Errors were found in table 2 and on page 1 of this report. The report was reissued on June 6, 2013, to correct the data.
Labor Force
Characteristics
by Race and
Ethnicity, 2011
U.S. Department of Labor
Hilda L. Solis, Secretary
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
John M. Galvin, Acting Commissioner
August 2012
Report 1036
BLS
Contents
Page
Overview............................................................................................................................................................................ 1
Composition of the labor force............................................................................................................................................ 1
Labor force participation...................................................................................................................................................... 1
Employment......................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Education............................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Occupation and industry...................................................................................................................................................... 2
Families and mothers........................................................................................................................................................... 3
Unemployment and not in the labor force........................................................................................................................... 3
Earnings............................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Tables
Table 1.
Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by sex and
race, 2011 annual averages............................................................................................................................ 5
Table 2.
Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
and sex, and race, 2011 annual averages........................................................................................................ 6
Table 3.
Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race,
and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages . ............................................................................. 7
Table 4.
Labor force participation rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
1972–2011 annual averages ........................................................................................................................ 10
Table 5.
Employment-population ratios by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
1972–2011 annual averages.......................................................................................................................... 12
Table 6.
Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex,
race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages..................................................................... 14
Table 7.
Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2011 annual averages................................................................................................................................... 17
Table 8.
Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2011 annual averages................................................................................................................................... 20
Table 9.
Employed people by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2011 annual averages .................................................................................................................................. 32
Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages . ................................................................................................. 34
Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race,
and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2011 annual averages................................................................... 35
Table 12. Unemployment rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2011
annual averages............................................................................................................................................ 41
Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages ....................................................................................................... 43
i
Contents—continued
Page
Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages....................................................................................................... 44
Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics,
2011 annual averages................................................................................................................................... 45
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex,
race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2011 annual averages.......................................................... 47
Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational
attainment,sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages .......................................... 51
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, sex,
race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages.................................................................... 52
Technical note .............................................................................................................................................................. 55
ii
Labor Force Characteristics
by Race and Ethnicity, 2011
Overview
in the labor force were Mexican (63 percent). The
remainder consisted of Central and South Americans (20 percent), Puerto Ricans (8 percent), Cubans (4 percent), and Other Hispanics or Latinos (5
percent). (See table 2.)
I
n 2011, the unemployment rate for the United States averaged 8.9 percent, but varied across race and ethnicity
groups. The rates were highest for Blacks (15.8 percent)
and for American Indians and Alaska Natives (14.6 percent)
and lowest for Whites (7.9 percent) and for Asians (7.0 percent). The jobless rate was 13.6 percent for persons of two or
more races, 11.5 percent for Hispanics, and 10.4 percent for
Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders.
Differences in labor force characteristics emerge when the
race and ethnicity groups are compared. These differences
reflect a variety of factors, not all of which are measurable.
These factors include variations across the groups in educational attainment; the occupations and industries in which the
groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which
the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to
reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.
This report describes the labor force characteristics
and earnings patterns among the major race and ethnicity
groups—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides more detailed data through a set of supporting tables.
These data are obtained from the Current Population Survey
(CPS), a monthly survey of 60,000 households that is a rich
source of information on the labor force. For definitions of
terms and concepts used in this report, see the Technical note.
Additional information about the CPS can be found at http://
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.
For the first time, this report also includes a limited
amount of data for American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native
Hawaiians, Other Pacific Islanders, and for people who are
of two or more races. Due to their relatively small sample
size, estimates for these additional groups are not included in
all tables. The following bullets highlight some of the major
findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2011.
•
People of Hispanic ethnicity may be of any race. In
2011, the majority of Hispanics (93 percent) were
White, 3 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian.
Labor force participation
•
In 2011, American Indians and Alaska Natives (59.2
percent) and Blacks (61.4 percent) had the lowest
labor force participation rates among the race and
ethnicity groups, while Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (69.4 percent) had the highest
participation rates. The participation rates for Hispanics, Asians, and Whites, were 66.5 percent, 64.6
percent, and 64.5 percent, respectively. The participation rate for persons of two or more races was
64.0 percent in 2011. (See tables 1, 2, 3, and 4.)
•
Among adult men (age 20 and over) in the major
race and ethnicity groups, Blacks (68.4 percent)
were less likely than other race and ethnicity groups
to participate in the labor force. Hispanic men (81.7
percent) were more likely to participate in the labor
force than other men. The labor force participation
rate was 76.6 percent for Asian men and 73.9 percent for White men. (See table 3.)
•
Among adult women, the proportions of White
women (59.4 percent), Hispanic women (59.0 percent), and Asian women (58.7 percent) in the labor
force were lower than that of Black women (62.2
percent).
Employment
Composition of the labor force
•
By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor
force in 2011 (81 percent). Blacks and Asians made
up an additional 12 percent and 5 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives composed about 1 percent of the labor force, as did persons of two or more races. Native Hawaiians and
Other Pacific Islanders made up less than 1 percent.
(See table 1.)
•
By ethnicity, 15 percent of the labor force in 2011
were Hispanic or Latino. The majority of Hispanics
1
•
In 2011, the employment-population ratio (that is,
the proportion of the population that is employed)
ranged from 50.5 percent for American Indians and
Alaska Natives to 62.2 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The employmentpopulation ratio was 51.7 percent for Blacks, 55.3
percent for individuals of two or more races, 58.9
percent for Hispanics, 59.4 percent for Whites, and
60.0 percent for Asians. (See tables 1, 2, 3, and 5.)
•
Among adult men (age 20 and older), Hispanics (73.3 percent) continued to have the highest
employment-population ratio in 2011, followed by
Asians (71.7 percent) and Whites (68.2 percent).
The employment-population ratio for Black men, at
56.9 percent, was lower than the ratios for men in
other groups in 2011, continuing a long-term pattern. Among adult women, Whites had the highest
employment-population ratio, at 55.3 percent, followed by Asians (54.6 percent), and Blacks (54.0
percent). The ratio for Hispanic women (52.5 percent) continued to be lower than the ratio for other
groups. (See table 3.)
•
related occupations in 2011, compared with 35 percent of Whites, 24 percent of Blacks, and 16 percent of Hispanics. About 2 in 10 employed Black
and Hispanic men were employed in service occupations in 2011, whereas about 1 in 10 employed
Asian and White men worked in these occupations.
Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more
likely than White or Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. About one-quarter of employed Hispanic men
(26 percent) worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, a higher share
than for White men (18 percent), Black men (12 percent), or Asian men (7 percent).
Among teenagers ages 16 to 19, the employmentpopulation ratio was higher for Whites than for
Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. In 2011, the ratio for
White teens (28.8 percent) was nearly twice that for
Black teens (14.7 percent). The ratios for Hispanic
and Asian teens were 19.5 percent and 16.2 percent,
respectively.
•
In 2011, employed Asian and White women were
more likely than other women to work in management, professional, and related occupations—44
percent of Asian women and 42 percent of White
women. By contrast, 34 percent of employed Black
women and 25 percent of employed Hispanic women worked in this occupational group. Among employed women, 63 percent of Hispanics worked in
either service occupations or sales and office occupations, compared with about 59 percent of Blacks,
52 percent of Whites, and 48 percent of Asians.
•
In 2011, Hispanics accounted for 15 percent of
total employment but were overrepresented by a
substantial amount in several occupational categories, including miscellaneous agricultural workers
(50 percent), roofers (47 percent), and packers and
packagers (46 percent). Blacks made up 11 percent
of all employed workers, but accounted for about
one-quarter or more of those in several specific
occupations, including nursing, psychiatric, and
home health aides (33 percent); security guards (27
percent); and taxi drivers (27 percent). Asians accounted for 5 percent of all employed workers but
made up a much larger share of workers in several
occupational categories, including miscellaneous
personal appearance workers (makeup artists, manicurists and pedicurists, shampooers, and skin care
specialists; 55 percent), software developers (27
percent), and physicians and surgeons (16 percent).
Whites made up 82 percent of all employed persons,
but accounted for 96 percent of farmers, ranchers,
and other agricultural managers; 95 percent of firefighters; and 94 percent of construction managers.
(See table 8.)
•
By industry, 18 percent of employed Hispanic men
worked in construction in 2011, a larger share than
White (12 percent), Black (7 percent), or Asian men
(3 percent). Twelve percent of employed Black men
worked in transportation and utilities, compared
with 7 percent each of Hispanic and White men and
Education
•
•
Among people age 25 and older, the share of the
labor force with at least a high school diploma was
about 90 percent for Whites, Blacks, and Asians in
2011. By contrast, 69 percent of Hispanics in the
labor force had completed high school. Asians were
the most likely of the groups to have graduated from
college; 57 percent of Asians in the labor force had a
bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with 36 percent of Whites, 25 percent of Blacks, and 16 percent
of Hispanics. (See table 6.)
For all major race and ethnicity groups, higher levels
of education are generally associated with a greater
likelihood of employment and a lower likelihood
of unemployment. Individuals with higher levels
of education generally have better access to higher
paying jobs—such as those in management, professional, and related occupations—than do individuals with less education. However, at nearly every
level of education, Blacks and Hispanics were more
likely to be unemployed in 2011 than were Whites
or Asians.
Occupation and industry
•
•
The highest paying major occupational category is
management, professional, and related occupations.
In 2011, 47 percent of employed Asians worked
in this occupational group, compared with 38 percent of employed Whites, 29 percent of employed
Blacks, and 20 percent of employed Hispanics. (See
table 7.)
Among employed men, nearly half (49 percent) of
Asians worked in management, professional, and
2
6 percent of Asian men. About 17 percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of their White
(13 percent), Hispanic (12 percent), and Black (11
percent) counterparts. A large share of women in
all race and ethnicity groups worked in education
and health services in 2011—Blacks (42 percent),
Whites (36 percent), Asians (31 percent), and Hispanics (30 percent). (See table 9.)
Islanders, and 13.6 percent for individuals of two or
more races. (See tables 1, 2, 3, and 12.)
•
Among the major race and ethnicity groups, the jobless rates in 2011 for Black adult men and women
(age 20 and older) were 16.7 and 13.2 percent, respectively. The unemployment rate for Hispanic
adult men was 10.3 percent, and the rate for Hispanic adult women was 11.1 percent. In comparison,
the unemployment rate for White adult men was 7.7
percent, and the rate for White adult women was 7.0
percent. The jobless rates for Asian adult men and
women were 6.4 and 7.0 percent, respectively. (See
table 3.)
•
Black teenagers had the highest unemployment rate
among the major race and ethnicity groups—41.3
percent in 2011. The unemployment rates for Hispanic, Asian, and White teenagers were 31.1 percent, 25.2 percent, and 21.7 percent, respectively.
•
Unemployed Asians and Blacks experienced longer periods of unemployment than other workers.
In 2011, the median duration of unemployment for
Asians and Blacks was 27.7 weeks and 27.0 weeks,
respectively, compared with 19.7 weeks for Whites
and 18.5 weeks for Hispanics. (See table 13.)
Families and mothers
•
•
•
In 2011, 88 percent of Asian families had an employed family member, compared with 84 percent
of Hispanic families and 80 percent of White families. Black families remained the least likely to have
an employed family member (74 percent). (See table 10.)
In 2011, nearly one-half (45 percent) of Black families and one-fourth (25 percent) of Hispanic families were maintained by women without a spouse
present. About 16 percent of White families and
12 percent of Asian families were maintained by
women. Among families maintained by women
with no spouse present, Asian families were most
likely to have an employed family member (81
percent), while Black families were the least likely
to have an employed family member (67 percent).
The proportion of White and Hispanic families that
were maintained by women with an employed family member was 74 and 72 percent, respectively. In
general, families maintained by women without a
spouse present are less likely to have an employed
member than other families.
• Of the 13.7 million unemployed persons in 2011, 59
percent (8.1 million) were job losers (that is, those
workers who lost their jobs and those who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (25
percent), job leavers (7 percent), and new entrants
(9 percent) constituted the balance of unemployed
persons. Of the total unemployed for each major
race and ethnicity group, about 60 percent of Whites
and Hispanics were job losers in 2011, compared
with 55 percent of Blacks and 53 percent of Asians.
About 13 percent of Asians and 11 percent of Blacks
and Hispanics were new entrants to the labor force
in 2011, compared with nearly 9 percent of Whites.
(See table 14.)
Among mothers with children under 18, Blacks
were more likely to be in the labor force than Whites,
Asians, or Hispanics. In 2011, 75.3 percent of Black
mothers were labor force participants, compared
with 70.2 percent of White mothers, 65.4 percent of
Asian mothers, and 61.8 percent of Hispanic mothers. (See table 11.)
•
Unemployment and not in the labor force
•
In 2011, unemployment rates among the race and
ethnicity groups varied considerably by race and
ethnicity. Blacks (15.8 percent) and American Indians and Alaska Natives (14.6 percent) had the
highest unemployment rates, while Asians (7.0 percent) and Whites (7.9 percent) had the lowest. The
unemployment rate was 11.5 percent for Hispanics,
10.4 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific
3
In 2011, Blacks made up 12 percent of the civilian
labor force, but 23 percent of persons marginally
attached to the labor force. Persons marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who were
not in the labor force, wanted and were available for
work, and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months—but not in the 4 weeks preceding
the survey. Hispanics and Asians were represented
among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their shares of the labor force. Whites were
underrepresented among the marginally attached
relative to their share of the labor force. Blacks also
composed a high proportion of discouraged workers
(about 26 percent) in 2011. Discouraged workers, a
subset of the marginally attached, are persons not
currently looking for work because they believe no
jobs are available for them. (See table 15.)
ment, professional, and related occupations (the
highest paying major occupation group) were well
above the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,019) and
Black men ($965) in the same occupation group.
Among those employed in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings ratios
of White, Hispanic, and Black men to Asian men
were 92 percent, 72 percent, and 68 percent, respectively. In contrast, the earnings of White men employed full time in production, transportation, and
material moving occupations were higher ($667)
than the earnings of Black, Asian, and Hispanic men
($595, $584, and $525, respectively).
Earnings
•
•
Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks had considerably lower earnings than
Asians and Whites. In 2011, the median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers
were $549 for Hispanics, $615 for Blacks, $775 for
Whites, and $866 for Asians. Among men, the earnings of Whites ($856), Blacks ($653), and Hispanics
($571) were 88 percent, 67 percent, and 59 percent,
respectively, of the earnings of Asians ($970). The
median earnings of White women ($703), Black
women ($595), and Hispanic women ($518) were
94, 79, and 69 percent, respectively, of the earnings
of Asian women ($751). (See table 16.)
•
For men, the earnings disparity across the major
race and ethnicity groups holds for nearly all major
occupational groups. For example, in 2011, median
usual weekly earnings of Asian men ($1,414) and
White men ($1,294) working full time in manage-
4
Among the race and ethnicity groups, the earnings
disparity was similar for women to that for men
across the major occupational groups. For example,
in production, transportation, and material moving
occupations, the weekly earnings of White ($486)
and Black ($490) women were about the same in
2011; the earnings of Asian and Hispanic women
were $461 and $405 per week, respectively. In management, professional, and related occupations, the
earnings of Asian women were higher than women
of other race and ethnicity groups. In 2011, the earnings of White, Black, and Hispanic women were 84
percent, 74 percent, and 73 percent, respectively, of
the earnings of Asian women.
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by sex and race,
2011 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Sex and race
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
Total, both sexes …………………………………… 239,618
Men ………………………………………………… 116,317
Women …………………………………………… 123,300
153,617
81,975
71,642
64.1
70.5
58.1
139,869
74,290
65,579
58.4
63.9
53.2
13,747
7,684
6,063
8.9
9.4
8.5
86,001
34,343
51,658
White, both sexes …………………………………… 193,077
Men ………………………………………………… 94,801
98,276
Women ……………………………………………
124,579
67,551
57,028
64.5
71.3
58.0
114,690
61,920
52,770
59.4
65.3
53.7
9,889
5,631
4,257
7.9
8.3
7.5
68,498
27,249
41,248
Black or African American, both sexes ……………
Men …………………………………………………
Women ……………………………………………
29,114
13,164
15,950
17,881
8,454
9,427
61.4
64.2
59.1
15,051
6,953
8,098
51.7
52.8
50.8
2,831
1,502
1,329
15.8
17.8
14.1
11,233
4,710
6,523
Asian, both sexes ……………………………………
Men …………………………………………………
Women ……………………………………………
11,439
5,429
6,011
7,386
3,972
3,414
64.6
73.2
56.8
6,867
3,703
3,165
60.0
68.2
52.6
518
269
250
7.0
6.8
7.3
4,054
1,457
2,596
American Indian and Alaska Native, both
sexes ………………………………………………
Men …………………………………………………
Women ……………………………………………
1,999
989
1,009
1,182
645
537
59.2
65.2
53.2
1,010
546
464
50.5
55.2
45.9
172
99
73
14.6
15.4
13.7
816
344
472
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander,
both sexes …………………………………………
Men …………………………………………………
Women ……………………………………………
633
308
325
439
232
207
69.4
75.6
63.6
393
206
187
62.2
67.0
57.7
46
26
19
10.4
11.4
9.3
193
75
118
Two or more races, both sexes ……………………
Men …………………………………………………
Women ……………………………………………
3,356
1,627
1,730
2,149
1,120
1,029
64.0
68.9
59.5
1,857
963
895
55.3
59.2
51.7
292
157
135
13.6
14.0
13.1
1,207
507
701
5
This table was reissued on June 6, 2013, to correct errors in the data.
