1
Technical information:
Media contact:
(202) 691-6378
http://www.bls.gov/cps/
691-5902
USDL 05-112
For release: 10:00 A.M. EST
Thursday, January 27, 2005
UNION MEMBERS IN 2004
In 2004, 12.5 percent of wage and salary workers were union members, down from 12.9 percent in
2003, the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The union membership
rate has steadily declined from a high of 20.1 percent in 1983, the first year for which comparable union
data are available. Some highlights from the 2004 data are:
• About 36 percent of government workers were union members in 2004, compared with about 8 per. cent of workers in private-sector industries.
• Two occupational groups—education, training, and library occupations and protective service occupations—had the highest unionization rates in 2004, at about 37 percent each. Protective service occupations include fire fighters and police officers.
• Men were more likely to be union members than women.
• Black workers were more likely to be union members than were white, Asian, or Hispanic or Latino
workers.
Membership by Industry and Occupation
In 2004, workers in the public sector had a union membership rate more than four times that of privatesector employees. At 36.4 percent, the unionization rate for government workers was down slightly from
37.2 percent a year earlier. The rate for private industry workers, at 7.9 percent in 2004, was about half
what it had been in 1983. Within the public sector, local government workers had the highest union membership rate, 41.3 percent. This group includes several heavily unionized occupations, such as teachers,
police officers, and fire fighters. Among major private industries, transportation and utilities had the highest
union membership rate, at 24.9 percent. Construction (14.7 percent), information industries (14.2 percent),
and manufacturing (12.9 percent) also had higher-than-average rates. Within the information industry, telecommunications had a 22.4 percent union membership rate. Financial activities had the lowest unionization
rate in 2004—2.0 percent. (See table 3.)
Among occupational groups, education, training, and library occupations (37.6 percent) and protective
service workers (37.3 percent) had the highest unionization rates in 2004. Construction and extraction occupations (19.6 percent), installation, maintenance, and repair occupations (19.4 percent), transportation and
material moving occupations (18.8 percent), community and social services occupations (17.4 percent), and
production occupations (16.3 percent) also had higher-than-average rates. Farming, fishing, and forestry
occupations (3.1 percent) and sales and related occupations (3.6 percent) had the lowest unionization rates.
(See table 3.)
2
Demographic Characteristics of Union Members
In 2004, the union membership rate was higher for men (13.8 percent) than for women (11.1 percent).
The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983, when the rate for men was 10 percentage points higher than the rate for women. This narrowing occurred because the union membership rate for
men declined more rapidly than the rate for women over the period. (See table 1.)
Blacks were more likely to be union members (15.1 percent) than were whites (12.2 percent), Asians
(11.4 percent), or Hispanics or Latinos (10.1 percent). Among age groups, union membership rates were
highest among workers 45 to 54 years old (17.0 percent) and were lowest among those ages 16 to 24
(4.7 percent). Full-time workers were more than twice as likely as part-time workers to be union members,
13.9 and 6.4 percent, respectively. (See table 1.)
Union Representation of Nonmembers
About 1.6 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union on their main job in 2004, while
not being union members themselves. (See table 1.) About half of these workers were employed in government. (See table 3.)
Earnings
In 2004, full-time wage and salary workers who were union members had median usual weekly earnings of $781, compared with a median of $612 for wage and salary workers who were not represented by
unions. (See table 2.) The difference reflects a variety of influences in addition to coverage by a collective
bargaining agreement, including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by
occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region. (For a discussion of the problem of differentiating
between the influence of unionization status and the influence of other worker characteristics on employee
earnings, see “Measuring union-nonunion earnings differences,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1990.)
Union Membership by State
In 2004, 32 states had union membership rates below that of the U.S. average, 12.5 percent, while 17
states and the District of Columbia had higher rates. All states in the Middle Atlantic and Pacific divisions
again reported union membership rates above the national average, while all states in the East South Central
and West South Central divisions continued to have rates below it. The states in the Mountain division also
recorded union membership rates at or below that of the U.S. (See table 5 and chart 1.)
Four states had union membership rates over 20 percent in 2004—New York (25.3 percent), Hawaii
(23.7 percent), Michigan (21.6 percent), and Alaska (20.1 percent). All four states have had rates above
20 percent every year since data became regularly available in 1995. Four states reported union membership rates below 5 percent in 2004. North Carolina and South Carolina continued to record the lowest
union membership rates, 2.7 and 3.0 percent, respectively. These two states have had the lowest union
membership rates each year since the state series became available. Arkansas and Mississippi had
the next lowest union membership rates, 4.8 percent each in 2004.
