
(²)
(²)
78.7
(²)
(²)
(²)
88.5
(²)
(²)
87.0
(²)
483
1,312
325
204
498
390
352
502
280
480
197
108
439
363
338
457
203
832
128
96
599
404
368
596
73.3
89.9
91.8
76.7
141
349
99
341
42
(1)
(²)
84
852
91
307
391
451
54
560
62
299
367
424
30
292
29
(1)
436
(1)
(²)
84.2
(²)
159
152
390
361
69
44
386
(1)
90
108
394
367
98.0
(²)
49
(1)
39
(1)
10
(1)
(²)
6
(1)
4
(1)
2
(1)
(²)
See footnotes at end of table.
59
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations……………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of
housekeeping and janitorial workers………………
First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping,
lawn service, and groundskeeping workers………
Janitors and building cleaners………………………
Maids and housekeeping cleaners…………………
Pest control workers……………………………………
Grounds maintenance workers………………………
Personal care and service occupations………………
First-line supervisors/managers of gaming
workers…………………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of personal
service workers………………………………………
Animal trainers…………………………………………
Nonfarm animal caretakers……………………………
Gaming services workers……………………………
Motion picture projectionists…………………………
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers…………
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and
related workers………………………………………
Funeral service workers………………………………
Barbers…………………………………………………
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists………
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers………
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges…………
Tour and travel guides…………………………………
Transportation attendants……………………………
Child care workers……………………………………
Personal and home care aides………………………
Recreation and fitness workers………………………
Residential advisors……………………………………
Personal care and service workers, all other………
Sales and office occupations………………………………
Sales and related occupations…………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of retail
sales workers…………………………………………
First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail
sales workers………………. ………………………
Cashiers…………………………………………………
Counter and rental clerks……………………………
Parts salespersons……………………………………
Retail salespersons……………………………………
Advertising sales agents………………………………
Insurance sales agents………………………………
Securities, commodities, and financial services
sales agents…………………………………………
Travel agents……………………………………………
Sales representatives, services, all other……………
Sales representatives, wholesale and
manufacturing…………………………………………
Median
weekly
earnings
Women
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
3,506
$431
1,274
$383
2,232
$488
78.5
200
623
74
448
127
748
59.9
86
1,510
847
61
802
2,250
687
460
378
611
420
475
4
414
742
4
37
1,634
(1)
397
371
(1)
(1)
441
82
1,096
105
57
766
615
712
493
436
596
422
591
(²)
80.5
85.1
(²)
(²)
74.6
97
760
36
(1)
62
837
(²)
61
12
62
84
5
7
618
(1)
457
650
(1)
(1)
38
6
45
43
3
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
23
6
18
41
5
4
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
70
6
38
306
130
55
20
102
435
485
176
52
46
25,232
10,113
415
(1)
(1)
496
462
581
(1)
717
396
414
514
584
(1)
614
656
34
1
7
269
102
11
11
68
410
394
105
32
18
15,635
4,518
(1)
(1)
(1)
489
444
(1)
(1)
637
393
404
487
(1)
(1)
578
516
36
5
31
37
28
44
9
34
25
91
70
20
28
9,597
5,594
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
475
639
(1)
(1)
733
796
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
85.1
76.2
(²)
(²)
78.9
64.8
2,432
669
1,050
556
1,382
781
71.2
788
1,376
93
111
1,996
181
379
882
360
586
519
521
838
767
233
1,018
35
12
848
99
198
765
349
(1)
(1)
440
804
652
555
359
58
99
1,148
82
182
947
399
671
555
623
879
994
80.8
87.5
(²)
(²)
70.6
91.5
65.6
290
64
431
1,127
685
926
84
45
148
760
(1)
841
206
19
283
1,272
(1)
957
59.7
(²)
87.9
1,143
986
299
846
844
1,064
79.5
See footnotes at end of table.
60
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters……
Real estate brokers and sales agents………………
Sales engineers………………………………………
Telemarketers…………………………………………
Door-to-door salesworkers, news and street
vendors, and related workers………………………
Sales and related workers, all other…………………
Office and administrative support occupations………
First-line supervisors/managers of office and
administrative support workers……………………
Switchboard operators, including answering
service…………………………………………………
Telephone operators…………………………………
Communications equipment operators, all other……
Bill and account collectors……………………………
Billing and posting clerks and machine operators…
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks………
Gaming cage workers…………………………………
Payroll and timekeeping clerks………………………
Procurement clerks……………………………………
Tellers……………………………………………………
Brokerage clerks………………………………………
Correspondence clerks………………………………
Court, municipal, and license clerks…………………
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks……………
Customer service representatives……………………
Eligibility interviewers, government programs………
File clerks………………………………………………
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks…………………
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan………………
Library assistants, clerical……………………………
Loan interviewers and clerks…………………………
New accounts clerks…………………………………
Order clerks……………………………………………
Human resources assistants, except payroll and
timekeeping……………………………………………
Receptionists and information clerks…………………
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and
travel clerks……………………………………………
Information and record clerks, all other………………
Cargo and freight agents………………………………
Couriers and messengers……………………………
Dispatchers……………………………………………
Meter readers, utilities…………………………………
Postal service clerks…………………………………
Postal service mail carriers……………………………
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and
processing machine operators………………………
Production, planning, and expediting clerks…………
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks………………
Stock clerks and order fillers…………………………
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers,
recordkeeping…………………………………………
Secretaries and administrative assistants…………
Median
weekly
earnings
Women
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
25
462
41
95
(1)
$794
(1)
457
18
251
2
61
(1)
$682
(1)
473
8
211
39
34
(1)
$952
(1)
(1)
(²)
71.6
(²)
(²)
55
149
15,119
507
746
601
26
90
11,117
(1)
695
590
29
58
4,003
(1)
809
651
(²)
85.9
90.6
1,500
731
1,029
688
470
848
81.1
40
37
7
206
428
950
15
127
23
338
3
7
92
58
1,511
60
259
81
110
41
114
24
98
(1)
(1)
(1)
605
584
606
(1)
690
(1)
469
(1)
(1)
673
556
577
665
549
410
581
(1)
681
(1)
548
34
27
4
139
386
865
13
110
15
284
3
4
70
39
1,015
50
217
58
88
35
97
20
54
(1)
(1)
(1)
597
575
603
(1)
700
(1)
468
(1)
(1)
643
(1)
568
668
536
406
573
(1)
643
(1)
541
6
10
3
67
42
85
2
17
8
54
3
22
19
496
9
42
24
22
6
17
3
45
(1)
(1)
(1)
618
(1)
645
(1)
(1)
(1)
471
(1)
(1)
(1)
607
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
96.6
(²)
93.5
(²)
(²)
(²)
99.4
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
93.6
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
48
960
(1)
503
40
896
(1)
502
9
64
(1)
537
(²)
93.5
120
94
17
178
243
42
157
338
572
639
(1)
724
653
(1)
877
908
70
87
5
24
134
6
80
101
538
624
(1)
(1)
578
(1)
853
803
50
7
12
154
109
36
77
237
752
(1)
(1)
755
722
(1)
905
939
71.5
(²)
(²)
(²)
80.1
(²)
94.3
85.5
84
249
478
1,059
830
750
543
468
35
147
140
371
(1)
690
516
466
49
102
338
688
(1)
862
559
470
(²)
80.0
92.3
99.1
59
2,575
604
616
26
2,485
(1)
614
34
90
(1)
736
(²)
83.4
See footnotes at end of table.
61
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
112
Computer operators……………………………………
Data entry keyers………………………………………
339
Word processors and typists…………………………
112
Desktop publishers……………………………………
3
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks……
264
Mail clerks and mail machine operators,
except postal service…………………………………
98
Office clerks, general…………………………………
840
Office machine operators, except computer………
30
Proofreaders and copy markers………………………
11
Statistical assistants……………………………………
18
Office and administrative support workers, all
other……………………………………………………
464
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations…………………………………………… 11,609
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations……………
756
First-line supervisors/managers of farming,
fishing, and forestry workers…………………………
35
Agricultural inspectors…………………………………
28
Animal breeders………………………………………
4
Graders and sorters, agricultural products…………
63
Miscellaneous agricultural workers…………………
564
Fishers and related fishing workers…………………
9
Hunters and trappers…………………………………
1
Forest and conservation workers……………………
5
Logging workers………………………………………
47
Construction and extraction occupations……………… 6,432
First-line supervisors/managers of
construction trades and extraction workers………
631
Boilermakers……………………………………………
23
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons……
161
Carpenters………………………………………………
986
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers………
118
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and
terrazzo workers………………………………………
77
Construction laborers…………………………………
1,210
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment
operators………………………………………………
23
Pile-driver operators……………………………………
2
Operating engineers and other construction
equipment operators…………………………………
360
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers…
158
Electricians……………………………………………
728
Glaziers…………………………………………………
41
Insulation workers………………………………………
35
Painters, construction and maintenance……………
386
Paperhangers…………………………………………
4
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters…
492
Plasterers and stucco masons………………………
42
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers…………………
15
Roofers…………………………………………………
153
Sheet metal workers…………………………………
112
Structural iron and steel workers……………………
71
Helpers, construction trades…………………………
94
See footnotes at end of table.
62
Women
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
$673
586
571
(1)
593
58
261
102
3
219
$632
565
560
(1)
588
55
77
10
1
44
$749
652
(1)
(1)
(1)
84.4
86.7
(²)
(²)
(²)
494
585
(1)
(1)
(1)
50
727
15
8
14
446
582
(1)
(1)
(1)
48
113
15
4
4
(1)
602
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
657
357
636
107
729
87.2
702
420
450
144
607
392
11,159
612
705
427
86.1
91.8
(1)
(1)
(1)
463
394
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
688
4
14
3
39
83
1
139
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
346
(1)
747
31
14
1
24
481
9
1
4
47
6,293
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
402
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
688
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
86.1
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
108.6
947
(1)
622
656
621
15
1
11
2
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
615
23
160
975
116
945
(1)
624
655
613
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
574
564
31
(1)
77
1,180
574
558
(²)
(²)
(1)
(1)
3
-
(1)
-
20
2
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
749
559
807
(1)
(1)
554
(1)
784
(1)
(1)
558
732
871
504
6
3
6
3
20
8
1
7
5
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
354
154
722
41
31
366
4
484
42
15
152
105
71
89
744
556
809
(1)
(1)
556
(1)
785
(1)
(1)
560
733
871
500
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
96.7
(²)
(²)
(²)
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Construction and building inspectors………………
84
Elevator installers and repairers………………………
39
Fence erectors…………………………………………
26
Hazardous materials removal workers………………
19
Highway maintenance workers………………………
97
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment
operators………………………………………………
16
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners……
9
Miscellaneous construction and related workers……
24
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators,
oil, gas, and mining…………………………………
36
Earth drillers, except oil and gas……………………
37
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts,
and blasters……………………………………………
10
Mining machine operators……………………………
49
Roof bolters, mining……………………………………
4
Roustabouts, oil and gas………………………………
8
Helpers—extraction workers…………………………
6
Other extraction workers………………………………
47
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations…… 4,420
First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics,
installers, and repairers………………………………
297
Computer, automated teller, and office machine
repairers………………………………………………
271
Radio and telecommunications equipment
installers and repairers………………………………
199
Avionics technicians……………………………………
15
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers……
19
Electrical and electronics installers and
repairers, transportation equipment………………
5
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial
and utility………………………………………………
18
Electronic equipment installers and repairers,
motor vehicles…………………………………………
26
Electronic home entertainment equipment
installers and repairers………………………………
52
Security and fire alarm systems installers…………
50
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians…………
144
Automotive body and related repairers………………
116
Automotive glass installers and repairers……………
26
Automotive service technicians and mechanics……
650
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists……………………………………………
328
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service
technicians and mechanics…………………………
202
Small engine mechanics………………………………
44
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment
mechanics, installers, and repairers………………
69
Control and valve installers and repairers…………
22
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics and installers……………………………
311
Home appliance repairers……………………………
31
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics……
419
Maintenance and repair workers, general…………
420
See footnotes at end of table.