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, sex, and race,
2011 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
sex, and race
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Total, both sexes …………………………………… 239,618
Men ………………………………………………… 116,317
Women …………………………………………… 123,300
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
153,617
81,975
71,642
64.1
70.5
58.1
139,869
74,290
65,579
58.4
63.9
53.2
13,747
7,684
6,063
8.9
9.4
8.5
86,001
34,343
51,658
Hispanic or Latino, both sexes ……………………
Men …………………………………………………
Women ……………………………………………
34,438
17,753
16,685
22,898
13,576
9,322
66.5
76.5
55.9
20,269
12,049
8,220
58.9
67.9
49.3
2,629
1,527
1,102
11.5
11.2
11.8
11,540
4,177
7,363
Mexican, both sexes ………………………………
Men ………………………………………………
Women …………………………………………
21,519
11,321
10,198
14,360
8,841
5,519
66.7
78.1
54.1
12,697
7,850
4,848
59.0
69.3
47.5
1,663
991
672
11.6
11.2
12.2
7,159
2,480
4,679
Puerto Rican, both sexes …………………………
Men ………………………………………………
Women …………………………………………
3,201
1,533
1,668
1,893
964
930
59.2
62.9
55.7
1,627
822
805
50.8
53.7
48.2
266
141
125
14.1
14.7
13.5
1,307
569
738
Cuban, both sexes ………………………………
Men ………………………………………………
Women …………………………………………
1,533
772
761
976
551
424
63.6
71.4
55.8
867
484
383
56.5
62.7
50.3
109
67
42
11.2
12.2
9.8
558
221
337
Central and South American, both sexes ………
Men ………………………………………………
Women …………………………………………
6,508
3,320
3,189
4,611
2,644
1,966
70.8
79.7
61.7
4,117
2,367
1,750
63.3
71.3
54.9
494
277
217
10.7
10.5
11.0
1,897
675
1,222
Other Hispanic or Latino, both sexes ……………
Men ………………………………………………
Women …………………………………………
1,677
807
869
1,057
576
482
63.1
71.3
55.4
961
526
435
57.3
65.1
50.0
97
50
47
9.1
8.7
9.7
619
232
387
Non-Hispanic or Latino, both sexes ……………… 205,180
Men ………………………………………………… 98,564
Women …………………………………………… 106,616
130,719
68,399
62,320
63.7
69.4
58.5
119,600
62,241
57,359
58.3
63.1
53.8
11,119
6,158
4,961
8.5
9.0
8.0
74,461
30,165
44,295
White non-Hispanic or Latino, both sexes …… 161,158
Men ……………………………………………… 78,300
Women …………………………………………
82,858
103,334
54,911
48,423
64.1
70.1
58.4
95,846
50,682
45,164
59.5
64.7
54.5
7,488
4,229
3,259
7.2
7.7
6.7
57,824
23,388
34,435
27,913
12,606
15,307
17,110
8,051
9,059
61.3
63.9
59.2
14,395
6,609
7,787
51.6
52.4
50.9
2,714
1,442
1,273
15.9
17.9
14.0
10,803
4,555
6,248
Asian non-Hispanic or Latino, both sexes ……… 11,223
5,320
Men ………………………………………………
Women …………………………………………
5,903
7,242
3,892
3,350
64.5
73.2
56.7
6,733
3,629
3,105
60.0
68.2
52.6
509
264
245
7.0
6.8
7.3
3,980
1,427
2,553
Black non-Hispanic or Latino, both sexes ………
Men ………………………………………………
Women …………………………………………
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because
data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
6
Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Age, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
Total
Total, 16 years and over …………… 239,618
16,774
16 to 19 years ……………………
20 years and over ………………… 222,843
20 to 24 years …………………
21,423
25 to 54 years …………………
124,704
55 to 64 years …………………
36,987
65 years and over ……………… 39,729
153,617
5,727
147,890
15,270
101,744
23,765
7,112
64.1
34.1
66.4
71.3
81.6
64.3
17.9
139,869
4,327
135,542
13,036
93,674
22,186
6,647
58.4
25.8
60.8
60.8
75.1
60.0
16.7
13,747
1,400
12,348
2,234
8,069
1,579
465
8.9
24.4
8.3
14.6
7.9
6.6
6.5
86,001
11,048
74,953
6,153
22,961
13,222
32,617
Men, 16 years and over …………… 116,317
8,582
16 to 19 years ……………………
20 years and over ………………… 107,736
20 to 24 years …………………
10,844
25 to 54 years …………………
61,608
55 to 64 years …………………
17,810
65 years and over ……………… 17,474
81,975
2,895
79,080
8,101
54,638
12,350
3,990
70.5
33.7
73.4
74.7
88.7
69.3
22.8
74,290
2,108
72,182
6,826
50,157
11,469
3,730
63.9
24.6
67.0
63.0
81.4
64.4
21.3
7,684
786
6,898
1,275
4,481
882
261
9.4
27.2
8.7
15.7
8.2
7.1
6.5
34,343
5,687
28,656
2,743
6,970
5,460
13,484
Women, 16 years and over ……… 123,300
8,193
16 to 19 years ……………………
20 years and over ………………… 115,107
20 to 24 years …………………
10,579
25 to 54 years …………………
63,096
55 to 64 years …………………
19,177
65 years and over ……………… 22,255
71,642
2,832
68,810
7,169
47,105
11,414
3,121
58.1
34.6
59.8
67.8
74.7
59.5
14.0
65,579
2,219
63,360
6,209
43,517
10,717
2,917
53.2
27.1
55.0
58.7
69.0
55.9
13.1
6,063
613
5,450
960
3,588
697
204
8.5
21.7
7.9
13.4
7.6
6.1
6.5
51,658
5,361
46,297
3,410
15,991
7,763
19,133
124,579
4,714
119,865
12,120
81,381
20,188
6,175
64.5
36.8
66.5
73.2
82.5
65.5
18.1
114,690
3,691
111,000
10,574
75,708
18,937
5,780
59.4
28.8
61.6
63.8
76.7
61.5
16.9
9,889
1,024
8,865
1,546
5,673
1,251
395
7.9
21.7
7.4
12.8
7.0
6.2
6.4
68,498
8,103
60,394
4,442
17,311
10,610
28,031
White
Total, 16 years and over …………… 193,077
12,818
16 to 19 years ……………………
20 years and over ………………… 180,259
20 to 24 years …………………
16,562
25 to 54 years …………………
98,692
55 to 64 years …………………
30,799
65 years and over ……………… 34,206
Men, 16 years and over ……………
16 to 19 years ……………………
20 years and over …………………
20 to 24 years …………………
25 to 54 years …………………
55 to 64 years …………………
65 years and over ………………
94,801
6,610
88,191
8,485
49,474
15,018
15,213
67,551
2,386
65,165
6,539
44,502
10,629
3,494
71.3
36.1
73.9
77.1
90.0
70.8
23.0
61,920
1,802
60,118
5,630
41,285
9,932
3,271
65.3
27.3
68.2
66.4
83.4
66.1
21.5
5,631
585
5,046
909
3,217
697
223
8.3
24.5
7.7
13.9
7.2
6.6
6.4
27,249
4,223
23,026
1,946
4,972
4,389
11,719
Women, 16 years and over ………
16 to 19 years ……………………
20 years and over …………………
20 to 24 years …………………
25 to 54 years …………………
55 to 64 years …………………
65 years and over ………………
98,276
6,208
92,068
8,077
49,218
15,781
18,992
57,028
2,328
54,700
5,581
36,879
9,559
2,681
58.0
37.5
59.4
69.1
74.9
60.6
14.1
52,770
1,889
50,881
4,943
34,423
9,005
2,509
53.7
30.4
55.3
61.2
69.9
57.1
13.2
4,257
439
3,818
637
2,456
554
171
7.5
18.9
7.0
11.4
6.7
5.8
6.4
41,248
3,880
37,368
2,496
12,339
6,221
16,312
See note at end of table.
7
Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages—Continued
(Levels in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Age, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
Black or African American
Total, 16 years and over ……………
16 to 19 years ……………………
20 years and over …………………
20 to 24 years …………………
25 to 54 years …………………
55 to 64 years …………………
65 years and over ………………
29,114
2,594
26,520
3,168
15,958
3,955
3,440
17,881
647
17,234
2,105
12,420
2,155
555
61.4
24.9
65.0
66.5
77.8
54.5
16.1
15,051
380
14,671
1,574
10,645
1,943
508
51.7
14.7
55.3
49.7
66.7
49.1
14.8
2,831
267
2,564
531
1,775
212
47
15.8
41.3
14.9
25.2
14.3
9.8
8.4
11,233
1,947
9,286
1,063
3,539
1,800
2,885
Men, 16 years and over ……………
16 to 19 years ……………………
20 years and over …………………
20 to 24 years …………………
25 to 54 years …………………
55 to 64 years …………………
65 years and over ………………
13,164
1,282
11,882
1,510
7,269
1,759
1,344
8,454
329
8,125
1,012
5,872
983
257
64.2
25.7
68.4
67.0
80.8
55.9
19.1
6,953
187
6,765
734
4,937
858
236
52.8
14.6
56.9
48.6
67.9
48.8
17.5
1,502
142
1,360
278
935
125
21
17.8
43.1
16.7
27.4
15.9
12.7
8.2
4,710
953
3,757
498
1,397
775
1,087
Women, 16 years and over ………
16 to 19 years ……………………
20 years and over …………………
20 to 24 years …………………
25 to 54 years …………………
55 to 64 years …………………
65 years and over ………………
15,950
1,312
14,638
1,657
8,689
2,196
2,096
9,427
318
9,110
1,093
6,547
1,172
298
59.1
24.2
62.2
65.9
75.4
53.4
14.2
8,098
193
7,906
840
5,708
1,086
272
50.8
14.7
54.0
50.7
65.7
49.4
13.0
1,329
125
1,204
253
839
86
25
14.1
39.4
13.2
23.1
12.8
7.4
8.5
6,523
994
5,529
565
2,142
1,024
1,798
Total, 16 years and over ……………
16 to 19 years ……………………
20 years and over …………………
20 to 24 years …………………
25 to 54 years …………………
55 to 64 years …………………
65 years and over ………………
11,439
652
10,788
940
6,789
1,555
1,504
7,386
141
7,244
518
5,428
1,032
266
64.6
21.7
67.2
55.1
80.0
66.3
17.7
6,867
106
6,762
461
5,097
953
250
60.0
16.2
62.7
49.1
75.1
61.3
16.6
518
36
483
57
332
78
16
7.0
25.2
6.7
11.0
6.1
7.6
6.0
4,054
510
3,543
421
1,360
524
1,238
Men, 16 years and over ……………
16 to 19 years ……………………
20 years and over …………………
20 to 24 years …………………
25 to 54 years …………………
55 to 64 years …………………
65 years and over ………………
5,429
331
5,098
472
3,255
707
663
3,972
66
3,905
269
2,936
531
169
73.2
20.1
76.6
57.1
90.2
75.0
25.5
3,703
46
3,657
238
2,768
492
158
68.2
13.9
71.7
50.4
85.1
69.6
23.9
269
20
249
32
168
39
11
6.8
30.5
6.4
11.7
5.7
7.3
6.4
1,457
265
1,193
203
319
177
494
Women, 16 years and over ………
16 to 19 years ……………………
20 years and over …………………
20 to 24 years …………………
25 to 54 years …………………
55 to 64 years …………………
65 years and over ………………
6,011
321
5,690
467
3,534
848
841
3,414
75
3,339
249
2,493
501
97
56.8
23.4
58.7
53.2
70.5
59.1
11.6
3,165
60
3,105
223
2,329
461
92
52.6
18.6
54.6
47.8
65.9
54.4
10.9
250
15
234
25
164
40
5
7.3
20.5
7.0
10.1
6.6
7.9
5.3
2,596
246
2,351
219
1,041
347
744
Asian
See note at end of table.
8
Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages—Continued
(Levels in thousands)
Civilian labor force
Age, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian
noninstitutional
population
Employed
Total
Percent
of
population
Total
Unemployed
Percent
of
population
Total
Percent
of labor
force
Not in
labor
force
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and over ……………
16 to 19 years ……………………
20 years and over …………………
20 to 24 years …………………
25 to 54 years …………………
55 to 64 years …………………
65 years and over ………………
34,438
3,407
31,031
4,193
20,624
3,311
2,903
22,898
965
21,933
3,017
16,390
2,015
511
66.5
28.3
70.7
72.0
79.5
60.8
17.6
20,269
665
19,604
2,544
14,774
1,820
465
58.9
19.5
63.2
60.7
71.6
55.0
16.0
2,629
300
2,329
473
1,616
195
45
11.5
31.1
10.6
15.7
9.9
9.7
8.8
11,540
2,442
9,098
1,175
4,234
1,296
2,393
Men, 16 years and over ……………
16 to 19 years ……………………
20 years and over …………………
20 to 24 years …………………
25 to 54 years …………………
55 to 64 years …………………
65 years and over ………………
17,753
1,812
15,941
2,278
10,799
1,604
1,260
13,576
545
13,030
1,811
9,803
1,122
293
76.5
30.1
81.7
79.5
90.8
69.9
23.3
12,049
364
11,685
1,535
8,880
1,006
266
67.9
20.1
73.3
67.4
82.2
62.7
21.1
1,527
182
1,345
277
924
116
28
11.2
33.3
10.3
15.3
9.4
10.4
9.5
4,177
1,266
2,911
467
996
482
966
Women, 16 years and over ………
16 to 19 years ……………………
20 years and over …………………
20 to 24 years …………………
25 to 54 years …………………
55 to 64 years …………………
65 years and over ………………
16,685
1,595
15,090
1,915
9,825
1,707
1,643
9,322
419
8,902
1,206
6,587
893
217
55.9
26.3
59.0
63.0
67.0
52.3
13.2
8,220
301
7,918
1,010
5,894
814
200
49.3
18.9
52.5
52.7
60.0
47.7
12.1
1,102
118
984
196
692
78
17
11.8
28.1
11.1
16.3
10.5
8.8
8.0
7,363
1,176
6,187
709
3,238
814
1,426
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented
for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
9
Table 4. Labor force participation rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2011 annual averages
(Percent)
Total
Year
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
1972 …… 60.4
1973 …… 60.8
1974 …… 61.3
78.9
78.8
78.7
43.9
44.7
45.7
60.4
60.8
61.4
79.6
79.4
79.4
43.2
44.1
45.2
59.9
60.2
59.8
73.6
73.4
72.9
48.7
49.3
49.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
60.2
61.1
—
81.5
81.7
—
41.0
42.4
1975 ……
1976 ……
1977 ……
1978 ……
1979 ……
61.2
61.6
62.3
63.2
63.7
77.9
77.5
77.7
77.9
77.8
46.3
47.3
48.4
50.0
50.9
61.5
61.8
62.5
63.3
63.9
78.7
78.4
78.5
78.6
78.6
45.9
46.9
48.0
49.4
50.5
58.8
59.0
59.8
61.5
61.4
70.9
70.0
70.6
71.5
71.3
48.8
49.8
50.8
53.1
53.1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
60.8
60.8
61.6
62.9
63.6
80.7
79.6
80.9
81.1
81.3
43.2
44.3
44.3
46.6
47.4
1980 ……
1981 ……
1982 ……
1983 ……
1984 ……
63.8
63.9
64.0
64.0
64.4
77.4
77.0
76.6
76.4
76.4
51.5
52.1
52.6
52.9
53.6
64.1
64.3
64.3
64.3
64.6
78.2
77.9
77.4
77.1
77.1
51.2
51.9
52.4
52.7
53.3
61.0
60.8
61.0
61.5
62.2
70.3
70.0
70.1
70.6
70.8
53.1
53.5
53.7
54.2
55.2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
64.0
64.1
63.6
63.8
64.9
81.4
80.6
79.7
80.3
80.6
47.4
48.3
48.1
47.7
49.7
1985 ……
1986 ……
1987 ……
1988 ……
1989 ……
64.8
65.3
65.6
65.9
66.5
76.3
76.3
76.2
76.2
76.4
54.5
55.3
56.0
56.6
57.4
65.0
65.5
65.8
66.2
66.7
77.0
76.9
76.8
76.9
77.1
54.1
55.0
55.7
56.4
57.2
62.9
63.3
63.8
63.8
64.2
70.8
71.2
71.1
71.0
71.0
56.5
56.9
58.0
58.0
58.7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
64.6
65.4
66.4
67.4
67.6
80.4
81.0
81.0
81.9
82.0
49.3
50.1
52.0
53.2
53.5
1990 ……
1991 ……
1992 ……
1993 ……
1994 ……
66.5
66.2
66.4
66.3
66.6
76.4
75.8
75.8
75.4
75.1
57.5
57.4
57.8
57.9
58.8
66.9
66.6
66.8
66.8
67.1
77.1
76.5
76.5
76.2
75.9
57.4
57.4
57.7
58.0
58.9
64.0
63.3
63.9
63.2
63.4
71.0
70.4
70.7
69.6
69.1
58.3
57.5
58.5
57.9
58.7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
67.4
66.5
66.8
66.2
66.1
81.4
80.3
80.7
80.2
79.2
53.1
52.4
52.8
52.1
52.9
1995 ……
1996 ……
1997 ……
1998 ……
1999 ……
66.6
66.8
67.1
67.1
67.1
75.0
74.9
75.0
74.9
74.7
58.9
59.3
59.8
59.8
60.0
67.1
67.2
67.5
67.3
67.3
75.7
75.8
75.9
75.6
75.6
59.0
59.1
59.5
59.4
59.6
63.7
64.1
64.7
65.6
65.8
69.0
68.7
68.3
69.0
68.7
59.5
60.4
61.7
62.8
63.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
65.8
66.5
67.9
67.9
67.7
79.1
79.6
80.1
79.8
79.8
52.6
53.4
55.1
55.6
55.9
2000 ……
2001 ……
2002 ……
2003 ……
2004 ……
67.1
66.8
66.6
66.2
66.0
74.8
74.4
74.1
73.5
73.3
59.9
59.8
59.6
59.5
59.2
67.3
67.0
66.8
66.5
66.3
75.5
75.1
74.8
74.2
74.1
59.5
59.4
59.3
59.2
58.9
65.8
65.3
64.8
64.3
63.8
69.2
68.4
68.4
67.3
66.7
63.1
62.8
61.8
61.9
61.5
67.2
67.2
67.2
66.4
65.9
76.1
76.2
75.9
75.6
75.0
59.2
59.0
59.1
58.3
57.6
69.7
69.5
69.1
68.3
68.6
81.5
81.0
80.2
80.1
80.4
57.5
57.6
57.6
55.9
56.1
2005 ……
2006 ……
2007 ……
2008 ……
2009 ……
66.0
66.2
66.0
66.0
65.4
73.3
73.5
73.2
73.0
72.0
59.3
59.4
59.3
59.5
59.2
66.3
66.5
66.4
66.3
65.8
74.1
74.3
74.0
73.7
72.8
58.9
59.0
59.0
59.2
59.1
64.2
64.1
63.7
63.7
62.4
67.3
67.0
66.8
66.7
65.0
61.6
61.7
61.1
61.3
60.3
66.1
66.2
66.5
67.0
66.0
74.8
75.0
75.1
75.3
74.6
58.2
58.3
58.6
59.4
58.2
68.0
68.7
68.8
68.5
68.0
80.1
80.7
80.5
80.2
78.8
55.3
56.1
56.5
56.2
56.5
2010 …… 64.7
2011 …… 64.1
71.2
70.5
58.6
58.1
65.1
64.5
72.0
71.3
58.5
58.0
62.2
61.4
65.0
64.2
59.9
59.1
64.7
64.6
73.2
73.2
57.0
56.8
67.5
66.5
77.8
76.5
56.5
55.9
See note at end of table.
10
Table 4. Labor force participation rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2011 annual
averages—Continued
(Percent)
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other
Pacific Islander
Two or more races
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
2003 …………
2004 …………
64.4
63.8
71.0
70.9
58.0
57.1
68.9
71.8
75.0
76.6
63.9
67.7
67.6
67.0
73.2
74.0
62.4
60.3
2005 …………
2006 …………
2007 …………
2008 …………
2009 …………
63.5
63.1
63.3
63.7
59.0
70.0
68.6
69.9
70.2
64.1
57.2
57.9
57.0
57.6
54.2
73.4
74.5
73.0
72.5
69.4
77.1
80.8
78.4
78.9
77.3
69.8
68.6
68.2
66.6
62.3
67.0
65.9
66.3
65.5
65.6
72.0
72.3
71.9
70.7
70.4
62.3
59.7
60.8
60.4
61.0
2010 …………
2011 …………
57.7
59.2
64.0
65.2
51.8
53.2
68.4
69.4
71.3
75.6
65.5
63.6
65.4
64.0
70.9
68.9
60.3
59.5
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian
and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are
included in the two or more races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as
their main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data
not available.