The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.4 million) and New York (2.0 million).
About half (7.8 million) of the 15.5 million union members in the U.S. lived in six states (California, New
York, Michigan, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Ohio), although these states accounted for just over one-third
of wage and salary employment nationally.
3
The number of union members in a state depends on both its employment level and its union membership
rate. Texas (the second largest state in terms of the number of wage and salary workers) had less than onefourth as many union members as New York (the third largest), despite having nearly 1.2 million more wage
and salary employees. Similarly, Florida (the fourth largest state) and Wisconsin (the sixteenth) had the same
number of union members, even though Florida’s wage and salary employment level was more than two and
one-half times that of Wisconsin.
Technical Note
The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current
Population Survey (CPS), which provides the basic information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey
is conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the
U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected national
sample of about 60,000 households. The union membership and
earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly
sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All selfemployed workers are excluded.
Union membership data for 2004 are not strictly comparable
with data for 2003 and earlier years because of the introduction
in January 2004 of revised population controls used in the CPS.
The effect of the revised population controls on the union
membership estimates is unknown. However, the effect of the
new controls on the monthly CPS estimates was to decrease the
January 2004 employment level by 409,000 and the unemployment level by 27,000 relative to the December 2003 level.
The updated controls had little or no effect on unemployment
rates and other ratios. For additional information, see
“Adjustments to Household Survey Population Estimates in
January 2004” in the February 2004 issue of Employment and
Earnings, available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/cps/
cps04adj.pdf.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200,
TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and
nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire
population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the “true” population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending upon the particular sample selected, and this
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that
an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6
standard errors from the “true” population value because of
sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90percent level of confidence.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability or
unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information,
and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS
and information on estimating standard errors, see the
“Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of
Employment and Earnings.
Definitions
The principal definitions used in this release are described
briefly below.
Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or
an employee association similar to a union.
Represented by unions. Data refer to union members, as well
as workers who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are
covered by a union or an employee association contract.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes
and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case
of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were asked
how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994,
respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for
them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice
monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually
earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis
other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The
term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the
respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are
instructed to define the term as more than half of the weeks
worked during the past 4 or 5 months.
Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides
a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having
earnings above the median and the other having earnings below
the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or
calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which
are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is
estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in
which the median lies.
Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages,
salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The
group includes employees in both the private and public
sectors, but, for the purposes of the union membership and
earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, regardless
of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or
more per week at their sole or principal job.
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than
35 hours per week at their sole or principal job.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who
identified themselves in the enumeration process as being
Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics
(Numbers in thousands)
2003
Members of
unions1
Characteristic
Total
employed
2004
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Members of
unions1
Total
employed
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over ..........................................................
16 to 24 years .........................................................................
25 years and over ...................................................................
25 to 34 years ........................................................................
35 to 44 years ........................................................................
45 to 54 years ........................................................................
55 to 64 years ........................................................................
65 years and over ..................................................................
122,358
18,904
103,454
28,179
30,714
27,567
13,633
3,361
15,776
966
14,810
3,097
4,308
4,848
2,300
258
12.9
5.1
14.3
11.0
14.0
17.6
16.9
7.7
17,448
1,124
16,324
3,455
4,717
5,307
2,547
297
14.3
5.9
15.8
12.3
15.4
19.3
18.7
8.8
123,554
19,109
104,444
28,202
30,470
28,039
14,239
3,495
15,472
890
14,581
2,982
4,173
4,771
2,390
264
12.5
4.7
14.0
10.6
13.7
17.0
16.8
7.5
17,087
1,019
16,069
3,316
4,590
5,233
2,617
314
13.8
5.3
15.4
11.8
15.1
18.7
18.4
9.0
Men, 16 years and over ..........................................................
16 to 24 years ........................................................................
25 years and over ..................................................................
25 to 34 years .......................................................................
35 to 44 years .......................................................................
45 to 54 years .......................................................................
55 to 64 years .......................................................................
65 years and over .................................................................