63
Women
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
$854
(1)
(1)
(1)
659
7
3
2
1
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
77
36
26
17
96
$849
(1)
(1)
(1)
656
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
(1)
(1)
-
-
16
9
24
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
(1)
1
-
(1)
-
36
37
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
774
1
1
167
( )
(1)
$779
9
48
4
8
6
47
4,253
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
774
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
100.6
937
24
(1)
273
940
(²)
823
31
(1)
240
805
(²)
866
(1)
(1)
27
2
2
(1)
(1)
(1)
172
13
17
881
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
-
-
5
(1)
(²)
(1)
-
-
17
(1)
(²)
(1)
1
(1)
25
(1)
(²)
787
745
919
713
(1)
677
1
3
1
9
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
51
50
141
115
26
641
796
745
928
715
(1)
678
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
763
2
(1)
326
763
(²)
846
(1)
2
1
(1)
(1)
200
43
847
(1)
(²)
(²)
489
(1)
-
-
69
22
489
(1)
(²)
(²)
804
(1)
801
720
5
12
16
(1)
(1)
(1)
306
31
407
404
805
(1)
806
719
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
1
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
40
Maintenance workers, machinery……………………
Millwrights………………………………………………
65
Electrical power-line installers and repairers………
97
Telecommunications line installers and repairers…
187
Precision instrument and equipment repairers……
46
Coin, vending, and amusement machine
servicers and repairers………………………………
31
Commercial divers……………………………………
1
Locksmiths and safe repairers………………………
21
Manufactured building and mobile home installers…
7
Riggers…………………………………………………
7
Signal and track switch repairers……………………
5
Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair
workers…………………………………………………
16
Other installation, maintenance, and repair
workers…………………………………………………
166
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations…………………………………………… 14,840
Production occupations…………………………………
8,008
First-line supervisors/managers of production
and operating workers………………………………
810
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems
assemblers……………………………………………
23
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical
assemblers……………………………………………
185
Engine and other machine assemblers………………
14
Structural metal fabricators and fitters………………
29
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators…………
959
Bakers…………………………………………………
143
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish
processing workers…………………………………
303
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying
machine operators and tenders……………………
10
Food batchmakers……………………………………
66
Food cooking machine operators and tenders……
5
Computer control programmers and operators……
65
Extruding and drawing machine setters,
operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………
9
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic………………………………………
10
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic………………………………………
12
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters,
operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………
104
Drilling and boring machine tool setters,
operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………
2
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine
tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and
plastic…………………………………………………
52
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic………………………
23
Milling and planing machine setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic………………………
6
Machinists………………………………………………
376
See footnotes at end of table.
64
Women
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
(1)
$956
1,093
848
(1)
1
1
7
6
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
40
64
96
181
40
(1)
$960
1,090
836
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
4
1
1
-
(1)
(1)
(1)
-
27
1
20
6
7
5
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
-
-
16
(1)
(²)
639
9
(1)
156
638
(²)
594
595
3,131
2,245
$462
464
11,709
5,763
637
659
72.5
70.4
857
140
634
671
899
70.5
(1)
6
(1)
16
(1)
(²)
506
(1)
(1)
531
426
107
3
337
68
453
(1)
466
393
78
11
29
622
75
600
(1)
(1)
581
478
75.5
(²)
(²)
80.2
82.2
490
81
430
223
512
84.0
(1)
477
(1)
810
5
34
2
6
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
5
32
3
59
(1)
(1)
(1)
820
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
-
-
9
(1)
(²)
(1)
-
-
10
(1)
(²)
(1)
1
(1)
11
(1)
(²)
525
22
(1)
82
548
(²)
(1)
1
(1)
2
(1)
(²)
690
8
(1)
44
(1)
(²)
(1)
3
(1)
20
(1)
(²)
(1)
708
1
25
(1)
(1)
5
351
(1)
715
(²)
(²)
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders………
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and
plastic…………………………………………………
Molders and molding machine setters,
operators, and tenders, metal and plastic…………
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and
tenders, metal and plastic……………………………
Tool and die makers……………………………………
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers……………
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and
tenders, metal and plastic……………………………
Lay-out workers, metal and plastic…………………
Plating and coating machine setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic………………………
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners…………………
Metalworkers and plastic workers, all other…………
Bookbinders and bindery workers……………………
Job printers……………………………………………
Prepress technicians and workers……………………
Printing machine operators……………………………
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers……………………
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials…
Sewing machine operators……………………………
Shoe and leather workers and repairers……………
Shoe machine operators and tenders………………
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers……………………
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators
and tenders……………………………………………
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and
tenders…………………………………………………
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters,
operators, and tenders………………………………
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out
machine setters, operators, and tenders…………
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators,
and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers……………
Fabric and apparel patternmakers……………………
Upholsterers……………………………………………
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other…
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters………………
Furniture finishers………………………………………
Sawing machine setters, operators, and
tenders, wood…………………………………………
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and
tenders, except sawing……………………………..
Woodworkers, all other………………………………
Power plant operators, distributors, and
dispatchers……………………………………………
Stationary engineers and boiler operators…………
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and
system operators……………………………………
Miscellaneous plant and system operators…………
Chemical processing machine setters,
operators, and tenders………………………………
Median
weekly
earnings
Women
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
25
(1)
1
(1)
24
(1)
(²)
9
(1)
-
-
9
(1)
(²)
52
$589
11
(1)
40
(1)
(²)
3
64
536
(1)
946
666
2
1
22
(1)
(1)
(1)
1
64
514
(1)
$952
673
(²)
(²)
(²)
10
8
(1)
(1)
3
1
(1)
(1)
7
7
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
12
5
356
29
36
37
197
179
47
175
3
3
25
(1)
(1)
586
(1)
(1)
(1)
631
362
(1)
386
(1)
(1)
(1)
1
73
12
5
20
40
106
37
131
2
20
(1)
$515
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
345
(1)
383
(1)
(1)
11
5
283
17
30
17
157
73
9
45
3
5
(1)
(1)
605
(1)
(1)
(1)
669
414
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
85.1
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
83.3
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
3
(1)
-
-
3
(1)
(²)
4
(1)
1
(1)
3
(1)
(²)
3
(1)
1
(1)
2
(1)
(²)
11
(1)
8
(1)
3
(1)
(²)
3
2
30
20
61
9
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
641
(1)
1
2
7
6
4
2
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
2
23
14
57
7
(1)
(1)
(1)
655
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
38
(1)
2
(1)
35
(1)
(²)
18
17
(1)
(1)
6
4
(1)
(1)
12
13
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
53
97
960
848
6
1
(1)
(1)
47
96
(1)
849
(²)
(²)
73
34
705
(1)
4
1
(1)
(1)
69
33
693
(1)
(²)
(²)
51
918
6
(1)
45
(1)
(²)
See footnotes at end of table.
65
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Occupation
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and
blending workers……………………………………
106
Cutting workers…………………………………………
72
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting
machine setters, operators, and tenders…………
29
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators
and tenders……………………………………………
11
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and
weighers………………………………………………
711
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers…
28
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory
technicians……………………………………………
73
Packaging and filling machine operators and
tenders…………………………………………………
240
Painting workers………………………………………
163
Photographic process workers and processing
machine operators……………………………………
32
Semiconductor processors……………………………
5
Cementing and gluing machine operators and
tenders…………………………………………………
9
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling
equipment operators and tenders…………………
2
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and
tenders…………………………………………………
1
Etchers and engravers…………………………………
3
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal
and plastic……………………………………………
33
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and
tenders…………………………………………………
41
Tire builders……………………………………………
12
Helpers—production workers…………………………
31
Production workers, all other…………………………
866
Transportation and material moving occupations……
6,832
Supervisors, transportation and material moving
workers…………………………………………………
215
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers……………………
92
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations
specialists……………………………………………
26
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except
emergency medical technicians……………………
16
Bus drivers………………………………………………
372
Driver/salesworkers and truck drivers………………
2,729
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs……………………………
208
Motor vehicle operators, all other……………………
33
Locomotive engineers and operators………………
53
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators………
5
Railroad conductors and yardmasters………………
53
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation
workers…………………………………………………
22
Sailors and marine oilers………………………………
13
Ship and boat captains and operators………………
36
Ship engineers…………………………………………
4
Bridge and lock tenders………………………………
7
Parking lot attendants…………………………………
50
See footnotes at end of table.
66
Women
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
$596
502
18
18
(1)
(1)
88
55
$576
514
(²)
(²)
(1)
8
(1)
21
(1)
(²)
(1)
3
(1)
8
(1)
(²)
660
(1)
301
13
$527
(1)
409
16
765
(1)
68.9
(²)
582
39
(1)
34
(1)
(²)
449
565
131
19
401
(1)
109
144
501
579
80.0
(²)
(1)
(1)
16
3
(1)
(1)
16
2
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(1)
3
(1)
6
(1)
(²)
(1)
-
-
2
(1)
(²)
(1)
(1)
1
( )
1
2
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(1)
3
(1)
30
(1)
(²)
(1)
(1)
(1)
545
593
12
3
5
251
886
(1)
(1)
(1)
485
455
29
9
26
615
5,946
(1)
(1)
(1)
592
615
(²)
(²)
(²)
81.9
74.0
761
1,390
38
4
(1)
(1)
177
88
796
1,399
(²)
(²)
(1)
7
(1)
19
(1)
(²)
(1)
561
702
503
(1)
1,223
(1)
1,067
4
171
116
30
6
2
2
(1)
507
542
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
12
201
2,613
179
27
51
5
51
(1)
605
709
514
(1)
1,207
(1)
1,080
(²)
83.8
76.4
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
436
5
3
2
3
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
16
13
33
4
5
46
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
1
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,
2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Occupation
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
64
Service station attendants……………………………
Transportation inspectors……………………………
44
Other transportation workers…………………………
13
Conveyor operators and tenders……………………
6
Crane and tower operators……………………………
68
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine
operators………………………………………………
41
Hoist and winch operators……………………………
4
Industrial truck and tractor operators…………………
551
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment…………………
227
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers,
hand…………………………………………………… 1,392
Machine feeders and offbearers……………………
29
Packers and packagers, hand………………………
315
Pumping station operators……………………………
23
Refuse and recyclable material collectors…………
70
Shuttle car operators…………………………………
5
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders……………………
4
Material moving workers, all other……………………
43
1
Women
Total
employed
Men
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Women's
earnings
as percent
of men's
$373
(1)
(1)
(1)
925
7
7
2
2
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
56
37
11
6
66
$378
(1)
(1)
(1)
933
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(1)
(1)
534
428
1
40
19
(1)
(1)
(1)
39
4
511
208
(1)
(1)
533
437
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
501
(1)
388
(1)
475
(1)
(1)
(1)
198
13
186
1
10
8
$417
(1)
368
(1)
(1)
(1)
1,194
16
129
22
61
5
4
35
508
(1)
410
(1)
493
(1)
(1)
(1)
82.1
(²)
89.8
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
(²)
Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000.
² Data not shown where the employment base for either the numerator or denominator is less than 50,000.
NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
67
Median
weekly
earnings
Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex,
2008 annual averages
Total, both sexes
Industry
1
Men
Women's
earnings
as
Median
percent
of
weekly
men's
earnings
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
Median
weekly
earnings
Total
employed
$722
47,209
$638
59,439
$798
79.9
944
764
7,489
14,548
9,435
5,114
14,204
3,364
10,840
6,377
5,178
1,199
2,822
7,988
6,163
1,825
10,733
6,647
462
1,007
715
743
774
686
603
741
565
811
775
1,005
891
814
856
704
839
1,065
171
88
679
4,112
2,322
1,790
5,637
942
4,695
1,387
1,155
232
1,130
4,495
3,669
826
4,437
2,867
436
814
672
601
633
563
510
674
486
684
662
820
761
712
726
653
724
859
773
676
6,810
10,437
7,113
3,324
8,566
2,422
6,144
4,990
4,023
967
1,692
3,493
2,495
999
6,296
3,780
469
1,042
719
811
834
764
683
769
642
859
812
1,066
999
1,015
1,171
750
954
1,268
93.0
78.1
93.5
74.1
75.9
73.7
74.7
87.6
75.7
79.6
81.5
76.9
76.2
70.1
62.0
87.1
75.9
67.7
4,085
23,324
10,108
13,216
7,036
1,613
5,423
4,058
3,660
398
6,362
550
739
828
667
477
594
436
610
629
419
887
1,569
17,264
6,963
10,301
3,214
645
2,569
1,798
1,444
353
2,798
521
690
775
628
421
522
400
516
555
406
756
2,516
6,060
3,145
2,915
3,822
967
2,855
2,260
2,215
45
3,563
569
910
939
869
510
647
483
698
700
( 1)
993
Total
employed
Total, 16 years and over…………….……… 106,648
Agriculture and related industries ....................
Mining ..............................................................
Construction ....................................................
Manufacturing ..................................................
Durable goods ..............................................
Nondurable goods ........................................
Wholesale and retail trade ...............................
Wholesale trade ...........................................
Retail trade ...................................................
Transportation and utilities ..............................
Transportation and warehousing ..................
Utilities ..........................................................
Information .......................................................
Financial activities ...........................................
Finance and insurance .................................
Real estate and rental and leasing ...............
Professional and business services ................
Professional and technical services .............
Management, administrative, and waste
services......................................................
Education and health services .........................
Educational services ....................................
Health care and social assistance ................
Leisure and hospitality .....................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation ..............
Accomodation and food services .................
Other services .................................................
Other services, except private households ..
Private households .......................................
Public administration........................................
Women
Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
68
91.6
75.8
82.5
72.3
82.5
80.7
82.8
73.9
79.3
( 1)
76.1
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2008 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Year
Total employed
Usually full time
1
Usually part time
2
Percent usually
full time
Percent usually
part time
1970…………...…
1971………...……
1972 3………...…
1973 3………...…
1974……...………
1975…………...…
1976………...……
1977………...……
1978 3…………...
