For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Friday, January 22, 2010
USDL-10-0069
Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/cps
Media contact:
(202) 691-5902 • [email protected]
UNION MEMBERS - 2009
In 2009, the union membership rate—the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of a
union—was 12.3 percent, essentially unchanged from 12.4 percent a year earlier, the U.S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics reported today. The number of wage and salary workers belonging to unions declined by
771,000 to 15.3 million, largely reflecting the overall drop in employment due to the recession. In 1983,
the first year for which comparable union data are available, the union membership rate was 20.1 percent, and there were 17.7 million union workers.
The data on union membership were collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS
is a monthly sample survey of about 60,000 households that obtains information on employment and
unemployment among the nation's civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over.
Some highlights from the 2009 data are:

More public sector employees (7.9 million) belonged to a union than did private sector
employees (7.4 million), despite there being 5 times more wage and salary workers in the
private sector.

Workers in education, training, and library occupations had the highest unionization rate at
38.1 percent.

Black workers were more likely to be union members than were white, Asian, or Hispanic
workers.

Among states, New York had the highest union membership rate (25.2 percent) and North
Carolina had the lowest rate (3.1 percent).
Industry and Occupation of Union Members
In 2009, 7.9 million public sector employees belonged to a union, compared with 7.4 million union
workers in the private sector. The union membership rate for public sector workers (37.4 percent) was
substantially higher than the rate for private industry workers (7.2 percent). Within the public sector,
local government workers had the highest union membership rate, 43.3 percent. This group includes
workers in heavily unionized occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and fire fighters. Private
sector industries with high unionization rates included transportation and utilities (22.2 percent),
telecommunications (16.0 percent), and construction (14.5 percent). In 2009, low unionization rates
occurred in agriculture and related industries (1.1 percent) and financial activities (1.8 percent). (See
table 3.)
Among occupational groups, education, training, and library occupations (38.1 percent) and protective
service occupations (35.6 percent) had the highest unionization rates in 2009. Farming, fishing, and
forestry occupations (2.8 percent) and sales and related occupations (3.1 percent) had the lowest unionization rates. (See table 3.)
Demographic Characteristics of Union Members
The union membership rate was higher for men (13.3 percent) than for women (11.3 percent) in 2009.
(See table 1.) The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983, when the rate for men
was about 10 percentage points higher than the rate for women. Between 1983 and 2009, the union
membership rate for men declined by 11.4 percentage points, while the rate for women declined by 3.3
percentage points.
In 2009, among major race and ethnicity groups, black workers were more likely to be union members
(13.9 percent) than workers who were white (12.1 percent), Asian (11.4 percent), or Hispanic (10.2 percent). Black men had the highest union membership rate (15.4 percent), while Hispanic women had the
lowest rate (9.7 percent).
By age, the union membership rate was highest among workers 55 to 64 years old (16.6 percent). The
lowest union membership rate occurred among those ages 16 to 24 (4.7 percent).
Union Representation
In 2009, 16.9 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union. This group includes both
union members (15.3 million) and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered
by a union contract (1.6 million). (See table 1.) Government employees (781,000) comprised nearly half
of the 1.6 million workers who were covered by a union contract, but not members of a union. (See
table 3.)
Earnings
In 2009, among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings
of $908, while those who were not represented by unions had median weekly earnings of $710. (See
table 2.) In addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, the difference reflects a variety
of influences including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by
occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region.
Union Membership by State
In 2009, 29 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S.
average, 12.3 percent, while 20 states had higher rates, and 1 state had the same rate. All states in the
Middle Atlantic and Pacific divisions reported union membership rates above the national average, and
all states in the East South Central and West South Central divisions had rates below it. Union membership rates rose over the year in 24 states, declined in 21 states and the District of Columbia, and were
unchanged in 5 states. (See table 5.)
-2-
Six states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2009, with North Carolina having the lowest rate (3.1 percent). The next lowest rates were recorded in Arkansas (4.2 percent), South Carolina
(4.5 percent), Georgia (4.6 percent), Virginia (4.7 percent), and Mississippi (4.8 percent). Four states
had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2009—New York (25.2 percent), Hawaii (23.5 percent), Alaska (22.3 percent), and Washington (20.2 percent). (See chart 1.)
State union membership levels depend on both the employment level and union membership rate. The
largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.5 million) and New York (2.0 million). About
half of the 15.3 million union members in the U.S. lived in just 6 states (California, 2.5 million; New
York, 2.0 million; Illinois, 1.0 million; Pennsylvania, 0.8 million; and Michigan and New Jersey, 0.7
million each), though these states accounted for only one-third of wage and salary employment
nationally.
