Technical information:
Media contact:
(202) 691-6378
http://www.bls.gov/cps/
691-5902
USDL 06-99
For release: 10:00 A.M. EST
Friday, January 20, 2006
UNION MEMBERS IN 2005
In 2005, 12.5 percent of wage and salary workers were union members, unchanged from 2004, the U.S.
Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The union membership rate has declined
from a high of 20.1 percent in 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available. Some
highlights from the 2005 data are:
• Nearly 15.7 million wage and salary workers were union members in 2005.
• Black workers were more likely to be union members than were white, Asian, or Hispanic workers.
• Men were more likely than women to be union members.
• Workers in the public sector had a union membership rate more than four times that of private-sector
employees.
Membership by Industry and Occupation
At 36.5 percent in 2005, the unionization rate for government workers was essentially unchanged from
a year earlier; the rate for private industry workers, at 7.8 percent, was also flat over the year. Within the
public sector, local government workers had the highest union membership rate, 41.9 percent. This group
includes several heavily unionized occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and fire fighters. Among
major private industries, transportation and utilities had the highest union membership rate, at 24.0 percent.
Information industries (13.6 percent), construction (13.1 percent), and manufacturing (13.0 percent) also had
higher-than-average rates. Within the information industry, telecommunications had a 21.4 percent union
membership rate. Financial activities had the lowest unionization rate in 2005—2.3 percent. (See table 3.)
Among occupational groups, education, training, and library occupations (38.5 percent) and protective
service workers (37.0 percent) had the highest unionization rates in 2005. Transportation and material
moving occupations (19.0 percent), construction and extraction occupations (17.6 percent), installation,
maintenance, and repair occupations (17.2 percent), production occupations (17.1 percent), and community
and social services occupations (16.5 percent), also had higher-than-average unionization rates. Sales and
related occupations (3.3 percent) and farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (3.9 percent) had the lowest
unionization rates. (See table 3.)
2
Demographic Characteristics of Union Members
In 2005, the union membership rate was higher for men (13.5 percent) than for women (11.3 percent).
(See table 1.) The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983, when the rate for men
was 10 percentage points higher than the rate for women. This narrowing occurred because the union membership rate for men declined more rapidly than the rate for women over the period.
Blacks were more likely to be union members (15.1 percent) than were whites (12.2 percent), Asians
(11.2 percent), or Hispanics (10.4 percent). Among age groups, union membership rates were highest
among workers 45 to 64 years old (16.5 percent) and were lowest among those ages 16 to 24 (4.6 percent). Full-time workers were more than twice as likely as part-time workers to be union members, 13.7
and 6.5 percent, respectively. (See table 1.)
Union Representation of Nonmembers
About 1.5 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union on their main job in 2005, while
not being union members themselves. (See table 1.) About half of these workers were employed in government. (See table 3.)
Earnings
In 2005, full-time wage and salary workers who were union members had median usual weekly earnings of $801, compared with a median of $622 for wage and salary workers who were not represented by
unions. (See table 2.) The difference reflects a variety of influences in addition to coverage by a collective
bargaining agreement, including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by
occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region. (For a discussion of the problem of differentiating
between the influence of unionization status and the influence of other worker characteristics on employee
earnings, see “Measuring union-nonunion earnings differences,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1990.)
Union Membership by State
In 2005, 31 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below the U.S. average
of 12.5 percent, while 19 states had higher rates. All states in the Middle Atlantic and Pacific divisions
continued to report union membership rates above the national average and all states in the East
South Central and West South Central divisions had rates below it. Over the year, 24 states and the
District of Columbia recorded lower union membership rates, 23 states registered higher rates, and 3
states had no change in their rates. (See table 5 and chart 1.)
Five states had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2005—New York (26.1 percent), Hawaii
(25.8 percent), Alaska (22.8 percent), and Michigan and New Jersey (20.5 percent each). Five states reported union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2005. South Carolina and North Carolina continued to
record the lowest union membership rates, 2.3 percent and 2.9 percent, respectively. Arkansas and Virginia
had the next lowest union membership rates in 2005, 4.8 percent each, followed closely by Utah, at 4.9 percent.
The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.4 million) and New York (2.1 million). Just
over half (7.9 million) of the 15.7 million union members in the U.S. lived in six states (California, New York,
Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, and New Jersey), though these states accounted for slightly less than one-third of
wage and salary employment nationally.
3
State union membership levels depend on both the employment level and the union membership rate.