1979………..……
78,678
79,367
82,153
85,064
86,794
85,846
88,752
92,017
96,048
98,824
66,753
66,973
69,214
71,803
73,093
71,586
73,964
76,625
80,193
82,654
11,925
12,393
12,939
13,262
13,701
14,260
14,788
15,391
15,855
16,171
84.8
84.4
84.3
84.4
84.2
83.4
83.3
83.3
83.5
83.6
15.2
15.6
15.7
15.6
15.8
16.6
16.7
16.7
16.5
16.4
1980……..………
1981……..………
1982………..……
1983…..…………
1984…..…………
1985……...………
1986 3….…..……
1987……...….……
1988……...………
1989……...………
99,303
100,397
99,526
100,834
105,005
107,150
109,597
112,440
114,968
117,342
82,562
83,243
81,421
82,322
86,544
88,534
90,529
92,957
95,214
97,369
16,740
17,154
18,106
18,511
18,462
18,615
19,069
19,483
19,754
19,973
83.1
82.9
81.8
81.6
82.4
82.6
82.6
82.7
82.8
83.0
16.9
17.1
18.2
18.4
17.6
17.4
17.4
17.3
17.2
17.0
1990 3……...……
1991……...………
1992………...……
1993……….……
1994 3………...…
1995………...……
1996….…………
1997 3………..…
1998 3……...……
1999 3……………
118,793
117,718
118,492
120,259
123,060
124,900
126,708
129,558
131,463
133,488
98,666
97,190
97,664
99,114
99,772
101,679
103,537
106,334
108,202
110,302
20,128
20,528
20,828
21,145
23,288
23,220
23,170
23,224
23,261
23,186
83.1
82.6
82.4
82.4
81.1
81.4
81.7
82.1
82.3
82.6
16.9
17.4
17.6
17.6
18.9
18.6
18.3
17.9
17.7
17.4
2000 3………...…
2001…………..…
2002………………
2003 3…………..
2004 ……………
2005 ……………
2006 ……………
2007 ……………
2008 3…………..
136,891
136,933
136,485
137,736
139,252
141,730
144,427
146,047
145,362
113,846
113,573
112,700
113,324
114,518
117,016
119,688
121,091
120,030
23,044
23,361
23,785
24,412
24,734
24,714
24,739
24,956
25,332
83.2
82.9
82.6
82.3
82.2
82.6
82.9
82.9
82.6
16.8
17.1
17.4
17.7
17.8
17.4
17.1
17.1
17.4
See footnotes at end of table.
69
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2008 annual
averages―Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Women
Year
Total employed
Usually full time
1
Usually part time
2
Percent usually
full time
Percent usually
part time
1970…………...…
1971………...……
1972 3………...…
1973 3………...…
1974……...………
1975…………...…
1976………...……
1977………...……
1978 3…………...
1979………..……
29,688
29,976
31,257
32,715
33,769
33,989
35,615
37,289
39,569
41,217
21,929
21,950
22,842
23,960
24,714
24,598
25,814
27,076
28,912
30,227
7,758
8,026
8,416
8,756
9,055
9,391
9,799
10,213
10,658
10,990
73.9
73.2
73.1
73.2
73.2
72.4
72.5
72.6
73.1
73.3
26.1
26.8
26.9
26.8
26.8
27.6
27.5
27.4
26.9
26.7
1980……..………
1981……..………
1982………..……
1983…..…………
1984…..…………
1985……...………
1986 3….…..……
1987……...….……
1988……...………
1989……...………
42,117
43,000
43,256
44,047
45,915
47,259
48,706
50,334
51,696
53,027
30,845
31,337
31,086
31,679
33,473
34,672
35,845
37,210
38,398
39,484
11,270
11,664
12,170
12,367
12,441
12,587
12,862
13,124
13,298
13,544
73.2
72.9
71.9
71.9
72.9
73.4
73.6
73.9
74.3
74.5
26.8
27.1
28.1
28.1
27.1
26.6
26.4
26.1
25.7
25.5
1990 3……...……
1991……...………
1992………...……
1993……….……
1994 3………...…
1995………...……
1996….…………
1997 3………..…
1998 3……...……
1999 3……………
53,689
53,496
54,052
54,910
56,610
57,523
58,501
59,873
60,771
62,042
40,165
39,783
40,301
40,991
40,940
41,743
42,776
44,076
45,014
46,372
13,524
13,713
13,751
13,919
15,670
15,779
15,725
15,797
15,757
15,670
74.8
74.4
74.6
74.7
72.3
72.6
73.1
73.6
74.1
74.7
25.2
25.6
25.4
25.3
27.7
27.4
26.9
26.4
25.9
25.3
2000 3………...…
2001…………..…
2002………………
2003 3…………..
2004 ……………
2005 ……………
2006 ……………
2007 ……………
2008 3…………..
63,586
63,737
63,582
64,404
64,728
65,757
66,925
67,792
67,876
47,916
47,950
47,494
47,946
48,073
49,158
50,380
51,056
51,178
15,670
15,788
16,088
16,459
16,654
16,598
16,545
16,736
16,698
75.4
75.2
74.7
74.4
74.3
74.8
75.3
75.3
75.4
24.6
24.8
25.3
25.6
25.7
25.2
24.7
24.7
24.6
See footnotes at end of table.
70
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2008 annual
averages―Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Men
Year
Total employed
Usually full time
1
Usually part time
2
Percent usually
full time
Percent usually
part time
1970…………...…
1971………...……
1972 3………...…
1973 3………...…
1974……...………
1975…………...…
1976………...……
1977………...……
1978 3…………...
1979………..……
48,990
49,390
50,896
52,349
53,024
51,857
53,138
54,728
56,479
57,607
44,825
45,023
46,373
47,843
48,378
46,988
48,150
49,551
51,281
52,427
4,166
4,367
4,523
4,507
4,646
4,870
4,988
5,178
5,198
5,180
91.5
91.2
91.1
91.4
91.2
90.6
90.6
90.5
90.8
91.0
8.5
8.8
8.9
8.6
8.8
9.4
9.4
9.5
9.2
9.0
1980……..………
1981……..………
1982………..……
1983…..…………
1984…..…………
1985……...………
1986 3….…..……
1987……...….……
1988……...………
1989……...………
57,186
57,397
56,271
56,787
59,091
59,891
60,892
62,107
63,273
64,315
51,717
51,906
50,334
50,643
53,070
53,862
54,685
55,746
56,816
57,885
5,471
5,492
5,937
6,145
6,020
6,028
6,207
6,360
6,457
6,430
90.4
90.4
89.4
89.2
89.8
89.9
89.8
89.8
89.8
90.0
9.6
9.6
10.6
10.8
10.2
10.1
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.0
1990 3……...……
1991……...………
1992………...……
1993……….……
1994 3………...…
1995………...……
1996….…………
1997 3………..…
1998 3……...……
1999 3……………
65,104
64,223
64,440
65,349
66,450
67,377
68,207
69,685
70,693
71,446
58,501
57,407
57,363
58,123
58,832
59,936
60,762
62,258
63,189
63,930
6,604
6,815
7,077
7,226
7,617
7,441
7,445
7,427
7,504
7,516
89.9
89.4
89.0
88.9
88.5
89.0
89.1
89.3
89.4
89.5
10.1
10.6
11.0
11.1
11.5
11.0
10.9
10.7
10.6
10.5
See footnotes at end of table.
71
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2008 annual
averages―Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Men
Year
Total employed
2000 3………...…
2001…………..…
2002………………
2003 3…………..
2004 ……………
2005 ……………
2006 ……………
2007 ……………
2008 3…………..
1
73,305
73,196
72,903
73,332
74,524
75,973
77,502
78,254
77,486
Usually full time
1
Usually part time
65,930
65,623
65,205
65,379
66,444
67,858
69,307
70,035
68,853
Prior to 1994, total includes persons who usually
work part-time but who worked 35 or more hours
during the reference week; for 1994 and later years,
such persons were included in the part-time total. In
all years, the total includes those who usually work full
time but who worked less than 35 hours during the
reference week for noneconomic reasons, such as
illness or holiday, and those absent from work for the
entire reference week who usually work full time.
These groups are not shown separately.
2
For all years, total includes those who usually
work less than 35 hours a week but who were
absent from work for the entire reference week and
7,375
7,573
7,697
7,953
8,080
8,115
8,194
8,220
8,634
2
Percent usually
full time
Percent usually
part time
89.9
89.7
89.4
89.2
89.2
89.3
89.4
89.5
88.9
10.1
10.3
10.6
10.8
10.8
10.7
10.6
10.5
11.1
for 1994 and later years, those who worked 35 or more
hours during the reference week. These groups are
not shown separately.
3
The comparability of historical labor force data has
been affected at various times by methodological and
conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey
(CPS). For an explanation, see the Historical
Comparability documentation provided at
http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf .
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
72
Table 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in
nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2008 annual averages
All industries
Nonagricultural industries
Year
Total
Women
Men
Total
Women
Men
1976…….
1977…….
1978 1……
1979…...…
38.7
38.8
39.0
38.9
34.1
34.2
34.5
34.5
41.7
41.9
42.1
42.0
38.4
38.5
38.7
38.6
34.1
34.2
34.4
34.4
41.4
41.6
41.8
41.7
1980…….
1981…….
1982…...…
1983…….
1984………
1985…...…
1986 1……
1987…….
1988…….
1989…...…
38.5
38.1
38.0
38.3
38.8
39.0
39.1
39.0
39.4
39.6
34.5
34.1
34.1
34.5
34.9
35.2
35.4
35.3
35.7
35.8
41.5
41.1
40.9
41.2
41.8
42.0
42.1
42.0
42.4
42.6
38.3
37.9
37.7
38.1
38.6
38.9
38.9
38.8
39.3
39.4
34.4
34.1
34.0
34.4
34.9
35.2
35.3
35.3
35.7
35.8
41.2
40.7
40.6
41.0
41.5
41.8
41.9
41.8
42.2
42.4
1990 1……
1991…...…
1992…….
1993………
1994 1……
1995…….
1996………
1997 1……
1998 1……
1999 1……
39.4
39.2
38.9
39.4
39.2
39.3
39.3
39.5
39.3
39.6
35.8
35.8
35.6
36.0
35.5
35.6
35.7
36.0
35.8
36.2
42.3
42.0
41.7
42.2
42.2
42.3
42.3
42.4
42.2
42.4
39.3
39.1
38.8
39.3
39.1
39.2
39.2
39.4
39.2
39.5
35.8
35.8
35.6
36.0
35.6
35.7
35.7
36.0
35.9
36.2
42.1
41.9
41.6
42.1
42.1
42.2
42.2
42.3
42.2
42.4
2000 1……
2001…...…
2002…….
2003 1……
2004…….
2005…….
2006………
2007………
2008 1……
39.7
39.2
39.2
39.0
39.0
39.2
39.2
39.2
38.9
36.4
36.1
36.0
35.9
35.9
36.1
36.2
36.1
36.1
42.5
41.9
41.8
41.7
41.7
41.8
41.8
41.7
41.3
39.6
39.2
39.1
39.0
39.0
39.1
39.2
39.1
38.8
36.4
36.1
36.1
35.9
35.9
36.1
36.2
36.1
36.1
42.4
41.8
41.7
41.6
41.6
41.7
41.7
41.6
41.2
1
The comparability of historical data has been affected at various times by
methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey
(CPS). For an explanation, see the Historical Comparability documentation
provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf .
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics.