11
Table 5. Employment-population ratios by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2011 annual averages
(Percent)
Total
Year
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
1972 …… 57.0
1973 …… 57.8
1974 …… 57.8
75.0
75.5
74.9
41.0
42.0
42.6
57.4
58.2
58.3
76.0
76.5
75.9
40.7
41.8
42.4
53.7
54.5
53.5
66.8
67.5
65.8
43.0
43.8
43.5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
55.6
56.2
—
76.0
75.7
—
37.3
38.4
1975 ……
1976 ……
1977 ……
1978 ……
1979 ……
56.1
56.8
57.9
59.3
59.9
71.7
72.0
72.8
73.8
73.8
42.0
43.2
44.5
46.4
47.5
56.7
57.5
58.6
60.0
60.6
73.0
73.4
74.1
75.0
75.1
42.0
43.2
44.5
46.3
47.5
50.1
50.8
51.4
53.6
53.8
60.6
60.6
61.4
63.3
63.4
41.6
42.8
43.3
45.8
46.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
53.4
53.8
55.4
57.2
58.3
71.5
71.1
73.6
74.9
75.6
37.4
38.6
39.1
41.3
42.5
1980 ……
1981 ……
1982 ……
1983 ……
1984 ……
59.2
59.0
57.8
57.9
59.5
72.0
71.3
69.0
68.8
70.7
47.7
48.0
47.7
48.0
49.5
60.0
60.0
58.8
58.9
60.5
73.4
72.8
70.6
70.4
72.1
47.8
48.3
48.1
48.5
49.8
52.3
51.3
49.4
49.5
52.3
60.4
59.1
56.0
56.3
59.2
45.7
45.1
44.2
44.1
46.7
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
57.6
57.4
54.9
55.1
57.9
73.5
72.4
68.9
69.4
72.1
42.4
43.0
41.3
41.1
44.2
1985 ……
1986 ……
1987 ……
1988 ……
1989 ……
60.1
60.7
61.5
62.3
63.0
70.9
71.0
71.5
72.0
72.5
50.4
51.4
52.5
53.4
54.3
61.0
61.5
62.3
63.1
63.8
72.3
72.3
72.7
73.2
73.7
50.7
51.7
52.8
53.8
54.6
53.4
54.1
55.6
56.3
56.9
60.0
60.6
62.0
62.7
62.8
48.1
48.8
50.3
51.2
52.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
57.8
58.5
60.5
61.9
62.2
72.1
72.5
74.0
75.3
75.8
43.8
44.7
47.4
48.8
48.8
1990 ……
1991 ……
1992 ……
1993 ……
1994 ……
62.8
61.7
61.5
61.7
62.5
72.0
70.4
69.8
70.0
70.4
54.3
53.7
53.8
54.1
55.3
63.7
62.6
62.4
62.7
63.5
73.3
71.6
71.1
71.4
71.8
54.7
54.2
54.2
54.6
55.8
56.7
55.4
54.9
55.0
56.1
62.6
61.3
59.9
60.0
60.8
51.9
50.6
50.8
50.9
52.3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
61.9
59.8
59.1
59.1
59.5
74.9
72.1
71.2
71.7
71.7
48.6
47.3
46.8
46.3
47.2
1995 ……
1996 ……
1997 ……
1998 ……
1999 ……
62.9
63.2
63.8
64.1
64.3
70.8
70.9
71.3
71.6
71.6
55.6
56.0
56.8
57.1
57.4
63.8
64.1
64.6
64.7
64.8
72.0
72.3
72.7
72.7
72.8
56.1
56.3
57.0
57.1
57.3
57.1
57.4
58.2
59.7
60.6
61.7
61.1
61.4
62.9
63.1
53.4
54.4
55.6
57.2
58.6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
59.7
60.6
62.6
63.1
63.4
72.1
73.3
74.5
74.7
75.3
47.3
47.9
50.2
51.0
51.7
2000 ……
2001 ……
2002 ……
2003 ……
2004 ……
64.4
63.7
62.7
62.3
62.3
71.9
70.9
69.7
68.9
69.2
57.5
57.0
56.3
56.1
56.0
64.9
64.2
63.4
63.0
63.1
73.0
72.0
70.8
70.1
70.4
57.4
57.0
56.4
56.3
56.1
60.9
59.7
58.1
57.4
57.2
63.6
62.1
61.1
59.5
59.3
58.6
57.8
55.8
55.6
55.5
64.8
64.2
63.2
62.4
63.0
73.3
72.7
71.3
70.9
71.6
57.1
56.4
55.8
54.9
55.1
65.7
64.9
63.9
63.1
63.8
77.4
76.2
74.5
74.3
75.1
53.6
53.3
52.9
51.2
51.8
2005 ……
2006 ……
2007 ……
2008 ……
2009 ……
62.7
63.1
63.0
62.2
59.3
69.6
70.1
69.8
68.5
64.5
56.2
56.6
56.6
56.2
54.4
63.4
63.8
63.6
62.8
60.2
70.8
71.3
70.9
69.7
66.0
56.3
56.6
56.7
56.3
54.8
57.7
58.4
58.4
57.3
53.2
60.2
60.6
60.7
59.1
53.7
55.7
56.5
56.5
55.8
52.8
63.4
64.2
64.3
64.3
61.2
71.8
72.7
72.8
72.2
68.7
55.9
56.5
56.6
57.2
54.4
64.0
65.2
64.9
63.3
59.7
75.8
76.8
76.2
74.1
68.9
51.5
52.8
53.0
51.9
50.1
2010 …… 58.5
2011 …… 58.4
63.7
63.9
53.6
53.2
59.4
59.4
65.1
65.3
54.0
53.7
52.3
51.7
53.1
52.8
51.7
50.8
59.9
60.0
67.5
68.2
53.0
52.6
59.0
58.9
68.0
67.9
49.6
49.3
See note at end of table.
12
Table 5. Employment-population ratios by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2011 annual
averages—Continued
(Percent)
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Native Hawaiian and Other
Pacific Islander
Two or more races
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
2003 …………
2004 …………
57.7
57.7
63.1
64.0
52.4
51.8
63.6
67.4
69.8
71.4
58.4
64.1
61.4
61.2
66.4
67.6
56.8
55.0
2005 …………
2006 …………
2007 …………
2008 …………
2009 …………
57.6
58.1
58.1
57.4
51.2
63.9
63.2
64.3
62.6
54.2
51.5
53.3
52.3
52.5
48.3
70.2
70.6
69.4
67.8
61.8
73.4
75.7
74.2
72.8
68.3
67.1
65.7
65.3
63.3
56.0
61.6
61.5
61.5
59.3
56.7
66.3
67.0
66.5
63.6
60.4
57.2
56.2
56.6
55.2
53.2
2010 …………
2011 …………
49.0
50.5
53.0
55.2
45.2
45.9
60.1
62.2
61.6
67.0
58.7
57.7
56.5
55.3
60.8
59.2
52.5
51.7
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian
and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are
included in the two or more races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as
their main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data
not available.
13
Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Employment status, sex, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity
Total, 25 years
and older
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates, no
1
college
Some college,
no degree
Associate
degree
Bachelor's
degree and
2
higher
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population ……………
Civilian labor force ……………………………
Percent of population ……………………
Employed ……………………………………
Employment-population ratio ……………
Unemployed …………………………………
Unemployment rate ………………………
201,420
132,620
65.8
122,507
60.8
10,113
7.6
25,122
11,599
46.2
9,967
39.7
1,632
14.1
61,932
37,344
60.3
33,823
54.6
3,521
9.4
33,898
22,686
66.9
20,712
61.1
1,974
8.7
19,191
14,145
73.7
13,182
68.7
963
6.8
61,277
46,846
76.4
44,822
73.1
2,024
4.3
96,892
70,979
73.3
65,356
67.5
5,623
7.9
12,563
7,398
58.9
6,388
50.9
1,009
13.6
30,264
21,169
69.9
19,059
63.0
2,110
10.0
16,078
11,760
73.1
10,741
66.8
1,018
8.7
8,229
6,469
78.6
6,029
73.3
440
6.8
29,758
24,183
81.3
23,138
77.8
1,045
4.3
104,528
61,641
59.0
57,151
54.7
4,490
7.3
12,559
4,201
33.5
3,579
28.5
623
14.8
31,668
16,175
51.1
14,764
46.6
1,411
8.7
17,820
10,926
61.3
9,971
56.0
955
8.7
10,962
7,676
70.0
7,153
65.3
523
6.8
31,519
22,663
71.9
21,684
68.8
978
4.3
163,696
107,745
65.8
100,426
61.3
7,318
6.8
19,765
9,443
47.8
8,248
41.7
1,195
12.7
50,280
30,093
59.8
27,568
54.8
2,524
8.4
27,370
18,109
66.2
16,713
61.1
1,396
7.7
15,765
11,609
73.6
10,922
69.3
687
5.9
50,516
38,492
76.2
36,975
73.2
1,516
3.9
79,706
58,625
73.6
54,488
68.4
4,137
7.1
10,110
6,211
61.4
5,450
53.9
762
12.3
24,704
17,317
70.1
15,776
63.9
1,541
8.9
13,141
9,590
73.0
8,878
67.6
712
7.4
6,865
5,399
78.7
5,082
74.0
318
5.9
24,885
20,108
80.8
19,303
77.6
805
4.0
83,991
49,119
58.5
45,938
54.7
3,181
6.5
9,655
3,232
33.5
2,798
29.0
433
13.4
25,576
12,776
50.0
11,792
46.1
984
7.7
14,229
8,518
59.9
7,835
55.1
683
8.0
8,900
6,210
69.8
5,840
65.6
369
5.9
25,630
18,384
71.7
17,672
69.0
711
3.9
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population ……………
Civilian labor force ……………………………
Percent of population ……………………
Employed ……………………………………
Employment-population ratio ……………
Unemployed …………………………………
Unemployment rate ………………………
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population ……………
Civilian labor force ……………………………
Percent of population ……………………
Employed ……………………………………
Employment-population ratio ……………
Unemployed …………………………………
Unemployment rate ………………………
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population ……………
Civilian labor force ……………………………
Percent of population ……………………
Employed ……………………………………
Employment-population ratio ……………
Unemployed …………………………………
Unemployment rate ………………………
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population ……………
Civilian labor force ……………………………
Percent of population ……………………
Employed ……………………………………
Employment-population ratio ……………
Unemployed …………………………………
Unemployment rate ………………………
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population ……………
Civilian labor force ……………………………
Percent of population ……………………
Employed ……………………………………
Employment-population ratio ……………
Unemployed …………………………………
Unemployment rate ………………………
See footnotes at end of table.
14
Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages—Continued
(Levels in thousands)
Employment status, sex, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity
Total, 25 years
and older
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates, no
1
college
Some college,
no degree
Associate
degree
Bachelor's
degree and
2
higher
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population ……………
Civilian labor force ……………………………
Percent of population ……………………
Employed ……………………………………
Employment-population ratio ……………
Unemployed …………………………………
Unemployment rate ………………………
23,353
15,129
64.8
13,097
56.1
2,033
13.4
3,545
1,343
37.9
1,013
28.6
330
24.6
8,176
5,088
62.2
4,298
52.6
790
15.5
4,563
3,233
70.8
2,792
61.2
440
13.6
2,314
1,727
74.6
1,519
65.6
208
12.1
4,755
3,738
78.6
3,474
73.1
264
7.1
10,372
7,112
68.6
6,031
58.1
1,082
15.2
1,638
717
43.8
532
32.5
185
25.9
3,953
2,676
67.7
2,225
56.3
451
16.9
1,973
1,462
74.1
1,235
62.6
228
15.6
880
684
77.8
591
67.2
93
13.6
1,929
1,573
81.6
1,449
75.1
124
7.9
12,981
8,017
61.8
7,066
54.4
951
11.9
1,907
626
32.8
481
25.2
145
23.1
4,223
2,412
57.1
2,073
49.1
339
14.0
2,590
1,770
68.3
1,558
60.1
212
12.0
1,435
1,043
72.7
928
64.7
115
11.1
2,826
2,165
76.6
2,026
71.7
140
6.4
9,848
6,726
68.3
6,300
64.0
426
6.3
1,097
463
42.2
419
38.2
44
9.5
2,072
1,265
61.1
1,169
56.4
96
7.6
1,015
707
69.6
650
64.0
57
8.0
637
460
72.2
430
67.6
30
6.5
5,027
3,831
76.2
3,632
72.2
199
5.2
4,626
3,636
78.6
3,419
73.9
217
6.0
441
249
56.6
226
51.2
24
9.5
880
647
73.5
596
67.8
51
7.8
517
382
73.9
346
67.0
36
9.3
281
228
81.0
215
76.6
12
5.4
2,506
2,129
85.0
2,035
81.2
94
4.4
5,223
3,091
59.2
2,882
55.2
209
6.8
656
214
32.6
193
29.5
20
9.6
1,192
618
51.9
573
48.0
45
7.3
498
325
65.2
304
60.9
21
6.5
355
232
65.3
215
60.4
17
7.5
2,521
1,702
67.5
1,597
63.4
105
6.2
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population ……………
Civilian labor force ……………………………
Percent of population ……………………
Employed ……………………………………
Employment-population ratio ……………
Unemployed …………………………………
Unemployment rate ………………………
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population ……………
Civilian labor force ……………………………
Percent of population ……………………
Employed ……………………………………
Employment-population ratio ……………
Unemployed …………………………………
Unemployment rate ………………………
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population ……………
Civilian labor force ……………………………
Percent of population ……………………
Employed ……………………………………
Employment-population ratio ……………
Unemployed …………………………………
Unemployment rate ………………………
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population ……………
Civilian labor force ……………………………
Percent of population ……………………
Employed ……………………………………
Employment-population ratio ……………
Unemployed …………………………………
Unemployment rate ………………………
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population ……………
Civilian labor force ……………………………
Percent of population ……………………
Employed ……………………………………
Employment-population ratio ……………
Unemployed …………………………………
Unemployment rate ………………………
See footnotes at end of table.
15
Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages—Continued
(Levels in thousands)
Employment status, sex, race, and Hispanic
or Latino ethnicity
Total, 25 years
and older
Less than a
high school
diploma
High school
graduates, no
1
college
Some college,
no degree
Associate
degree
Bachelor's
degree and
2
higher
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population ……………
Civilian labor force ……………………………
Percent of population ……………………
Employed ……………………………………
Employment-population ratio ……………
Unemployed …………………………………
Unemployment rate ………………………
26,838
18,915
70.5
17,059
63.6
1,856
9.8
9,612
5,859
61.0
5,156
53.6
703
12.0
8,000
5,813
72.7
5,216
65.2
597
10.3
3,622
2,770
76.5
2,513
69.4
257
9.3
1,844
1,444
78.3
1,317
71.4
127
8.8
3,761
3,030
80.6
2,857
76.0
173
5.7
13,663
11,219
82.1
10,151
74.3
1,068
9.5
5,021
3,919
78.1
3,487
69.5
432
11.0
4,213
3,519
83.5
3,158
74.9
361
10.3
1,798
1,512
84.1
1,377
76.6
134
8.9
810
689
85.1
636
78.6
53
7.7
1,821
1,580
86.8
1,492
81.9
88
5.6
13,175
7,696
58.4
6,908
52.4
788
10.2
4,591
1,939
42.2
1,669
36.3
271
14.0
3,787
2,294
60.6
2,058
54.4
235
10.3
1,824
1,258
69.0
1,136
62.3
123
9.7
1,034
754
73.0
681
65.8
74
9.8
1,939
1,450
74.8
1,365
70.4
86
5.9
Men
Civilian noninstitutional population ……………
Civilian labor force ……………………………
Percent of population ……………………
Employed ……………………………………
Employment-population ratio ……………
Unemployed …………………………………
Unemployment rate ………………………
Women
Civilian noninstitutional population ……………
Civilian labor force ……………………………
Percent of population ……………………
Employed ……………………………………
Employment-population ratio ……………
Unemployed …………………………………
Unemployment rate ………………………
1
2
Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
16
Table 7. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages
Occupation and sex
Total
Total, 16 years and older (thousands) …………………………………………… 139,869
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
114,690
15,051
6,867
20,269
Percent ………………………………………………………………………………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations ………………………
Management, business, and financial operations occupations …………
Management occupations …………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations …………………………
37.6
15.4
10.9
4.5
38.3
16.1
11.6
4.5
29.2
10.5
6.4
4.1
46.9
16.2
10.1
6.1
19.5
8.2
5.8
2.4
Professional and related occupations ………………………………………
Computer and mathematical occupations ………………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations ………………………………
Life, physical, and social science occupations …………………………
Community and social service occupations ……………………………
Legal occupations …………………………………………………………
Education, training, and library occupations ……………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations …………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ………………………
22.1
2.6
2.0
0.9
1.7
1.3
6.2
2.0
5.5
22.2
2.3
2.1
0.9
1.6
1.3
6.4
2.1
5.4
18.7
1.7
1.0
0.6
2.8
0.9
5.5
1.1
5.1
30.8
8.7
3.6
1.9
1.0
1.0
4.4
1.5
8.7
11.3
1.0
0.9
0.4
1.2
0.5
3.5
1.2
2.6
Service occupations ……………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations ……………………………………………
Protective service occupations ………………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations ………………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations …………
Personal care and service occupations ……………………………………
17.7
2.4
2.3
5.5
3.9
3.6
16.6
2.0
2.2
5.3
3.9
3.3
25.4
5.5
3.7
6.5
5.0
4.7
17.7
2.1
1.0
6.6
2.4
5.5
25.7
2.3
2.0
8.3
9.4
3.6
Sales and office occupations ……………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations ………………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations ……………………………
23.6
11.0
12.7
23.6
11.1
12.5
24.9
10.0
14.9
21.3
10.8
10.5
21.6
9.5
12.0
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ……………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations …………………………………
Construction and extraction occupations ……………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations …………………………
9.3
0.7
5.1
3.5
10.1
0.8
5.6
3.7
5.6
0.3
2.8
2.6
3.8
0.2
1.5
2.0
16.3
2.1
10.3
3.8
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ………………
Production occupations ………………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations …………………………
11.8
5.8
5.9
11.4
5.7
5.7
14.9
5.9
9.0
10.2
6.9
3.3
17.0
8.7
8.3
See note at end of table.
17
Table 7. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual
averages—Continued
Occupation and sex
Black or
African
American
White
Men, 16 years and older (thousands) ……………………………………………
74,290
61,920
6,953
3,703
12,049
Percent ………………………………………………………………………………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations ………………………
Management, business, and financial operations occupations …………
Management occupations …………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations …………………………
34.4
16.5
12.7
3.8
34.9
17.4
13.5
3.9
23.5
9.7
6.7
3.0
49.1
16.9
11.8
5.0
15.6
7.7
6.0
1.7
Professional and related occupations ………………………………………
Computer and mathematical occupations ………………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations ………………………………
Life, physical, and social science occupations …………………………
Community and social service occupations ……………………………
Legal occupations …………………………………………………………
Education, training, and library occupations ……………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations …………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ………………………
17.9
3.6
3.2
0.9
1.1
1.2
3.1
2.0
2.7
17.6
3.3
3.3
0.9
1.0
1.3
3.1
2.1
2.5
13.8
2.2
1.7
0.7
2.2
0.6
2.6
1.5
2.3
32.3
12.4
5.6
1.7
0.7
0.9
3.5
1.6
5.9
7.9
1.4
1.3
0.4
0.7
0.3
1.4
1.2
1.3
Service occupations ……………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations ……………………………………………
Protective service occupations ………………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations ………………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations …………
Personal care and service occupations ……………………………………
14.7
0.6
3.4
4.8
4.5
1.4
13.8
0.4
3.3
4.4
4.4
1.3
22.3
1.6
5.5
6.7
6.2
2.4
14.2
0.8
1.6
6.7
2.6
2.6
21.9
0.5
2.6
8.1
9.3
1.3
Sales and office occupations ……………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations ………………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations ……………………………
16.8
10.4
6.3
16.6
10.7
5.9
18.0
8.2
9.8
17.1
10.4
6.7
14.6
7.8
6.8
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ……………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations …………………………………
Construction and extraction occupations ……………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations …………………………
16.8
1.1
9.4
6.3
17.9
1.2
10.1
6.6
11.6
0.5
5.9
5.3
6.5
0.2
2.8
3.5
26.1
2.8
17.1
6.2
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ………………
Production occupations ………………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations …………………………
17.4
7.8
9.5
16.8
7.8
9.0
24.6
8.1
16.5
13.0
7.8
5.3
21.8
9.8
12.0
See note at end of table.