Texas (with the second largest number of employed wage and salary workers) had less than one-fourth as
many union members as New York (the third largest), despite having nearly 1.5 million more wage and salary
employees. Similarly, Florida (with the fourth largest employment level) and Massachusetts (the thirteenth)
had virtually the same number of union members, even though Florida’s wage and salary employment level
was over two and one-half times that of Massachusetts.
Technical Note
The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current
Population Survey (CPS), which provides the basic information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey
is conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the
U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected national
sample of about 60,000 households. The union membership and
earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly
sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All selfemployed workers are excluded.
Union membership data for 2005 are not strictly comparable
with data for 2004 and earlier years because of the introduction
in January 2005 of revised population controls used in the CPS.
The effect of the revised population controls on the union
membership estimates is unknown. However, the effect of the
new controls on the monthly CPS estimates was to decrease the
December 2004 employment level by 45,000 and the unemployment level by 4,000. The updated controls had little or
no effect on unemployment rates and other ratios. For
additional information, see “Adjustments to Household Survey
Population Estimates in January 2005” in the February 2005
issue of Employment and Earnings, available on the Internet at
http://www.bls.gov/cps/cps05adj.pdf.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200,
TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and
nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire
population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the “true” population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending upon the particular sample selected, and this
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that
an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6
standard errors from the “true” population value because of
sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90percent level of confidence.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or
unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the
data.
For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the
CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the
“Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of
Employment and Earnings.
Definitions
The principal definitions used in this release are described
briefly below.
Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or
an employee association similar to a union.
Represented by unions. Data refer to union members, as well
as workers who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are
covered by a union or an employee association contract.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes
and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case
of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were asked
how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994,
respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for
them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice
monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually
earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis
other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The
term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the
respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are
instructed to define the term as more than half of the weeks
worked during the past 4 or 5 months.
Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides
a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having
earnings above the median and the other having earnings below
the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or
calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which
are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is
estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in
which the median lies.
Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages,
salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The
group includes employees in both the private and public
sectors, but, for the purposes of the union membership and
earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, regardless
of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or
more per week at their sole or principal job.
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than
35 hours per week at their sole or principal job.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who
identified themselves in the enumeration process as being
Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics
(Numbers in thousands)
2004
Members of
unions 1
Characteristic
Total
employed
2005
Represented
by unions 2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Members of
unions 1
Total
employed
Represented
by unions 2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over ..........................................................
16 to 24 years ........................................................................
25 years and over ..................................................................
25 to 34 years ......................................................................
35 to 44 years ......................................................................
45 to 54 years ......................................................................
55 to 64 years ......................................................................
65 years and over ................................................................
123,554
19,109
104,444
28,202
30,470
28,039
14,239
3,495
15,472
890
14,581
2,982
4,173
4,771
2,390
264
12.5
4.7
14.0
10.6
13.7
17.0
16.8
7.5
17,087
1,019
16,069
3,316
4,590
5,233
2,617
314
13.8
5.3
15.4
11.8
15.1
18.7
18.4
9.0
125,889
19,283
106,606
28,450
30,654
28,714
15,158
3,631
15,685
878
14,808
3,044
4,211
4,731
2,496
325
12.5
4.6
13.9
10.7
13.7
16.5
16.5
8.9
17,223
1,019
16,204
3,368
4,579
5,158
2,732
366
13.7
5.3
15.2
11.8
14.9
18.0
18.0
10.1
Men, 16 years and over .........................................................
16 to 24 years ......................................................................
25 years and over ................................................................
25 to 34 years ....................................................................
35 to 44 years ....................................................................
45 to 54 years ....................................................................
55 to 64 years ....................................................................
65 years and over ..............................................................
64,145
9,835
54,310
15,391
16,035
14,026
7,117
1,741
8,878
557
8,321
1,722
2,449
2,699
1,309
142
13.8
5.7
15.3
11.2
15.3
19.2
18.4
8.2
9,638
627
9,010
1,873
2,658
2,903
1,414
163
15.0
6.4
16.6
12.2
16.6
20.7
19.9
9.4
65,466
9,860
55,606
15,559
16,196
14,421
7,606
1,824
8,870
523
8,347
1,754
2,422
2,658
1,346
167
13.5
5.3
15.0
11.3
15.0
18.4
17.7
9.1
9,597
603
8,994
1,915
2,582
2,849
1,458
190
14.7
6.1
16.2
12.3
15.9
19.8
19.2
10.4
Women, 16 years and over ...................................................