73
Table 22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970-2007
(Percent distribution)
With work experience
Population
(in
thousands)
Year
Total
Percent of
(in
population
thousands)
Percent distribution by work experience
Usually work full time
Total
Total
50 to 52
weeks
Usually work part time
1 to 49
weeks
Total
50 to 52
weeks
1 to 49
weeks
Total, both sexes
1970………….……… 138,953
1975………….……… 153,180
1980…….…………… 169,452
1985………….……… 179,944
1990 1………...……… 189,238
1995………….……… 199,925
2000 1………...……… 214,292
2005…………………… 227,975
2006…………………… 231,033
2007…………………… 232,995
93,850
102,603
115,752
123,466
132,562
138,971
150,787
154,322
156,658
157,653
67.5
67.0
68.3
68.6
70.1
69.5
70.4
67.7
67.8
67.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
79.4
78.9
78.5
78.2
78.8
78.6
80.4
80.3
80.9
80.9
55.6
54.3
56.1
58.7
60.4
62.9
66.7
67.5
68.4
68.4
23.8
24.6
22.4
19.5
18.4
15.7
13.7
12.8
12.5
12.5
20.6
21.2
21.4
21.9
21.3
21.3
19.5
19.7
19.1
19.1
6.7
7.5
7.7
8.3
8.7
9.1
9.3
10.0
9.7
9.8
13.9
13.7
13.7
13.6
12.6
12.2
10.2
9.7
9.4
9.3
38,809
43,511
51,492
56,165
61,494
65,304
71,341
72,309
73,527
74,115
52.7
53.8
57.7
59.4
62.1
62.8
64.0
61.4
61.6
61.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
67.9
67.1
67.7
68.1
69.8
70.2
72.9
72.7
73.0
73.6
40.7
41.4
44.7
48.9
51.5
54.3
58.4
59.9
60.7
61.5
27.2
25.7
23.0
19.2
18.3
15.9
14.5
12.8
12.3
12.1
32.2
32.8
32.3
31.8
30.2
29.7
27.1
27.3
27.0
26.4
10.1
11.7
11.9
12.3
12.8
13.3
13.4
14.1
14.1
14.2
22.1
21.1
20.4
19.5
17.4
16.4
13.7
13.2
12.9
12.2
55,041
59,091
64,260
67,301
71,068
73,667
79,446
82,013
83,131
83,538
84.3
81.7
80.1
78.8
78.7
76.8
77.2
74.4
74.4
74.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.6
87.5
87.2
86.5
86.4
86.2
87.5
87.0
87.8
87.4
66.1
63.8
65.2
66.8
68.0
70.6
74.2
74.2
75.2
74.6
21.5
23.7
22.0
19.7
18.4
15.6
13.3
12.8
12.6
12.8
12.4
12.5
12.8
13.5
13.5
13.9
12.6
13.0
12.2
12.6
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.8
5.1
5.5
5.5
6.3
5.7
5.9
8.0
8.1
8.4
8.7
8.4
8.4
7.1
6.7
6.5
6.7
Women
1970………….……… 73,657
1975…….…………… 80,834
1980……….………… 89,259
1985…….…………… 94,490
1990 1………...……… 98,970
1995……….………… 104,058
2000 1………...……… 111,440
2005…………………… 117,814
2006…………………… 119,300
2007…………………… 120,300
Men
1970………….……… 65,296
1975………….……… 72,346
1980……….………… 80,193
1985……….………… 85,454
1990 1………...……… 90,269
1995……….………… 95,867
2000 1………...……… 102,853
2005…………………… 110,161
2006…………………… 111,733
2007…………………… 112,695
1
The comparability of historical labor force data has been
affected at various times by methodological and conceptual
changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an
explanation, see the Historical Comparability documentation
provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf .
NOTE:
Economic Supplement, reflect the work experience of the
entire year.
SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements,
1971-2008, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department
of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
These data, collected in the Annual Social and
74
Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2007
(Numbers in thousands)
Married-couple families
Two earners or more
One earner
Year
Total
No
earners
Total
Husband
only
Wife
only
Other
family
member
Total
Husband Wife and Husband
Husband
and other other
and wife
and
family
family
are not
wife
member member earners
1967…….
1968…….
1969…….
43,292
43,842
44,436
2,943
2,888
3,022
16,490
16,375
16,268
15,429
15,310
15,133
716
730
797
345
335
339
23,859
24,579
25,145
18,888
19,743
20,327
4,639
4,522
4,517
-
-
1970…...…
1971…...…
1972…….
1973…...…
1974…...…
1975…...…
1976…….
1977…...…
1978…...…
1979…...…
44,832
45,939
46,594
47,185
47,438
47,878
48,150
48,131
48,532
49,132
3,252
3,471
3,632
4,027
4,325
4,943
4,962
5,177
5,226
5,559
16,117
16,847
16,787
16,080
15,795
16,217
15,630
15,119
14,456
13,912
14,931
15,502
15,387
14,547
14,122
14,343
13,690
13,153
12,434
11,934
867
1,004
1,003
1,110
1,216
1,394
1,424
1,456
1,509
1,499
320
340
398
423
457
481
516
512
513
480
25,464
25,621
26,175
27,078
27,319
26,717
27,559
27,835
28,850
29,660
20,510
20,641
21,279
22,152
22,451
22,338
23,104
23,474
24,655
25,595
4,622
4,651
4,553
4,535
4,442
3,861
3,829
3,812
3,609
3,476
-
-
1980…….
1981…….
1982…….
1983…...…
1984…….
1985…...…
1986…….
1987…….
1988…….
1989…...…
49,316
49,669
49,947
50,134
50,395
50,978
51,574
51,847
52,149
52,385
5,903
6,213
6,427
6,549
6,630
6,693
6,731
6,741
6,754
6,812
13,900
13,832
14,235
13,692
12,952
12,961
12,565
12,435
11,876
11,748
11,621
11,524
11,575
11,100
10,472
10,406
9,984
9,787
9,463
9,212
1,707
1,680
2,048
1,944
1,852
1,897
1,917
1,946
1,777
1,840
573
628
613
647
628
658
664
702
636
695
29,513
29,624
29,285
29,893
30,814
31,324
32,278
32,671
33,519
33,825
25,557
25,729
25,387
26,119
27,035
27,787
28,811
29,369
30,536
30,879
3,380
3,212
3,149
2,996
2,891
2,764
2,730
2,576
2,303
2,373
-
-
532
435
148
138
1990…….
1991…….
1992…….
1993…...…
1994…...…
1995…….
1996…….
1997…….
1998…...…
1999…….
52,241
52,549
53,254
53,248
53,929
53,621
53,654
54,362
54,829
55,352
6,770
7,091
7,256
7,282
7,227
7,278
7,148
7,289
7,257
7,163
11,630
11,523
11,977
11,842
11,774
11,739
11,556
11,728
12,279
12,328
9,107
8,873
9,114
8,745
8,719
8,821
8,671
8,792
9,198
9,093
1,826
1,993
2,145
2,411
2,374
2,253
2,214
2,302
2,419
2,595
698
657
718
687
681
664
671
634
662
640
33,841
33,935
34,021
34,123
34,928
34,604
34,950
35,345
35,293
35,861
30,829
31,049
31,268
31,302
32,125
32,061
32,406
32,764
32,810
33,360
2,369
2,161
1,940
2,051
2,048
1,878
1,899
1,853
1,726
1,815
479
527
624
614
603
539
522
569
616
519
164
197
199
156
151
127
123
158
141
167
2000…...…
2001…….
2002…….
2003…….
2004………
2005………
2006………
2007………
56,643
56,798
57,362
57,767
58,045
58,225
59,050
58,490
7,463
7,666
7,803
8,043
7,996
8,017
8,091
7,914
12,717
12,907
13,487
14,051
14,352
14,292
14,545
14,264
9,515
9,621
10,109
10,469
10,821
10,603
10,693
10,392
2,601
2,698
2,818
3,026
2,991
3,096
3,261
3,265
600
588
560
557
540
593
591
608
36,463
36,224
36,071
35,673
35,696
35,915
36,414
36,312
33,892
33,696
33,547
33,220
33,131
33,380
33,880
33,718
1,865
1,898
1,845
1,789
1,832
1,818
1,752
1,847
566
501
558
548
610
597
639
597
139
129
121
117
123
121
142
149
See note at end of table.
75
Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2007—Continued
(Percent distribution)
Married-couple families
One earner
Year
Total
No
earners
Total
Husband
only
Wife
only
Two earners or more
Other
family
member
Total
Husband Wife and Husband
Husband and other other
and wife
and wife
family
family
are not
member member earners
6.9
6.5
6.3
6.0
5.7
5.4
5.3
5.0
4.4
4.5
-
-
1.0
.8
0.3
.3
59.0
59.1
58.7
58.8
59.6
59.8
60.4
60.3
59.8
60.3
4.5
4.1
3.6
3.9
3.8
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.1
3.3
.9
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
.9
.3
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
59.8
59.3
58.5
57.5
57.1
57.3
57.4
57.6
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.1
3.0
3.2
1.0
.9
1.0
.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
1967…..… 100.0
1968…...… 100.0
1969…...… 100.0
6.8
6.6
6.8
38.1
37.4
36.6
35.6
34.9
34.1
1.7
1.7
1.8
0.8
.8
.8
55.1
56.1
56.6
43.6
45.0
45.7
10.7
10.3
10.2
1970…...…
1971…...…
1972…...…
1973………
1974…...…
1975…...…
1976…...…
1977…….
1978…….
1979…….
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
7.3
7.6
7.8
8.5
9.1
10.3
10.3
10.8
10.8
11.3
35.9
36.7
36.0
34.1
33.3
33.9
32.5
31.4
29.8
28.3
33.3
33.7
33.0
30.8
29.8
30.0
28.4
27.3
25.6
24.3
1.9
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.9
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.1
.7
.7
.9
.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
56.8
55.8
56.2
57.4
57.6
55.8
57.2
57.8
59.4
60.4
45.7
44.9
45.7
46.9
47.3
46.7
48.0
48.8
50.8
52.1
10.3
10.1
9.8
9.6
9.4
8.1
8.0
7.9
7.4
7.1
1980…….
1981…….
1982…….
1983…….
1984…….
1985…….
1986…….
1987…….
1988…….
1989…….
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12.0
12.5
12.9
13.1
13.2
13.1
13.1
13.0
13.0
13.0
28.2
27.8
28.5
27.3
25.7
25.4
24.4
24.0
22.8
22.4
23.6
23.2
23.2
22.1
20.8
20.4
19.4
18.9
18.1
17.6
3.5
3.4
4.1
3.9
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.8
3.4
3.5
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.3
59.8
59.6
58.6
59.6
61.1
61.4
62.6
63.0
64.3
64.6
51.8
51.8
50.8
52.1
53.6
54.5
55.9
56.6
58.6
58.9
1990…...…
1991…...…
1992…...…
1993…...…
1994…….
1995…….
1996…….
1997…….
1998…….
1999…….
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
13.0
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.4
13.6
13.3
13.4
13.2
12.9
22.3
21.9
22.5
22.2
21.8
21.9
21.5
21.6
22.4
22.3
17.4
16.9
17.1
16.4
16.2
16.5
16.2
16.2
16.8
16.4
3.5
3.8
4.0
4.5
4.4
4.2
4.1
4.2
4.4
4.7
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
64.8
64.6
63.9
64.1
64.8
64.5
65.1
65.0
64.4
64.8
2000…...…
2001…….
2002…...…
2003…….
2004………
2005………
2006………
2007………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
13.2
13.5
13.6
13.9
13.8
13.8
13.7
13.5
22.5
22.7
23.5
24.3
24.7
24.5
24.6
24.4
16.8
16.9
17.6
18.1
18.6
18.2
18.1
17.8
4.6
4.8
4.9
5.2
5.2
5.3
5.5
5.6
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
64.4
63.8
62.9
61.8
61.5
61.7
61.7
62.1
NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social
and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and
work experience of the entire year. Dash indicates data
not available.
SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements,
1968-2008, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department
of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
76
Table 24. Contribution of wives' earnings to
family income, 1970-2007
Contribution to
family income
(median percent)
Year
1970………………….………
1971…………………….……
1972…………...………………
1973……………….…………
1974……………….…………
1975…………….……………
1976………………….………
1977………………….………
1978……...……………………
1979……………...……………
26.6
27.5
26.7
26.0
25.4
26.3
26.4
26.1
26.1
26.0
1980………….………………
1981……...……………………
1982……………...……………
1983……………….…………
1984………………….………
1985……………….…………
1986………………...…………
1987……………………...……
1988……………………...……
1989……………………….…
26.7
27.3
28.4
28.8
28.4
28.3
29.0
29.5
29.6
29.9
1990………………….………
1991………………….………
1992…………………….……
1993………….………………
1994…………….……………
1995……………….…………
1996……………………….…
1997…………………….……
1998……………….…………
1999……………………….…
30.7
31.3
32.4
32.2
31.9
31.9
32.6
32.7
32.8
32.8
2000……………………….…
2001……………………….…
2002……………………….…
2003……………………….…
2004……………………………
2005……………………………
2006……………………………
2007……………………………
33.5
34.4
34.8
35.2
34.9
35.1
35.6
36.0
NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social
and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and
work experience of the entire year.
SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic
Supplements, 1971-2008, Current Population Survey,
U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
77
Table 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987-2007
(Numbers in thousands)
Families in which wives have earnings
but husbands may not
Year
Families in which both wives and husbands
have earnings
Married-couple
Married-couple
families in which
Wives who earn Percent of wives families in which Wives who earn Percent of wives
wife (but not
more than
more than
who earn more
who earn more
both wife and
necessarily
their
their
than their
than their
husband had
husband) had
earnings from
husbands 2
husbands 1
husbands 1
husbands 2
earnings from
work
work
1987…...…………
1988…...…………
1989…...…………
32,025
32,810
33,119
7,581
7,827
8,068
23.7
23.9
24.4
29,755
30,503
30,848
5,311
5,520
5,796
17.8
18.1
18.8
1990…...…………
1991…...…………
1992…...…………
1993…...…………
1994…...…………
1995…...…………
1996…...…………
1997……............
1998……............
1999……............