63,236
9,683
53,553
15,263
16,080
13,723
6,776
1,710
9,044
595
8,450
1,826
2,535
2,684
1,271
133
14.3
6.1
15.8
12.0
15.8
19.6
18.8
7.8
9,848
685
9,163
2,005
2,735
2,891
1,377
155
15.6
7.1
17.1
13.1
17.0
21.1
20.3
9.0
64,145
9,835
54,310
15,391
16,035
14,026
7,117
1,741
8,878
557
8,321
1,722
2,449
2,699
1,309
142
13.8
5.7
15.3
11.2
15.3
19.2
18.4
8.2
9,638
627
9,010
1,873
2,658
2,903
1,414
163
15.0
6.4
16.6
12.2
16.6
20.7
19.9
9.4
Women, 16 years and over ....................................................
16 to 24 years ........................................................................
25 years and over ..................................................................
25 to 34 years .......................................................................
35 to 44 years .......................................................................
45 to 54 years .......................................................................
55 to 64 years .......................................................................
65 years and over .................................................................
59,122
9,221
49,901
12,916
14,634
13,844
6,857
1,651
6,732
371
6,360
1,270
1,773
2,163
1,029
125
11.4
4.0
12.7
9.8
12.1
15.6
15.0
7.6
7,601
439
7,161
1,451
1,982
2,416
1,170
142
12.9
4.8
14.4
11.2
13.5
17.5
17.1
8.6
59,408
9,274
50,134
12,811
14,435
14,014
7,122
1,753
6,593
333
6,260
1,261
1,725
2,072
1,081
121
11.1
3.6
12.5
9.8
11.9
14.8
15.2
6.9
7,450
391
7,058
1,443
1,931
2,330
1,203
151
12.5
4.2
14.1
11.3
13.4
16.6
16.9
8.6
White, 16 years and over ........................................................ 100,589
Men ....................................................................................... 52,827
Women ................................................................................. 47,762
12,535
7,378
5,157
12.5
14.0
10.8
13,849
8,016
5,834
13.8
15.2
12.2
101,340
53,432
47,908
12,381
7,260
5,121
12.2
13.6
10.7
13,657
7,854
5,803
13.5
14.7
12.1
Black or African American, 16 years and over ....................... 13,928
Men .......................................................................................
6,302
Women .................................................................................
7,626
2,298
1,153
1,145
16.5
18.3
15.0
2,540
1,249
1,291
18.2
19.8
16.9
14,090
6,409
7,681
2,130
1,085
1,045
15.1
16.9
13.6
2,355
1,185
1,170
16.7
18.5
15.2
5,096
2,699
2,397
581
296
285
11.4
11.0
11.9
659
346
313
12.9
12.8
13.1
5,280
2,815
2,465
603
328
275
11.4
11.7
11.1
670
371
299
12.7
13.2
12.1
Hispanic or Latino, 16 years and over .................................... 16,068
Men .......................................................................................
9,567
Women .................................................................................
6,501
1,712
1,050
662
10.7
11.0
10.2
1,913
1,160
753
11.9
12.1
11.6
16,533
9,857
6,676
1,676
1,016
661
10.1
10.3
9.9
1,888
1,130
758
11.4
11.5
11.4
14,263
1,479
14.2
6.8
15,732
1,679
15.7
7.7
101,224
22,047
14,029
1,406
13.9
6.4
15,463
1,587
15.3
7.2
RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Asian, 16 years and over ........................................................
Men .......................................................................................
Women .................................................................................
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS3
Full-time workers .................................................................... 100,302
Part-time workers ................................................................... 21,809
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose
jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours
usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time
status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple
jobholders.
NOTE:
Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population
controls used in the household survey. Estimates for the above race groups
(white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because
data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is
identified as "Hispanic or Latino" may be of any race and, therefore, are
classified by ethnicity as well as race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of
full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless
of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics
2003
2004
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by
unions2
Nonunion
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by
unions2
Nonunion
Total, 16 years and over ..............................................
16 to 24 years .............................................................
25 years and over .......................................................
25 to 34 years ............................................................
35 to 44 years ............................................................
45 to 54 years ............................................................
55 to 64 years ............................................................
65 years and over ......................................................
$620
387
662
594
687
723
708
516
$760
497
774
707
787
812
797
619
$755
494
770
701
783
807
798
624
$599
381
636
580
665
695
678
504
$638
390
683
604
713
743
725
560
$781
498
798
724
813
834
835
728
$776
494
793
717
808
831
835
744
$612
385
656
590
690
718
693
520
Men, 16 years and over ..............................................
16 to 24 years ............................................................
25 years and over ......................................................
25 to 34 years ...........................................................
35 to 44 years ...........................................................