16 to 24 years ......................................................................
25 years and over ................................................................
25 to 34 years ....................................................................
35 to 44 years ....................................................................
45 to 54 years ....................................................................
55 to 64 years ....................................................................
65 years and over ..............................................................
59,408
9,274
50,134
12,811
14,435
14,014
7,122
1,753
6,593
333
6,260
1,261
1,725
2,072
1,081
121
11.1
3.6
12.5
9.8
11.9
14.8
15.2
6.9
7,450
391
7,058
1,443
1,931
2,330
1,203
151
12.5
4.2
14.1
11.3
13.4
16.6
16.9
8.6
60,423
9,423
51,000
12,891
14,457
14,293
7,552
1,806
6,815
354
6,461
1,290
1,790
2,073
1,150
158
11.3
3.8
12.7
10.0
12.4
14.5
15.2
8.8
7,626
417
7,210
1,454
1,997
2,309
1,274
176
12.6
4.4
14.1
11.3
13.8
16.2
16.9
9.8
White, 16 years and over ........................................................ 101,340
Men ....................................................................................... 53,432
Women ................................................................................. 47,908
12,381
7,260
5,121
12.2
13.6
10.7
13,657
7,854
5,803
13.5
14.7
12.1
102,967
54,462
48,505
12,520
7,275
5,245
12.2
13.4
10.8
13,755
7,858
5,897
13.4
14.4
12.2
Black or African American, 16 years and over ....................... 14,090
Men .......................................................................................
6,409
Women .................................................................................
7,681
2,130
1,085
1,045
15.1
16.9
13.6
2,355
1,185
1,170
16.7
18.5
15.2
14,459
6,603
7,857
2,178
1,062
1,115
15.1
16.1
14.2
2,391
1,166
1,225
16.5
17.7
15.6
5,280
2,815
2,465
603
328
275
11.4
11.7
11.1
670
371
299
12.7
13.2
12.1
5,479
2,881
2,598
614
314
299
11.2
10.9
11.5
666
337
329
12.2
11.7
12.7
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over ...................... 16,533
Men .......................................................................................
9,857
Women .................................................................................
6,676
1,676
1,016
661
10.1
10.3
9.9
1,888
1,130
758
11.4
11.5
11.4
17,191
10,324
6,866
1,793
1,093
700
10.4
10.6
10.2
1,981
1,185
796
11.5
11.5
11.6
14,029
1,406
13.9
6.4
15,463
1,587
15.3
7.2
103,560
22,052
14,207
1,441
13.7
6.5
15,551
1,630
15.0
7.4
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY, AND SEX
Asian, 16 years and over ........................................................
Men .......................................................................................
Women .................................................................................
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS 3
Full-time workers .................................................................... 101,224
Part-time workers ................................................................... 22,047
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose
jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours
usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time
status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple
jobholders.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2005, data reflect revised population controls
used in the household survey. Estimates for the above race groups (white,
black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are
not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as
Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by
ethnicity as well as race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and
part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of
whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics
2004
2005
Total
Members
of
unions 1
Represented
by
unions 2
Nonunion
Total
Members
of
unions 1
Represented
by
unions 2
Nonunion
Total, 16 years and over ..............................................
16 to 24 years ............................................................
25 years and over ......................................................
25 to 34 years ..........................................................
35 to 44 years ..........................................................
45 to 54 years ..........................................................
55 to 64 years ..........................................................
65 years and over ....................................................
$638
390
683
604
713
743
725
560
$781
498
798
724
813
834
835
728
$776
494
793
717
808
831
835
744
$612
385
656
590
690
718
693
520
$651
397
696
610
731
748
742
569
$801
502
820
735
844
854
852
679
$795
502
815
729
837
851
851
683
$622
392
669
595
708
722
716
551
Men, 16 years and over .............................................
16 to 24 years ..........................................................
25 years and over ....................................................
25 to 34 years ........................................................
35 to 44 years ........................................................
45 to 54 years ........................................................
55 to 64 years ........................................................
65 years and over ..................................................
713
400
762
639
804
857
843
641
829
504
846
751
868
878
870
753
828
496
846
748
865
881
877
776
685
395
743
620
787
847
829
620
722
409
771
644
822
853
855
644
857
513
876
763
921
911
888
758
855
511
876
760
918
912
895
768
692
403
749
624
800
831
840
625
Women, 16 years and over .......................................