Texas (the second largest state in terms of the number of wage and salary workers) had one-fourth as
many union members as New York (the third largest), despite having 1.9 million more wage and salary
employees. Similarly, Tennessee and Hawaii had comparable numbers of union members (121,000 and
123,000, respectively), though Tennessee's wage and salary employment level (2.4 million) was more
than 4 times that of Hawaii (526,000).
-3-
Technical Note
The estimates in this release are obtained from the
Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides the basic
information on the labor force, employment, and
unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a
scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000
households. The union membership and earnings data are
tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and
are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed
workers are excluded.
The Census Bureau introduces adjustments to the
population controls for the CPS as part of its annual update of
population estimates. The effect of the revised population
controls on the union affiliation data is unknown. However,
the effect of the new controls on the monthly CPS estimates
was to decrease the December 2008 employment level by
407,000. The updated controls had little or no effect on
unemployment rates and other ratios. Estimated levels, such
as the number of union members for 2009, are not strictly
comparable with estimated levels for 2008.
These
adjustments to the levels, however, should have had only
negligible effects on union membership rates. Additional
information is available on the BLS Web site at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.
Information in this release will be made available to
sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:
(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling
and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire
population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the "true" population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending upon the particular sample selected, and this
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value
because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The state
section of this release preserves the long-time practice of
highlighting the direction of the movements in state union
membership rates and levels regardless of their statistical
significance.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to
obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability
or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct
information, and errors made in the collection or processing
of the data.
For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the
CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the
Household Data section of the "Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error" available on the BLS Web site at
http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.
Definitions
The principal definitions used in this release are
described briefly below.
Union members. Data refer to members of a labor
union or an employee association similar to a union.
Represented by unions. Data refer to both union
members and workers who report no union affiliation but
whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee
association contract.
Nonunion. Data refer to workers who are neither
members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before
taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay,
commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the
case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were
asked how much they usually earned per week. Since
January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the
easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly,
biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how
much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings
reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a
weekly equivalent. The term "usual" is as perceived by the
respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual,
interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than
half of the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.
Median earnings. The median is the amount which
divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups,
one having earnings above the median and the other having
earnings below the median. The estimating procedure places
each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into $50wide intervals which are centered around multiples of $50.
The actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation
of the interval in which the median lies.
Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages,
salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates.
The group includes employees in both the private and public
sectors. Union membership and earnings data exclude all
self-employed workers, both those with incorporated
businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses.
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours
or more per week at their sole or principal job.
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer
than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who
identified themselves in the enumeration process as being
Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics
[Numbers in thousands]
2008
Characteristic
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2009
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
129,377
18,705
110,672
29,276
29,708
29,787
17,430
4,471
16,098
930
15,168
3,120
3,993
4,767
2,887
401
12.4
5.0
13.7
10.7
13.4
16.0
16.6
9.0
17,761
1,062
16,699
3,443
4,365
5,228
3,209
454
13.7
5.7
15.1
11.8
14.7
17.6
18.4
10.2
124,490
17,173
107,317
28,067
28,066
29,054
17,599
4,530