18
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Total
Table 7. Employed people by occupation, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual
averages—Continued
Occupation and sex
Women, 16 years and older (thousands) ………………………………………
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
65,579
52,770
8,098
3,165
8,220
Percent ………………………………………………………………………………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Management, professional, and related occupations ………………………
Management, business, and financial operations occupations …………
Management occupations …………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations …………………………
41.2
14.2
8.9
5.3
42.3
14.7
9.4
5.3
34.1
11.2
6.1
5.1
44.4
15.4
8.1
7.2
25.2
8.9
5.4
3.5
Professional and related occupations ………………………………………
Computer and mathematical occupations ………………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations ………………………………
Life, physical, and social science occupations …………………………
Community and social service occupations ……………………………
Legal occupations …………………………………………………………
Education, training, and library occupations ……………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations …………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ………………………
27.0
1.4
0.6
0.9
2.3
1.3
9.7
2.0
8.8
27.6
1.2
0.6
0.9
2.2
1.4
10.2
2.2
8.8
22.9
1.2
0.3
0.6
3.4
1.1
8.0
0.8
7.6
29.0
4.4
1.1
2.1
1.2
1.1
5.6
1.4
12.1
16.3
0.5
0.3
0.4
2.0
0.8
6.7
1.3
4.4
Service occupations ……………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations ……………………………………………
Protective service occupations ………………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations ………………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations …………
Personal care and service occupations ……………………………………
21.1
4.5
1.0
6.4
3.3
6.0
19.9
3.8
0.9
6.4
3.2
5.6
28.0
8.8
2.2
6.3
4.0
6.6
21.8
3.7
0.3
6.6
2.3
8.9
31.2
4.9
1.0
8.7
9.6
7.0
Sales and office occupations ……………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations ………………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations ……………………………
31.4
11.6
19.9
31.8
11.6
20.2
30.8
11.5
19.3
26.3
11.4
14.9
31.8
12.2
19.6
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ……………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations …………………………………
Construction and extraction occupations ……………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations …………………………
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.9
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.3
1.8
1.1
0.4
0.3
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ………………
Production occupations ………………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations …………………………
5.4
3.5
1.9
5.1
3.3
1.8
6.7
4.1
2.6
6.9
6.0
0.9
10.1
7.1
3.0
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Effective with January 2011 data,
occupations reflect the introduction of the 2010 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational
Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2011 are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years. More information
about the change in classification is available online at http://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#oi.
19
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Percent of total employed
Total
employed
White
Black or
African
American
Total, 16 years and over ……………………………………………………………
139,869
82.0
10.8
4.9
14.5
Management, professional, and related occupations ……………………………
52,547
83.6
8.4
6.1
7.5
Management, business, and financial operations occupations ………………
21,589
85.7
7.3
5.1
7.7
Management occupations ………………………………………………………
Chief executives ………………………………………………………………
General and operations managers …………………………………………
Legislators ……………………………………………………………………
Advertising and promotions managers ……………………………………
Marketing and sales managers ……………………………………………
Public relations and fundraising managers …………………………………
Administrative services managers …………………………………………
Computer and information systems managers ……………………………
Financial managers …………………………………………………………
Compensation and benefits managers ……………………………………
Human resources managers …………………………………………………
Training and development managers ………………………………………
Industrial production managers ……………………………………………
Purchasing managers ………………………………………………………
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers ………………………
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers ……………………
Construction managers ………………………………………………………
Education administrators ……………………………………………………
Architectural and engineering managers …………………………………
Food service managers ………………………………………………………
Funeral service managers ……………………………………………………
Gaming managers ……………………………………………………………
Lodging managers ……………………………………………………………
Medical and health services managers ……………………………………
Natural sciences managers …………………………………………………
Postmasters and mail superintendents ……………………………………
Property, real estate, and community association managers ……………
Social and community service managers …………………………………
Emergency management directors …………………………………………
Managers, all other ……………………………………………………………
15,250
1,515
978
16
87
1,009
63
128
553
1,107
21
243
38
259
204
254
978
926
853
106
1,051
13
23
148
529
16
40
587
329
5
3,173
87.3
92.7
89.7
–
94.3
87.1
95.2
87.5
79.4
86.3
–
85.6
–
89.6
85.3
87.4
96.2
94.1
81.7
91.5
79.2
–
–
77.7
80.9
–
–
85.5
84.5
–
86.7
6.3
2.7
6.6
–
1.6
5.6
2.8
6.9
5.7
6.5
–
11.3
–
3.9
8.8
8.7
0.9
3.0
13.3
1.3
9.2
–
–
7.0
11.2
–
–
8.8
11.3
–
5.9
4.6
3.0
2.7
–
1.5
5.6
0.4
2.2
12.9
5.8
–
2.1
–
5.1
2.1
3.0
0.8
1.5
2.9
5.9
9.2
–
–
13.4
5.0
–
–
3.1
2.6
–
5.4
7.7
4.1
7.6
–
5.6
6.6
3.1
7.3
3.8
8.7
–
9.5
–
8.9
8.8
8.9
4.1
9.7
6.5
4.7
13.9
–
–
8.1
8.4
–
–
8.8
6.9
–
8.6
Business and financial operations occupations ………………………………
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes ……
Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products ……………………………
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products ………………………
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products ………
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators ……………
Compliance officers …………………………………………………………
Cost estimators ………………………………………………………………
Human resources workers …………………………………………………
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists ……………………
Training and development specialists ………………………………………
Logisticians ……………………………………………………………………
Management analysts ………………………………………………………
Meeting, convention, and event planners …………………………………
Fundraisers ……………………………………………………………………
Market research analysts and marketing specialists ……………………
Business operations specialists, all other …………………………………
Accountants and auditors ……………………………………………………
6,339
48
12
170
259
296
198
119
595
65
130
88
707
109
78
205
281
1,653
81.8
–
–
89.4
85.3
79.1
82.3
93.3
78.5
84.6
79.2
88.6
83.0
84.4
91.0
85.9
82.2
79.5
9.8
–
–
4.2
8.7
16.5
10.9
2.7
15.1
10.7
13.6
7.3
6.8
11.6
3.9
5.2
12.2
8.5
6.6
–
–
4.7
3.5
2.3
3.8
2.3
4.4
2.3
4.4
1.7
8.5
2.0
3.0
7.3
4.5
10.3
7.8
–
–
11.8
5.3
9.5
9.4
6.0
10.5
5.2
8.5
12.3
4.5
12.4
3.7
6.3
8.7
7.6
Occupation
See note at end of table.
20
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual
averages—Continued
(Levels in thousands)
Percent of total employed
Total
employed
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Appraisers and assessors of real estate ……………………………………
Budget analysts ………………………………………………………………
Credit analysts …………………………………………………………………
Financial analysts ……………………………………………………………
Personal financial advisors …………………………………………………
Insurance underwriters ………………………………………………………
Financial examiners …………………………………………………………
Credit counselors and loan officers …………………………………………
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents ………………………
Tax preparers …………………………………………………………………
Financial specialists, all other ………………………………………………
88
53
24
84
371
117
8
326
70
110
77
90.9
69.8
–
79.8
86.5
84.6
–
81.0
67.1
81.8
68.8
3.7
20.1
–
6.0
6.8
10.7
–
12.1
24.2
9.8
16.4
1.6
8.9
–
13.4
5.6
3.0
–
5.5
8.6
5.8
11.2
0.0
3.6
–
2.7
6.7
3.0
–
11.4
10.8
11.9
7.5
Professional and related occupations ……………………………………………
30,957
82.1
9.1
6.8
7.4
Computer and mathematical occupations ……………………………………
Computer and information research scientists ……………………………
Computer systems analysts …………………………………………………
Information security analysts ………………………………………………
Computer programmers ………………………………………………………
Software developers, applications and systems software ………………
Web developers ………………………………………………………………
Computer support specialists ………………………………………………
Database administrators ……………………………………………………
Network and computer systems administrators ……………………………
Computer network architects ………………………………………………
Computer occupations, all other ……………………………………………
Actuaries ………………………………………………………………………
Mathematicians ………………………………………………………………
Operations research analysts ………………………………………………
Statisticians ……………………………………………………………………
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations ………………………
3,608
20
447
44
459
1,044
182
461
134
233
98
306
18
2
116
37
6
74.7
–
76.7
–
78.0
66.9
80.8
77.0
76.9
82.0
81.6
77.8
–
–
76.7
–
–
6.9
–
7.1
–
4.3
4.8
5.9
11.8
9.2
6.2
3.1
8.8
–
–
14.5
–
–
16.6
–
14.9
–
15.4
27.1
11.1
8.7
11.8
10.0
13.9
11.9
–
–
6.5
–
–
5.7
–
4.4
–
5.8
4.6
6.9
7.5
9.0
7.2
7.0
6.5
–
–
4.1
–
–
Architecture and engineering occupations ……………………………………
Architects, except naval ………………………………………………………
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists ………………………
Aerospace engineers …………………………………………………………
Agricultural engineers ………………………………………………………
Biomedical engineers …………………………………………………………
Chemical engineers …………………………………………………………
Civil engineers …………………………………………………………………
Computer hardware engineers ………………………………………………
Electrical and electronics engineers ………………………………………
Environmental engineers ……………………………………………………
Industrial engineers, including health and safety …………………………
Marine engineers and naval architects ……………………………………
Materials engineers …………………………………………………………
Mechanical engineers ………………………………………………………
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers …
Nuclear engineers ……………………………………………………………
Petroleum engineers …………………………………………………………
Engineers, all other ……………………………………………………………
Drafters …………………………………………………………………………
Engineering technicians, except drafters …………………………………
Surveying and mapping technicians ………………………………………
2,785
181
42
144
1
12
74
383
77
309
45
174
9
32
322
11
20
25
337
147
376
62
84.5
90.6
–
85.4
–
–
81.1
86.9
76.6
80.3
–
87.9
–
–
81.7
–
–
–
82.8
93.2
80.9
95.2
5.2
1.6
–
5.7
–
–
5.5
4.3
3.1
4.8
–
2.3
–
–
5.7
–
–
–
5.7
2.1
11.3
1.7
8.8
5.5
–
8.0
–
–
13.8
7.8
19.1
12.0
–
7.0
–
–
12.0
–
–
–
10.5
3.9
6.7
1.9
6.4
4.1
–
8.2
–
–
5.1
4.7
5.2
7.4
–
8.6
–
–
3.9
–
–
–
4.7
8.4
9.4
10.0
Occupation
See note at end of table.
21
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual
averages—Continued
(Levels in thousands)
Percent of total employed
Total
employed
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Life, physical, and social science occupations ………………………………
Agricultural and food scientists ………………………………………………
Biological scientists …………………………………………………………
Conservation scientists and foresters ………………………………………
Medical scientists ……………………………………………………………
Life scientists, all other ………………………………………………………
Astronomers and physicists …………………………………………………
Atmospheric and space scientists …………………………………………
Chemists and materials scientists …………………………………………
Environmental scientists and geoscientists ………………………………
Physical scientists, all other …………………………………………………
Economists ……………………………………………………………………
Survey researchers …………………………………………………………
Psychologists …………………………………………………………………
Sociologists ……………………………………………………………………
Urban and regional planners …………………………………………………
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers ………………………
Agricultural and food science technicians …………………………………
Biological technicians …………………………………………………………
Chemical technicians …………………………………………………………
Geological and petroleum technicians ……………………………………
Nuclear technicians …………………………………………………………
Social science research assistants …………………………………………
Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians ……………
1,303
39
114
28
156
0
20
7
88
98
152
23
3
197
4
26
60
24
21
77
10
3
3
151
81.3
–
77.2
–
68.6
–
–
–
77.3
89.8
71.1
–
–
91.4
–
–
85.0
–
–
85.7
–
–
–
76.2
7.3
–
7.7
–
5.2
–
–
–
9.5
4.9
6.7
–
–
5.1
–
–
10.7
–
–
9.1
–
–
–
11.1
9.8
–
13.5
–
25.1
–
–
–
11.5
0.6
19.9
–
–
2.9
–
–
4.4
–
–
5.1
–
–
–
9.4
5.9
–
6.8
–
7.0
–
–
–
4.6
3.0
2.9
–
–
5.9
–
–
9.4
–
–
14.3
–
–
–
6.5
Community and social service occupations …………………………………
Counselors ……………………………………………………………………
Social workers …………………………………………………………………
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists …………………
Social and human service assistants ………………………………………
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists,
including health educators and community health workers ……………
Clergy …………………………………………………………………………
Directors, religious activities and education ………………………………
Religious workers, all other …………………………………………………
2,352
732
769
94
131
76.3
75.7
72.6
69.1
73.3
18.1
18.7
22.8
22.5
18.0
2.8
2.8
2.4
0.6
2.6
10.7
11.2
11.2
13.5
19.0
83
414
44
85
75.9
82.4
–
88.2
17.6
11.3
–
8.5
2.9
4.1
–
3.0
10.9
6.8
–
8.6
Legal occupations ………………………………………………………………
Lawyers ………………………………………………………………………
Judicial law clerks ……………………………………………………………
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers …………………………
Paralegals and legal assistants ……………………………………………
Miscellaneous legal support workers ………………………………………
1,770
1,085
5
67
404
209
87.0
88.9
–
85.1
83.9
83.7
7.3
5.3
–
11.5
11.0
9.3
3.9
4.2
–
1.1
3.0
4.3
5.4
3.2
–
8.3
8.3
10.5
Education, training, and library occupations …………………………………
Postsecondary teachers ……………………………………………………
Preschool and kindergarten teachers ………………………………………
Elementary and middle school teachers ……………………………………
Secondary school teachers …………………………………………………
Special education teachers …………………………………………………
Other teachers and instructors ………………………………………………
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians ……………………………
Librarians ………………………………………………………………………
Library technicians ……………………………………………………………
Teacher assistants ……………………………………………………………
Other education, training, and library workers ……………………………
8,619
1,355
707
2,848
1,136
388
812
48
198
37
950
140
84.9
81.3
80.6
87.0
88.6
87.6
85.5
–
85.4
–
80.4
87.1
9.7
7.3
14.5
9.8
7.4
8.0
8.0
–
10.1
–
14.3
7.7
3.5
10.1
2.8
1.6
2.1
1.8
3.9
–
2.6
–
2.6
3.4
8.3
4.8
12.7
8.0
6.9
6.8
7.3
–
3.9
–
14.9
9.2
Occupation
See note at end of table.
22
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual
averages—Continued
(Levels in thousands)
Percent of total employed
Total
employed
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ………………
Artists and related workers …………………………………………………
Designers ………………………………………………………………………
Actors …………………………………………………………………………
Producers and directors ………………………………………………………
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers …………………………
Dancers and choreographers ………………………………………………
Musicians, singers, and related workers ……………………………………
Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other ……
Announcers ……………………………………………………………………
News analysts, reporters and correspondents ……………………………
Public relations specialists …………………………………………………
Editors …………………………………………………………………………
Technical writers ………………………………………………………………
Writers and authors …………………………………………………………
Miscellaneous media and communication workers ………………………
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators ……
Photographers …………………………………………………………………
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors ……
Media and communication equipment workers, all other …………………
2,779
180
766
28
149
272
20
191
44
53
70
158
166
60
218
89
106
148
57
3
87.9
91.1
90.6
–
87.2
89.3
–
80.6
–
86.8
82.9
88.0
90.4
88.3
90.4
77.5
84.0
89.9
82.5
–
6.0
3.8
3.6
–
8.2
5.4
–
15.1
–
8.5
9.3
6.3
4.6
4.2
4.5
7.9
9.1
3.5
8.6
–
3.6
3.8
3.2
–
3.2
2.6
–
1.2
–
1.1
5.0
2.7
3.8
4.6
3.1
12.5
6.0
2.8
5.7
–
9.1
2.8
10.5
–
7.3
9.7
–
6.6
–
24.8
11.4
9.8
3.4
4.1
3.7
30.6
10.2
9.6
4.5
–
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations …………………………
Chiropractors …………………………………………………………………
Dentists …………………………………………………………………………
Dietitians and nutritionists ……………………………………………………
Optometrists …………………………………………………………………
Pharmacists ……………………………………………………………………
Physicians and surgeons ……………………………………………………
Physician assistants …………………………………………………………
Podiatrists ……………………………………………………………………
Audiologists ……………………………………………………………………
Occupational therapists ………………………………………………………
Physical therapists ……………………………………………………………
Radiation therapists …………………………………………………………
Recreational therapists ………………………………………………………
Respiratory therapists ………………………………………………………
Speech-language pathologists ………………………………………………
Exercise physiologists ………………………………………………………
Therapists, all other …………………………………………………………
Veterinarians …………………………………………………………………
Registered nurses ……………………………………………………………
Nurse anesthetists ……………………………………………………………
Nurse midwives ………………………………………………………………
Nurse practitioners ……………………………………………………………
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other ……………………
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians …………………………
Dental hygienists ………………………………………………………………
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians …………………………
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics …………………………
Health practitioner support technologists and technicians ………………
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses ………………………
Medical records and health information technicians ………………………
Opticians, dispensing …………………………………………………………
7,740
56
181
102
28
274
822
82
6
19
112
222
14
14
134
125
2
138
71
2,706
33
5
100
26
321
148
342
185
511
560
116
51
80.5
89.3
86.2
80.4
–
76.3
77.0
87.8
–
–
88.4
85.1
–
–
82.8
94.4
–
87.0
94.4
80.4
–
–
90.0
–
74.1
93.2
86.0
92.4
76.7
69.5
77.6
88.2
10.0
1.1
1.0
15.2
–
7.1
5.3
9.6
–
–
2.7
5.2
–
–
8.1
1.5
–
8.0
1.6
10.4
–
–
7.3
–
15.3
0.5
9.0
4.5
15.1
23.7
10.6
9.4
7.8
7.9
11.0
4.5
–
15.3
16.1
2.7
–
–
7.6
8.9
–
–
5.6
1.5
–
3.2
4.0
7.3
–
–
2.4
–
8.9
5.5
4.0
0.9
5.6
3.9
9.5
1.8
6.7
1.3
5.8
8.4
–
4.4
6.6
10.1
–
–
4.6
5.0
–
–
8.5
6.4
–
6.0
5.0
5.1
–
–
8.6
–
9.4
7.2
7.2
6.4
11.0
8.3
19.6
4.8
Occupation
See note at end of table.
23
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual
averages—Continued
(Levels in thousands)
Percent of total employed
Total
employed
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians ……………………
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations ………………
167
70
70.1
84.3
16.7
9.4
11.8
5.1
9.7
5.6
Service occupations …………………………………………………………………
24,787
76.8
15.4
4.9
21.0
Healthcare support occupations …………………………………………………
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides …………………………………
Occupational therapy assistants and aides …………………………………
Physical therapist assistants and aides ………………………………………
Massage therapists ……………………………………………………………
Dental assistants ………………………………………………………………
Medical assistants ………………………………………………………………
Medical transcriptionists ………………………………………………………
Pharmacy aides …………………………………………………………………
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers ……………………
Phlebotomists ……………………………………………………………………
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical
equipment preparers …………………………………………………………
3,359
1,981
17
75
146
307
395
74
48
38
119
68.2
59.9
–
82.7
87.7
83.4
79.0
97.3
–
–
64.7
24.6
33.1
–
10.4
5.5
8.3
14.3
0.3
–
–
26.7
4.3
4.3
–
3.5
5.5
5.1
5.2
0.0
–
–
4.9
13.9
13.3
–
9.7
7.0
16.3
20.2
2.1
–
–
13.7
158
67.1
24.3
2.8
13.3
Protective service occupations ……………………………………………………
First-line supervisors of correctional officers …………………………………
First-line supervisors of police and detectives ………………………………
First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers ………………
First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other ………………
Firefighters ………………………………………………………………………
Fire inspectors ……………………………………………………………………
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers ………………………………………
Detectives and criminal investigators …………………………………………
Fish and game wardens ………………………………………………………
Parking enforcement workers …………………………………………………
Police and sheriff's patrol officers ……………………………………………
Transit and railroad police ………………………………………………………
Animal control workers …………………………………………………………
Private detectives and investigators …………………………………………
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers ……………………………
Crossing guards …………………………………………………………………
Transportation security screeners ……………………………………………
Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective
service workers ………………………………………………………………
3,210
42
107
44
111
305
20
446
151
6
7
668
8
6
92
963
59
27
77.2
–
85.0
–
80.2
95.1
–
71.5
87.4
–
–
83.8
–
–
89.1
64.1
76.3
–
17.4
–
9.3
–
17.6
2.9
–
25.1
8.9
–
–
11.5
–
–
8.3
27.2
19.7
–
2.1
–
4.0
–
1.1
0.6
–
1.9
1.2
–
–
2.0
–
–
1.2
3.6
0.0
–
12.6
–
6.7
–
11.5
10.0
–
13.0
14.9
–
–
12.7
–
–
11.5
15.4
5.5
–
146
89.7
6.2
0.3
6.3
Food preparation and serving related occupations ……………………………
Chefs and head cooks …………………………………………………………
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers ……………
Cooks ……………………………………………………………………………
Food preparation workers ………………………………………………………
Bartenders ………………………………………………………………………
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food ……
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop …………
Waiters and waitresses …………………………………………………………
Food servers, nonrestaurant ……………………………………………………
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers ………………
Dishwashers ……………………………………………………………………
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop …………………
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other ……………………
7,747
347
505
1,990
784
392
326
255
2,059
181
347
273
286
4
78.6
71.2
76.2
73.5
76.5
90.6
77.6
84.3
82.7
70.2
81.3
76.2
85.7
–
12.6
9.1
18.2
17.9
14.4
5.1
16.3
9.1
7.8
21.0
9.8
11.9
6.9
–
5.9
15.3
3.2
5.9
5.7
2.1
3.7
3.5
6.6
6.1
4.9
7.4
3.3
–
21.8
18.0
15.1
30.4
23.0
10.1
15.4
16.9
17.1
17.1
31.5
34.4
16.4
–
Occupation
See note at end of table.