45 to 54 years ...........................................................
55 to 64 years ...........................................................
65 years and over .....................................................
695
398
744
628
775
834
827
612
805
498
821
737
841
865
834
713
802
493
821
732
839
865
842
720
667
392
724
613
759
822
821
603
713
400
762
639
804
857
843
641
829
504
846
751
868
878
870
753
828
496
846
748
865
881
877
776
685
395
743
620
787
847
829
620
Women, 16 years and over ........................................
16 to 24 years ............................................................
25 years and over ......................................................
25 to 34 years ...........................................................
35 to 44 years ...........................................................
45 to 54 years ...........................................................
55 to 64 years ...........................................................
65 years and over .....................................................
552
371
584
546
590
609
601
435
696
495
709
661
706
736
748
517
691
494
704
657
703
731
743
531
523
366
562
525
574
589
576
422
573
375
599
561
608
625
615
478
723
487
733
678
735
758
767
687
719
491
730
665
733
755
767
733
541
370
580
541
590
604
592
455
White, 16 years and over ............................................
Men ...........................................................................
Women .....................................................................
636
715
567
779
827
711
774
825
707
612
688
539
657
732
584
808
855
738
802
854
734
626
704
557
Black or African American, 16 years and over ...........
Men ...........................................................................
Women .....................................................................
514
555
491
665
693
633
654
687
622
491
518
467
525
569
505
656
679
629
651
679
621
507
534
490
Asian, 16 years and over ............................................
Men ...........................................................................
Women .....................................................................
693
772
598
759
783
710
760
775
723
681
771
587
708
802
613
765
775
756
774
786
762
691
809
594
Hispanic or Latino, 16 years and over ........................
Men ...........................................................................
Women .....................................................................
440
464
410
632
664
586
622
652
584
419
437
394
456
480
419
679
697
623
670
690
616
428
455
401
Characteristic
AGE AND SEX
RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC
OR LATINO ETHNICITY
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union
affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee
association contract.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population
controls used in the household survey. Estimates for the above race
groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to
totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition,
persons whose ethnicity is identified as "Hispanic or Latino" may be of
any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as race.
Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.
Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not
their businesses are incorporated.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry
(Numbers in thousands)
2003
Members of
unions1
Occupation and industry
Total
employed
2004
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
40,883
5,331
13.0
6,130
15.0
15,465
10,713
4,753
25,418
2,947
2,592
1,203
2,118
1,134
7,584
727
436
291
4,604
154
202
108
351
54
2,861
4.7
4.1
6.1
18.1
5.2
7.8
9.0
16.6
4.8
37.7
882
546
336
5,248
197
240
136
395
65
3,207
1,879
5,961
20,183
2,824
2,699
7,150
140
733
2,318
312
974
292
7.5
12.3
11.5
11.0
36.1
4.1
4,426
3,084
32,323
13,378
18,945
490
251
2,642
533
2,109
11,894
921
6,412
4,560
17,074
9,261
7,814
Members of
unions1
Total
employed
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
41,451
5,418
13.1
6,256
15.1
5.7
5.1
7.1
20.6
6.7
9.2
11.3
18.6
5.7
42.3
15,758
10,796
4,962
25,693
2,962
2,597
1,204
2,132
1,216
7,636
732
441
291
4,686
128
209
106
370
75
2,874
4.6
4.1
5.9
18.2
4.3
8.0
8.8
17.4
6.2
37.6
895
553
342
5,361
171
246
129
422
92
3,235
5.7
5.1
6.9
20.9
5.8
9.5
10.7
19.8
7.6
42.4
157
853
2,562
341
1,038
347
8.4
14.3
12.7
12.1
38.5
4.9
1,894
6,052
20,724
2,791
2,840
7,164
162
762
2,371
290
1,059
294
8.6
12.6
11.4
10.4
37.3
4.1
184
882
2,552
315
1,118
337
9.7
14.6
12.3
11.3
39.4
4.7
11.1
8.1
8.2
4.0
11.1
550
286
2,974
599
2,375
12.4
9.3
9.2
4.5
12.5
4,597
3,331
32,322
13,527
18,795
490
238
2,493
488
2,005
10.7
7.1
7.7
3.6
10.7
529
254
2,780
548
2,232
11.5
7.6
8.6
4.1
11.9
2,288
33
1,394
862
19.2
3.5
21.7
18.9
2,409
38
1,457
913
20.3
4.1
22.7
20.0
12,081
862
6,680
4,540
2,222
27
1,312
883
18.4
3.1
19.6
19.4
2,343
34
1,370
939
19.4
3.9
20.5
20.7
3,196
1,624
1,572
18.7
17.5
20.1
3,374
1,710
1,664
19.8
18.5
21.3
16,976
9,085
7,891
2,968
1,485
1,483
17.5
16.3
18.8
3,156
1,582
1,574
18.6
17.4
20.0
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related occupations ...............