16 to 24 years ..........................................................
25 years and over ....................................................
25 to 34 years ........................................................
35 to 44 years ........................................................
45 to 54 years ........................................................
55 to 64 years ........................................................
65 years and over ..................................................
573
375
599
561
608
625
615
478
723
487
733
678
735
758
767
687
719
491
730
665
733
755
767
733
541
370
580
541
590
604
592
455
585
381
612
573
621
644
639
492
731
484
743
693
740
760
795
610
726
487
738
682
735
758
785
599
559
377
593
548
603
619
610
480
White, 16 years and over ............................................
Men ...........................................................................
Women .....................................................................
657
732
584
808
855
738
802
854
734
626
704
557
672
743
596
830
884
749
824
884
743
641
714
576
Black or African American, 16 years and over ...........
Men ...........................................................................
Women .....................................................................
525
569
505
656
679
629
651
679
621
507
534
490
520
559
499
656
689
632
653
682
630
500
523
478
Asian, 16 years and over ............................................
Men ...........................................................................
Women .....................................................................
708
802
613
765
775
756
774
786
762
691
809
594
753
825
665
809
819
789
805
817
785
744
827
643
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over ..........
Men ...........................................................................
Women .....................................................................
456
480
419
679
697
623
670
690
616
428
455
401
471
489
429
673
713
609
661
704
606
449
473
414
Characteristic
AGE AND SEX
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO
ETHNICITY, AND SEX
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union
affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee
association contract.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2005, data reflect revised population
controls used in the household survey. Estimates for the above race
groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to
totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition,
persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of
any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as race.
Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.
Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not
their businesses are incorporated.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry
(Numbers in thousands)
2004
Members of
unions 1
Occupation and industry
Total
employed
2005
Represented
by unions 2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
41,451
5,418
13.1
6,256
15.1
15,758
10,796
4,962
25,693
2,962
2,597
1,204
2,132
1,216
7,636
732
441
291
4,686
128
209
106
370
75
2,874
4.6
4.1
5.9
18.2
4.3
8.0
8.8
17.4
6.2
37.6
895
553
342
5,361
171
246
129
422
92
3,235
1,894
6,052
20,724
2,791
2,840
7,164
162
762
2,371
290
1,059
294
8.6
12.6
11.4
10.4
37.3
4.1
4,597
3,331
32,322
13,527
18,795
490
238
2,493
488
2,005
12,081
862
6,680
4,540
16,976
9,085
7,891
Members of
unions 1
Total
employed
Represented
by unions 2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
42,226
5,639
13.4
6,385
15.1
5.7
5.1
6.9
20.9
5.8
9.5
10.7
19.8
7.6
42.4
15,955
10,921
5,034
26,271
3,067
2,593
1,305
2,100
1,261
7,813
793
485
308
4,845
142
221
125
346
71
3,006
5.0
4.4
6.1
18.4
4.6
8.5
9.6
16.5
5.6
38.5
939
585
354
5,447
172
259
140
376
83
3,354
5.9
5.4
7.0
20.7
5.6
10.0
10.7
17.9
6.6
42.9
184
882
2,552
315
1,118
337
9.7
14.6
12.3
11.3
39.4
4.7
1,957
6,175
21,074
2,971
2,843
7,361
152
782
2,446
286
1,051
316
7.8
12.7
11.6
9.6
37.0
4.3
171
892
2,659
317
1,109
362
8.8
14.4
12.6
10.7
39.0
4.9
10.7
7.1
7.7
3.6
10.7
529
254
2,780
548
2,232
11.5
7.6
8.6
4.1
11.9
4,525
3,373
32,541
13,630
18,911
504
288
2,385
451
1,934
11.1
8.5
7.3
3.3
10.2
553
317
2,671
519
2,152
12.2
9.4
8.2
3.8
11.4
2,222
27
1,312
883
18.4
3.1
19.6
19.4
2,343
34
1,370
939
19.4
3.9
20.5
20.7
12,907
898
7,296
4,713
2,129
35
1,283
811
16.5
3.9
17.6
17.2
2,238
38
1,348
851
17.3
4.3
18.5
18.1
2,968
1,485
1,483
17.5
16.3
18.8
3,156
1,582
1,574
18.6
17.4
20.0
17,142
9,007
8,135
3,086
1,539
1,547
18.0
17.1
19.0
3,271
1,617
1,655
19.1
17.9
20.3
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related occupations ...............