33,093
33,516
33,987
34,286
35,066
34,819
35,120
35,613
35,806
36,454
8,221
8,983
9,715
10,000
10,184
9,822
10,070
10,309
10,467
10,548
24.8
26.8
28.6
29.2
29.0
28.2
28.7
28.9
29.2
28.9
30,794
30,998
31,221
31,264
32,091
32,030
32,389
32,745
32,782
33,340
5,923
6,465
6,948
6,978
7,209
7,033
7,340
7,441
7,443
7,434
19.2
20.9
22.3
22.3
22.5
22.0
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.3
2000……............
2001……............
2002……............
2003……............
2004………………
2005………………
2006………………
2007………………
37,037
36,864
36,905
36,761
36,710
37,055
37,733
37,536
11,070
11,329
11,765
11,923
11,985
12,215
12,601
12,570
29.9
30.7
31.9
32.4
32.6
33.0
33.4
33.5
33,873
33,665
33,531
33,189
33,110
33,364
33,838
33,678
7,906
8,130
8,391
8,351
8,386
8,524
8,707
8,712
23.3
24.1
25.0
25.2
25.3
25.5
25.7
25.9
1
Includes families in which husband had no earnings
from work.
2
Excludes families in which husband had no earnings
from work.
experience of the entire year.
SOURCE:
Annual Social
and Economic
Supplements, 1988-2008, Current Population Survey,
U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social
and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work
78
Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal
minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2008 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Workers paid hourly rates
Total at or below prevailing Federal minimum wage
Characteristic
Total
Total
Percent of
hourly paid
workers
At prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Below
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Age and sex
Total, 16 years and over………………..…………
16 to 24 years………………………..……………
25 years and over……………………..…………
75,305
15,680
59,626
2,226
1,122
1,104
3.0
7.2
1.9
286
161
125
1,940
961
979
Women, 16 years and over……………..…………
16 to 24 years………………………..……………
25 years and over……………………..…………
37,972
7,701
30,270
1,498
738
759
3.9
9.6
2.5
196
103
93
1,302
635
666
Men, 16 years and over………………………..…
16 to 24 years…………………………………..…
25 years and over…………………………..……
37,334
7,978
29,356
728
384
345
1.9
4.8
1.2
90
58
32
638
326
313
White……………………………..…………………
Women………………………..………………….…
Men………………………..………………….……
60,464
29,931
30,533
1,783
1,224
560
2.9
4.1
1.8
215
151
65
1,568
1,073
495
Black or African American…………………………
Women………………………..………………….…
Men………………………..………………….……
9,866
5,457
4,408
308
186
122
3.1
3.4
2.8
49
32
17
259
154
105
Asian……………….……………………………….
Women………………………..………………….…
Men………………………..………………….……
2,844
1,543
1,301
69
42
27
2.4
2.7
2.1
11
8
3
58
34
24
Hispanic or Latino …………………………………
Women………………………..………………….…
Men………………………..………………….……
13,070
5,313
7,756
324
191
132
2.5
3.6
1.7
39
23
15
285
168
117
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
79
Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal
minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2008 annual averages―Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Workers paid hourly rates
Total at or below prevailing Federal minimum wage
Characteristic
Total
Total
Full- and part-time status
Percent of
hourly paid
workers
At prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
Below
prevailing
Federal
minimum
wage
1
Full-time workers……………………..……………
Women……………………………….……………
Men……………………………………..…………
56,837
25,474
31,363
873
532
340
1.5
2.1
1.1
95
68
27
778
464
313
Part-time workers…………………..………………
Women……………………………...………………
Men…………………………..……………………
18,334
12,431
5,903
1,353
965
388
7.4
7.8
6.6
191
128
63
1,162
837
325
1
The distinction between full- and part-time workers is
based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to
totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is
not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage rose from
$5.85 to $6.55 an hour on July 24, 2008. Data in this table
reflect the average number of workers who earned $5.85 or
less from January 2008 through July 2008 and those who
earned $6.55 or less from August 2008 through the end of
the year. Data are for wage and salary workers, excluding
the incorporated self-employed. They refer to a person's
80
earnings on his or her sole or principal job, and pertain
only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried
workers and other nonhourly workers are not included.
Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or
African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because
data are not presented for all races. Persons whose
ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any
race.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department
of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race,
and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2007
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
Age and sex
Total
White
Total, 16 years and older…… 146,567 119,792
16 to 19 years……………
4,079
3,397
20 to 24 years…………...
13,315
10,736
25 to 34 years…………...
31,963
25,377
35 to 44 years…………… 34,211
27,346
45 to 54 years…………… 35,187
29,060
55 to 64 years…………… 21,658
18,476
65 years and older………
6,155
5,401
Below poverty level
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
16,586
416
1,694
3,973
4,165
3,885
1,982
471
6,766
94
433
1,698
1,892
1,577
860
212
20,461
664
2,346
6,204
5,458
3,684
1,682
422
7,521
416
1,413
2,126
1,716
1,175
569
106
5,357
318
1,038
1,460
1,212
869
385
75
1,612
71
296
514
381
211
117
24
262
9
20
65
67
55
44
3
2,139
99
302
713
595
312
102
16
Women, 16 years and older…
16 to 19 years……………
20 to 24 years…………...
25 to 34 years………...…
35 to 44 years……………
45 to 54 years……………
55 to 64 years……………
65 years and older………
67,624
2,032
6,147
14,428
15,560
16,502
10,221
2,734
53,999
1,679
4,919
11,067
12,070
13,367
8,539
2,359
8,902
235
833
2,155
2,259
2,057
1,112
251
3,167
39
209
791
858
756
416
98
7,997
262
893
2,225
2,171
1,559
730
158
3,890
212
828
1,125
840
539
290
55
2,592
162
600
676
554
379
183
37
1,036
38
187
367
228
119
79
16
123
1
15
37
30
22
16
1
856
42
133
251
255
122
47
5
Men, 16 years and older……
16 to 19 years……………
20 to 24 years……………
25 to 34 years……………
35 to 44 years…………...
45 to 54 years……………
55 to 64 years……………
65 years and older………
78,944
2,048
7,168
17,535
18,651
18,685
11,437
3,421
65,794
1,718
5,817
14,310
15,276
15,693
9,937
3,042
7,684
181
861
1,818
1,906
1,828
870
220
3,599
54
224
907
1,035
821
445
114
12,464
402
1,453
3,978
3,288
2,126
953
264
3,631
204
584
1,001
876
637
278
51
2,765
156
438
783
658
490
202
38
576
33
108
147
152
91
38
7
140
7
4
28
37
33
28
2
1,283
57
169
462
340
190
55
11
81
Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor
force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 2007—Continued
Rate 1
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older……
16 to 19 years……………
20 to 24 years…………...
25 to 34 years…………...
35 to 44 years……………
45 to 54 years……………
55 to 64 years……………
65 years and older………
5.1
10.2
10.6
6.7
5.0
3.3
2.6
1.7
4.5
9.4
9.7
5.8
4.4
3.0
2.1
1.4
9.7
17.0
17.4
12.9
9.1
5.4
5.9
5.0
3.9
9.2
4.5
3.8
3.5
3.5
5.1
1.3
10.5
14.9
12.9
11.5
10.9
8.5
6.1
3.7
Women, 16 years and older…
16 to 19 years……………
20 to 24 years…………...
25 to 34 years………...…
35 to 44 years……………
45 to 54 years……………
55 to 64 years……………
65 years and older………
5.8
10.4
13.5
7.8
5.4
3.3
2.8
2.0
4.8
9.7
12.2
6.1
4.6
2.8
2.1
1.6
11.6
16.3
22.5
17.0
10.1
5.8
7.1
6.5
3.9
( 2)
7.3
4.7
3.5
2.9
3.9
.6
10.7
16.1
14.9
11.3
11.8
7.8
6.4
3.2
Men, 16 years and older……
16 to 19 years……………
20 to 24 years……………
25 to 34 years……………
35 to 44 years…………...
45 to 54 years……………
55 to 64 years……………
65 years and older………
4.6
10.0
8.2
5.7
4.7
3.4
2.4
1.5
4.2
9.1
7.5
5.5
4.3
3.1
2.0
1.3
7.5
18.0
12.6
8.1
8.0
5.0
4.3
3.3
3.9
( 2)
2.0
3.1
3.5
4.0
6.2
1.9
10.3
14.1
11.6
11.6
10.3
8.9
5.8
4.0
Age and sex
1
Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force
for 27 weeks or more.
2
Data not shown where labor force base is less than 80,000.
NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social and Economic
Supplement, reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year.
Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and
Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races.
Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
SOURCE: 2008 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current
Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
82
Table 28. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and contingent and
noncontingent status, February 2005
Age and sex
Total
employed
(in
thousands)
Contingent workers 1
Estimate 1
Estimate 2
Estimate 3
Noncontingent
workers1
Total, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years……………….
20 to 24 years……………….
25 to 34 years…………………
35 to 44 years…………………
45 to 54 years……………….
55 to 64 years…………………
65 years and over……………
138,952
5,510
13,114
30,103
34,481
32,947
17,980
4,817
1.8
5.6
4.6
2.3
1.2
.8
.8
1.6
2.3
6.1
5.2
2.9
1.7
1.2
1.1
2.3
4.1
8.6
8.2
4.8
3.0
2.7
3.0
5.2
95.9
91.4
91.8
95.2
97.0
97.3
97.0
94.8
Women, 16 years and over…
16 to 19 years…………………
20 to 24 years…………………
25 to 34 years…………………
35 to 44 years…………………
45 to 54 years……………….
55 to 64 years……………….
65 years and over…………..
65,006
2,931
6,186
13,480
15,958
15,754
8,495
2,202
1.8
5.6
4.0
2.2
1.1
1.1
.9
2.6
2.4
6.2
4.8
2.7
1.7
1.6
1.1
3.5
4.3
8.4
7.8
4.6
3.2
3.2
3.2
7.2
95.7
91.6
92.2
95.4
96.8
96.8
96.8
92.8
Men, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years…………………
20 to 24 years…………………
25 to 34 years…………………
35 to 44 years…………………
45 to 54 years…………………
55 to 64 years…………………
65 years and over……………
73,946
2,579
6,928
16,624
18,523
17,193
9,485
2,615
1.8
5.6
5.2
2.4
1.3
.6
.7
.7
2.2
6.1
5.7
3.1
1.6
.8
1.1
1.3
3.9
8.9
8.6
5.0
2.9
2.1
2.8
3.5
96.1
91.2
91.4
95.0
97.1
97.9
97.2
96.5
1
Contingent workers are those who do not have
an implicit or explicit contract for ongoing
employment. Persons who do not expect to continue
in their jobs for personal reasons, such as retirement
or returning to school, are not considered contingent
workers, provided that they would have the option of
continuing in the job were it not for these personal
reasons. Estimate 1 includes wage and salary
workers who expect their jobs will last for an
additional year or less and who had worked at their
jobs for 1 year or less. Estimate 2 includes wage
and salary workers, the self-employed, and
independent
contractors
who
expect
their
employment to last for an additional year or less and
83
who had worked at their jobs (or been selfemployed) for 1 year or less. Estimate 3 includes
all workers who do not expect their jobs to last.
This is the broadest definition of contingency and
estimates 1 and 2 of contingency are included in
estimate 3. Noncontingent workers are those
workers who do not fall into any of the three
definitions of contingency.
SOURCE: Contingent and alternative work
arrangements supplement to the Current
Population Survey, last conducted in February
2005, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
Table 29. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and alternative work arrangements,
February 2005
Percent of workers with alternative arrangements 1
Age and sex
Total
employed
(in
thousands)
Workers with
Workers
Temporary
traditional
provided by
help agency
arrangements
contract
workers
firms
Total
Independent
contractors
On-call
workers
Total, 16 years and over……… 138,952
16 to 19 years……………..…
5,510
20 to 24 years…………...…… 13,114
25 to 34 years…………….…
30,103
35 to 44 years……………..… 34,481
45 to 54 years………..……… 32,947
55 to 64 years……………….
17,980
65 years and over………….…
4,817
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
7.4
1.6
2.7
5.0
8.0
8.5
10.8
18.3
1.8
2.4
2.7
1.8
1.7
1.3
1.5
3.6
0.9
.6
1.5
1.2
.7
.6
.8
.7
0.6
.1
.7
.7
.6
.6
.6
.4
89.1
94.3
91.9
91.1
88.9
89.0
86.2
76.8
Women, 16 years and over…
65,006
16 to 19 years…………………
2,931
20 to 24 years……………..…
6,186
25 to 34 years……………..… 13,480
35 to 44 years………………… 15,958
45 to 54 years……………….
