For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Thursday, January 26, 2017
USDL-17-0107
Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/cps
Media contact:
(202) 691-5902 • [email protected]
UNION MEMBERS — 2016
The union membership rate—the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of unions—
was 10.7 percent in 2016, down 0.4 percentage point from 2015, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
reported today. The number of wage and salary workers belonging to unions, at 14.6 million in 2016,
declined by 240,000 from 2015. In 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available,
the union membership rate was 20.1 percent, and there were 17.7 million union workers.
The data on union membership are collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly
sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households that obtains information on employment and
unemployment among the nation's civilian noninstitutional population ages 16 and over. For more
information, see the Technical Note in this news release.
Highlights from the 2016 data:
•
Public-sector workers had a union membership rate (34.4 percent) more than five times higher
than that of private-sector workers (6.4 percent). (See table 3.)
•
Workers in education, training, and library occupations and in protective service occupations had
the highest unionization rates (34.6 percent and 34.5 percent, respectively). (See table 3.)
•
Men continued to have a slightly higher union membership rate (11.2 percent) than women (10.2
percent). (See table 1.)
•
Black workers were more likely to be union members than were White, Asian, or Hispanic
workers. (See table 1.)
•
Median weekly earnings of nonunion workers ($802) were 80 percent of earnings for workers
who were union members ($1,004). (The comparisons of earnings in this release are on a broad
level and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings
differences.) (See table 2.)
•
Among states, New York continued to have the highest union membership rate (23.6 percent),
while South Carolina continued to have the lowest (1.6 percent). (See table 5.)
Industry and Occupation of Union Members
In 2016, 7.1 million employees in the public sector belonged to a union, compared with 7.4 million
workers in the private sector. The union membership rate for public-sector workers (34.4 percent) was
substantially higher than the rate for private-sector workers (6.4 percent). Within the public sector, the
union membership rate was highest for local government (40.3 percent), which includes employees in
heavily unionized occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and firefighters. In the private sector,
industries with high unionization rates included utilities (21.5 percent), transportation and warehousing
(18.4 percent), telecommunications (14.6 percent), construction (13.9 percent), and educational services
(12.3 percent). Low unionization rates occurred in finance (1.2 percent), agriculture and related
industries (1.3 percent), food services and drinking places (1.6 percent), and professional and technical
services (1.6 percent). (See table 3.)
Among occupational groups, the highest unionization rates in 2016 were in education, training, and
library occupations (34.6 percent) and in protective service occupations (34.5 percent). The lowest
unionization rates were in farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (2.2 percent); sales and related
occupations (3.1 percent); computer and mathematical occupations (3.9 percent); and food preparation
and serving related occupations (3.9 percent).
Selected Characteristics of Union Members
In 2016, the union membership rate continued to be slightly higher for men (11.2 percent) than for
women (10.2 percent). (See table 1.) The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983
(the earliest year for which comparable data are available), when rates for men and women were 24.7
percent and 14.6 percent, respectively.
Among major race and ethnicity groups, Black workers continued to have a higher union membership
rate in 2016 (13.0 percent) than workers who were White (10.5 percent), Asian (9.0 percent), or
Hispanic (8.8 percent).
By age, union membership rates continued to be highest among workers ages 45 to 64. In 2016, 13.3
percent of workers ages 45 to 54 and ages 55 to 64 were union members.
The union membership rate was 11.8 percent for full-time workers, more than twice the rate for parttime workers at 5.7 percent.
Union Representation
In 2016, 16.3 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union. This group includes both
union members (14.6 million) and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered
by a union contract (1.7 million). (See table 1.)
Earnings
Among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings of
$1,004 in 2016, while those who were not union members had median weekly earnings of $802. In
addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, this earnings difference reflects a variety of
influences, including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by
occupation, industry, age, firm size, or geographic region. (See tables 2 and 4.)
-2-
Union Membership by State
In 2016, 27 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S.
average, 10.7 percent, while 23 states had rates above it. All states in the West South Central division
had union membership rates below the national average, and all states in both the Middle Atlantic and
the Pacific divisions had rates above it. Union membership rates decreased over the year in 31 states and
the District of Columbia, increased in 16 states, and were unchanged in 3 states. (See table 5 and the
map.)