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations .......................................................................
Management occupations ................................................
Business and financial operations occupations ................
Professional and related occupations ...................................
Computer and mathematical occupations ........................
Architecture and engineering occupations .......................
Life, physical, and social science occupations .................
Community and social services occupations ....................
Legal occupations .............................................................
Education, training, and library occupations .....................
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations ...................................................................
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ...........
Service occupations .................................................................
Healthcare support occupations ...........................................
Protective service occupations .............................................
Food preparation and serving related occupations ..............
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations .......................................................................
Personal care and service occupations ................................
Sales and office occupations ....................................................
Sales and related occupations .............................................
Office and administrative support occupations .....................
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations ...........................................................................
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ...........................
Construction and extraction occupations ..............................
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ...............
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations ...........................................................................
Production occupations ........................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations .................
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry—Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
2004
Members of
unions 1
Occupation and industry
Total
employed
2005
Represented
by unions 2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
103,584
1,023
102,560
496
7,550
15,754
9,885
5,869
18,754
4,083
14,671
4,893
4,043
850
3,058
778
329
502
1,218
8,490
6,301
4,111
2,191
2,188
10,815
6,263
4,552
16,870
3,243
13,627
10,326
1,777
8,548
1,431
7,117
5,556
4,782
8,205
23
8,182
57
1,110
2,036
1,316
720
1,028
189
839
1,218
976
241
433
52
52
47
273
171
96
56
40
76
246
70
177
1,405
421
984
319
114
205
117
88
158
148
7.9
2.2
8.0
11.4
14.7
12.9
13.3
12.3
5.5
4.6
5.7
24.9
24.2
28.4
14.2
6.7
15.7
9.3
22.4
2.0
1.5
1.4
1.8
3.5
2.3
1.1
3.9
8.3
13.0
7.2
3.1
6.4
2.4
8.2
1.2
2.8
3.1
8,956
30
8,926
58
1,162
2,183
1,407
776
1,107
214
893
1,287
1,031
256
470
59
54
53
292
209
124
73
51
85
306
102
204
1,593
475
1,119
368
123
245
132
112
183
172
8.6
2.9
8.7
11.7
15.4
13.9
14.2
13.2
5.9
5.2
6.1
26.3
25.5
30.1
15.4
7.6
16.4
10.5
24.0
2.5
2.0
1.8
2.3
3.9
2.8
1.6
4.5
9.4
14.6
8.2
3.6
6.9
2.9
9.2
1.6
3.3
3.6
Public sector ............................................................................. 19,970
Federal goverment ...............................................................
3,298
State government .................................................................
5,712
Local government ................................................................. 10,961
7,267
985
1,751
4,532
36.4
29.9
30.7
41.3
8,131
1,153
1,961
5,017
40.7
35.0
34.3
45.8
Members of
unions 1
Total
employed
Represented
by unions 2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
105,508
1,021
104,487
600
8,053
15,518
9,845
5,673
18,989
4,017
14,973
5,212
4,379
833
2,934
765
277
534
1,096
8,619
6,304
4,114
2,190
2,315
10,951
6,468
4,483
17,357
3,312
14,045
10,658
1,869
8,790
1,459
7,331
5,596
4,799
8,255
28
8,227
48
1,057
2,017
1,310
707
1,021
236
785
1,252
1,024
228
398
68
42
46
234
195
102
59
44
92
292
98
194
1,434
435
999
333
118
215
122
93
181
175
7.8
2.7
7.9
8.0
13.1
13.0
13.3
12.5
5.4
5.9
5.2
24.0
23.4
27.4
13.6
8.8
15.0
8.6
21.4
2.3
1.6
1.4
2.0
4.0
2.7
1.5
4.3
8.3
13.1
7.1
3.1
6.3
2.4
8.3
1.3
3.2
3.7
8,962
30
8,931
57
1,111
2,127
1,382
746
1,122
259
864
1,309
1,071
239
422
74
43
48
248
238
132
77
54
107
341
120
221
1,632
511
1,121
377
134
243
130
113
194
188
8.5
3.0
8.5
9.5
13.8
13.7
14.0
13.1
5.9
6.4
5.8
25.1
24.4
28.6
14.4
9.7
15.5
9.0
22.6
2.8
2.1
1.9
2.5
4.6
3.1
1.9
4.9
9.4
15.4
8.0
3.5
7.2
2.8
8.9
1.5
3.5
3.9
20,381
3,427
5,874
11,080
7,430
954
1,838
4,638
36.5
27.8
31.3
41.9
8,262
1,134
2,056
5,071
40.5
33.1
35.0
45.8
INDUSTRY
Private sector ............................................................................