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations .......................................................................
Management occupations ................................................
Business and financial operations occupations ................
Professional and related occupations ...................................
Computer and mathematical occupations ........................
Architecture and engineering occupations .......................
Life, physical, and social science occupations .................
Community and social services occupations ....................
Legal occupations .............................................................
Education, training, and library occupations .....................
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations ...................................................................
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ...........
Service occupations .................................................................
Healthcare support occupations ...........................................
Protective service occupations .............................................
Food preparation and serving related occupations ..............
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations .......................................................................
Personal care and service occupations ................................
Sales and office occupations ....................................................
Sales and related occupations .............................................
Office and administrative support occupations .....................
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations ...........................................................................
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ...........................
Construction and extraction occupations ..............................
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ...............
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations ...........................................................................
Production occupations ........................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations .................
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry — Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
2003
Members of
unions1
Occupation and industry
Total
employed
2004
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
102,648
1,089
101,559
504
7,126
16,130
10,049
6,081
18,343
3,878
14,466
4,942
4,081
861
3,297
781
333
489
1,414
8,360
6,246
4,079
2,167
2,114
10,588
6,146
4,443
16,635
3,062
13,573
10,207
1,764
8,443
1,396
7,046
5,425
4,645
8,452
17
8,435
46
1,139
2,173
1,411
762
1,130
197
933
1,294
1,051
243
448
58
40
45
296
176
98
63
35
77
243
88
155
1,324
371
953
281
95
187
116
70
181
174
8.2
1.6
8.3
9.1
16.0
13.5
14.0
12.5
6.2
5.1
6.4
26.2
25.8
28.2
13.6
7.4
12.0
9.2
21.0
2.1
1.6
1.5
1.6
3.7
2.3
1.4
3.5
8.0
12.1
7.0
2.8
5.4
2.2
8.3
1.0
3.3
3.8
9,264
23
9,241
53
1,188
2,314
1,497
817
1,210
213
997
1,350
1,094
256
481
60
46
48
316
237
142
96
47
95
312
125
187
1,560
452
1,108
333
111
222
126
96
203
196
9.0
2.1
9.1
10.5
16.7
14.3
14.9
13.4
6.6
5.5
6.9
27.3
26.8
29.8
14.6
7.7
13.8
9.7
22.3
2.8
2.3
2.3
2.1
4.5
2.9
2.0
4.2
9.4
14.8
8.2
3.3
6.3
2.6
9.0
1.4
3.7
4.2
Public sector ............................................................................. 19,710
Federal goverment ...............................................................
3,247
State government .................................................................
5,636
Local government ................................................................. 10,827
7,324
1,004
1,706
4,614
37.2
30.9
30.3
42.6
8,185
1,196
1,929
5,060
41.5
36.8
34.2
46.7
Members of
unions1
Total
employed
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
103,584
1,023
102,560
496
7,550
15,754
9,885
5,869
18,754
4,083
14,671
4,893
4,043
850
3,058
778
329
502
1,218
8,490
6,301
4,111
2,191
2,188
10,815
6,263
4,552
16,870
3,243
13,627
10,326
1,777
8,548
1,431
7,117
5,556
4,782
8,205
23
8,182
57
1,110
2,036
1,316
720
1,028
189
839
1,218
976
241
433
52
52
47
273
171
96
56
40
76
246
70
177
1,405
421
984
319
114
205
117
88
158
148
7.9
2.2
8.0
11.4
14.7
12.9
13.3
12.3
5.5
4.6
5.7
24.9
24.2
28.4
14.2
6.7
15.7
9.3
22.4
2.0
1.5
1.4
1.8
3.5
2.3
1.1
3.9
8.3
13.0
7.2
3.1
6.4
2.4
8.2
1.2
2.8
3.1
8,956
30
8,926
58
1,162
2,183
1,407
776
1,107
214
893
1,287
1,031
256
470
59
54
53
292
209
124
73
51
85
306
102
204
1,593
475
1,119
368
123
245
132
112
183
172
8.6
2.9
8.7
11.7
15.4
13.9
14.2
13.2
5.9
5.2
6.1
26.3
25.5
30.1
15.4
7.6
16.4
10.5
24.0
2.5
2.0
1.8
2.3
3.9
2.8
1.6
4.5
9.4
14.6
8.2
3.6
6.9
2.9
9.2
1.6
3.3
3.6
19,970
3,298
5,712
10,961
7,267
985
1,751
4,532
36.4
29.9
30.7
41.3
8,131
1,153
1,961
5,017
40.7
35.0
34.3
45.8
INDUSTRY
Private sector ............................................................................