15,754
55 to 64 years…………..……
8,495
65 years and over……………
2,202
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
5.6
1.9
2.6
3.8
5.8
6.6
7.7
13.3
1.9
1.8
2.5
1.8
2.0
1.3
1.9
3.8
1.0
.3
1.5
1.3
.8
.8
1.0
.8
.4
.4
.5
.4
.3
.5
.7
91.0
95.7
92.5
92.6
91.0
90.9
88.8
81.1
73,946
2,579
6,928
16,624
18,523
17,193
9,485
2,615
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
9.1
1.2
2.8
6.1
9.8
10.3
13.6
22.5
1.7
3.2
2.9
1.8
1.4
1.2
1.1
3.5
.8
.9
1.5
1.1
.6
.4
.5
.6
.8
.3
.9
.8
.8
.8
.7
.1
87.5
92.6
91.4
89.9
87.1
87.3
83.9
73.3
Men, 16 years and over………
16 to 19 years……………..…
20 to 24 years…………..……
25 to 34 years……………..…
35 to 44 years……….………
45 to 54 years………….……
55 to 64 years…………………
65 years and over……………
1
Independent contractors are workers who were
identified as independent contractors, independent
consultants, or freelance workers, whether they were selfemployed or wage and salary workers. On-call workers are
workers who are called to work only as needed, although
they can be scheduled to work for several days or weeks in
a row. Temporary help agency workers are workers who
were paid by a temporary help agency, whether or not their
job was temporary. Workers provided by contract firms are
workers who are employed by a company that provides
them or their services to others under contract and who are
usually assigned to only one customer and usually work at
the customer's worksite.
84
NOTE: Workers with traditional arrangements are
those who do not fall into any of the "alternative
arrangements" categories. Detail may not sum to totals
because the total employed includes day laborers (an
alternative arrangement, not shown separately) and a
small number of workers who were both "on-call" and
"provided by contract firms." Dash represents zero.
SOURCE: Contingent and alternative work
arrangements supplement to the Current Population
Survey, last conducted in February 2005, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Table 30. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2004
(Numbers in thousands)
Both sexes
Women
With flexible
schedules 2
Characteristic
Total 1
Men
With flexible
schedules 2
Number
Percent
of total
27,411
336
27,075
2,058
6,902
7,807
6,651
3,181
475
2,394
21,360
3,656
27.5
23.6
27.5
22.9
28.0
29.2
26.8
27.1
35.4
23.0
28.0
27.9
23,121
2,476
1,132
2,596
Total 1
With flexible
schedules 2
Total 1
Number
Percent
of total
56,412
903
55,509
5,147
14,358
15,424
13,440
6,383
757
6,050
43,222
7,140
15,853
185
15,668
1,065
4,051
4,605
3,769
1,865
314
1,250
12,425
2,179
28.1
20.5
28.2
20.7
28.2
29.9
28.0
29.2
41.4
20.7
28.7
30.5
27.8
20.9
22.4
21.2
46,222
6,447
2,300
8,621
13,582
1,193
720
1,430
29.4
18.5
31.3
16.6
5,888
3,088
2,582
25.9
28.9
25.9
34,926
14,469
7,018
10,382
3,605
1,866
29.7
24.9
26.6
27,081
16,285
7,349
4,209
27.1
25.8
34,680
21,733
9,410
6,443
27.1
29.6
10,262
6,023
2,619
1,590
25.5
26.4
11,477
10,256
3,341
3,102
29.1
30.2
Number
Percent
of total
43,366
524
42,842
3,856
10,283
11,342
11,415
5,361
585
4,380
33,040
5,946
11,558
151
11,406
993
2,851
3,202
2,882
1,316
161
1,144
8,935
1,477
26.7
28.9
26.6
25.8
27.7
28.2
25.2
24.5
27.6
26.1
27.0
24.8
28.7
19.7
27.4
18.4
34,276
6,131
1,836
5,489
9,539
1,283
412
1,166
16,270
6,693
4,448
28.2
26.6
26.2
22,704
10,676
9,986
61,761
38,018
16,759
10,652
27.1
28.0
21,739
16,279
5,960
4,692
27.4
28.8
Age
Total 16 years and over……………… 99,778
16 to 19 years……………..……… 1,427
20 years and over…………..…… 98,351
20 to 24 years………………
9,004
25 to 34 years……………… 24,640
35 to 44 years…………..…… 26,766
45 to 54 years……………… 24,855
55 to 64 years……………… 11,745
65 years and over…………… 1,341
16 to 24 years……..……………. 10,431
25 to 54 years……..……...……… 76,261
55 years and over……………… 13,086
Race and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity
White……………………………… 80,498
Black or African American……… 12,578
Asian………………..……………
4,136
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity……… 14,110
Marital status
Married, spouse present………… 57,630
Never married….……..….….…… 25,144
Other marital status……………… 17,004
Presence and age of children
With no own children under 18…
With own children under 18…..…
With own children 6 to 17,
none younger…………………
With own children under 6……
1
Includes persons who did not provide information on
flexible schedules.
2
Persons with flexible schedules are able to vary or
make changes in their beginning and ending hours of work,
whether or not they have a formal flexitime program on their
job.
incorporated. Estimates for the above race groups (white,
black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals
because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose
ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and
adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews,
grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.
NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time
wage and salary workers who were at work during the
survey reference week and exclude all self-employed
persons, regardless of whether their businesses were
SOURCE: Flexible schedules and shift work supplement to
the Current Population Survey, last conducted in May 2004,
U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
85
Table 31. Job-related work at home on primary job: All workers by marital status, presence and age
of children, sex, and pay status, May 2004
(Numbers in thousands)
Persons who usually worked at home
Characteristic
Total
employed
1
2
Percent distribution by class of worker
3
Total
Rate
Wage and salary
Paid
Unpaid
Selfemployed
4
Total
Total, 16 years and over………………
Married, spouse present………...
Not married……………...…………
Never married…………………
Other marital status……………
136,602
77,243
59,359
36,857
22,502
20,673
14,623
6,050
3,087
2,963
15.1
18.9
10.2
8.4
13.2
16.2
16.4
15.7
17.7
13.6
49.3
48.1
52.2
58.1
46.1
33.7
34.6
31.5
23.2
40.2
With own children under 18………
With own children under 6…
With no own children under 18……
50,011
21,373
86,591
8,584
3,599
12,090
17.2
16.8
14.0
17.4
19.2
15.4
47.5
47.3
50.5
34.0
32.8
33.4
Total, 16 years and over………………
Married, spouse present………...
Not married……….....………………
Never married…………………
Other marital status……………
64,185
33,750
30,435
16,754
13,681
9,893
6,509
3,384
1,522
1,862
15.4
19.3
11.1
9.1
13.6
17.8
18.2
17.1
19.2
15.3
51.4
48.8
56.5
66.2
48.6
29.4
31.4
25.5
12.7
35.9
With own children under 18………
With own children under 6…
With no own children under 18……
24,108
9,331
40,077
4,051
1,614
5,842
16.8
17.3
14.6
19.9
23.4
16.3
46.6
42.6
54.8
31.5
32.6
27.9
Total, 16 years and over………………
Married, spouse present…………
Not married…………..……...………
Never married…………………
Other marital status……………
72,417
43,493
28,924
20,104
8,820
10,780
8,114
2,666
1,565
1,101
14.9
18.7
9.2
7.8
12.5
14.7
15.0
13.9
16.2
10.5
47.3
47.5
46.8
50.3
41.8
37.6
37.1
39.1
33.3
47.4
With own children under 18…….…
With own children under 6…
With no own children under 18……
25,903
12,042
46,514
4,533
1,986
6,247
17.5
16.5
13.4
15.1
15.8
14.5
48.4
51.0
46.5
36.3
33.0
38.6
Women
Men
1
Persons who usually work at home are defined as
those who work at home at least once per week as part
of their primary job.
2
Unpaid family workers and wage and salary workers
who did not report pay status are included in total but not
shown separately.
3
Includes persons who did not provide information on
work at home.
NOTE: Data refer to employed persons in
nonagricultural industries. Own children include sons,
daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not
included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other
related and unrelated children.
SOURCE: Work at home supplement to the Current
Population Survey, last conducted in May 2004, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
4
Includes both the incorporated and unincorporated
self-employed.
86
Table 32. Displaced workers1 by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and
employment status in January 2008
Age, sex, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity
Percent distribution by employment status
Total
(in
thousands)
Total
Employed
Unemployed
Not in labor
force
Total
Total, 20 years and over…………...…
20 to 24 years…………………...……
25 to 54 years……………...…………
55 to 64 years…………...……………
65 years and over…………...………
3,641
127
2,602
708
204
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
67.1
67.5
72.6
60.8
18.4
18.0
22.8
17.4
20.7
12.6
15.0
9.7
10.0
18.5
69.0
Women, 20 years and over…………
20 to 24 years……………………...…
25 to 54 years………………..………
55 to 64 years…………………..……
65 years and over………………..…
1,617
53
1,112
352
101
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
63.5
( 2)
70.1
53.4
22.4
16.9
( 2)
15.1
23.6
9.8
19.6
( 2)
14.8
23.0
67.8
Men, 20 years and over……………..
20 to 24 years……………………..…
25 to 54 years……………..…………
55 to 64 years…………..……………
65 years and over…………..………
2,024
75
1,490
356
103
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
69.9
66.4
74.4
68.0
14.4
18.8
22.5
19.1
17.9
15.4
11.2
11.1
6.5
14.0
70.2
3,032
1,348
1,684
1 684
100.0
100.0
100.0
100 0
67.9
64.4
70.8
70 8
16.8
14.9
18.2
18 2
15.3
20.7
11.0
11 0
408
187
221
100.0
100.0
100.0
58.6
56.3
60.5
28.2
31.1
25.7
13.3
12.6
13.8
122
57
65
100.0
100.0
100.0
67.3
( 2)
( 2)
11.7
( 2)
( 2)
21.0
( 2)
( 2)
423
153
270
100.0
100.0
100.0
68.4
65.5
70.1
17.4
6.9
23.4
14.1
27.6
6.6
White
Total, 20 years and over…………..…
Women………………………………
Men……………………………….……
Men
Black or African American
Total, 20 years and over………………
Women…………………………….…
Men…………………………….………
Asian
Total, 20 years and over………………
Women…………………………….…
Men………………………………..…
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 20 years and over………….…
Women………………………………
Men…………………………..………
1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years
of tenure on a job they had lost or left between
January 2005 and December 2007 because of plant
or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or
the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups
(white, black or African American, and Asian) do not
sum to totals because data are not presented for all
races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as
Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
SOURCE:
January 2008 Displaced Worker
supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
87
Table 33. Labor force status of 2008 high school graduates and 2007-08 high school dropouts
16 to 24 years old by school enrollment and sex, October 2008
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Characteristic
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Total, 2008 high school graduates 1……
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
3,151
1,644
52.2
1,310
41.6
334
20.3
1,507
Women…………………….……………… 1,511
Men……………………….………………… 1,640
817
827
54.1
50.4
668
641
44.2
39.1
148
186
18.2
22.5
694
813
Enrolled in college………...……………… 2,161
Percent of total 2008 graduates……… 68.6
888
54.0
41.1
-
756
57.7
35.0
-
132
39.5
14.9
-
1,274
84.5
Women…………………………..………
Percent of female 2008 graduates…
1,081
71.5
499
61.1
46.1
-
428
64.1
39.6
-
70
47.3
14.1
-
583
84.0
Men………………………….……………
Percent of male 2008 graduates……
1,080
65.9
389
47.0
36.0
-
327
51.0
30.3
-
62
33.3
15.9
-
691
85.0
Not enrolled in college……………..……
Percent of total 2008 graduates………
989
31.4
756
46.0
76.4
-
554
42.3
56.0
-
202
60.5
26.7
-
234
15.5
Women…………………………………..
Percent of female 2008 graduates…
430
28.5
318
38.9
74.1
-
240
35.9
55.9
-
78
52.7
24.6
-
111
16.0
Men………………………………………
Percent of male 2008 graduates……
560
34.1
438
53.0
78.1
-
314
49.0
56.1
-
124
66.7
28.2
-
122
15.0
Total, 2007-08 high school dropouts 2…
400
194
48.4
117
29.3
77
39.5
206
Women…………………………..………
Men………………………………….……
210
191
91
103
43.4
53.9
61
56
29.2
29.3
30
47
32.7
45.6
119
88
1
2
Data refer to persons who graduated from high school between October 2007 and October 2008.
Data refer to persons who dropped out of school between October 2007 and October 2008.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
SOURCE: October 2008 School Enrollment supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
88
Table 34. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational
attainment, October 2008
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Characteristic
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Enrolled in school…………………...…
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of
population
Unemployed
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
21,348
8,974
42.0
7,907
37.0
1,067
11.9
12,374
Women……………………………….… 10,865
Men……………………………….……… 10,483
4,888
4,086
45.0
39.0
4,426
3,482
40.7
33.2
463
604
9.5
14.8
5,977
6,397
Enrolled in high school 1…………...……
9,677
2,661
27.5
2,099
21.7
562
21.1
7,016
Women……………………………….…
Men……………………………….……
4,686
4,991
1,389
1,272
29.6
25.5
1,139
960
24.3
19.2
251
311
18.0
24.5
3,297
3,720
11,671
6,313
54.1
5,809
49.8
505
8.0
5,358
6,179
5,492
3,499
2,814
56.6
51.2
3,287
2,522
53.2
45.9
212
293
6.1
10.4
2,680
2,678
Not enrolled in school……………..…… 16,220
12,957
79.9
11,113
68.5
1,845
14.2
3,263
Enrolled in college……………..………
Women…………………….……………
Men…………………….………………
Women…………………………….……
Less than a high school diploma ......