Agriculture and related industries ...........................................
Nonagricultural industries .......................................................
Mining ..................................................................................
Construction ........................................................................
Manufacturing ......................................................................
Durable goods .................................................................
Nondurable goods ...........................................................
Wholesale and retail trade ...................................................
Wholesale trade ...............................................................
Retail trade ......................................................................
Transportation and utilities ..................................................
Transportation and warehousing .....................................
Utilities .............................................................................
Information 3 ........................................................................
Publishing, except Internet ..............................................
Motion pictures and sound recording ..............................
Broadcasting, except Internet ..........................................
Telecommunications ........................................................
Financial activities ...............................................................
Finance and insurance ....................................................
Finance .......................................................................
Insurance ....................................................................
Real estate and rental and leasing ..................................
Professional and business services ....................................
Professional and technical services ................................
Management, administrative, and waste services ...........
Education and health services .............................................
Educational services ........................................................
Health care and social assistance ...................................
Leisure and hospitality .........................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation .................................
Accommodation and food services ..................................
Accommodation ...........................................................
Food services and drinking places ..............................
Other services 3 ...................................................................
Other services, except private households ......................
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose
jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2005, data reflect revised population controls
used in the household survey. Data refer to the sole or principal job of fulland part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of
whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry
2004
Occupation and industry
Total
Members
of
unions 1
2005
Represented
by
unions 2
Nonunion
Total
Members
of
unions 1
Represented
by
unions 2
Nonunion
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related occupations .......................
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations ...............................................................................
Management occupations ........................................................
Business and financial operations occupations ........................
Professional and related occupations ...........................................
Computer and mathematical occupations ................................
Architecture and engineering occupations ...............................
Life, physical, and social science occupations .........................
Community and social services occupations ............................
Legal occupations .....................................................................
Education, training, and library occupations .............................
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations ...........................................................................
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ...................
Service occupations .........................................................................
Healthcare support occupations ...................................................
Protective service occupations .....................................................
Food preparation and serving related occupations ......................
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations ...............................................................................
Personal care and service occupations ........................................
Sales and office occupations ............................................................
Sales and related occupations .....................................................
Office and administrative support occupations .............................
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations ...................................................................................
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ...................................
Construction and extraction occupations ......................................
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations .......................
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations ...................................................................................
Production occupations ................................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations .........................
See footnotes at end of table.
$918
$921
$916
$918
$937
$942
$937
$937
965
1,052
847
883
1,114
1,098
957
707
1,070
781
963
1,065
880
915
1,000
1,080
949
827
1,174
899
972
1,074
881
907
983
1,090
977
817
1,155
886
965
1,050
844
875
1,124
1,100
955
666
1,058
687
997
1,083
871
902
1,132
1,105
965
725
1,052
798
1,015
1,137
854
932
1,009
1,133
978
880
1,147
913
1,029
1,146
866
924
1,029
1,133
1,011
865
1,155
898
995
1,076
872
894
1,141
1,101
959
693
1,042
710
768
852
411
407
700
360
953
938
655
458
907
445
972
933
647
462
897
435
754
841
389
401
567
355
819
878
413
410
678
356
983
932
643
466
896
439
925
932
629
462
886
442
808
867
392
405
568
350
385
402
558
604
535
515
522
662
576
676
513
518
658
577
671
368
394
545
606
519
394
409
575
622
550
528
558
681
623
689
518
549
675
625
682
378
397
562
622
528
621
356
604
704
867
(3)
$861
886
858
(3)
$852
880
581
352
555
662
623
372
604
705
910
(3)
$913
915
903
(3)
$903
913
585
369
554
666
523
526
520
687
681
695
681
674
689
498
503
491
540
538
543
709
698
721
704
693
717
510
511
508
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry—Continued
2004
Occupation and industry
Total
Members
of
unions 1
2005
Represented
by
unions 2
Nonunion
Total
Members
of
unions 1
Represented
by
unions 2
Nonunion
INDUSTRY
Private sector ....................................................................................
Agriculture and related industries ...................................................
Nonagricultural industries ...............................................................
Mining ..........................................................................................
Construction ................................................................................
Manufacturing ..............................................................................