24
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual
averages—Continued
(Levels in thousands)
Percent of total employed
Occupation
Total
employed
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ………………
First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers ………………
First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and
groundskeeping workers ……………………………………………………
Janitors and building cleaners …………………………………………………
Maids and housekeeping cleaners ……………………………………………
Pest control workers ……………………………………………………………
Grounds maintenance workers ………………………………………………
5,492
292
80.5
76.7
13.7
17.3
3.1
3.5
34.8
16.0
274
2,186
1,419
75
1,247
92.3
77.4
76.4
89.3
88.5
4.9
16.6
16.5
7.0
7.1
1.4
3.1
4.5
0.0
1.8
19.1
30.4
39.9
20.3
45.2
Personal care and service occupations …………………………………………
First-line supervisors of gaming workers ……………………………………
First-line supervisors of personal service workers …………………………
Animal trainers …………………………………………………………………
Nonfarm animal caretakers ……………………………………………………
Gaming services workers ………………………………………………………
Motion picture projectionists ……………………………………………………
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers …………………………………
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers ……………
Embalmers and funeral attendants ……………………………………………
Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors ………………………………
Barbers ……………………………………………………………………………
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists ………………………………
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers ………………………………
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges …………………………………
Tour and travel guides …………………………………………………………
Childcare workers ………………………………………………………………
Personal care aides ……………………………………………………………
Recreation and fitness workers ………………………………………………
Residential advisors ……………………………………………………………
Personal care and service workers, all other …………………………………
4,979
120
192
49
179
113
8
46
182
8
23
89
758
251
81
38
1,231
1,057
390
59
105
75.3
80.0
74.0
–
95.0
66.4
–
–
78.0
–
–
68.5
82.1
35.5
66.7
–
79.1
68.0
84.4
69.5
87.6
14.1
3.7
9.9
–
2.7
5.6
–
–
13.9
–
–
27.7
11.6
5.9
20.7
–
15.0
21.9
10.5
22.4
8.1
7.6
9.1
13.8
–
1.4
23.3
–
–
3.8
–
–
2.6
4.1
55.1
9.1
–
3.4
5.8
3.4
5.1
2.3
14.7
8.4
11.0
–
11.0
16.4
–
–
11.3
–
–
17.6
12.8
5.3
28.4
–
18.1
19.3
7.2
5.4
11.5
33,066
81.9
11.3
4.4
13.2
15,330
3,217
1,088
3,158
139
131
3,224
254
531
267
69
503
1,297
78
811
30
108
83.2
83.7
88.1
75.0
77.0
91.6
81.9
85.8
86.8
87.3
88.4
85.7
92.2
82.1
90.0
–
78.7
9.8
8.8
5.8
15.6
10.2
6.5
11.5
10.8
8.2
4.7
5.9
7.6
2.9
13.0
4.6
–
14.9
4.9
5.4
4.9
6.5
8.6
0.3
4.4
1.6
3.2
6.5
5.3
4.6
3.4
0.2
4.2
–
1.2
12.6
10.9
10.1
18.1
13.0
10.3
14.3
8.8
9.1
5.6
9.5
10.9
7.9
14.6
8.8
–
17.4
201
226
82.1
84.5
12.6
8.5
3.0
3.3
17.8
10.0
Sales and office occupations ………………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations ……………………………………………………
First-line supervisors of retail sales workers …………………………………
First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers ……………………………
Cashiers …………………………………………………………………………
Counter and rental clerks ………………………………………………………
Parts salespersons ………………………………………………………………
Retail salespersons ……………………………………………………………
Advertising sales agents ………………………………………………………
Insurance sales agents …………………………………………………………
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents ………………
Travel agents ……………………………………………………………………
Sales representatives, services, all other ……………………………………
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing ………………………
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters ……………………………
Real estate brokers and sales agents …………………………………………
Sales engineers …………………………………………………………………
Telemarketers ……………………………………………………………………
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and
related workers ………………………………………………………………
Sales and related workers, all other …………………………………………
See note at end of table.
25
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual
averages—Continued
(Levels in thousands)
Percent of total employed
Occupation
Office and administrative support occupations …………………………………
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers ………
Switchboard operators, including answering service ………………………
Telephone operators ……………………………………………………………
Communications equipment operators, all other ……………………………
Bill and account collectors ………………………………………………………
Billing and posting clerks ………………………………………………………
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks ………………………………
Gaming cage workers …………………………………………………………
Payroll and timekeeping clerks …………………………………………………
Procurement clerks ……………………………………………………………
Tellers ……………………………………………………………………………
Financial clerks, all other ………………………………………………………
Brokerage clerks …………………………………………………………………
Correspondence clerks …………………………………………………………
Court, municipal, and license clerks …………………………………………
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks ………………………………………
Customer service representatives ……………………………………………
Eligibility interviewers, government programs ………………………………
File clerks …………………………………………………………………………
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks …………………………………………
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan ………………………………………
Library assistants, clerical ………………………………………………………
Loan interviewers and clerks …………………………………………………
New accounts clerks ……………………………………………………………
Order clerks ………………………………………………………………………
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping ……………
Receptionists and information clerks …………………………………………
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks ……………
Information and record clerks, all other ………………………………………
Cargo and freight agents ………………………………………………………
Couriers and messengers ………………………………………………………
Dispatchers ………………………………………………………………………
Meter readers, utilities …………………………………………………………
Postal service clerks ……………………………………………………………
Postal service mail carriers ……………………………………………………
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing
machine operators ……………………………………………………………
Production, planning, and expediting clerks …………………………………
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks …………………………………………
Stock clerks and order fillers ……………………………………………………
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping ……………
Secretaries and administrative assistants ……………………………………
Computer operators ……………………………………………………………
Data entry keyers ………………………………………………………………
Word processors and typists …………………………………………………
Desktop publishers ………………………………………………………………
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks ………………………………
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service ……………
Office clerks, general ……………………………………………………………
Office machine operators, except computer …………………………………
Proofreaders and copy markers ………………………………………………
See note at end of table.
26
Total
employed
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
17,736
1,423
39
40
7
211
471
1,300
5
168
26
413
64
11
12
86
45
1,916
85
334
135
153
113
117
33
113
40
1,259
99
118
8
249
239
28
146
348
80.8
85.0
–
–
–
74.4
80.5
86.3
–
80.4
–
85.2
75.0
–
–
79.1
–
77.3
67.1
76.6
67.4
75.2
84.1
82.9
–
87.6
–
82.1
67.7
79.7
–
78.3
78.2
–
60.3
76.7
12.6
9.6
–
–
–
17.3
12.3
7.7
–
14.2
–
8.7
10.4
–
–
16.6
–
15.7
22.4
13.7
19.6
17.2
8.6
11.9
–
5.9
–
11.3
23.2
15.2
–
16.7
17.8
–
26.4
13.7
4.1
3.7
–
–
–
3.8
4.5
4.1
–
3.7
–
3.9
14.1
–
–
3.5
–
4.5
3.3
6.4
7.8
4.5
5.2
4.2
–
5.4
–
3.9
5.8
2.1
–
2.5
1.9
–
10.9
6.9
13.7
11.7
–
–
–
18.4
15.2
8.4
–
12.0
–
14.8
14.9
–
–
7.3
–
16.9
19.7
15.3
16.9
18.3
8.5
10.4
–
11.5
–
17.0
8.8
11.5
–
14.4
12.0
–
10.1
10.0
60
236
559
1,503
70
2,871
126
334
136
2
246
93
1,061
45
7
60.0
85.6
78.9
78.2
77.1
86.8
81.0
76.0
73.5
–
78.0
76.3
78.1
–
–
30.5
8.9
14.2
15.5
17.6
8.2
11.1
16.0
18.8
–
17.4
18.0
13.5
–
–
8.9
2.9
3.7
3.4
5.0
2.6
5.9
4.9
6.2
–
2.1
3.3
5.0
–
–
16.2
9.5
24.3
18.8
22.1
9.7
11.1
12.6
10.0
–
10.1
15.0
15.5
–
–
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual
averages—Continued
(Levels in thousands)
Percent of total employed
Total
employed
White
Black or
African
American
18
513
–
79.5
–
14.2
–
4.0
–
12.6
13,009
88.9
6.5
2.0
25.3
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ……………………………………
First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers ……………
Agricultural inspectors …………………………………………………………
Animal breeders …………………………………………………………………
Graders and sorters, agricultural products ……………………………………
Miscellaneous agricultural workers ……………………………………………
Fishers and related fishing workers ……………………………………………
Hunters and trappers ……………………………………………………………
Forest and conservation workers ………………………………………………
Logging workers …………………………………………………………………
1,001
52
22
10
95
708
37
2
14
61
91.8
96.2
–
–
83.2
93.6
–
–
–
90.2
4.3
1.0
–
–
12.6
2.8
–
–
–
7.0
1.4
0.0
–
–
3.6
1.3
–
–
–
0.0
43.0
23.2
–
–
51.5
49.6
–
–
–
9.1
Construction and extraction occupations ………………………………………
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers ………
Boilermakers ……………………………………………………………………
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons ………………………………
Carpenters ………………………………………………………………………
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers …………………………………
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers …………………
Construction laborers ……………………………………………………………
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators ………………………
Pile-driver operators ……………………………………………………………
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators ………
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers …………………………
Electricians ………………………………………………………………………
Glaziers …………………………………………………………………………
Insulation workers ………………………………………………………………
Painters, construction and maintenance ………………………………………
Paperhangers ……………………………………………………………………
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters …………………………
Plasterers and stucco masons …………………………………………………
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers ……………………………………………
Roofers ……………………………………………………………………………
Sheet metal workers ……………………………………………………………
Structural iron and steel workers ………………………………………………
Solar photovoltaic installers ……………………………………………………
Helpers, construction trades ……………………………………………………
Construction and building inspectors …………………………………………
Elevator installers and repairers ………………………………………………
Fence erectors …………………………………………………………………
Hazardous materials removal workers ………………………………………
Highway maintenance workers ………………………………………………
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators ……………………
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners ………………………………
Miscellaneous construction and related workers ……………………………
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining ………
Earth drillers, except oil and gas ………………………………………………
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters ……………
Mining machine operators ………………………………………………………
7,125
634
19
146
1,330
189
70
1,253
21
1
369
150
682
48
47
528
8
519
24
7
222
126
66
5
63
75
30
45
32
105
7
11
36
46
23
9
78
90.1
93.2
–
89.0
90.6
88.9
88.6
88.4
–
–
90.8
90.7
89.6
–
–
88.4
–
89.8
–
–
92.3
93.7
93.9
–
82.5
90.7
–
–
–
86.7
–
–
–
–
–
–
93.6
5.9
5.2
–
5.0
5.3
6.3
9.3
7.3
–
–
5.0
2.0
6.1
–
–
6.5
–
6.4
–
–
4.9
2.2
4.1
–
10.5
5.0
–
–
–
11.0
–
–
–
–
–
–
3.0
1.5
0.7
–
1.9
1.6
2.4
0.6
1.8
–
–
0.2
0.6
2.4
–
–
2.5
–
1.4
–
–
0.8
0.6
0.0
–
2.4
0.2
–
–
–
0.5
–
–
–
–
–
–
0.0
29.4
16.5
–
39.3
26.7
43.2
47.8
42.9
–
–
16.6
59.7
14.0
–
–
41.8
–
22.5
–
–
47.3
18.9
19.5
–
41.1
11.6
–
–
–
13.2
–
–
–
–
–
–
15.5
Occupation
Statistical assistants ……………………………………………………………
Office and administrative support workers, all other …………………………
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ………………
See note at end of table.
27
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual
averages—Continued
(Levels in thousands)
Percent of total employed
Occupation
Roof bolters, mining ……………………………………………………………
Roustabouts, oil and gas ………………………………………………………
Helpers--extraction workers ……………………………………………………
Other extraction workers ………………………………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ……………………………
First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers ………………
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers …………………
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers ………
Avionics technicians ……………………………………………………………
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers ……………………………
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers,
transportation equipment ……………………………………………………
Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility ……………………
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles ……………
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers ………
Security and fire alarm systems installers ……………………………………
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians …………………………………
Automotive body and related repairers ………………………………………
Automotive glass installers and repairers ……………………………………
Automotive service technicians and mechanics ……………………………
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists ……………………
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians
and mechanics …………………………………………………………………
Small engine mechanics ………………………………………………………
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics,
installers, and repairers ………………………………………………………
Control and valve installers and repairers ……………………………………
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers ……
Home appliance repairers ………………………………………………………
Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics ………………………………
Maintenance and repair workers, general ……………………………………
Maintenance workers, machinery ……………………………………………
Millwrights ………………………………………………………………………
Electrical power-line installers and repairers …………………………………
Telecommunications line installers and repairers ……………………………
Precision instrument and equipment repairers ………………………………
Wind turbine service technicians ………………………………………………
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers …………
Commercial divers ………………………………………………………………
Locksmiths and safe repairers …………………………………………………
Manufactured building and mobile home installers …………………………
Riggers ……………………………………………………………………………
Signal and track switch repairers ………………………………………………
Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers ……………………
Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers ………………………
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations …………………
Production occupations ……………………………………………………………
First-line supervisors of production and operating workers …………………
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers ……………
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers …………………
See note at end of table.
28
Total
employed
White
10
17
8
68
–
–
–
95.6
–
–
–
1.1
–
–
–
1.9
–
–
–
36.1
4,883
313
305
150
16
35
86.7
90.4
81.3
83.3
–
–
7.9
6.4
11.0
10.1
–
–
2.9
0.9
6.3
3.2
–
–
15.8
9.7
9.9
10.6
–
–
6
14
20
38
53
164
140
17
855
312
–
–
–
–
88.7
85.4
90.0
–
84.9
90.4
–
–
–
–
6.3
8.9
6.9
–
7.8
4.0
–
–
–
–
1.0
3.1
2.9
–
4.2
2.5
–
–
–
–
17.8
17.2
18.1
–
19.7
15.1
199
52
92.0
90.4
5.0
6.4
1.2
0.1
11.1
8.6
95
24
338
43
433
422
38
58
124
201
76
2
46
0
28
7
14
5
24
215
90.5
–
90.8
–
86.6
83.6
–
93.1
89.5
83.1
90.8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
85.6
6.3
–
5.8
–
7.1
12.2
–
4.7
8.6
12.2
5.0
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
9.2
0.1
–
1.9
–
3.8
1.9
–
0.8
0.4
1.1
2.7
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
3.0
21.0
–
16.9
–
15.2
17.4
–
3.0
11.5
17.3
21.6
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
23.3
16,461
79.5
13.7
4.3
21.0
8,142
727
20
156
80.8
85.1
–
64.7
11.0
7.7
–
13.5
5.9
5.6
–
21.5
21.6
12.7
–
20.4
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual
averages—Continued
(Levels in thousands)
Percent of total employed
Occupation
Engine and other machine assemblers ………………………………………
Structural metal fabricators and fitters ………………………………………
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators …………………………………
Bakers ……………………………………………………………………………
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers ……………
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine
operators and tenders ………………………………………………………
Food batchmakers ………………………………………………………………
Food cooking machine operators and tenders ………………………………
Food processing workers, all other ……………………………………………
Computer control programmers and operators ………………………………
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic ………………………………………………………………
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ………
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ………
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and
tenders, metal and plastic ……………………………………………………
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and
tenders, metal and plastic ……………………………………………………
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters,
operators, and tenders, metal and plastic …………………………………
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic ………………………………………………………………
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders
metal and plastic ………………………………………………………………
Machinists ………………………………………………………………………
Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters ……………………
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic ………………………
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic ………………………………………………………………
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic ………………………………………………………………
Tool and die makers ……………………………………………………………
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers ……………………………………
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic ………………………………………………………………
Layout workers, metal and plastic ……………………………………………
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic ………………………………………………………………
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners …………………………………………
Metal workers and plastic workers, all other …………………………………
Prepress technicians and workers ……………………………………………
Printing press operators ………………………………………………………
Print binding and finishing workers ……………………………………………
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers ……………………………………………
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials ……………………………
Sewing machine operators ……………………………………………………
Shoe and leather workers and repairers ………………………………………
Shoe machine operators and tenders …………………………………………
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers ……………………………………………
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders ……………
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders ……………………
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders ……
See note at end of table.
29
Total
employed
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
34
32
860
207
342
–
–
73.7
80.7
70.5
–
–
16.3
13.3
17.2
–
–
7.5
5.0
10.6
–
–
20.3
32.9
38.0
12
90
24
115
72
–
78.9
–
79.1
88.9
–
15.3
–
14.2
4.5
–
4.3
–
2.5
6.0
–
29.3
–
39.8
12.9
13
6
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
100
83.0
10.7
3.3
18.2
5
–
–
–
–
65
86.2
10.0
0.2
29.6
15
–
–
–
–
4
419
16
7
–
89.5
–
–
–
3.7
–
–
–
4.2
–
–
–
14.1
–
–
45
–
–
–
–
5
66
505
–
93.9
86.7
–
3.7
7.6
–
0.6
3.8
–
9.4
20.9
4
6
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
15
7
368
41
217
16
174
48
169
11
8
94
1
5
14
–
–
79.6
–
83.4
–
70.7
–
76.9
–
–
81.9
–
–
–
–
–
10.3
–
12.0
–
15.2
–
9.7
–
–
4.2
–
–
–
–
–
7.2
–
2.2
–
10.4
–
12.0
–
–
10.7
–
–
–
–
–
24.3
–
16.9
–
33.8
–
36.9
–
–
27.5
–
–
–
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual
averages—Continued
(Levels in thousands)
Percent of total employed
Occupation
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters,
operators, and tenders ………………………………………………………
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders,
synthetic and glass fibers ……………………………………………………
Fabric and apparel patternmakers ……………………………………………
Upholsterers ……………………………………………………………………
Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other …………………………
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters ………………………………………
Furniture finishers ………………………………………………………………
Model makers and patternmakers, wood ……………………………………
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood ……………………
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing …
Woodworkers, all other …………………………………………………………
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers ………………………
Stationary engineers and boiler operators ……………………………………
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators ……………
Miscellaneous plant and system operators …………………………………
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders ……………
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers ………………
Cutting workers …………………………………………………………………
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters,
operators, and tenders ………………………………………………………
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders ………………
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers ………………………
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers ……………………………
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians ……………………
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders ………………………
Painting workers …………………………………………………………………
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators ………
Semiconductor processors ……………………………………………………
Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders …………………………
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment
operators and tenders ………………………………………………………
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders ……………………
Etchers and engravers …………………………………………………………
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic …………………
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders ……………………
Tire builders ………………………………………………………………………
Helpers--production workers ……………………………………………………
Production workers, all other …………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations ………………………………
Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers ………………
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers ……………………………………………
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists ……………………
Flight attendants …………………………………………………………………
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency
medical technicians ……………………………………………………………
Bus drivers ………………………………………………………………………
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers ………………………………………
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs ……………………………………………………
Motor vehicle operators, all other ………………………………………………
Locomotive engineers and operators …………………………………………
See note at end of table.