High school graduates, no college 2 .
Some college or associate degree ...
Bachelor’s degree and higher ...........
7,756
1,403
3,200
1,953
1,200
5,728
697
2,274
1,629
1,128
73.9
49.6
71.1
83.4
94.1
5,084
523
1,982
1,525
1,054
65.6
37.2
61.9
78.1
87.9
644
174
292
104
74
11.2
25.0
12.8
6.4
6.6
2,028
707
926
324
71
Men……………………………………...
Less than a high school diploma ......
High school graduates, no college 2 .
Some college or associate degree ...
Bachelor’s degree and higher ...........
8,465
1,606
4,121
1,859
879
7,229
1,204
3,487
1,696
842
85.4
74.9
84.6
91.3
95.8
6,028
887
2,874
1,498
769
71.2
55.2
69.7
80.6
87.5
1,201
317
613
198
73
16.6
26.3
17.6
11.7
8.7
1,236
403
634
162
37
1
2
Includes a small number of persons enrolled in grades below high school.
Includes high school diploma or equivalent.
NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
SOURCE: October 2008 School Enrollment supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
89
Table 35. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, May of selected years,
1970-2008, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Multiple jobholding rate¹
Multiple jobholders
Women
Year
Total
employed
Total
Number
Percent of
all multiple
jobholders
Men
Total
Women
Men
White
Black or
African
American ²
1970…..…
1971…...…
1972…...…
1973…….
1974…...…
78,358
78,708
81,224
83,758
85,786
4,048
4,035
3,770
4,262
3,889
636
765
735
869
867
15.7
19.0
19.5
20.4
22.3
3,412
3,270
3,035
3,393
3,022
5.2
5.1
4.6
5.1
4.5
2.2
2.6
2.4
2.7
2.6
7.0
6.7
6.0
6.6
5.8
5.3
5.3
4.8
5.1
4.6
4.4
3.8
3.7
4.7
3.8
1975…...…
1976…….
1977…...…
1978…...…
1979…….
84,146
87,278
90,482
93,904
96,327
3,918
3,948
4,558
4,493
4,724
956
911
1,241
1,281
1,407
24.4
23.1
27.2
28.5
29.8
2,962
3,037
3,317
3,212
3,317
4.7
4.5
5.0
4.8
4.9
2.9
2.6
3.4
3.3
3.5
5.8
5.8
6.2
5.8
5.9
4.8
4.7
5.3
5.0
5.1
3.7
2.8
2.6
3.1
3.0
1980…...… 96,809
1985…...… 106,878
1989…...… 117,084
1991…..… 116,626
4,759
5,730
7,225
7,183
1,549
2,192
3,109
3,129
32.5
38.3
43.0
43.6
3,210
3,537
4,115
4,054
4.9
5.4
6.2
6.2
3.8
4.7
5.9
5.9
5.8
5.9
6.4
6.4
5.1
5.7
6.5
6.4
3.2
3.2
4.3
4.9
122,946
124,554
126,391
129,565
131,476
133,411
7,316
7,952
7,846
8,197
8,126
7,895
3,343
3,727
3,494
3,800
3,688
3,778
45.7
46.9
44.5
46.4
45.4
47.9
3,973
4,225
4,352
4,398
4,438
4,117
6.0
6.4
6.2
6.3
6.2
5.9
5.9
6.5
6.0
6.4
6.1
6.1
6.0
6.3
6.4
6.3
6.3
5.8
6.1
6.6
6.4
6.5
6.3
6.0
4.9
5.2
5.1
5.7
5.5
5.5
2000…..… 136,685
2001..…… 137,121
2002…..… 136,559
2003..…… 137,567
2004…..… 138,867
2005………141,730
2006………144,041
2007………145,864
2008………145,927
7,751
7,540
7,247
7,338
7,258
6,895
7,641
7,693
7,653
3,667
3,626
3,511
3,498
3,605
3,402
3,778
3,858
3,812
47.3
48.1
48.4
47.7
49.7
49.3
49.4
50.1
49.8
4,084
3,914
3,736
3,841
3,653
3,493
3,863
3,835
3,842
5.7
5.5
5.3
5.3
5.2
4.9
5.3
5.3
5.2
5.8
5.7
5.5
5.4
5.6
5.2
5.7
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.3
5.1
5.3
4.9
4.6
5.0
4.9
4.9
5.9
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.3
5.4
5.3
5.5
5.4
4.9
5.3
4.7
4.3
5.1
4.4
5.4
4.4
4.9
1994…..…
1995….…
1996…..…
1997…..…
1998…..…
1999…..…
¹ Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed
persons in specified group.
² Data for years prior to 1977 refer to the black-andother population group.
see the Historical Comparability documentation provided
at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.
Comprehensive surveys of multiple jobholders were not
conducted in 1981-84, 1986-88, 1990, and 1992-93.
NOTE: Data beginning in 1994 are not strictly
comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation,
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S.
Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
90
Table 36. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2008
annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Total
Year
1976……
1977…..
1978…..
1979…..
1980…..
1981…..
1982…..
1983…..
1984……
1985…..
1986…..
1987…..
1988……
1989…..
1990……
1991…..
1992…..
1993…..
1994…..
1995…..
1996…..
1997…..
1998…..
1999…..
2000…..
2001…..
2002……
2003…..
2004……
2005…..
2006……
2007……
2008……
Total
Selfemployed employed
85,421
88,734
92,661
95,477
95,938
97,030
96,125
97,450
101,685
103,971
106,435
109,232
111,800
114,143
115,570
114,449
115,246
117,144
119,651
121,460
123,264
126,159
128,085
130,207
134,427
134,635
134,174
135,461
137,020
139,532
142,221
143,952
143,194
5,782
6,115
6,428
6,792
7,001
7,097
7,263
7,575
7,785
7,810
7,881
8,201
8,519
8,605
8,719
8,850
8,576
8,959
9,003
8,901
8,971
9,056
8,962
8,790
9,205
9,121
8,923
9,344
9,467
9,509
9,685
9,557
9,219
Women
Men
Selfemployed
SelfSelfSelfwomen as
employed
employed
employed percent of
Total
SelfTotal
Selfas a
as a
as a
total selfemployed employed
employed employed
percent of
percent of
percent of employed
total
total
total
6.8
6.9
6.9
7.1
7.3
7.3
7.6
7.8
7.7
7.5
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.5
7.5
7.7
7.4
7.6
7.5
7.3
7.3
7.2
7.0
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.7
6.9
6.9
6.8
6.8
6.6
6.4
35,027
36,677
38,900
40,556
41,461
42,333
42,591
43,367
45,262
46,615
48,054
49,668
51,020
52,341
53,011
52,815
53,380
54,273
55,755
56,642
57,630
59,026
59,945
61,193
62,983
63,147
62,995
63,824
64,182
65,213
66,382
67,302
67,358
1,549
1,692
1,814
1,982
2,097
2,192
2,309
2,439
2,566
2,603
2,610
2,778
2,955
3,043
3,122
3,150
2,963
3,065
3,443
3,440
3,506
3,550
3,482
3,424
3,631
3,594
3,499
3,609
3,607
3,565
3,681
3,637
3,483
4.4
4.6
4.7
4.9
5.1
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.4
5.6
5.8
5.8
5.9
6.0
5.6
5.6
6.2
6.1
6.1
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.2
50,394
52,057
53,761
54,921
54,477
54,697
53,534
54,083
56,423
57,356
58,381
59,564
60,780
61,802
62,559
61,634
61,866
62,871
63,896
64,818
65,634
67,133
68,140
69,014
71,444
71,488
71,179
71,636
72,838
74,319
75,838
76,650
75,836
4,233
4,423
4,614
4,810
4,904
4,905
4,954
5,136
5,219
5,207
5,271
5,423
5,564
5,562
5,597
5,700
5,613
5,894
5,560
5,461
5,465
5,506
5,480
5,366
5,573
5,527
5,425
5,736
5,860
5,944
6,004
5,920
5,736
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.8
9.0
9.0
9.3
9.5
9.2
9.1
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.0
8.9
9.2
9.1
9.4
8.7
8.4
8.3
8.2
8.0
7.8
7.8
7.7
7.6
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.9
7.7
7.6
26.8
27.7
28.2
29.2
30.0
30.9
31.8
32.2
33.0
33.3
33.1
33.9
34.7
35.4
35.8
35.6
34.5
34.2
38.2
38.6
39.1
39.2
38.9
39.0
39.4
39.4
39.2
38.6
38.1
37.5
38.0
38.1
37.8
NOTE: Beginning in 2000, data reflect the introduction of the 2002 Census industry classification system derived from the
2002 North American Industry Classification System into the Current Population Survey (CPS).
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
91
Table 37. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population
by age and sex, 2008 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Country of birth,
age, and sex
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not in
labor force
Both sexes
Native born1
16 years and over…….. 198,471
16 to 24 years………..… 33,639
25 to 34 years………… 32,001
35 to 44 years………... 33,372
45 to 54 years………… 37,357
55 to 64 years………... 29,364
65 years and over……. 32,737
130,224
19,821
27,096
28,247
30,623
18,915
5,522
65.6
58.9
84.7
84.6
82.0
64.4
16.9
122,703
17,223
25,517
26,984
29,446
18,232
5,300
61.8
51.2
79.7
80.9
78.8
62.1
16.2
7,521
2,599
1,579
1,264
1,177
682
222
5.8
13.1
5.8
4.5
3.8
3.6
4.0
68,247
13,818
4,905
5,125
6,734
10,450
27,215
35,317
3,845
7,992
8,327
6,602
4,126
4,424
24,063
2,211
6,236
6,814
5,380
2,700
721
68.1
57.5
78.0
81.8
81.5
65.4
16.3
22,660
1,979
5,866
6,473
5,083
2,580
679
64.2
51.5
73.4
77.7
77.0
62.5
15.3
1,403
232
371
341
297
120
42
5.8
10.5
5.9
5.0
5.5
4.5
5.9
11,254
1,634
1,756
1,513
1,222
1,426
3,703
Native born1
16 years and over…….. 103,047
16 to 24 years………… 16,772
25 to 34 years……...… 16,305
35 to 44 years……...… 17,099
45 to 54 years……….… 19,187
55 to 64 years………..… 15,172
65 years and over……. 18,511
62,104
9,676
12,790
13,335
14,758
9,050
2,495
60.3
57.7
78.4
78.0
76.9
59.7
13.5
58,795
8,587
12,104
12,758
14,223
8,725
2,397
57.1
51.2
74.2
74.6
74.1
57.5
13.0
3,310
1,089
686
577
535
325
98
5.3
11.3
5.4
4.3
3.6
3.6
3.9
40,942
7,096
3,515
3,765
4,429
6,122
16,016
9,663
819
2,240
2,755
2,317
1,220
312
54.8
45.4
60.7
68.3
71.1
55.6
11.8
9,082
734
2,096
2,602
2,183
1,168
300
51.5
40.7
56.8
64.5
67.0
53.2
11.3
581
85
145
153
134
52
13
6.0
10.4
6.5
5.6
5.8
4.3
4.0
7,966
984
1,449
1,278
943
975
2,336
Foreign born 2
16 years and over……..
16 to 24 years……….…
25 to 34 years……..……
35 to 44 years……..……
45 to 54 years…………
55 to 64 years……….…
65 years and over……
Women
Foreign born 2
16 years and over……..
16 to 24 years………..…
25 to 34 years……...…
35 to 44 years……...…
45 to 54 years……….…
55 to 64 years…………
65 years and over……
17,629
1,803
3,689
4,033
3,260
2,195
2,648
See footnotes at end of table.
92
Table 37. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population
by age and sex, 2008 annual averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Country of birth,
age, and sex
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Unemployed
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
population
Total
Percent of
labor force
Not in
labor force
Men
Native born1
16 years and over………
16 to 24 years…………
25 to 34 years………...
35 to 44 years………...
45 to 54 years……….…
55 to 64 years……….…
65 years and over…….
95,424
16,867
15,696
16,273
18,170
14,192
14,226
68,119
10,145
14,306
14,913
15,864
9,865
3,027
71.4
60.1
91.1
91.6
87.3
69.5
21.3
63,908
8,635
13,413
14,226
15,223
9,507
2,903
67.0
51.2
85.5
87.4
83.8
67.0
20.4
4,211
1,510
893
687
641
357
123
6.2
14.9
6.2
4.6
4.0
3.6
4.1
27,305
6,722
1,390
1,360
2,305
4,328
11,199
Foreign born 2
16 years and over……… 17,688
16 to 24 years……….… 2,042
25 to 34 years……...…
4,303
35 to 44 years………...
4,294
45 to 54 years…………
3,342
55 to 64 years……….… 1,931
65 years and over…….