Durable goods .........................................................................
Nondurable goods ...................................................................
Wholesale and retail trade ...........................................................
Wholesale trade .......................................................................
Retail trade ..............................................................................
Transportation and utilities ..........................................................
Transportation and warehousing .............................................
Utilities .....................................................................................
Information 4 ................................................................................
Publishing, except Internet ......................................................
Motion pictures and sound recording ......................................
Broadcasting, except Internet ..................................................
Telecommunications ................................................................
Financial activities .......................................................................
Finance and insurance ............................................................
Finance ...............................................................................
Insurance ............................................................................
Real estate and rental and leasing ..........................................
Professional and business services ............................................
Professional and technical services ........................................
Management, administrative, and waste services ...................
Education and health services .....................................................
Educational services ................................................................
Health care and social assistance ...........................................
Leisure and hospitality .................................................................
Arts, entertainment, and recreation .........................................
Accommodation and food services ..........................................
Accommodation ...................................................................
Food services and drinking places ......................................
Other services 4 ...........................................................................
Other services, except private households ..............................
$615
403
617
874
618
662
691
611
550
677
509
711
668
957
828
720
805
763
918
706
738
735
743
615
709
927
478
613
716
595
407
523
391
432
378
528
560
$739
(3)
$740
905
893
694
707
670
596
722
567
854
819
979
893
844
(3)
(3)
$910
657
636
606
(3)
$677
679
940
607
717
828
656
518
677
477
481
467
749
764
$734
(3)
$735
911
884
692
706
662
590
709
560
850
814
978
887
829
(3)
(3)
$897
649
629
616
(3)
$670
694
937
606
728
831
671
508
662
473
490
422
750
764
$604
402
606
865
588
654
687
602
547
674
507
662
619
948
808
710
762
749
929
708
740
737
744
613
710
927
470
603
679
588
402
513
387
422
377
521
551
$625
402
629
885
619
676
704
624
566
692
515
726
688
941
832
755
751
749
927
741
765
765
764
653
739
961
488
627
737
607
409
521
388
455
372
535
579
$757
(3)
$758
(3)
$933
722
751
676
615
678
590
864
829
960
931
860
(3)
(3)
$937
698
692
650
(3)
$711
663
770
586
731
818
684
513
652
487
515
400
694
698
$752
(3)
$753
989
926
719
747
672
610
676
585
860
827
954
925
867
(3)
(3)
$935
696
696
667
729
696
673
858
578
736
809
692
510
618
486
510
406
698
701
$615
402
617
870
590
667
695
618
562
694
513
676
640
931
810
740
691
738
923
743
767
768
766
649
743
963
485
617
718
601
405
515
384
438
372
524
572
Public sector .....................................................................................
Federal goverment .......................................................................
State government .........................................................................
Local government .........................................................................
751
856
725
731
832
840
788
844
827
848
781
834
683
869
681
627
758
882
733
738
850
873
802
858
842
879
798
844
692
887
684
633
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but
whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
4 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE:
Beginning in January 2005, data reflect revised population
controls used in the household survey. Data refer to the sole or principal
job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers
regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state
(Numbers in thousands)
2004
Members of
unions 1
State
Total
employed
Alabama .....................................................................
1,861
Alaska .........................................................................
268
Arizona .......................................................................
2,323
Arkansas .....................................................................
1,058
California .................................................................... 14,414
Colorado .....................................................................
2,050
Connecticut .................................................................
1,539
Delaware ....................................................................
373
District of Columbia ....................................................
258
Florida .........................................................................
6,943
2005
Represented
by unions 2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
181
54
145
51
2,385
172
235
46
33
414
9.7
20.1
6.3
4.8
16.5
8.4
15.3
12.4
12.7
6.0
213
60
183
65
2,588
191
256
49
38
533
11.5
22.4
7.9
6.2
18.0
9.3
16.6
13.2
14.5
7.7
Members of
unions 1
Total
employed
Represented
by unions 2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
1,909
275
2,366
1,138
14,687
2,052
1,550
386
259
7,389
195
63
145
54
2,424
170
247
46
29
401
10.2
22.8
6.1
4.8
16.5
8.3
15.9
11.8
11.3
5.4
223
66
181
68
2,610
193
263
50
33
532
11.7
24.1
7.7
6.0
17.8
9.4
17.0
12.9
12.8
7.2
Georgia .......................................................................
Hawaii .........................................................................
Idaho ...........................................................................