30
Total
employed
White
16
–
–
–
–
1
5
47
22
66
17
1
32
20
21
50
95
71
39
65
94
84
–
–
–
–
95.5
–
–
–
–
–
88.0
83.2
83.1
–
86.2
86.2
85.7
–
–
–
–
0.3
–
–
–
–
–
5.9
13.5
11.1
–
9.8
8.1
9.8
–
–
–
–
1.5
–
–
–
–
–
2.0
3.4
0.8
–
2.4
3.9
1.2
–
–
–
–
8.0
–
–
–
–
–
6.5
17.4
10.8
–
11.3
21.0
28.5
34
11
647
41
87
288
120
43
3
9
–
–
82.7
–
81.6
78.1
83.3
–
–
–
–
–
8.1
–
7.3
13.3
10.8
–
–
–
–
–
6.0
–
9.8
5.6
3.1
–
–
–
–
–
16.4
–
13.0
40.9
23.1
–
–
–
11
3
10
37
37
20
54
777
–
–
–
–
–
–
85.2
77.7
–
–
–
–
–
–
11.2
14.7
–
–
–
–
–
–
3.4
5.3
–
–
–
–
–
–
30.6
21.5
8,318
228
121
43
88
78.3
78.1
94.2
–
86.4
16.3
16.5
2.9
–
9.3
2.7
2.3
2.4
–
3.2
20.3
13.7
3.9
–
10.4
13
573
3,059
342
62
45
–
70.5
82.7
54.4
82.3
–
–
24.6
13.7
26.7
13.5
–
–
1.6
1.6
15.6
3.4
–
–
12.7
17.6
16.0
21.2
–
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual
averages—Continued
(Levels in thousands)
Percent of total employed
Occupation
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators …………………………………
Railroad conductors and yardmasters ………………………………………
Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers ……………………
Sailors and marine oilers ………………………………………………………
Ship and boat captains and operators ………………………………………
Ship engineers …………………………………………………………………
Bridge and lock tenders …………………………………………………………
Parking lot attendants …………………………………………………………
Automotive and watercraft service attendants ………………………………
Transportation inspectors ………………………………………………………
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants …………………………
Other transportation workers …………………………………………………
Conveyor operators and tenders ………………………………………………
Crane and tower operators ……………………………………………………
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators ………………………
Hoist and winch operators ………………………………………………………
Industrial truck and tractor operators …………………………………………
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment …………………………………………
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand ……………………
Machine feeders and offbearers ………………………………………………
Packers and packagers, hand …………………………………………………
Pumping station operators ……………………………………………………
Refuse and recyclable material collectors ……………………………………
Mine shuttle car operators ………………………………………………………
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders ………………………………………………
Material moving workers, all other ……………………………………………
Total
employed
White
Black or
African
American
5
52
11
22
37
8
6
73
76
32
32
16
5
63
51
4
528
331
1,787
36
393
21
92
1
3
62
–
67.3
–
–
–
–
–
61.6
84.2
–
–
–
–
82.5
94.1
–
73.7
80.7
76.7
–
78.6
–
75.0
–
–
80.6
–
27.2
–
–
–
–
–
26.6
7.1
–
–
–
–
13.7
0.0
–
22.7
14.2
17.4
–
14.1
–
17.1
–
–
16.4
Asian
–
2.7
–
–
–
–
–
4.1
2.3
–
–
–
–
1.9
0.0
–
1.3
1.3
3.1
–
3.6
–
0.7
–
–
0.4
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
–
4.7
–
–
–
–
–
28.7
17.1
–
–
–
–
21.8
17.2
–
27.9
33.4
21.8
–
45.8
–
30.0
–
–
24.0
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented
for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet
publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000). Effective with January 2011 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the
2010 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been
revised. Data for 2011 are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years. More information about the change in classification is available online
at http://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#oi.
31
Table 9. Employed people by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages
Industry and sex
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (thousands) ………………………
139,869
114,690
15,051
6,867
20,269
Percent …………………………………………………………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture and related industries …………………………
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ……………
Construction …………………………………………………
Manufacturing ………………………………………………
Durable goods ……………………………………………
Nondurable goods ………………………………………
Wholesale and retail trade …………………………………
Wholesale trade …………………………………………
Retail trade ………………………………………………
Transportation and utilities …………………………………
Information …………………………………………………
Financial activities …………………………………………
Professional and business services ………………………
Education and health services ……………………………
Leisure and hospitality ……………………………………
Other services ………………………………………………
Other services, except private households ……………
Private households ………………………………………
Public administration ………………………………………
1.6
0.6
6.5
10.2
6.4
3.8
14.1
2.7
11.4
5.1
2.3
6.7
11.3
22.8
9.1
4.8
4.3
0.5
4.9
1.9
0.6
7.2
10.4
6.6
3.8
14.3
2.8
11.4
4.9
2.2
6.8
11.5
22.0
8.8
4.8
4.3
0.5
4.7
0.3
0.2
3.3
8.3
4.3
3.9
13.3
1.9
11.4
7.5
2.3
5.9
9.1
29.3
9.5
4.1
3.7
0.4
7.0
0.3
0.2
2.0
12.6
8.6
4.0
13.0
2.5
10.5
4.1
2.6
7.6
14.1
22.2
11.8
6.4
6.0
0.4
3.2
2.6
0.6
10.9
10.6
5.6
5.0
14.4
2.9
11.5
5.4
1.5
4.9
11.5
16.5
12.3
5.5
4.2
1.3
3.4
Men, 16 years and older (thousands) ………………………
74,290
61,920
6,953
3,703
12,049
Percent …………………………………………………………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture and related industries …………………………
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ……………
Construction …………………………………………………
Manufacturing ………………………………………………
Durable goods ……………………………………………
Nondurable goods ………………………………………
Wholesale and retail trade …………………………………
Wholesale trade …………………………………………
Retail trade ………………………………………………
Transportation and utilities …………………………………
Information …………………………………………………
Financial activities …………………………………………
Professional and business services ………………………
Education and health services ……………………………
Leisure and hospitality ……………………………………
Other services ………………………………………………
Other services, except private households ……………
Private households ………………………………………
Public administration ………………………………………
2.3
1.0
11.1
13.8
9.1
4.6
14.7
3.7
11.0
7.5
2.5
5.7
12.6
11.0
8.5
4.3
4.2
0.1
5.1
2.6
1.1
12.0
14.0
9.4
4.6
14.7
3.8
11.0
7.1
2.5
5.8
12.5
10.3
8.0
4.3
4.2
0.1
5.0
0.7
0.5
6.6
11.8
6.4
5.4
15.0
3.1
11.9
11.8
2.5
4.8
10.6
14.8
10.1
4.4
4.3
0.1
6.4
0.4
0.3
3.3
15.2
10.8
4.4
13.3
2.9
10.3
5.7
3.3
7.0
17.3
14.3
12.1
4.9
4.8
0.1
3.0
3.5
1.0
17.5
12.4
7.1
5.4
14.0
3.6
10.4
7.4
1.6
3.7
12.2
7.0
11.7
4.7
4.5
0.2
3.2
See note at end of table.
32
Table 9. Employed people by industry, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual
averages—Continued
Industry and sex
Women, 16 years and older (thousands) …………………
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
65,579
52,770
8,098
3,165
8,220
Percent …………………………………………………………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Agriculture and related industries …………………………
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ……………
Construction …………………………………………………
Manufacturing ………………………………………………
Durable goods ……………………………………………
Nondurable goods ………………………………………
Wholesale and retail trade …………………………………
Wholesale trade …………………………………………
Retail trade ………………………………………………
Transportation and utilities …………………………………
Information …………………………………………………
Financial activities …………………………………………
Professional and business services ………………………
Education and health services ……………………………
Leisure and hospitality ……………………………………
Other services ………………………………………………
Other services, except private households ……………
Private households ………………………………………
Public administration ………………………………………
0.8
0.2
1.3
6.3
3.4
2.9
13.5
1.7
11.8
2.5
1.9
7.8
9.9
36.1
9.8
5.3
4.3
1.0
4.7
1.0
0.2
1.4
6.2
3.4
2.9
13.8
1.8
12.0
2.3
1.9
8.0
10.2
35.6
9.7
5.4
4.3
1.0
4.3
0.1
0.1
0.5
5.2
2.6
2.7
11.9
0.9
11.0
3.8
2.1
6.7
7.8
41.7
8.9
3.8
3.2
0.7
7.4
0.3
0.1
0.4
9.5
5.9
3.6
12.7
2.1
10.6
2.1
1.7
8.2
10.5
31.4
11.5
8.2
7.5
0.7
3.3
1.3
0.1
1.1
7.9
3.5
4.4
14.9
1.9
13.0
2.5
1.3
6.7
10.3
30.4
13.2
6.7
3.8
2.8
3.7
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are
not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
33
Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2011 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Family type and employment status of family members
Total
White
Total families ……………………………………………………………………………
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
78,362
63,635
9,370
3,559
10,902
With at least one family member employed ………………………………………
As a percent of total families ………………………………………………………
62,529
79.8
51,030
80.2
6,954
74.2
3,131
88.0
9,178
84.2
With at least one family member unemployed ……………………………………
As a percent of total families ……………………………………………………
9,043
11.5
6,608
10.4
1,767
18.9
389
10.9
1,781
16.3
Some family member(s) employed ………………………………………………
As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed …………
6,079
67.2
4,627
70.0
985
55.7
298
76.4
1,226
68.8
Some family member(s) employed full time …………………………………
As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed …………
5,211
57.6
3,964
60.0
835
47.3
270
69.4
1,030
57.8
Married-couple families …………………………………………………………………
57,920
49,164
4,193
2,861
6,805
With at least one family member employed ………………………………………
As a percent of total families ………………………………………………………
46,910
81.9
39,997
81.4
3,444
82.1
2,557
89.4
6,043
88.8
With at least one family member unemployed ……………………………………
As a percent of total families ……………………………………………………
5,576
9.6
4,448
9.0
691
16.5
294
10.3
1,071
15.7
Some family member(s) employed ………………………………………………
As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed …………
4,413
79.2
3,529
79.3
533
77.2
242
82.3
852
79.5
Some family member(s) employed full time …………………………………
As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed …………
3,861
69.2
3,070
69.0
473
68.5
222
75.5
722
67.4
Families maintained by women ………………………………………………………
15,147
9,973
4,219
438
2,723
With at least one family member employed ………………………………………
As a percent of total families ………………………………………………………
10,867
71.7
7,344
73.6
2,824
66.9
352
80.5
1,955
71.8
With at least one family member unemployed ……………………………………
As a percent of total families ……………………………………………………
2,498
16.5
1,470
14.7
875
20.7
55
12.6
478
17.6
Some family member(s) employed ………………………………………………
As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed …………
1,146
45.9
716
48.7
356
40.6
32
57.8
236
49.4
Some family member(s) employed full time …………………………………
As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed …………
908
36.3
571
38.8
279
31.9
27
49.1
188
39.3
Families maintained by men ……………………………………………………………
5,926
4,498
958
260
1,374
With at least one family member employed ………………………………………
As a percent of total families ………………………………………………………
4,752
80.2
3,689
82.0
685
71.6
222
85.4
1,180
85.9
With at least one family member unemployed ……………………………………
As a percent of total families ……………………………………………………
970
16.4
690
15.3
201
21.0
41
15.8
232
16.9
Some family member(s) employed ………………………………………………
As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed …………
520
53.6
382
55.3
96
47.9
24
59.1
139
59.8
Some family member(s) employed full time …………………………………
As a percent of families with at least one member unemployed …………
443
45.7
324
47.0
83
41.3
21
51.2
120
51.7
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented
for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
34
Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 1994–2011 annual averages
(Percent)
Total
Year
Total
Men
White
Women
Total
Men
Black or African American
Women
Total
Men
Women
With no children under 18 years
1994…………
60.2
67.1
53.6
60.6
67.7
53.8
57.2
62.0
52.4
1995…………
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
60.2
60.1
60.4
60.3
60.4
67.0
66.8
67.0
67.0
66.8
53.5
53.5
53.8
53.9
54.1
60.5
60.5
60.8
60.6
60.7
67.6
67.6
67.8
67.6
67.5
53.6
53.6
53.8
53.8
53.9
57.5
56.9
57.3
58.0
58.3
62.3
61.5
61.2
62.0
62.1
52.7
52.3
53.5
54.2
54.6
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
60.6
60.4
60.0
59.7
59.6
67.0
66.7
66.2
65.4
65.3
54.3
54.3
53.9
54.1
54.0
60.9
60.8
60.4
60.1
60.0
67.7
67.4
66.8
66.1
66.1
54.3
54.3
54.0
54.1
54.0
58.4
57.9
56.8
56.5
56.4
62.5
61.7
61.0
60.0
59.5
54.5
54.4
52.7
53.2
53.5
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
59.8
60.0
59.8
59.9
59.3
65.5
65.8
65.6
65.6
64.6
54.2
54.2
54.0
54.3
54.0
60.1
60.4
60.3
60.3
59.9
66.2
66.5
66.4
66.3
65.4
54.1
54.2
54.1
54.3
54.3
57.3
57.1
56.5
56.9
55.9
60.8
60.5
60.1
60.4
59.3
53.9
53.9
53.0
53.6
52.7
2010…………
2011…………
58.7
58.1
63.8
63.1
53.6
53.0
59.1
58.6
64.5
63.8
53.7
53.2
56.0
55.1
59.1
58.4
52.9
51.8
With children under 18 years
1994…………
79.8
94.1
69.0
80.9
94.8
69.5
74.9
89.5
68.4
1995…………
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
80.3
81.1
81.8
81.8
82.0
94.1
94.5
94.6
94.6
94.6
69.8
70.8
71.9
71.8
72.2
81.3
81.8
82.4
82.2
82.3
94.9
95.3
95.4
95.3
95.4
70.3
70.7
71.7
71.3
71.5
76.3
78.5
79.6
81.0
82.0
89.6
89.7
89.6
90.4
89.3
70.3
73.3
75.0
76.7
78.5
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
82.1
81.9
81.6
81.2
80.7
94.7
94.6
94.3
94.1
94.1
72.3
72.1
71.8
71.1
70.4
82.3
82.2
81.9
81.4
81.1
95.3
95.3
94.8
94.7
94.8
71.6
71.5
71.1
70.3
69.8
82.2
81.8
81.9
81.5
80.5
90.3
89.7
90.3
89.7
88.4
78.2
77.9
77.7
77.5
76.5
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
80.7
81.0
81.4
81.5
81.3
94.1
94.1
94.3
94.1
93.8
70.5
70.9
71.0
71.4
71.4
81.1
81.4
81.7
81.8
81.8
94.8
94.9
95.0
94.8
94.5
69.8
70.2
70.3
70.8
70.9
80.4
80.5
81.2
81.1
80.2
88.7
88.1
89.6
89.7
87.7
76.3
76.9
76.6
76.7
76.3
2010…………
2011…………
80.9
80.6
93.7
93.5
70.8
70.6
81.4
81.1
94.5
94.3
70.5
70.2
79.7
79.6
89.0
87.9
74.9
75.3
See note at end of table.
35
Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 1994–2011 annual averages—Continued
(Percent)
Total
Year
Total
Men
White
Women
Total
Men
Black or African American
Women
Total
Men
Women
With children 6 to 17 years, none younger
1994…………
83.5
93.1
76.1
84.3
93.9
76.5
79.6
88.0
75.5
1995…………
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
83.7
84.5
84.7
84.5
84.8
93.0
93.5
93.6
93.5
93.4
76.6
77.5
77.9
77.6
78.2
84.6
85.3
85.4
84.9
85.4
93.7
94.4
94.4
94.2
94.4
77.2
77.7
78.0
77.3
78.1
80.1
81.3
81.8
83.1
83.2
88.1
87.9
88.1
88.2
86.7
76.4
78.1
78.7
80.6
81.4
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
85.1
85.0
84.8
84.5
84.1
93.5
93.6
93.3
93.1
93.1
78.7
78.3
78.2
77.8
77.3
85.7
85.5
85.1
84.7
84.5
94.3
94.5
94.0
93.7
93.9
78.6
78.1
77.8
77.3
76.9
83.3
83.3
84.3
84.0
82.7
87.8
87.5
89.2
88.0
86.3
81.0
81.1
81.8
82.1
80.9
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
83.7
83.8
84.3
84.3
84.2
93.0
93.1
93.2
93.1
92.7
76.5
76.7
77.2
77.3
77.3
84.1
84.3
84.6
84.7
84.7
93.8
94.0
94.0
93.9
93.7
76.3
76.3
76.7
77.0
77.0
82.4
82.4
83.7
83.1
82.2
86.9
85.7
87.7
87.8
85.7
80.2
80.8
81.5
80.6
80.3
2010…………
2011…………
83.7
83.3
92.8
92.6
76.5
76.1
84.2
83.9
93.6
93.5
76.3
76.0
81.9
81.5
87.1
86.5
79.2
78.8
With children under 6 years
1994…………
75.8
95.2
61.2
77.1
95.9
61.6
70.0
91.3
61.2
1995…………
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
76.6
77.2
78.3
78.6
78.5
95.5
95.6
95.8
96.1
96.1
62.3
63.2
64.8
64.9
64.8
77.7
77.9
78.8
78.9
78.5
96.1
96.3
96.5
96.6
96.7
62.6
62.7
64.1
64.1
63.4
72.0
75.4
77.1
78.5
80.6
91.4
91.9
91.3
93.0
92.5
63.9
68.2
70.8
72.0
74.9
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
78.4
78.1
77.7
77.2
76.5
96.1
95.8
95.5
95.4
95.4
64.6
64.3
63.7
62.8
61.8
78.2
78.1
77.9
77.3
76.8
96.5
96.2
95.9
96.0
96.0
63.0
63.0
62.7
61.5
60.7
80.9
80.0
78.9
78.2
77.6
93.3
92.5
91.8
92.1
91.1
74.9
73.9
72.5
71.8
70.8
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
77.0
77.5
77.8
77.9
77.8
95.4
95.4
95.7
95.4
95.1
62.8
63.5
63.3
64.0
64.2
77.2
77.7
77.9
78.0
78.1
96.1
95.9
96.2
95.9
95.6
61.6
62.5
62.3
62.9
63.3
77.8
78.0
77.9
78.6
77.7
91.2
91.1
92.3
92.4
90.4
71.4
71.8
70.4
71.7
71.4
2010…………
2011…………
77.5
77.4
94.7
94.5
63.9
63.9
78.0
77.7
95.5
95.2
63.4
63.0
77.1
77.4
91.3
89.7
69.8
71.1
See note at end of table.
36
Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity, 1994–2011 annual averages—Continued
(Percent)
Total
Year
Total
Men
White
Women
Total
Men
Black or African American
Women
Total
Men
Women
With children under 3 years
1994…………
74.0
95.3
57.7
75.6
96.0
58.6
66.0
91.5
55.6
1995…………
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
74.8
75.4
76.6
77.2
77.0
95.5
95.8
95.9
96.2
96.4
58.9
59.4
61.4
61.9
61.5
76.0
76.2
77.5
77.7
77.0
96.2
96.5
96.5
96.7
97.0
59.2
59.2
61.4
61.5
60.1
68.9
72.1
73.6
75.8
78.7
90.9
92.2
92.1
93.2
92.4
60.0
63.1
65.1
67.5
72.0
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
76.3
76.0
76.1
75.2
74.4
96.4
95.9
95.8
95.7
95.7
60.4
60.2
60.2
58.9
57.5
76.3
76.1
76.3
75.6
74.9
96.7
96.4
96.2
96.2
96.3
59.0
58.9
59.2
57.8
56.8
77.6
77.3
76.9
74.7
74.7
93.6
92.6
93.2
91.4
91.0
69.8
69.7
68.6
67.0
66.4
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
74.8
75.8
75.6
76.1
76.1
95.5
95.5
95.9
95.7
95.0
58.4
60.2
59.2
60.4
61.1
75.1
76.2
76.0
76.4
76.6
96.4
96.2
96.4
96.2
95.5
57.2
59.3
58.3
59.4
60.5
74.7
75.0
74.8
75.0
74.5
90.6
90.6
92.8
92.4
90.2
67.0
67.2
65.7
66.7
66.6
2010…………
2011…………
75.7
75.7
94.7
94.7
60.7
60.6
76.4
76.1
95.7
95.3
60.3
60.0
74.2
75.0
91.0
89.2
65.6
67.5
See note at end of table.