Nine states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2016, with South Carolina having the
lowest rate (1.6 percent). The next lowest rates were in North Carolina (3.0 percent), Arkansas (3.9
percent), and Georgia (3.9 percent). New York was the only state with a union membership rate over
20.0 percent in 2016 at 23.6 percent.
State union membership levels depend on both the employment level and the union membership rate.
The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.6 million) and New York (1.9 million).
Over half of the 14.6 million union members in the U.S. lived in just 7 states (California, 2.6 million;
New York, 1.9 million; Illinois, 0.8 million; Pennsylvania, 0.7 million; and Michigan, New Jersey, and
Ohio, 0.6 million each), though these states accounted for only about one-third of wage and salary
employment nationally.
-3-
Technical Note
The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current
Population Survey (CPS), which provides basic information on
the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is
conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the
U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected national
sample of about 60,000 eligible households. The union
membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter
of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary
workers. All self-employed workers are excluded.
Beginning in January of each year, data reflect revised
population controls used in the CPS. Additional information
about population controls is available on the BLS website at
https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 6915200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and
nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire
population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the true population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about
a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate
based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the true population value because of sampling error.
BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of
confidence. The state section of this release preserves the longtime practice of highlighting the direction of the movements in
state union membership rates and levels regardless of their
statistical significance.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or
unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information,
and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
Information about the reliability of data from the CPS and
guidance on estimating standard errors is available at
https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.
Union membership questions
Employed wage and salary workers are classified as union
members if they answer “yes” to the following question: On this
job, are you a member of a labor union or of an employee
association similar to a union? If the response is “no” to that
question, then the interviewer asks a second question: On this
job, are you covered by a union or employee association
contract? If the response is “yes,” then these persons, along
with those who responded “yes” to being union members, are
classified as represented by a union. If the response is “no” to
both the first and second questions, then they are classified as
nonunion.
Definitions
The principal definitions used in this release are described
briefly below.
Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an
employee association similar to a union.
Union membership rate. Data refer to the proportion of total
wage and salary workers who are union members.
Represented by unions. Data refer to both union members and
workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are
covered by a union or an employee association contract.
Nonunion. Data refer to workers who are neither members of
a union nor represented by a union on their job.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes
and other deductions and include any overtime pay,
commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the
case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were
asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January
1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way
for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice
monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually
earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis
other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The
term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent
asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to
define the term as more than half of the weeks worked during
the past 4 or 5 months.
Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a
given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having
earnings above the median and the other having earnings below
the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or
calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which
are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is
estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in
which the median lies.
Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages,
salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The
group includes employees in both the private and public sectors.
Union membership and earnings data exclude all self-employed
workers, both those with incorporated businesses as well as
those with unincorporated businesses.
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or
more per week at their sole or principal job.
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35