Illinois ..........................................................................
Indiana ........................................................................
Iowa ............................................................................
Kansas ........................................................................
Kentucky .....................................................................
Louisiana ....................................................................
Maine ..........................................................................
3,773
533
561
5,410
2,717
1,345
1,223
1,699
1,697
564
242
126
33
908
311
141
103
164
129
64
6.4
23.7
5.8
16.8
11.4
10.5
8.4
9.6
7.6
11.3
282
132
44
971
338
171
132
197
157
74
7.5
24.8
7.9
17.9
12.4
12.7
10.8
11.6
9.3
13.2
3,765
545
606
5,473
2,789
1,369
1,210
1,696
1,778
582
190
141
31
927
346
157
85
164
114
69
5.0
25.8
5.2
16.9
12.4
11.5
7.0
9.7
6.4
11.9
226
145
38
965
368
185
115
184
132
79
6.0
26.7
6.3
17.6
13.2
13.5
9.5
10.8
7.4
13.6
Maryland .....................................................................
Massachusetts ............................................................
Michigan .....................................................................
Minnesota ...................................................................
Mississippi ..................................................................
Missouri ......................................................................
Montana ......................................................................
Nebraska ....................................................................
Nevada .......................................................................
New Hampshire ..........................................................
2,502
2,920
4,305
2,429
1,108
2,546
366
831
1,006
618
272
393
930
424
53
315
43
69
126
61
10.9
13.5
21.6
17.5
4.8
12.4
11.7
8.3
12.5
9.9
313
430
966
443
70
357
46
83
144
68
12.5
14.7
22.4
18.3
6.3
14.0
12.6
10.0
14.3
11.0
2,530
2,886
4,288
2,494
1,089
2,532
391
830
1,051
627
337
402
880
392
77
290
42
69
145
65
13.3
13.9
20.5
15.7
7.1
11.5
10.7
8.3
13.8
10.4
379
431
916
410
105
319
48
79
158
72
15.0
14.9
21.4
16.4
9.7
12.6
12.2
9.5
15.1
11.5
New Jersey .................................................................
New Mexico ................................................................
New York ....................................................................
North Carolina ............................................................
North Dakota ..............................................................
Ohio ............................................................................
Oklahoma ...................................................................
Oregon ........................................................................
Pennsylvania ..............................................................
Rhode Island ..............................................................
3,769
734
7,901
3,549
292
4,998
1,402
1,471
5,298
487
745
49
1,996
97
22
759
86
224
793
79
19.8
6.7
25.3
2.7
7.7
15.2
6.1
15.2
15.0
16.3
813
65
2,085
127
26
820
100
243
842
83
21.6
8.9
26.4
3.6
9.0
16.4
7.1
16.5
15.9
17.0
3,868
777
8,008
3,631
289
5,039
1,432
1,470
5,456
494
791
63
2,090
107
21
804
77
213
753
79
20.5
8.1
26.1
2.9
7.3
16.0
5.4
14.5
13.8
15.9
838
83
2,201
143
26
866
91
231
818
83
21.7
10.7
27.5
3.9
9.2
17.2
6.4
15.7
15.0
16.8
South Carolina ............................................................
South Dakota ..............................................................
Tennessee ..................................................................
Texas ..........................................................................
Utah ............................................................................
Vermont ......................................................................
Virginia ........................................................................
Washington .................................................................
West Virginia ..............................................................
Wisconsin ...................................................................
Wyoming .....................................................................
1,765
347
2,465
9,072
1,001
291
3,308
2,645
700
2,597
222
54
21
164
457
58
29
176
510
99
414
18
3.0
6.0
6.7
5.0
5.8
9.8
5.3
19.3
14.2
16.0
8.0
74
27
191
573
67
33
218
536
110
439
22
4.2
7.7
7.7
6.3
6.7
11.4
6.6
20.3
15.7
16.9
9.8
1,739
350
2,368
9,485
1,035
287
3,406
2,746
688
2,551
228
40
21
128
506
51
31
165
523
99
410
18
2.3
5.9
5.4
5.3
4.9
10.8
4.8
19.1
14.4
16.1
7.9
58
29
156
590
63
37
211
559
107
438
22
3.3
8.2
6.6
6.2
6.1
13.0
6.2
20.4
15.5
17.2
9.5
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association
similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but
whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Beginning in January 2005, data reflect revised population
controls used in the household survey. Data refer to the sole or principal
job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers
regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.