Agriculture and related industries ...........................................
Nonagricultural industries .......................................................
Mining ..................................................................................
Construction ........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Durable goods .................................................................
Nondurable goods ...........................................................
Wholesale and retail trade ...................................................
Wholesale trade ...............................................................
Retail trade ......................................................................
Transportation and utilities ..................................................
Transportation and warehousing .....................................
Utilities .............................................................................
Information3 .........................................................................
Publishing, except Internet ..............................................
Motion pictures and sound recording ..............................
Broadcasting, except Internet ..........................................
Telecommunications ........................................................
Financial activities ...............................................................
Finance and insurance ....................................................
Finance .......................................................................
Insurance ....................................................................
Real estate and rental and leasing ..................................
Professional and business services ....................................
Professional and technical services ................................
Management, administrative, and waste services ...........
Education and health services .............................................
Educational services ........................................................
Health care and social assistance ...................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation .................................
Accommodation and food services ..................................
Accommodation ...........................................................
Food services and drinking places ..............................
Other services3 ....................................................................
Other services, except private households ......................
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose
jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population controls
used in the household survey. Data refer to the sole or principal job of fulland part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of
whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry
2003
Occupation and industry
Total
Members
of
unions1
2004
Represented
by
unions2
Nonunion
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by
unions2
Nonunion
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related occupations .......................
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations ...............................................................................
Management occupations ........................................................
Business and financial operations occupations ........................
Professional and related occupations ...........................................
Computer and mathematical occupations ................................
Architecture and engineering occupations ...............................
Life, physical, and social science occupations .........................
Community and social services occupations ............................
Legal occupations .....................................................................
Education, training, and library occupations .............................
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations ...........................................................................
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ...................
Service occupations .........................................................................
Healthcare support occupations ...................................................
Protective service occupations .....................................................
Food preparation and serving related occupations ......................
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations ...............................................................................
Personal care and service occupations ........................................
Sales and office occupations ............................................................
Sales and related occupations .....................................................
Office and administrative support occupations .............................
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations ...................................................................................
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ...................................
Construction and extraction occupations ......................................
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .......................
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations ...................................................................................
Production occupations ................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations .........................
See footnotes at end of table.
$887
$896
$892
$886
$918
$921
$916
$918
961
1,023
842
845
1,049
1,053
891
686
1,051
754
985
1,102
864
885
963
1,037
944
848
1,362
864
994
1,109
873
879
979
1,028
945
832
1,317
854
959
1,019
839
833
1,057
1,058
876
650
1,032
644
965
1,052
847
883
1,114
1,098
957
707
1,070
781
963
1,065
880
915
1,000
1,080
949
827
1,174
899
972
1,074
881
907
983
1,090
977
817
1,155
886
965
1,050
844
875
1,124
1,100
955
666
1,058
687
745
816
403
400
630
349
947
877
606
452
857
415
933
876
596
452
850
410
734
801
382
394
510
344
768
852
411
407
700
360
953
938
655
458
907
445
972
933
647
462
897
435
754
841
389
401
567
355
390
391
545
598
523
503
532
629
597
639
498
520
624
601
632
372
381
530
598
510
385
402
558
604
535
515
522
662
576
676
513
518
658
577
671
368
394
545
606
519
608
369
599
673
851
(3)
$851
858
843
(3)
$840
856
558
365
531
622
621
356
604
704
867
(3)
$861
886
858
(3)
$852
880
581
352
555
662
519
519
520
688
670
710
684
665
704
493
495
490
523
526
520
687
681
695
681
674
689
498
503
491
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry —
Continued
2003
Occupation and industry
Total
Members
of
unions1
2004
Represented
by
unions2
Nonunion
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by
unions2
Nonunion
INDUSTRY
Private sector ....................................................................................
Agriculture and related industries ...................................................