1,776
14,400
1,392
3,996
4,059
3,063
1,480
409
81.4
68.2
92.9
94.5
91.7
76.6
23.0
13,578
1,245
3,770
3,872
2,901
1,412
379
76.8
61.0
87.6
90.2
86.8
73.1
21.4
822
147
226
188
163
68
30
5.7
10.5
5.7
4.6
5.3
4.6
7.3
3,288
650
307
235
279
451
1,367
1
whom was a U.S. citizen. This group includes legally
admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers,
and undocumented aliens.
2
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department
of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Native-born persons are those who were born in the United
States or a U.S. Island Area such as Puerto Rico, or born
abroad of a U.S.-citizen parent.
Foreign born refers to people residing in the United States
who were born outside the United States or one of its outlying
areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of
93
Table 38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2008
(Numbers in thousands)
Total, both sexes
Members of unions
Year
Total
employed
1
Women
Represented by
unions 2
Total
Percent of
employed
Total
Percent of
employed
Members of unions
Total
employed
1
Represented by
unions 2
Total
Percent of
employed
Total
Percent of
employed
1983……… 88,290
17,717
20.1
20,532
23.3
40,433
5,908
14.6
7,262
18.0
1984…...… 92,194
17,340
18.8
19,932
21.6
42,172
5,829
13.8
7,100
16.8
1985…….
1986 3……
94,521
16,996
18.0
19,358
20.5
43,506
5,732
13.2
6,910
15.9
96,903
16,975
17.5
19,278
19.9
44,961
5,802
12.9
6,961
15.5
1987…...… 99,303
16,913
17.0
19,051
19.2
46,365
5,842
12.6
6,907
14.9
1988……. 101,407
17,002
16.8
19,241
19.0
47,495
5,982
12.6
7,109
15.0
1989…...… 103,480
16,960
16.4
19,198
18.6
48,691
6,141
12.6
7,243
14.9
1990 …… 104,876
16,776
16.0
19,105
18.2
49,323
6,179
12.5
7,330
14.9
1991...…… 103,723
16,612
16.0
18,790
18.1
49,105
6,142
12.5
7,247
14.8
1992……. 104,668
16,418
15.7
18,578
17.7
49,842
6,274
12.6
7,411
14.9
1993……. 106,101
1994 3…… 107,989
16,627
15.7
18,682
17.6
50,626
6,516
12.9
7,610
15.0
16,748
15.5
18,850
17.5
51,419
6,642
12.9
7,740
15.1
1995……. 110,038
16,360
14.9
18,346
16.7
52,369
6,430
12.3
7,479
14.3
1996…...… 111,960
1997 3…… 114,533
1998 3…… 116,730
16,269
14.5
18,158
16.2
53,488
6,410
12.0
7,397
13.8
16,110
14.1
17,923
15.6
54,708
6,347
11.6
7,304
13.4
16,211
13.9
17,918
15.4
55,757
6,362
11.4
7,280
13.1
1999 3…… 118,963
16,477
13.9
18,182
15.3
57,050
6,528
11.4
7,425
13.0
3
3
2000 …… 122,089
16,334
13.4
18,153
14.9
58,427
6,671
11.4
7,662
13.1
2001……. 122,229
2002……… 121,826
16,305
13.3
18,026
14.7
58,582
6,768
11.6
7,672
13.1
16,145
13.3
17,695
14.5
58,555
6,820
11.6
7,629
13.0
2003 …… 122,358
15,776
12.9
17,448
14.3
59,122
6,732
11.4
7,601
12.9
2004……… 123,554
15,472
12.5
17,087
13.8
59,408
6,593
11.1
7,450
12.5
2005……
3
125,889
15,685
12.5
17,223
13.7
60,423
6,815
11.3
7,626
12.6
2006……… 128,237
15,359
12.0
16,860
13.1
61,426
6,702
10.9
7,501
12.2
2007……… 129,767
2008 3…… 129,377
15,670
12.1
17,243
13.3
62,299
6,903
11.1
7,749
12.4
16,098
12.4
17,761
13.7
62,532
7,160
11.4
8,036
12.9
See footnotes at end of table.
94
Table 38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary
workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2008—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Men
Members of unions
Year
Total
employed
1983……… 47,856
1
Represented by
unions 2
Total
Percent of
employed
Total
Percent of
employed
11,809
24.7
13,270
27.7
1984…...… 50,022
11,511
23.0
12,832
25.7
1985……. 51,015
1986 3…… 51,942
11,264
22.1
12,448
24.4
11,173
21.5
12,317
23.7
1987…...… 52,938
11,071
20.9
12,144
22.9
1988…….
53,912
11,019
20.4
12,132
22.5
1989…...… 54,789
10,820
19.7
11,955
21.8
1990 3…… 55,553
10,597
19.1
11,775
21.2
1991...…… 54,618
10,470
19.2
11,542
21.1
1992…….
54,826
10,144
18.5
11,167
20.4
1993……. 55,475
1994 3…… 56,570
10,112
18.2
11,072
20.0
10,106
17.9
11,110
19.6
1995…….
57,669
9,929
17.2
10,868
18.8
1996…...… 58,473
1997 3…… 59,825
1998 3…… 60,973
9,859
16.9
10,761
18.4
9,763
16.3
10,619
17.7
9,850
16.2
10,638
17.4
1999 3…… 61,914
9,949
16.1
10,758
17.4
3
2000 …… 63,662
9,664
15.2
10,491
16.5
2001……. 63,647
2002……… 63,272
2003 3…… 63,236
9,538
15.0
10,354
16.3
9,325
14.7
10,066
15.9
9,044
14.3
9,848
15.6
2004……… 64,145
8,878
13.8
9,638
15.0
2005……
65,466
8,870
13.5
9,597
14.7
2006……… 66,811
8,657
13.0
9,360
14.0
2007……… 67,468
2008 3…… 66,846
8,767
13.0
9,494
14.1
8,938
13.4
9,724
14.5
1
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union.
2
Data refer to workers who are not members of unions but
whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association
contract, as well as to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union.
3
Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an
explanation, see the Historical Comparability documentation
provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf .
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and parttime workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, regardless
of whether their businesses are incorporated.
SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor,
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
95
Technical Note
T
he estimates in this report were obtained from the
Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly
sample survey of approximately 60,000 households,
which provides a wide range of information on the labor
force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings and
union affiliation data are collected from one-fourth of the
CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau, using
a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all
50 States and the District of Columbia.
16 years of age and older residing in the 50 States and the
District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions
(for example, correctional facilities and residential nursing
and mental health care facilities), and who are not on active
duty in the Armed Forces.
Civilian labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed.
Employed persons. Employed persons are those who, during
the survey week, (a) did any work at all as paid civilians; (b)
worked in their own business or profession or on their own
farm; (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a
family business; or (d) were temporarily absent from their jobs
because of illness, vacation, bad weather, or another reason.
Material in this report is in the public domain and may be
reproduced without permission. This information is available
to sensory-impaired individuals on request. Voice phone:
(202) 691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1800-877-8339.
Unemployed persons. Unemployed persons are those who
had no employment during the survey week, were available for work at that time, and made specific efforts to find
employment sometime in the prior 4 weeks. Persons laid off
from their former jobs and awaiting recall did not need to be
looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
Reliability of the Estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and
nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire
population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the “true” population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than
1.6 standard errors from the true population value because
of sampling error. BLS analyses generally are conducted at
the 90-percent level of confidence.
Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is the civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional
population.
Employment-population ratio. This ratio represents the
proportion of the population that is employed.
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including
the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to
obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability
or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.
CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. The full
extent of nonsampling error is unknown, but special studies
have been conducted to quantify some sources of such error
in the CPS. For further discussion of the reliability of data
from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors,
see the Household Data technical documentation provided
at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.
Unemployment rate. This rate represents the number of unemployed persons as a percent of the civilian labor force.
Concepts and Definitions
Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are persons
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This term refers to persons
who identified themselves in the survey as being Spanish,
Race. White, black or African American, and Asian are terms
used to describe the race of persons. Persons in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Data for the
remaining race categories—American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders, and persons
who selected more than one race category—are included in
totals but are not shown separately because the number of
survey respondents was too small to develop estimates of
sufficient quality for publication. In the survey process, race
is determined by the household respondent.
96
necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for
the overall group boundary. The most common reasons for
this possible anomaly follow: (1) There could be a change
in the relative weights of the subgroups. For example, the
medians of both 16- to 24-year-olds and those 25 years
and over may rise, but if the lower earning 16-to-24 age
group accounts for a greatly increased share of the total,
the overall median could actually fall. (2) There could be
a large change in the shape of the distribution of reported
earnings. This could be caused by survey observations that
are clustered at rounded values, for example, $300, $400,
or $500. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval
containing such a cluster, or “spike,” tends to change more
slowly than one in other intervals. For example, medians
measure the central tendency of a multipeaked distribution
that shifts over time. As the distribution shifts, the median
does not necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically,
the median takes relatively more time to move through a
frequently reported interval, but, once above the upper limit
of such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the
next frequently reported earnings interval. BLS procedures
for estimating medians mitigate such irregular movements
of the measures; however, users should be cautious of these
effects when evaluating short-term changes in the medians,
as well as in ratios of the medians.
Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as
Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Family. A family is a group of two or more persons residing
together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption.
Families are classified either as married-couple families or
as families maintained by women or men without spouses.
Self-employed workers. Self-employed workers are those
who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession,
trade, or farm. Unincorporated self-employed are included in
the self-employed category. Self-employed persons whose
businesses are incorporated are included in wage and salary
employment.
Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive
wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece
rates. The group includes employees in both the private and
public sectors but, for purposes of the earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, both those with incorporated
businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses.
Hourly paid workers. Workers who are paid an hourly
wage are a subset of wage and salary workers, representing
approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers.
Workers paid by the hour are included in the estimates of
median usual weekly earnings in this report, along with
salaried workers and other workers not paid by the hour.
Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked (at all
jobs) during the reference week. For example, persons who
normally work 40 hours a week but were off during the
Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32
hours, even though they were paid for the holiday.
Usual weekly earnings. Data are collected on wages and
salaries before taxes and other deductions and include any
overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the
principal job in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings of
self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether
their businesses are incorporated. Prior to 1994, respondents
were asked to report earnings per week. Since January 1994,
respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for
them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice
monthly, monthly, annually, or other) and how much they
usually earn in the reported period. Earnings reported on a
basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent.
The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the
respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are
instructed to define the term as “more than half the weeks
worked during the past 4 or 5 months.”
Usual hours, or usual full- or part-time status. Data on persons “at work” exclude persons who were temporarily absent
from a job and therefore classified in the zero-hours worked
category, “with a job but not at work.” These are persons who
were absent from their jobs for the entire week for reasons
such as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvement in a
labor dispute. To differentiate a person’s normal schedule
from his or her activity during the reference week, persons
also are classified according to their usual full- or part-time
status. In this context, full-time workers are those who usually
worked 35 hours or more (at all jobs combined). This group
includes some individuals who worked less than 35 hours
in the reference week for either economic or noneconomic
reasons and those who were temporarily absent from work.
Similarly, part-time workers are those who usually work
less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs), regardless of the
number of hours worked in the reference week. This may
include some individuals who worked more than 34 hours in
the reference week, as well as those who were temporarily
absent from work.
Medians of weekly earnings. The median is the amount that
divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups,
one having earnings above the median, and the other having
earnings below the median. The BLS estimating procedure
for determining the median of an earnings distribution
places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value
into a $50-wide interval that is centered on a multiple of
$50. The value of the median is estimated through a linear
interpolation of the interval in which the median lies. Overthe-year changes in the medians for specific groups may not
Occupation and industry. This information applies to the job
held during the reference week. Persons with two or more
jobs are classified in the occupation and industry at which
97
they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational
and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2002
Census Bureau occupational and industrial classification systems, which are derived from the 2000 Standard Occupation
Classification (SOC) and the 2002 North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS). Additional information
about these classifications is available online at http://www.
bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.
employment greatly exceeds the average levels for any given
month, which are based on a 1-week reference period, and
the corresponding annual averages of monthly estimates.
Poverty classification. Poverty statistics presented in this
report are based on definitions developed by the Social
Security Administration in 1964 and revised by the Federal
interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions
originally were based on the Department of Agriculture’s
Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption
requirements of families, based on factors such as family
size and the number of children under 18 years of age. The
actual poverty thresholds vary in accordance with the makeup
of the family. Poverty thresholds are updated each year to
reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban
Consumers (CPI-U). The thresholds do not vary geographically. For more information on poverty data and thresholds,
see http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/poverty.
html.
Work experience. These data reflect work activity during the
calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and
Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population
Survey. Estimates of persons who worked were based on
“yes” responses to the following questions in the ASEC:
“Did you work at a job or business at any time during [the
survey reference year]?” or “Did you do any temporary,
part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during [the
survey reference year]?” Since the reference period is a full
year, the number of persons with some employment or un-
98