hours per week at their sole or principal job.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who identified
themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish,
Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as
Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, 2015-2016 annual
averages
[Numbers in thousands]
2015
Characteristic
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2016
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
133,743
18,311
115,431
30,870
28,101
28,764
21,288
6,408
14,795
800
13,995
2,985
3,457
3,909
3,035
610
11.1
4.4
12.1
9.7
12.3
13.6
14.3
9.5
16,441
967
15,474
3,363
3,785
4,306
3,329
691
12.3
5.3
13.4
10.9
13.5
15.0
15.6
10.8
136,101
18,556
117,545
31,750
28,515
28,807
21,778
6,696
14,555
816
13,739
2,924
3,423
3,846
2,903
643
10.7
4.4
11.7
9.2
12.0
13.3
13.3
9.6
16,271
988
15,283
3,296
3,782
4,269
3,209
726
12.0
5.3
13.0
10.4
13.3
14.8
14.7
10.8
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69,298
9,250
60,048
16,550
14,844
14,696
10,698
3,259
7,963
485
7,478
1,639
1,857
2,079
1,588
315
11.5
5.2
12.5
9.9
12.5
14.1
14.8
9.7
8,760
563
8,197
1,825
2,023
2,281
1,717
352
12.6
6.1
13.7
11.0
13.6
15.5
16.0
10.8
70,589
9,412
61,177
16,930
15,102
14,775
10,957
3,412
7,888
484
7,404
1,640
1,881
2,048
1,511
323
11.2
5.1
12.1
9.7
12.5
13.9
13.8
9.5
8,704
568
8,136
1,833
2,051
2,253
1,633
365
12.3
6.0
13.3
10.8
13.6
15.3
14.9
10.7
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64,445
9,061
55,384
14,320
13,257
14,068
10,590
3,149
6,833
315
6,518
1,346
1,600
1,830
1,447
294
10.6
3.5
11.8
9.4
12.1
13.0
13.7
9.3
7,681
405
7,277
1,538
1,762
2,025
1,613
339
11.9
4.5
13.1
10.7
13.3
14.4
15.2
10.8
65,512
9,143
56,368
14,820
13,412
14,032
10,820
3,283
6,667
332
6,335
1,284
1,542
1,797
1,392
320
10.2
3.6
11.2
8.7
11.5
12.8
12.9
9.8
7,567
420
7,147
1,463
1,731
2,016
1,576
361
11.6
4.6
12.7
9.9
12.9
14.4
14.6
11.0
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,
AND SEX
White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
104,991
55,402
49,590
11,301
6,222
5,079
10.8
11.2
10.2
12,627
6,875
5,752
12.0
12.4
11.6
106,160
56,007
50,153
11,120
6,153
4,967
10.5
11.0
9.9
12,436
6,769
5,667
11.7
12.1
11.3
Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16,552
7,558
8,995
2,246
1,097
1,149
13.6
14.5
12.8
2,427
1,174
1,253
14.7
15.5
13.9
17,014
7,852
9,163
2,209
1,104
1,105
13.0
14.1
12.1
2,475
1,229
1,245
14.5
15.7
13.6
Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7,883
4,113
3,770
770
367
403
9.8
8.9
10.7
860
416
444
10.9
10.1
11.8
8,340
4,368
3,972
752
355
397
9.0
8.1
10.0
839
404
435
10.1
9.3
10.9
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22,351
12,670
9,681
2,104
1,211
892
9.4
9.6
9.2
2,365
1,346
1,019
10.6
10.6
10.5
23,085
13,125
9,960
2,032
1,209
823
8.8
9.2
8.3
2,308
1,348
960
10.0
10.3
9.6
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS3
Full-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
109,080
24,445
13,340
1,431
12.2
5.9
14,768
1,646
13.5
6.7
111,091
24,832
13,119
1,415
11.8
5.7
14,593
1,655
13.1
6.7
1
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3
The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal
job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose
ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All
self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
2
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected
characteristics, 2015-2016 annual averages
2015
2016
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Members
of
unions1
Nonunion3
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$809
487
860
735
900
923
927
873
$980
616
997
886
1,050
1,029
1,020
961
$975
605
994
882
1,048
1,024
1,017
963
$776
482
831
716
870
899
904
852
$832
501
885
751
934
955
952
866
$1,004
600
1,022
893
1,071
1,084
1,072
984
$995
599
1,014
890
1,059
1,069
1,069
988
$802
497
858
734
908
930
930
846
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
895
510
947
770
983
1,040
1,064
1,003
1,017
655
1,041
888
1,093
1,107
1,084
1,010
1,014
633
1,038
889
1,094
1,110
1,082
998
869
505
927
756
963
1,023
1,059
1,005
915
512
969
794
1,007
1,075
1,102
992
1,050
582
1,080
915
1,123
1,146
1,136
1,022
1,042
581
1,074
915
1,120
1,140
1,140
1,029
890
509
950
775
990
1,057
1,090
988
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
726
450
761
690
804
799
784
740
928
567
944
884
1,002
958
937
894
921
565
940
876
1,001
950
934
905
697
443
736
667
764
768
759
718
749
486
784
705
839
836
812
749
955
628
972
865
1,015
1,006
999
942
942
624
960
860
1,004
988
992
964
723
481
757
685
804
800
778
723
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,
AND SEX
White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
835
920
743
1,007
1,051
952
999
1,044
944
803
895
715
862
942
766
1,050
1,111
989
1,034
1,099
975
827
915
738
Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
641
680
615
800
824
768
798
821
768
617
650
595
678
718
641
808
818
799
807
826
790
646
690
616
Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
993
1,129
877
1,094
1,097
1,091
1,107
1,125
1,090
977
1,130
835
1,021
1,151
902
1,020
1,061
985
1,017
1,076
975
1,022
1,160
892
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
604
631
566
862
901
778
847
887
783
586
610
541
624
663
586
886
908
844
876
901
829
608
637
565
Characteristic
1
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3
Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All
self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
2
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2015-2016 annual
averages
[Numbers in thousands]
2015
Occupation and industry
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . .
Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . .
Life, physical, and social science
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Community and social service occupations. . . .
Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education, training, and library occupations. . .
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare practitioner and technical
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food preparation and serving related
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office and administrative support occupations. . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INDUSTRY
Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion pictures and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2016
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
50,939
6,132
12.0
6,983
13.7
19,636
13,213
871
581
4.4
4.4
1,057
701
6,423
31,302
4,195
2,777
290
5,261
162
190
4.5
16.8
3.9
6.8
1,309
2,517
1,475
8,766
109
386
83
3,112
2,120
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
52,108
6,064
11.6
6,916
13.3
5.4
5.3
20,289
13,563
927
605
4.6
4.5
1,129
736
5.6
5.4
356
5,926
221
219
5.5
18.9
5.3
7.9
6,726
31,818
4,301
2,941
322
5,138
166
187
4.8
16.1
3.9
6.4
393
5,787
222
219
5.8
18.2
5.2
7.4
8.3
15.3
5.6
35.5
139
412
100
3,466
10.6
16.4
6.8
39.5
1,276
2,506
1,412
8,765
112
372
79
3,031
8.8
14.8
5.6
34.6
138
408
95
3,344
10.8
16.3
6.8
38.2
161
7.6
187
8.8
2,158
141
6.5
162
7.5
8,142
23,503
3,305
3,092
1,059
2,492
279
1,123
13.0
10.6
8.4
36.3
1,183
2,759
314
1,189
14.5
11.7
9.5
38.5
8,459
24,271
3,373
3,093
1,051
2,337
233
1,069
12.4
9.6
6.9
34.5
1,199
2,596
275
1,133
14.2
10.7
8.1
36.6
8,016
329
4.1
381
4.8
8,466
333
3.9
394
4.6
4,868
4,222
30,931
13,574
17,357
473
288
2,055
441
1,614
9.7
6.8
6.6
3.3
9.3
537
338
2,311
505
1,806
11.0
8.0
7.5
3.7
10.4
4,897
4,441
31,051
13,671
17,380
430
272
2,051
421
1,631
8.8
6.1
6.6
3.1
9.4
491
304
2,314
483
1,831
10.0
6.8
7.5
3.5
10.5
11,694
971
6,193
1,751
18
1,067
15.0
1.9
17.2
1,868
25
1,133
16.0
2.5
18.3
11,812
988
6,387
1,788
22
1,177
15.1
2.2
18.4
1,920
31
1,240
16.3
3.2
19.4
4,530
666
14.7
710
15.7
4,438
589
13.3
649
14.6
16,676
8,180
2,365
1,031
14.2
12.6
2,521
1,098
15.1
13.4
16,859
8,150
2,315
959
13.7
11.8
2,524
1,049
15.0
12.9
8,496
1,334
15.7
1,422
16.7
8,708
1,355
15.6
1,475
16.9
113,152
1,269
111,882
866
7,109
14,547
9,288
5,258
18,798
3,346
15,452
5,722
4,765
957
2,525
495
7,554
15
7,539
47
940
1,369
874
494
871
126
745
1,106
901
205
217
19
6.7
1.2
6.7
5.4
13.2
9.4
9.4
9.4
4.6
3.8
4.8
19.3
18.9
21.4
8.6
3.9
8,411
22
8,389
57
992
1,462
933
529
962
139
823
1,159
946
213
249
22
7.4
1.7
7.5
6.5
14.0
10.0
10.0
10.1
5.1
4.2
5.3
20.3
19.8
22.3
9.9
4.4
115,417
1,315
114,102
765
7,488
14,783
9,247
5,536
18,515
3,288
15,227
6,048
5,073
975
2,473
455
7,435
17
7,419
43
1,039
1,295
827
468
780
120
660
1,145
935
210
222
22
6.4
1.3
6.5
5.6
13.9
8.8
8.9
8.4
4.2
3.7
4.3
18.9
18.4
21.5
9.0
4.9
8,437
28
8,409
48
1,095
1,422
906
515
887
137
750
1,239
1,014
225
250
24
7.3
2.1
7.4
6.3
14.6
9.6
9.8
9.3
4.8
4.2
4.9
20.5
20.0
23.0
10.1
5.2
314
37
11.7
40
12.8
349
38
11.0
43
12.3
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2015-2016 annual
averages — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
2015
Occupation and industry
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Total
Radio and television broadcasting and
cable subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . .
Management, administrative, and waste
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . .
Other services3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services, except private households.. .
Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Percent
of
employed
2016
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Total
Percent
of
employed
Represented
by unions2
Total
561
883
8,781
6,550
4,126
2,424
2,231
13,738
8,327
37
118
208
103
53
51
105
348
142
6.7
13.3
2.4
1.6
1.3
2.1
4.7
2.5
1.7
48
131
242
129
70
59
113
458
218
8.5
14.8
2.8
2.0
1.7
2.4
5.1
3.3
2.6
534
821
8,963
6,616
4,142
2,473
2,347
14,257
8,728
32
119
205
91
49
42
114
346
141
5.9
14.6
2.3
1.4
1.2
1.7
4.9
2.4
1.6
43
129
274
138
81
57
136
464
211
8.0
15.8
3.1
2.1
2.0
2.3
5.8
3.3
2.4
5,411
21,572
4,551
17,021
12,357
2,250
10,107
1,575
8,532
5,867
5,055
20,591
3,591
6,875
10,126
206
1,867
625
1,242
389
144
245
116
129
177
166
7,241
979
2,079
4,183
3.8
8.7
13.7
7.3
3.1
6.4
2.4
7.4
1.5
3.0
3.3
35.2
27.3
30.2
41.3
240
2,132
720
1,412
449
158
291
127
165
227
205
8,031
1,160
2,312
4,559
4.4
9.9
15.8
8.3
3.6
7.0
2.9
8.0
1.9
3.9
4.1
39.0
32.3
33.6
45.0
5,529
22,152
4,557
17,595
12,687
2,329
10,358
1,506
8,852
5,973
5,258
20,684
3,674
6,965
10,045
205
1,808
561
1,247
381
126
255
114
141
155
152
7,120
1,006
2,064
4,050
3.7
8.2
12.3
7.1
3.0
5.4
2.5
7.6
1.6
2.6
2.9
34.4
27.4
29.6
40.3
253
2,107
652
1,454
438
139
299
123
176
186
179
7,834
1,144
2,282
4,409
4.6
9.5
14.3
8.3
3.5
6.0
2.9
8.2
2.0
3.1
3.4
37.9
31.1
32.8
43.9
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3
Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated
businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2
Percent
of
employed
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and
industry, 2015-2016 annual averages
2015
Occupation and industry
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations. . . . . . .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . .
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . .
INDUSTRY
Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . .
Radio and television broadcasting and cable
subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
2016
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Members
of
unions1
Nonunion3
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$1,158
$1,152
$1,148
$1,160
$1,188
$1,166
$1,159
$1,197
1,258
1,351
1,137
1,112
1,428
1,424
1,206
889
1,391
956
1,273
1,386
1,108
1,140
1,388
1,393
1,249
1,014
1,551
1,095
1,291
1,380
1,132
1,132
1,327
1,399
1,266
1,008
1,547
1,074
1,257
1,349
1,138
1,103
1,434
1,427
1,187
855
1,373
860
1,284
1,370
1,161
1,141
1,443
1,482
1,209
919
1,431
984
1,263
1,389
1,146
1,156
1,372
1,424
1,288
1,095
1,615
1,130
1,266
1,408
1,141
1,146
1,332
1,411
1,278
1,076
1,621
1,114
1,285
1,368
1,164
1,140
1,458
1,490
1,195
872
1,419
887
1,001
1,041
509
498
796
441
1,228
1,211
753
544
1,031
515
1,212
1,194
742
546
1,029
512
984
1,014
489
495
687
436
1,040
1,104
523
525
809
465
1,252
1,191
771
602
1,088
597
1,224
1,175
753
602
1,074
581
1,028
1,087
505
520
694
459
486
498
673
716
656
648
515
810
702
831
628
521
801
710
821
469
496
662
716
639
510
505
698
744
679
664
559
810
717
826
647
546
804
724
818
498
503
686
745
661
761
464
749
839
1,070
–
1,082
1,066
1,052
–
1,064
1,051
711
460
695
799
786
520
784
861
1,127
–
1,153
1,076
1,111
–
1,142
1,069
735
518
719
822
656
663
646
850
824
876
842
826
859
622
635
610
665
668
662
881
841
913
876
837
904
631
641
622
776
522
781
1,162
784
839
872
776
653
841
610
843
790
1,133
1,102
1,098
996
917
–
918
–
1,099
876
889
849
673
876
621
1,007
980
1,194
1,260
–
–
912
–
913
1,170
1,093
868
881
841
671
863
622
1,003
977
1,188
1,242
–
–
765
519
769
1,162
743
833
871
768
652
840
609
803
754
1,116
1,077
1,102
935
801
572
806
1,197
822
857
893
793
676
871
623
860
795
1,264
1,143
1,094
1,085
937
–
937
–
1,168
885
907
839
701
921
645
1,033
972
1,408
1,238
–
–
932
–
933
–
1,146
884
910
827
700
905
645
1,023
969
1,388
1,257
–
–
789
571
793
1,190
780
852
890
789
675
868
622
808
757
1,242
1,133
1,102
1,030
980
1,162
964
1,024
1,061
973
782
951
1,256
–
1,212
915
983
923
988
891
874
1,297
–
1,208
924
1,004
1,082
981
893
906
1,268
968
1,148
964
1,024
1,060
973
772
953
1,255
1,017
1,182
977
1,039
1,089
977
827
992
1,273
–
1,273
896
818
–
–
977
887
1,309
–
1,306
916
853
813
907
970
935
1,277
1,020
1,153
981
1,047
1,101
980
817
995
1,273
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and
industry, 2015-2016 annual averages — Continued
2015
Occupation and industry
Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services, except private households. . . . . . . . . . . .
Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2016
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$605
787
918
754
515
657
492
546
480
684
710
944
1,113
909
914
$684
962
1,025
916
606
672
579
645
492
903
916
1,029
1,058
988
1,043
$672
946
1,015
904
592
680
558
639
490
879
900
1,023
1,064
982
1,033
$603
768
896
742
511
655
489
532
480
677
703
878
1,159
867
783
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$613
817
936
785
528
678
504
582
491
686
708
967
1,149
931
940
$687
944
967
929
670
720
642
698
567
959
965
1,070
1,093
1,022
1,089
$682
937
965
921
667
720
637
703
575
869
893
1,055
1,099
1,011
1,071
$610
799
931
771
522
673
501
564
490
681
703
900
1,188
883
817
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3
Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
4
Includes other industries, not shown separately.
- Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well
as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state, 2015-2016 annual averages
[Numbers in thousands]
2015
State
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2016
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,863
304
2,661
1,155
15,657
2,310
1,587
412
334
7,994
190
60
138
58
2,486
194
269
38
35
546
10.2
19.6
5.2
5.1
15.9
8.4
17.0
9.2
10.4
6.8
204
66
163
74
2,689
215
277
43
40
671
11.0
21.7
6.1
6.4
17.2
9.3
17.4
10.4
12.1
8.4
1,895
297
2,727
1,186
16,001
2,438
1,568
419
343
8,113
153
55
122
47
2,551
238
275
48
32
456
8.1
18.5
4.5
3.9
15.9
9.8
17.5
11.4
9.5
5.6
170
59
151
59
2,796
263
288
56
37
574
9.0
19.9
5.5
5.0
17.5
10.8
18.4
13.3
10.7
7.1
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,016
583
679
5,566
2,828
1,435
1,255
1,705
1,847
549
162
119
46
847
283
138
110
187
107
64
4.0
20.4
6.8
15.2
10.0
9.6
8.7
11.0
5.8
11.6
206
126
50
892
319
174
136
207
126
75
5.1
21.7
7.3
16.0
11.3
12.2
10.8
12.1
6.8
13.6
4,249
597
689
5,587
2,927
1,454
1,274
1,710
1,799
567
165
119
42
812
304
129
109
190
76
65
3.9
19.9
6.1
14.5
10.4
8.9
8.6
11.1
4.2
11.4
210
125
47
856
335
153
132
228
88
77
4.9
20.9
6.8
15.3
11.4
10.5
10.3
13.4
4.9
13.5
Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,757
3,103
4,083
2,565
1,103
2,615
427
882
1,232
641
287
402
621
363
60
230
52
68
177
62
10.4
12.9
15.2
14.2
5.4
8.8
12.2
7.7
14.3
9.7
337
441
672
385
75
257
59
80
203
73
12.2
14.2
16.5
15.0
6.8
9.8
13.9
9.0
16.5
11.4
2,815
3,158
4,196
2,563
1,108
2,711
418
876
1,211
669
310
381
606
365
73
262
50
64
146
63
11.0
12.1
14.4
14.2
6.6
9.7
11.9
7.4
12.1
9.4
347
407
651
388
90
290
58
74
182
74
12.3
12.9
15.5
15.2
8.1
10.7
13.9
8.5
15.0
11.0
New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,880
782
8,249
4,089
352
4,914
1,567
1,586
5,601
483
596
49
2,038
123
19
606
88
235
747
68
15.4
6.2
24.7
3.0
5.4
12.3
5.6
14.8
13.3
14.2
644
61
2,141
167
24
670
116
256
804
72
16.6
7.9
26.0
4.1
6.8
13.6
7.4
16.2
14.4
14.9
4,007
784
8,227
4,225
363
4,970
1,482
1,691
5,686
481
644
49
1,942
129
20
617
80
228
685
74
16.1
6.3
23.6
3.0
5.5
12.4
5.4
13.5
12.1
15.5
666
64
2,075
174
25
702
97
267
724
81
16.6
8.2
25.2
4.1
7.0
14.1
6.6
15.8
12.7
16.9
South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wyoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,960
382
2,693
11,177
1,274
284
3,736
2,977
665
2,682
261
41
22
146
503
50
36
202
500
83
223
19
2.1
5.9
5.4
4.5
3.9
12.6
5.4
16.8
12.4
8.3
7.1
57
26
175
626
67
42
258
536
91
253
22
2.9
6.9
6.5
5.6
5.2
14.7
6.9
18.0
13.7
9.4
8.2
1,981
379
2,746
11,457
1,318
290
3,748
3,090
669
2,696
248
32
20
158
462
62
33
160
539
79
219
16
1.6
5.2
5.7
4.0
4.7
11.5
4.3
17.4
11.8
8.1
6.3
52
26
174
606
79
37
226
577
88
244
18
2.6
7.0
6.4
5.3
6.0
12.9
6.0
18.7
13.2
9.0
7.3
1
Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated
businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
2
art 1. 1.
Union
by state,
state,2016
2016annual
annual
averag
Chart
Unionmembership
membership rates
rates by
averages
(U.S. rate
rate == 10.7
10.7 percent)
(U.S.
Mountain
West
North Central
East
North Central
WASH.
MONT.
N.D.
MAINE
Middle
Atlantic
MINN.
ORE.
New England
VT. N.H.
MASS.
N.Y.
IDAHO
WIS.
S.D.
CONN. R.I.
MICH.
WYO.
PA.
IOWA
N.J.
NEB.
OHIO
NEV.
CALIF.
ILL.
IND.
MD.
UTAH
COLO.
KAN.
DEL.
MO.
W.VA.
KY.
VA.
TENN.
ARIZ.
N.C.
N.M.
D.C.
OKLA.
ARK.
Pacific
MISS.
S.C.
ALA.
GA.
TEXAS
South
Atlantic
LA.
West
South Central
East
South Central
FLA.
20.0% or more
15.0% to 19.9%
10.0% to 14.9%
HAWAII
5.0% to 9.9%
ALASKA
4.9% or less