Nonagricultural industries ...............................................................
Mining ..........................................................................................
Construction ................................................................................
Manufacturing ..............................................................................
Durable goods .........................................................................
Nondurable goods ...................................................................
Wholesale and retail trade ...........................................................
Wholesale trade .......................................................................
Retail trade ..............................................................................
Transportation and utilities ..........................................................
Transportation and warehousing .............................................
Utilities .....................................................................................
Information4 .................................................................................
Publishing, except Internet ......................................................
Motion pictures and sound recording ......................................
Broadcasting, except Internet ..................................................
Telecommunications ................................................................
Financial activities .......................................................................
Finance and insurance ............................................................
Finance ...............................................................................
Insurance ............................................................................
Real estate and rental and leasing ..........................................
Professional and business services ............................................
Professional and technical services ........................................
Management, administrative, and waste services ...................
Education and health services .....................................................
Educational services ................................................................
Health care and social assistance ...........................................
Leisure and hospitality .................................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation .........................................
Accommodation and food services ..........................................
Accommodation ...................................................................
Food services and drinking places ......................................
Other services4 ............................................................................
Other services, except private households ..............................
$603
397
605
797
615
637
668
597
533
670
497
704
668
899
776
690
704
724
857
691
728
726
731
604
692
885
486
598
681
582
400
492
385
435
371
515
544
$717
(3)
$718
(3)
$884
689
714
635
590
694
562
817
782
965
868
740
(3)
(3)
$877
618
607
614
3
( )
$642
699
897
640
670
756
627
497
546
478
485
467
726
730
$713
(3)
$713
783
873
689
712
637
586
689
554
816
780
979
862
747
(3)
(3)
$875
625
623
640
3
( )
$630
691
911
617
684
760
639
485
529
470
482
456
709
720
$592
396
595
799
580
626
655
590
528
668
494
653
620
857
758
684
669
703
848
694
732
730
734
603
692
884
482
590
659
577
395
489
381
423
369
510
533
$615
403
617
874
618
662
691
611
550
677
509
711
668
957
828
720
805
763
918
706
738
735
743
615
709
927
478
613
716
595
407
523
391
432
378
528
560
$739
(3)
$740
905
893
694
707
670
596
722
567
854
819
979
893
844
(3)
(3)
$910
657
636
606
3
( )
$677
679
940
607
717
828
656
518
677
477
481
467
749
764
$734
(3)
$735
911
884
692
706
662
590
709
560
850
814
978
887
829
(3)
(3)
$897
649
629
616
3
( )
$670
694
937
606
728
831
671
508
662
473
490
422
750
764
$604
402
606
865
588
654
687
602
547
674
507
662
619
948
808
710
762
749
929
708
740
737
744
613
710
927
470
603
679
588
402
513
387
422
377
521
551
Public sector .....................................................................................
Federal goverment .......................................................................
State government .........................................................................
Local government .........................................................................
728
818
702
709
801
809
764
814
795
816
759
803
656
821
652
606
751
856
725
731
832
840
788
844
827
848
781
834
683
869
681
627
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but
whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
4 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE:
Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population
controls used in the household survey. Data refer to the sole or principal
job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers
regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state
(Numbers in thousands)
2003
Members of
unions1
State
Total
employed
Alabama .....................................................................
1,822
Alaska .........................................................................
265
Arizona .......................................................................
2,191
Arkansas .....................................................................
1,035
California .................................................................... 14,350
Colorado .....................................................................
2,007
Connecticut .................................................................
1,489
Delaware ....................................................................
366
District of Columbia ....................................................
268
Florida .........................................................................
6,652
2004
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
147
59
113
50
2,414
156
229
42
39
407
8.1
22.3
5.2
4.8
16.8
7.8
15.4
11.4
14.6
6.1
172
65
140
61
2,647
180
244
46
46
557
9.5
24.6
6.4
5.9
18.4
9.0
16.4
12.5
17.2
8.4
Members of
unions1
Total
employed
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
1,861
268
2,323
1,058
14,414
2,050
1,539
373
258
6,943
181
54
145
51
2,385
172
235
46
33
414
9.7
20.1
6.3
4.8
16.5
8.4
15.3
12.4
12.7
6.0
213
60
183
65
2,588
191
256
49
38
533
11.5
22.4
7.9
6.2
18.0
9.3
16.6
13.2
14.5
7.7
Georgia .......................................................................
Hawaii .........................................................................