37
Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2011 annual averages—Continued
(Percent)
Asian
Year
Total
Men
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Women
Total
Men
Women
With no children under 18 years
1994…………
—
—
—
62.3
71.5
51.5
1995…………
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
61.2
61.6
62.6
62.8
62.5
70.9
71.3
72.1
72.1
71.6
50.2
50.5
51.4
51.7
52.2
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
—
—
61.2
59.7
59.1
—
—
67.8
66.4
65.0
—
—
55.0
53.7
53.5
63.7
63.0
63.9
62.8
63.5
73.2
72.4
72.7
72.1
72.6
52.6
52.6
53.2
51.5
52.5
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
59.9
60.0
60.2
60.3
59.0
66.0
66.2
66.6
66.6
65.3
54.3
54.1
54.0
54.4
53.1
63.0
63.7
63.7
63.5
62.6
72.1
73.0
72.8
72.7
70.7
51.9
52.2
52.4
52.1
52.8
2010…………
2011…………
58.1
58.0
64.3
63.9
52.4
52.6
62.0
60.8
69.8
68.3
52.3
51.6
With children under 18 years
1994…………
—
—
—
70.2
92.1
54.7
1995…………
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
71.0
72.3
74.0
74.2
74.6
92.2
93.7
93.4
92.9
93.8
55.6
56.7
59.6
60.2
60.3
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
—
—
78.3
78.9
77.9
—
—
93.2
93.5
93.8
—
—
66.6
67.0
64.9
75.7
75.7
75.8
75.1
74.9
93.8
93.6
93.2
93.4
93.9
62.0
62.0
62.7
61.2
60.4
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
77.9
78.3
78.9
80.0
80.1
93.1
93.2
93.1
93.0
94.1
65.6
66.3
67.1
68.8
68.0
74.5
75.3
76.5
76.4
76.5
94.2
94.2
94.8
94.4
94.2
59.6
60.9
61.4
61.4
61.5
2010…………
2011…………
78.2
78.3
92.2
93.0
66.2
65.4
76.6
76.1
93.9
93.5
62.1
61.8
See note at end of table.
38
Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2011 annual averages—Continued
(Percent)
Asian
Year
Total
Men
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Women
Total
Men
Women
With children 6 to 17 years, none younger
1994…………
—
—
—
74.9
89.7
64.5
1995…………
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
75.4
77.3
77.6
77.5
78.6
89.7
92.3
91.2
90.6
91.2
65.5
66.7
68.2
68.1
69.5
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
—
—
82.6
82.9
82.6
—
—
91.6
93.5
93.8
—
—
75.7
74.3
73.4
79.3
79.6
79.0
78.8
79.6
91.5
91.7
91.1
91.5
92.8
70.5
70.9
70.2
69.4
70.2
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
80.7
80.8
81.8
82.7
82.7
92.3
91.8
91.7
91.8
92.9
71.2
72.0
73.6
74.9
74.0
78.8
79.1
80.5
80.4
80.7
92.9
92.6
93.1
93.2
93.6
68.7
69.4
70.4
70.0
69.9
2010…………
2011…………
81.8
80.8
92.2
92.2
73.1
71.2
80.1
79.2
92.6
91.9
69.9
69.0
With children under 6 years
1994…………
—
—
—
66.6
94.0
47.0
1995…………
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
67.6
68.5
70.9
71.3
71.2
94.1
94.8
95.1
94.9
95.9
47.7
48.7
52.3
53.0
52.1
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
—
—
73.5
74.2
73.1
—
—
94.8
93.4
93.8
—
—
56.3
58.5
56.0
72.5
72.2
73.1
71.9
70.6
95.7
95.2
94.8
94.9
94.8
54.5
53.8
56.1
53.4
51.2
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
74.9
75.6
75.8
77.1
77.3
94.0
94.8
94.8
94.3
95.4
59.3
59.9
59.9
61.9
61.4
70.6
71.7
72.9
72.7
72.4
95.4
95.6
96.1
95.5
94.9
50.9
52.7
53.0
53.0
53.1
2010…………
2011…………
74.3
75.4
92.2
93.8
58.3
58.4
73.2
73.2
95.2
95.0
54.6
54.7
See note at end of table.
39
Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2011 annual averages—Continued
(Percent)
Asian
Year
Total
Men
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Women
Total
Men
Women
With children under 3 years
1994…………
—
—
—
64.4
94.1
42.2
1995…………
1996…………
1997…………
1998…………
1999…………
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
65.7
66.2
68.6
69.5
68.8
94.1
94.6
94.6
95.0
96.2
43.7
44.7
48.0
48.9
47.4
2000…………
2001…………
2002…………
2003…………
2004…………
—
—
72.1
73.0
70.2
—
—
95.4
94.5
93.8
—
—
53.5
55.1
50.4
70.4
69.7
70.3
69.5
68.2
96.2
95.3
95.1
95.2
95.2
50.0
48.7
50.3
47.9
46.0
2005…………
2006…………
2007…………
2008…………
2009…………
72.4
73.4
73.6
75.9
76.1
92.9
94.2
94.2
94.4
95.9
55.8
56.8
56.2
59.5
58.2
67.7
69.5
69.9
70.3
70.0
96.0
95.9
96.0
95.9
94.4
45.0
48.6
47.6
47.9
49.1
2010…………
2011…………
72.2
73.8
91.2
95.3
55.3
54.1
71.3
71.3
95.3
95.5
50.8
50.1
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who
selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003,
people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as their main race. Asian estimates for
2002 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren,
and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash
indicates data not available.
40
Table 12. Unemployment rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2011 annual averages
(Percent)
Total
Black or African American
White
Year
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
Total
Men
Women
1972 ……
1973 ……
1974 ……
5.6
4.9
5.6
5.0
4.2
4.9
6.6
6.0
6.7
5.1
4.3
5.0
4.5
3.8
4.4
5.9
5.3
6.1
10.4
9.4
10.5
9.3
8.0
9.8
11.8
11.1
11.3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
7.5
8.1
—
6.7
7.3
—
9.0
9.4
1975 ……
1976 ……
1977 ……
1978 ……
1979 ……
8.5
7.7
7.1
6.1
5.8
7.9
7.1
6.3
5.3
5.1
9.3
8.6
8.2
7.2
6.8
7.8
7.0
6.2
5.2
5.1
7.2
6.4
5.5
4.6
4.5
8.6
7.9
7.3
6.2
5.9
14.8
14.0
14.0
12.8
12.3
14.8
13.7
13.3
11.8
11.4
14.8
14.3
14.9
13.8
13.3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
12.2
11.5
10.1
9.1
8.3
11.4
10.8
9.0
7.7
7.0
13.5
12.7
11.9
11.3
10.3
1980 ……
1981 ……
1982 ……
1983 ……
1984 ……
7.1
7.6
9.7
9.6
7.5
6.9
7.4
9.9
9.9
7.4
7.4
7.9
9.4
9.2
7.6
6.3
6.7
8.6
8.4
6.5
6.1
6.5
8.8
8.8
6.4
6.5
6.9
8.3
7.9
6.5
14.3
15.6
18.9
19.5
15.9
14.5
15.7
20.1
20.3
16.4
14.0
15.6
17.6
18.6
15.4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
10.1
10.4
13.8
13.7
10.7
9.7
10.2
13.6
13.6
10.5
10.7
10.8
14.1
13.8
11.1
1985 ……
1986 ……
1987 ……
1988 ……
1989 ……
7.2
7.0
6.2
5.5
5.3
7.0
6.9
6.2
5.5
5.2
7.4
7.1
6.2
5.6
5.4
6.2
6.0
5.3
4.7
4.5
6.1
6.0
5.4
4.7
4.5
6.4
6.1
5.2
4.7
4.5
15.1
14.5
13.0
11.7
11.4
15.3
14.8
12.7
11.7
11.5
14.9
14.2
13.2
11.7
11.4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
10.5
10.6
8.8
8.2
8.0
10.2
10.5
8.7
8.1
7.6
11.0
10.8
8.9
8.3
8.8
1990 ……
1991 ……
1992 ……
1993 ……
1994 ……
5.6
6.8
7.5
6.9
6.1
5.7
7.2
7.9
7.2
6.2
5.5
6.4
7.0
6.6
6.0
4.8
6.1
6.6
6.1
5.3
4.9
6.5
7.0
6.3
5.4
4.7
5.6
6.1
5.7
5.2
11.4
12.5
14.2
13.0
11.5
11.9
13.0
15.2
13.8
12.0
10.9
12.0
13.2
12.1
11.0
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
8.2
10.0
11.6
10.8
9.9
8.0
10.3
11.7
10.6
9.4
8.4
9.6
11.4
11.0
10.7
1995 ……
1996 ……
1997 ……
1998 ……
1999 ……
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.5
4.2
5.6
5.4
4.9
4.4
4.1
5.6
5.4
5.0
4.6
4.3
4.9
4.7
4.2
3.9
3.7
4.9
4.7
4.2
3.9
3.6
4.8
4.7
4.2
3.9
3.8
10.4
10.5
10.0
8.9
8.0
10.6
11.1
10.2
8.9
8.2
10.2
10.0
9.9
9.0
7.8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
9.3
8.9
7.7
7.2
6.4
8.8
7.9
7.0
6.4
5.6
10.0
10.2
8.9
8.2
7.6
2000 ……
2001 ……
2002 ……
2003 ……
2004 ……
4.0
4.7
5.8
6.0
5.5
3.9
4.8
5.9
6.3
5.6
4.1
4.7
5.6
5.7
5.4
3.5
4.2
5.1
5.2
4.8
3.4
4.2
5.3
5.6
5.0
3.6
4.1
4.9
4.8
4.7
7.6
8.6
10.2
10.8
10.4
8.0
9.3
10.7
11.6
11.1
7.1
8.1
9.8
10.2
9.8
3.6
4.5
5.9
6.0
4.4
3.6
4.5
6.1
6.2
4.5
3.6
4.4
5.7
5.7
4.3
5.7
6.6
7.5
7.7
7.0
5.0
5.9
7.2
7.2
6.5
6.8
7.5
8.0
8.4
7.6
2005 ……
2006 ……
2007 ……
2008 ……
2009 ……
5.1
4.6
4.6
5.8
9.3
5.1
4.6
4.7
6.1
10.3
5.1
4.6
4.5
5.4
8.1
4.4
4.0
4.1
5.2
8.5
4.4
4.0
4.2
5.5
9.4
4.4
4.0
4.0
4.9
7.3
10.0
8.9
8.3
10.1
14.8
10.5
9.5
9.1
11.4
17.5
9.5
8.4
7.5
8.9
12.4
4.0
3.0
3.2
4.0
7.3
4.0
3.0
3.1
4.1
7.9
3.9
3.1
3.4
3.7
6.6
6.0
5.2
5.6
7.6
12.1
5.4
4.8
5.3
7.6
12.5
6.9
5.9
6.1
7.7
11.5
2010 …… 9.6
2011 …… 8.9
10.5
9.4
8.6
8.5
8.7
7.9
9.6
8.3
7.7
7.5
16.0
15.8
18.4
17.8
13.8
14.1
7.5
7.0
7.8
6.8
7.1
7.3
12.5
11.5
12.7
11.2
12.3
11.8
See note at end of table.
41
Table 12. Unemployment rates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2011 annual
averages—Continued
(Percent)
Year
American Indian and Alaska Native
Total
Men
Women
Native Hawaiian and Other
Pacific Islander
Total
Men
Two or more races
Women
Total
Men
Women
2003 …………
2004 …………
10.5
9.6
11.2
9.7
9.6
9.4
7.7
6.1
6.9
6.8
8.6
5.4
9.1
8.7
9.3
8.7
8.9
8.7
2005 …………
2006 …………
2007 …………
2008 …………
2009 …………
9.3
7.9
8.1
9.9
13.3
8.7
7.9
7.9
10.8
15.5
10.1
8.0
8.4
8.8
10.8
4.3
5.3
4.8
6.4
10.8
4.8
6.3
5.4
7.7
11.6
3.9
4.3
4.3
4.9
10.0
8.0
6.7
7.1
9.5
13.6
7.9
7.3
7.4
10.1
14.2
8.2
6.0
6.8
8.7
12.9
2010 …………
2011 …………
15.1
14.6
17.3
15.4
12.7
13.7
12.0
10.4
13.6
11.4
10.4
9.3
13.6
13.6
14.2
14.0
13.0
13.1
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian
and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are
included in the two or more races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as
their main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data
not available.
42
Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2011 annual averages
Duration of unemployment
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older (thousands) …………………………
13,747
9,889
2,831
518
2,629
Percent ……………………………………………………………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Less than 5 weeks ……………………………………………
5 to 14 weeks …………………………………………………
15 to 26 weeks …………………………………………………
27 weeks and over ……………………………………………
19.5
21.8
15.0
43.8
21.1
22.4
14.8
41.7
14.6
20.2
15.7
49.5
16.7
19.1
14.4
49.9
21.2
23.5
15.4
39.9
Average (mean) duration, in weeks 1…………………………
Median duration, in weeks ……………………………………
39.3
21.4
37.8
19.7
43.3
27.0
47.6
27.7
36.4
18.5
Men, 16 years and older (thousands) …………………………
7,684
5,631
1,502
269
1,527
Percent ……………………………………………………………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Less than 5 weeks ……………………………………………
5 to 14 weeks …………………………………………………
15 to 26 weeks …………………………………………………
27 weeks and over ……………………………………………
19.4
21.4
15.1
44.1
21.0
22.0
14.9
42.1
14.4
19.9
16.1
49.6
15.9
19.9
14.3
49.9
21.9
23.7
15.5
38.9
Average (mean) duration, in weeks 1…………………………
Median duration, in weeks ……………………………………
40.0
21.7
38.6
20.1
43.1
27.1
49.8
27.7
35.4
17.8
Women, 16 years and older (thousands) ………………………
6,063
4,257
1,329
250
1,102
Percent ……………………………………………………………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Less than 5 weeks ……………………………………………
5 to 14 weeks …………………………………………………
15 to 26 weeks …………………………………………………
27 weeks and over ……………………………………………
19.6
22.2
14.8
43.3
21.2
22.9
14.7
41.2
14.8
20.5
15.2
49.5
17.5
18.1
14.5
49.8
20.3
23.3
15.2
41.3
Average (mean) duration, in weeks 1…………………………
Median duration, in weeks ……………………………………
38.5
21.1
36.7
19.2
43.6
27.0
45.3
27.7
37.7
19.6
1
Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see
http://www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
43
Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,
2011 annual averages
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Total
Total, 16 years and older (thousands) ………………………………
13,747
9,889
2,831
518
2,629
Percent …………………………………………………………………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
59.0
8.9
50.0
39.9
10.1
7.0
24.7
9.3
60.7
10.3
50.5
40.6
9.9
7.4
23.4
8.5
55.2
5.1
50.1
38.7
11.4
5.4
28.3
11.1
53.1
6.3
46.8
40.2
6.5
7.4
26.8
12.7
59.7
9.9
49.8
37.4
12.5
5.4
24.2
10.8
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs …………
On temporary layoff ………………………………………………
Not on temporary layoff ……………………………………………
Permanent job losers ……………………………………………
Persons who completed temporary jobs ………………………
Job leavers ……………………………………………………………
Reentrants ……………………………………………………………
New entrants …………………………………………………………
White
Black or
African
American
Reason for unemployment
Men, 16 years and older (thousands) …………………………………
7,684
5,631
1,502
269
1,527
Percent …………………………………………………………………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
64.6
10.5
54.1
42.3
11.8
6.4
20.1
8.8
66.6
12.1
54.4
42.8
11.6
6.7
18.7
7.9
60.4
5.6
54.9
41.7
13.2
4.5
23.8
11.3
54.3
5.9
48.3
41.3
7.4
9.3
23.8
12.6
67.3
12.1
55.1
40.5
14.7
4.9
17.9
9.9
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs …………
On temporary layoff ………………………………………………
Not on temporary layoff ……………………………………………
Permanent job losers ……………………………………………
Persons who completed temporary jobs ………………………
Job leavers ……………………………………………………………
Reentrants ……………………………………………………………
New entrants …………………………………………………………
Women, 16 years and older (thousands) ……………………………
6,063
4,257
1,329
250
1,102
Percent …………………………………………………………………
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
51.8
6.9
44.8
36.9
7.9
7.6
30.6
10.0
52.9
7.8
45.2
37.6
7.6
8.2
29.6
9.3
49.4
4.6
44.8
35.3
9.5
6.3
33.3
11.0
51.6
6.4
44.8
39.2
5.6
5.6
30.0
12.8
49.2
6.7
42.5
33.0
9.4
6.1
32.8
12.1
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs …………
On temporary layoff ………………………………………………
Not on temporary layoff ……………………………………………
Permanent job losers ……………………………………………
Persons who completed temporary jobs ………………………
Job leavers ……………………………………………………………
Reentrants ……………………………………………………………
New entrants …………………………………………………………
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented
for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
44
Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2011 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)
Not in the labor force
Want a job
Age, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian
1
labor force
Searched for work in previous year, but
not in past 4 weeks
Total
Do not
want a
job now
Marginally attached
2
(available to work now)
Total
Total
Total
Discouraged
3
workers
Other
4
Total
Total, 16 years and over …………… 153,617
16 to 24 years ……………………… 20,997
25 to 54 years ……………………… 101,744
55 years and over ………………… 30,876
86,001
17,201
22,961
45,839
6,437
2,023
2,854
1,560
3,169
1,014
1,551
605
2,573
752
1,289
532
989
222
519
248
1,584
530
770
284
79,564
15,177
20,107
44,280
Men, 16 years and over ………………
16 to 24 years ………………………
25 to 54 years ………………………
55 years and over …………………
81,975
10,996
54,638
16,341
34,343
8,430
6,970
18,943
3,045
1,069
1,235
740
1,582
543
736
302
1,346
424
651
271
579
136
303
140
767
288
348
131
31,298
7,360
5,734
18,203
Women, 16 years and over …………
16 to 24 years ………………………
25 to 54 years ………………………
55 years and over …………………
71,642
10,001
47,105
14,536
51,658
8,771
15,991
26,896
3,392
954
1,618
819
1,587
471
814
303
1,227
328
638
261
410
86
216
108
817
242
422
152
48,266
7,817
14,373
26,077
Total, 16 years and over …………… 124,579
16 to 24 years ……………………… 16,834
25 to 54 years ……………………… 81,381
55 years and over ………………… 26,363
68,498
12,546
17,311
38,641
4,624
1,427
1,979
1,218
2,201
692
1,048
461
1,768
501
861
406
652
144
329
179
1,116
357
532
227
63,874
11,119
15,332
37,423
Men, 16 years and over ……………… 67,551
8,926
16 to 24 years ………………………
25 to 54 years ……………………… 44,502
55 years and over ………………… 14,123
27,249
6,169
4,972
16,108
2,209
764
856
589
1,118
378
504
236
935
288
436
210
385
89
194
102
550
200
242
108
25,041
5,405
4,116
15,519
Women, 16 years and over …………
16 to 24 years ………………………
25 to 54 years ………………………
55 years and over …………………
57,028
7,909
36,879
12,240
41,248
6,377
12,339
22,533
2,415
663
1,123
629
1,083
314
544
226
833
213
425
195
267
56
135
77
566
157
290
119
38,833
5,714
11,216
21,903
Total, 16 years and over ……………
16 to 24 years ………………………
25 to 54 years ………………………
55 years and over …………………
17,881
2,752
12,420
2,710
11,233
3,009
3,539
4,685
1,243
425
595
223
681
240
348
92
585
194
309
83
261
66
148
47
324
127
161
36
9,989
2,584
2,944
4,461
Men, 16 years and over ………………
16 to 24 years ………………………
25 to 54 years ………………………
55 years and over …………………
8,454
1,342
5,872
1,240
4,710
1,451
1,397
1,862
574
214
264
96
331
123
165
44
302
104
157
41
153
40
86
26
149
64
71
15
4,136
1,237
1,133
1,766
Women, 16 years and over …………
16 to 24 years ………………………
25 to 54 years ………………………
55 years and over …………………
9,427
1,410
6,547
1,470
6,523
1,559
2,142
2,822
669
211
331
127
350
117
184
49
284
90
152
42
108
26
61
21
175
64
90
21
5,853
1,347
1,811
2,695
White
Black or African American
See notes at end of table.
45
Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2011 annual
averages—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Not in the labor force
Want a job
Age, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian
1
labor force
Searched for work in previous year, but
not in past 4 weeks
Total
Do not
want a
job now
Marginally attached
2
(available to work now)
Total
Total
Total
Discouraged
3
workers
Other4
Asian
Total, 16 years and over ……………
16 to 24 years ………………………
25 to 54 years ………………………
55 years and over …………………
7,386
659
5,428
1,298
4,054
932
1,360
1,761
320
70
172
78
159
33
90
35
118
22
66
30
48
5
26
17
71
17
41
13
3,734
862
1,188
1,684
Men, 16 years and over ………………
16 to 24 years ………………………
25 to 54 years ………………………
55 years and over …………………
3,972
336
2,936
700
1,457
467
319
671
144
41
68
35
72
17
39
15
57
12
32
14
26
3
13
9
32
9
18
5
1,314
427
251
636
Women, 16 years and over …………
16 to 24 years ………………………
25 to 54 years ………………………
55 years and over …………………
3,414
323
2,493
598
2,596
465
1,041
1,090
176
30
104
43
87
15
51
20
61
10
35
16
22
2
12
8
39
8
23
8
2,420
435
937
1,048
22,898
3,982
16,390
2,525
11,540
3,617
4,234
3,689
1,101
410
539
153
528
186
277
65
426
140
229
57
180
48
102
30
246
93
127
27
10,439
3,208
3,695
3,536
Men, 16 years and over ……………… 13,576
2,357
16 to 24 years ………………………
9,803
25 to 54 years ………………………
1,416
55 years and over …………………
4,177
1,733
996
1,449
481
209
206
67
251
93
124
34
214
75
109
30
101
29
54
18
112
46
54
12
3,696
1,524
790
1,382
Women, 16 years and over …………
16 to 24 years ………………………
25 to 54 years ………………………
55 years and over …………………
7,363
1,884
3,238
2,241
620
201
333
86
277
93
153
30
212
65
120
27
78
19
47
12
134
47
72
15
6,743
1,683
2,905
2,154
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and over ……………
16 to 24 years ………………………
25 to 54 years ………………………
55 years and over …………………
1
9,322
1,625
6,587
1,110
The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.
2
People "marginally attached to the labor force" are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were
available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.
3
Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such
as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
4
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a
small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not ascertained.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
46
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2011 annual averages
Years
Total
Black or African
American
White
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity
Total, both sexes
1979…………………
$241
$248
$199
—
$194
1980…………………
1981…………………
1982…………………
1983…………………
1984…………………
262
284
302
313
326
269
291
310
320
336
212
235
245
261
269
—
—
—
—
—
209
223
240
250
259
1985…………………
1986…………………
1987…………………
1988…………………
1989…………………
344
359
374
385
399
356
371
384
395
409
277
291
301
314
319
—
—
—
—
—
270
277
285
290
298
1990…………………
1991…………………
1992…………………
1993…………………
1994…………………
412
426
440
459
467
424
442
458
475
484
329
348
357
369
371
—
—
—
—
—
304
312
321
331
324
1995…………………
1996…………………
1997…………………
1998…………………
1999…………………
479
490
503
523
549
494
506
519
545
573
383
387
400
426
445
—
—
—
—
—
329
339
351
370
385
2000…………………
2001…………………
2002…………………
2003…………………
2004…………………
576
596
608
620
638
590
610
623
636
657
474
491
498
514
525
$615
639
658
693
708
399
417
424
440
456
2005…………………
2006…………………
2007…………………
2008…………………
2009…………………
651
671
695
722
739
672
690
716
742
757
520
554
569
589
601
753
784
830
861
880
471
486
503
529
541
2010…………………
2011…………………
747
756
765
775
611
615
855
866
535
549
See note at end of table.
47
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2011 annual averages—Continued
Years
Total
Black or African
American
White
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity
Men
1979…………………
$292
$298
$227
—
$219
1980…………………
1981…………………
1982…………………
1983…………………
1984…………………
313
340
364
379
392
320
350
375
387
401
244
268
278
294
303
—
—
—
—
—
234
251
269
274
287
1985…………………
1986…………………
1987…………………
1988…………………
1989…………………
407
419
434
449
468
418
433
450
465
482
305
319
327
348
348
—
—
—
—
—
296
299
306
308
315
1990…………………
1991…………………
1992…………………
1993…………………
1994…………………
481
493
501
510
522
494
506
514
524
547
361
375
380
392
400
—
—
—
—
—
318
323
339
346
343
1995…………………
1996…………………
1997…………………
1998…………………
1999…………………
538
557
579
598
618
566
580
595
615
638
411
412
432
468
488
—
—
—
—
—
350
356
371
390
406
2000…………………
2001…………………
2002…………………
2003…………………
2004…………………
641
670
679
695
713
662
689
702
715
732
510
529
524
555
569
$685
732
756
772
802
417
440
451
464
480
2005…………………
2006…………………
2007…………………
2008…………………
2009…………………
722
743
766
798
819
743
761
788
825
845
559
591
600
620
621
825
882
936
966
952
489
505
520
559
569
2010…………………
2011…………………
824
832
850
856
633
653
936
970
560
571
See note at end of table.
48
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2011 annual averages—Continued
Years
Total
Black or African
American
White
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity
Women
1979…………………
$182
$184
$169
—
$157
1980…………………
1981…………………
1982…………………
1983…………………
1984…………………
201
219
239
252
265
203
221
242
254
268
185
206
217
232
241
—
—
—
—
—
172
190
203
215
223
1985…………………
1986…………………
1987…………………
1988…………………
1989…………………
277
291
303
315
328
281
294
307
318
334
252
264
276
288
301
—
—
—
—
—
230
241
251
260
269
1990…………………
1991…………………
1992…………………
1993…………………
1994…………………
346
366
380
393
399
353
373
387
401
408
308
323
335
348
346
—
—
—
—
—
278
292
302
313
305
1995…………………
1996…………………
1997…………………
1998…………………
1999…………………
406
418
431
456
473
415
428
444
468
483
355
362
375
400
409
—
—
—
—
—
305
316
318
337
348
2000…………………
2001…………………
2002…………………
2003…………………
2004…………………
493
512
529
552
573
502
522
547
567
584
429
454
473
491
505
$547
563
566
598
613
366
388
397
410
419
2005…………………
2006…………………
2007…………………
2008…………………
2009…………………
585
600
614
638
657
596
609
626
654
669
499
519
533
554
582
665
699
731
753
779
429
440
473
501
509
2010…………………
2011…………………
669
684
684
703
592
595
773
751
508
518
See note at end of table.
49
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2011 annual averages—Continued
Years
Total
Black or African
American
White
Asian
Hispanic or
Latino ethnicity
Women's earnings as a percentage of men's
1979…………………
62.3
61.7
74.4
—
71.7
1980…………………
1981…………………
1982…………………
1983…………………
1984…………………
64.2
64.4
65.7
66.5
67.6
63.4
63.1
64.5
65.6
66.8
75.8
76.9
78.1
78.9
79.5
—
—
—
—
—
73.5
75.7
75.5
78.5
77.7
1985…………………
1986…………………
1987…………………
1988…………………
1989…………………
68.1
69.5
69.8
70.2
70.1
67.2
67.9
68.2
68.4
69.3
82.6
82.8
84.4
82.8
86.5
—
—
—
—
—
77.7
80.6
82.0
84.4
85.4
1990…………………
1991…………………
1992…………………
1993…………………
1994…………………
71.9
74.2
75.8
77.1
76.4
71.5
73.7
75.3
76.5
74.6
85.3
86.1
88.2
88.8
86.5
—
—
—
—
—
87.4
90.4
89.1
90.5
88.9
1995…………………
1996…………………
1997…………………
1998…………………
1999…………………
75.5
75.0
74.4
76.3
76.5
73.3
73.8
74.6
76.1
75.7
86.4
87.9
86.8
85.5
83.8
—
—
—
—
—
87.1
88.8
85.7
86.4
85.7
2000…………………
2001…………………
2002…………………
2003…………………
2004…………………
76.9
76.4
77.9
79.4
80.4
75.8
75.8
77.9
79.3
79.8
84.1
85.8
90.3
88.5
88.8
79.9
76.9
74.9
77.5
76.4
87.8
88.2
88.0
88.4
87.3
2005…………………
2006…………………
2007…………………
2008…………………
2009…………………
81.0
80.8
80.2
79.9
80.2
80.2
80.0
79.4
79.3
79.2
89.3
87.8
88.8
89.4
93.7
80.6
79.3
78.1
78.0
81.8
87.7
87.1
91.0
89.6
89.5
2010…………………
2011…………………
81.2
82.2
80.5
82.1
93.5
91.1
82.6
77.4
90.7
90.7
NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who
selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people
who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as their main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002
include Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as
Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
50
Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational
attainment, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages
Educational attainment and sex
Total, 25 years and older ……………………………………
Less than a high school diploma …………………………
1
High school graduates, no college ………………………
Some college, no degree …………………………………
Associate degree ……………………………………………
2
Bachelor's degree and higher ……………………………
Men, 25 years and older ……………………………………
Less than a high school diploma …………………………
1
High school graduates, no college ………………………
Some college, no degree …………………………………
Associate degree ……………………………………………
2
Bachelor's degree and higher ……………………………
Women, 25 years and older …………………………………
Less than a high school diploma …………………………
1
High school graduates, no college ………………………
Some college, no degree …………………………………
Associate degree ……………………………………………
2
Bachelor's degree and higher ……………………………
1
2
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
$797
$825
$643
$901
$582
451
638
719
768
1,150
458
663
743
795
1,165
416
538
611
624
958
448
564
710
713
1,224
419
568
643
706
1,000
886
909
689
1,006
600
488
720
818
880
1,332
494
745
848
909
1,353
447
598
681
705
1,027
472
615
772
773
1,367
450
606
709
784
1,114
718
736
613
769
543
395
554
622
682
998
394
572
641
704
1,011
385
493
578
603
915
417
519
618
656
1,037
377
501
589
618
922
Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
51
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages
Occupation
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Total, 16 years and older …………………………………………………………
$756
$775
$615
$866
$549
Management, professional, and related occupations ………………………
1,082
1,103
876
1,268
908
Management, business, and financial operations occupations …………
Management occupations …………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations …………………………
1,160
1,237
1,038
1,175
1,256
1,047
945
968
912
1,261
1,345
1,194
937
953
906
Professional and related occupations ………………………………………
Computer and mathematical occupations ………………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations ………………………………
Life, physical, and social science occupations …………………………
Community and social service occupations ……………………………
Legal occupations …………………………………………………………
Education, training, and library occupations ……………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations …………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ………………………
1,029
1,305
1,315
1,108
813
1,277
919
929
995
1,041
1,298
1,326
1,121
828
1,331
932
928
1,011
824
934
1,051
998
766
1,006
807
859
777
1,272
1,474
1,372
1,150
921
1,533
1,000
1,161
1,120
887
1,129
1,108
943
778
924
836
802
892
Service occupations ……………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations ……………………………………………
Protective service occupations ………………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations ………………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations …………
Personal care and service occupations ……………………………………
486
487
757
409
465
453
491
494
806
409
465
455
459
467
603
388
447
436
501
511
790
485
544
474
421
484
726
391
403
417
Sales and office occupations ……………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations ………………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations ……………………………
638
670
623
651
703
627
571
507
589
689
621
712
559
515
578
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ……………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations …………………………………
Construction and extraction occupations ……………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations …………………………
732
430
717
806
738
430
723
813
659
476
628
718
743
408
773
750
524
398
524
671
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ………………
Production occupations ………………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations …………………………
609
605
614
622
624
619
569
522
604
527
526
533
499
491
509
See note at end of table.
52
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages—Continued
Occupation
Total
White
Men, 16 years and older …………………………………………………………
$832
$856
Management, professional, and related occupations ………………………
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
$653
$970
$571
1,269
1,294
965
1,414
1,019
Management, business, and financial operations occupations …………
Management occupations …………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations …………………………
1,370
1,427
1,225
1,393
1,447
1,240
1,044
1,136
990
1,434
1,451
1,373
1,026
1,002
1,127
Professional and related occupations ………………………………………
Computer and mathematical occupations ………………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations ………………………………
Life, physical, and social science occupations …………………………
Community and social service occupations ……………………………
Legal occupations …………………………………………………………
Education, training, and library occupations ……………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations …………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ………………………
1,211
1,369
1,343
1,156
906
1,758
1,109
995
1,129
1,225
1,362
1,350
1,151
939
1,791
1,129
987
1,162
912
861
1,047
1,104
760
1,427
915
967
775
1,403
1,550
1,407
1,248
979
1,470
1,167
1,350
1,135
1,012
1,190
1,111
904
893
1,294
981
897
963
Service occupations ……………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations ……………………………………………
Protective service occupations ………………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations ………………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations …………
Personal care and service occupations ……………………………………
551
521
797
429
502
562
568
537
840
424
504
575
501
492
632
413
489
509
535
611
817
494
544
588
444
565
725
402
416
557
Sales and office occupations ……………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations ………………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations ……………………………
738
804
668
760
839
679
593
603
579
751
772
741
596
619
583
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ……………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations …………………………………
Construction and extraction occupations ……………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations …………………………
740
445
718
807
746
444
726
814
663
496
625
718
756
513
755
762
533
410
524
676
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ………………
Production occupations ………………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations …………………………
651
667
634
667
685
643
595
556
619
584
593
540
525
522
531
See note at end of table.
53
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, sex, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2011 annual averages—Continued
Occupation
Total
White
Black or
African
American
Asian
Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity
Women, 16 years and older ………………………………………………………
$684
$703
$595
$751
$518
Management, professional, and related occupations ………………………
941
948
825
1,122
818
Management, business, and financial operations occupations …………
Management occupations …………………………………………………
Business and financial operations occupations …………………………
977
1,018
937
985
1,032
937
889
916
854
1,131
1,179
1,100
847
880
819
Professional and related occupations ………………………………………
Computer and mathematical occupations ………………………………
Architecture and engineering occupations ………………………………
Life, physical, and social science occupations …………………………
Community and social service occupations ……………………………
Legal occupations …………………………………………………………
Education, training, and library occupations ……………………………
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations …………
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ………………………
919
1,126
1,140
1,038
772
1,003
869
856
965
928
1,121
1,114
1,078
769
1,017
881
857
977
796
1,002
1,136
772
768
919
785
775
777
1,115
1,232
1,228
1,036
906
1,542
907
956
1,116
806
858
1,071
1,170
704
847
772
727
869
Service occupations ……………………………………………………………
Healthcare support occupations ……………………………………………
Protective service occupations ………………………………………………
Food preparation and serving related occupations ………………………
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations …………
Personal care and service occupations ……………………………………
433
483
602
390
406
422
432
490
631
393
399
422
432
462
583
363
420
423
480
499
556
467
544
426
402
479
729
367
382
390
Sales and office occupations ……………………………………………………
Sales and related occupations ………………………………………………
Office and administrative support occupations ……………………………
602
549
615
608
578
618
561
442
590
637
538
694
527
437
576
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ……………
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations …………………………………
Construction and extraction occupations ……………………………………
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations …………………………
515
371
612
751
513
366
585
770
552
432
669
664
503
324
974
588
379
348
487
607
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ………………
Production occupations ………………………………………………………
Transportation and material moving occupations …………………………
485
483
490
486
488
478
490
473
517
461
459
526
405
413
377
NOTE: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Effective with January 2011 data, occupations reflect the
introduction of the 2010 Census occupational classification system, derived from the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No
historical data have been revised. Data for 2011 are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years. More information about the change in
classification is available online at http://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#oi.
54
Technical note
The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current
Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey
of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a
wide range of information on the labor force, employment,
and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from onefourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted
for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S.
Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample
with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Material in this report is in the public domain and, with
appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission.
This information is available to sensory-impaired individuals
upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay
Service: (800) 877-8339.
tic average computed from single weeks of unemployment;
median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of
unemployment.
Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they
began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are
divided into four major groups:
(1) Job losers, comprising (a) persons on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who
expect to return within 6 months (persons on layoff need
not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b)
permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) persons
who completed temporary jobs, who began looking for
work after the jobs ended.
Concepts and definitions
Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are persons 16
years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions, such
as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty
in the Armed Forces.
(2) Job leavers, persons who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began
looking for work.
Employed persons. All persons who, during the reference
week, (a) did any work at all (at least 1 hour) as paid employees; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in
an enterprise operated by a member of the family; and (b) all
those who were not working but who had jobs or businesses
from which they were temporarily absent because of vacation, illness, bad weather, childcare problems, maternity or
paternity leave, labor-management dispute, job training, or
other family or personal reasons, whether or not they were
paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs.
(3) Reentrants, persons who previously worked but who
were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job
search.
(4) New entrants, persons who had never worked.
Labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as
employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.
Unemployment rate. This represents the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labor force.
Unemployed persons. All persons who had no employment
during the reference week, were available for work (except
for temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find
employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with
the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled
to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been
looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
Participation rate. This represents the proportion of the population that is in the labor force.
Employment-population ratio. This represents the proportion
of the population that is employed.
Not in the labor force. Included in this group are all persons
in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither
employed nor unemployed. Persons marginally attached to
the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force who wanted and were available for work and had
looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months (or since
Duration of unemployment. This represents the length of
time (through the reference week) that persons classified as
unemployed had been looking for work. For persons on layoff, duration of unemployment represents the number of full
weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithme-
55
the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12
months). They were not counted as unemployed because
they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the
survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed no
jobs were available for them.
to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the
weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the
sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all
self-employed persons regardless of whether their businesses
were incorporated).
Occupation and industry. This information applies to the job
held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs
are classified in the occupation and industry in which they
worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and
industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census Occupational Classification system and the 2007 Census
Industrial Classification system, which are derived from the
2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2007
North American Industry Classification (NAICS). More information about these classifications are available online at
the following website http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.
Median earnings. These figures indicate the value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part
having values above the median and the other having values
below the median. The medians shown in this publication are
calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval
within which each median falls.
Family. A family is defined as a group of two or more persons
residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such persons are considered as members of one family. Families are classified either as married-couple families
or as families maintained by women or men without spouses.
White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian
and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific
Islander. In accordance with the Office of Management and
Budget guidelines, these are terms used to describe the race
of persons. Beginning in 2003, persons in these categories
are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as persons of two
or more races. (Previously, persons identified a group as
their main race.) Estimates for Asians, American Indians and
Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and persons of two or more races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents
is too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality. In the
enumeration process, race is determined by the household
respondent. More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available at http://
www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children and
include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children.
Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling
and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the “true” population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is
about a 90- percent chance, or level of confidence, that an
estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6
standard errors from the “true” population value because of
sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the
90- percent level of confidence.
All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including
the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to
obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability
or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.
More information on the reliability of data from the CPS and
estimating standard errors is available at http://www.bls.
gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified
as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. More information
on the 2003 changes in questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes
and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of
multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than
weekly (for example, annual, monthly, hourly) are converted
56