Idaho ...........................................................................
Illinois ..........................................................................
Indiana ........................................................................
Iowa ............................................................................
Kansas ........................................................................
Kentucky .....................................................................
Louisiana ....................................................................
Maine ..........................................................................
3,703
511
548
5,399
2,768
1,365
1,204
1,681
1,685
567
249
122
39
967
327
157
96
175
109
73
6.7
23.8
7.0
17.9
11.8
11.5
7.9
10.4
6.5
12.8
298
127
47
1,003
352
196
124
216
132
81
8.0
24.8
8.6
18.6
12.7
14.4
10.3
12.8
7.9
14.3
3,773
533
561
5,410
2,717
1,345
1,223
1,699
1,697
564
242
126
33
908
311
141
103
164
129
64
6.4
23.7
5.8
16.8
11.4
10.5
8.4
9.6
7.6
11.3
282
132
44
971
338
171
132
197
157
74
7.5
24.8
7.9
17.9
12.4
12.7
10.8
11.6
9.3
13.2
Maryland .....................................................................
Massachusetts ............................................................
Michigan .....................................................................
Minnesota ...................................................................
Mississippi ..................................................................
Missouri ......................................................................
Montana ......................................................................
Nebraska ....................................................................
Nevada .......................................................................
New Hampshire ..........................................................
2,481
2,925
4,188
2,435
1,117
2,546
360
819
943
607
354
416
919
414
55
336
50
64
136
56
14.3
14.2
21.9
17.0
5.0
13.2
14.0
7.9
14.4
9.3
410
454
968
441
73
363
54
87
149
69
16.5
15.5
23.1
18.1
6.6
14.2
14.9
10.6
15.8
11.3
2,502
2,920
4,305
2,429
1,108
2,546
366
831
1,006
618
272
393
930
424
53
315
43
69
126
61
10.9
13.5
21.6
17.5
4.8
12.4
11.7
8.3
12.5
9.9
313
430
966
443
70
357
46
83
144
68
12.5
14.7
22.4
18.3
6.3
14.0
12.6
10.0
14.3
11.0
New Jersey .................................................................
New Mexico ................................................................
New York ....................................................................
North Carolina ............................................................
North Dakota ..............................................................
Ohio ............................................................................
Oklahoma ...................................................................
Oregon ........................................................................
Pennsylvania ..............................................................
Rhode Island ..............................................................
3,777
741
7,874
3,576
284
5,100
1,406
1,466
5,261
494
737
57
1,936
111
21
850
96
230
794
84
19.5
7.6
24.6
3.1
7.3
16.7
6.8
15.7
15.1
17.0
801
70
2,017
135
26
923
111
240
847
86
21.2
9.5
25.6
3.8
9.0
18.1
7.9
16.4
16.1
17.5
3,769
734
7,901
3,549
292
4,998
1,402
1,471
5,298
487
745
49
1,996
97
22
759
86
224
793
79
19.8
6.7
25.3
2.7
7.7
15.2
6.1
15.2
15.0
16.3
813
65
2,085
127
26
820
100
243
842
83
21.6
8.9
26.4
3.6
9.0
16.4
7.1
16.5
15.9
17.0
South Carolina ............................................................
South Dakota ..............................................................
Tennessee ..................................................................
Texas ..........................................................................
Utah ............................................................................
Vermont ......................................................................
Virginia ........................................................................
Washington .................................................................
West Virginia ..............................................................
Wisconsin ...................................................................
Wyoming .....................................................................
1,689
353
2,384
9,072
1,015
281
3,243
2,539
671
2,613
224
71
19
179
508
53
27
210
502
88
414
18
4.2
5.4
7.5
5.6
5.2
9.7
6.5
19.7
13.1
15.9
8.0
90
23
218
621
69
33
251
531
95
438
22
5.3
6.4
9.2
6.8
6.8
11.7
7.7
20.9
14.2
16.8
9.8
1,765
347
2,465
9,072
1,001
291
3,308
2,645
700
2,597
222
54
21
164
457
58
29
176
510
99
414
18
3.0
6.0
6.7
5.0
5.8
9.8
5.3
19.3
14.2
16.0
8.0
74
27
191
573
67
33
218
536
110
439
22
4.2
7.7
7.7
6.3
6.7
11.4
6.6
20.3
15.7
16.9
9.8
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but
whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE:
Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population
controls used in the household survey. Data refer to the sole or principal
job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers
regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.