15,327
813
14,514
2,942
3,669
4,551
2,926
425
12.3
4.7
13.5
10.5
13.1
15.7
16.6
9.4
16,904
941
15,962
3,262
4,035
4,994
3,186
485
13.6
5.5
14.9
11.6
14.4
17.2
18.1
10.7
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66,846
9,537
57,309
15,780
15,653
14,988
8,657
2,230
8,938
555
8,383
1,750
2,307
2,608
1,525
193
13.4
5.8
14.6
11.1
14.7
17.4
17.6
8.7
9,724
617
9,107
1,909
2,491
2,812
1,682
213
14.5
6.5
15.9
12.1
15.9
18.8
19.4
9.6
63,539
8,555
54,984
14,952
14,679
14,421
8,647
2,285
8,441
493
7,947
1,633
2,077
2,492
1,536
211
13.3
5.8
14.5
10.9
14.1
17.3
17.8
9.2
9,176
560
8,616
1,786
2,250
2,693
1,654
233
14.4
6.5
15.7
11.9
15.3
18.7
19.1
10.2
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62,532
9,168
53,364
13,496
14,055
14,799
8,773
2,241
7,160
374
6,785
1,370
1,685
2,159
1,363
208
11.4
4.1
12.7
10.1
12.0
14.6
15.5
9.3
8,036
445
7,592
1,534
1,874
2,416
1,527
241
12.9
4.8
14.2
11.4
13.3
16.3
17.4
10.7
60,951
8,619
52,333
13,116
13,387
14,633
8,952
2,245
6,887
320
6,567
1,309
1,593
2,060
1,390
215
11.3
3.7
12.5
10.0
11.9
14.1
15.5
9.6
7,727
381
7,346
1,476
1,785
2,302
1,532
252
12.7
4.4
14.0
11.3
13.3
15.7
17.1
11.2
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,
AND SEX
White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
105,052
55,197
49,855
12,863
7,309
5,555
12.2
13.2
11.1
14,222
7,961
6,261
13.5
14.4
12.6
101,581
52,691
48,889
12,330
6,918
5,412
12.1
13.1
11.1
13,595
7,512
6,083
13.4
14.3
12.4
Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15,030
6,809
8,221
2,178
1,081
1,097
14.5
15.9
13.3
2,370
1,159
1,211
15.8
17.0
14.7
14,127
6,257
7,870
1,966
964
1,002
13.9
15.4
12.7
2,172
1,046
1,126
15.4
16.7
14.3
Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6,157
3,216
2,941
653
310
344
10.6
9.6
11.7
714
339
374
11.6
10.6
12.7
5,847
3,075
2,772
664
332
333
11.4
10.8
12.0
730
370
361
12.5
12.0
13.0
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18,572
10,998
7,574
1,960
1,204
756
10.6
11.0
10.0
2,168
1,317
852
11.7
12.0
11.2
18,034
10,518
7,515
1,841
1,108
733
10.2
10.5
9.7
2,036
1,199
836
11.3
11.4
11.1
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS3
Full-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
106,648
22,497
14,561
1,505
13.7
6.7
16,029
1,697
15.0
7.5
99,820
24,431
13,602
1,698
13.6
7.0
14,960
1,913
15.0
7.8
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job
is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose
ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers
are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release
of January data.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected
characteristics
2008
2009
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$722
443
761
666
804
822
825
644
$ 886
560
903
801
933
944
927
771
$ 880
549
898
793
926
941
922
773
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
798
461
857
704
915
944
943
753
939
571
957
845
994
1,003
967
864
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
638
420
670
623
682
707
711
563
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,
AND SEX
White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$691
434
736
645
775
785
790
627
$739
442
774
678
817
838
841
684
$ 908
598
922
834
941
959
958
837
$ 901
586
916
827
936
952
957
831
$710
433
749
653
789
807
800
662
937
565
956
839
991
1,005
965
886
766
451
828
682
896
922
935
736
819
458
873
715
916
967
965
791
957
614
972
868
995
1,012
988
871
953
605
969
862
992
1,009
990
883
786
447
846
692
899
952
956
771
809
546
825
748
842
853
875
693
800
530
818
740
838
847
866
672
615
416
645
609
657
674
675
542
657
424
687
634
709
712
727
602
840
568
851
800
859
870
909
727
833
548
845
791
857
860
905
728
628
420
659
614
683
680
688
585
742
825
654
914
967
837
907
965
828
712
789
627
757
845
669
934
981
859
926
976
852
728
811
639
Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
589
620
554
720
756
674
712
751
668
564
598
523
601
621
582
749
780
717
745
781
710
581
599
560
Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
861
966
753
902
927
880
908
939
880
852
973
737
880
952
779
907
888
936
919
906
938
870
959
756
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
529
559
501
733
778
654
724
765
656
512
526
487
541
569
509
774
824
683
763
813
674
516
535
493
Characteristic
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed
workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry
[Numbers in thousands]
2008
Occupation and industry
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . .
Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . .
Life, physical, and social science occupations.. .
Community and social services occupations. . . .
Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education, training, and library occupations. . . .
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare practitioner and technical
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food preparation and serving related
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations.. .
INDUSTRY
Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion pictures and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2009
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
45,538
6,110
13.4
6,948
15.3
17,326
11,843
866
564
5.0
4.8
1,039
679
5,483
28,212
3,488
2,746
1,209
2,222
1,318
8,424
302
5,244
170
203
106
363
74
3,259
5.5
18.6
4.9
7.4
8.8
16.3
5.6
38.7
1,994
141
6,813
22,114
3,028
3,023
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
44,845
6,027
13.4
6,821
15.2
6.0
5.7
16,978
11,548
822
473
4.8
4.1
997
585
5.9
5.1
360
5,909
210
233
132
406
87
3,630
6.6
20.9
6.0
8.5
10.9
18.3
6.6
43.1
5,430
27,867
3,306
2,512
1,220
2,269
1,335
8,318
348
5,206
175
194
122
366
79
3,172
6.4
18.7
5.3
7.7
10.0
16.1
5.9
38.1
412
5,824
207
228
141
396
97
3,503
7.6
20.9
6.3
9.1
11.6
17.5
7.3
42.1
7.1
167
8.4
1,840
136
7.4
157
8.5
928
2,624
296
1,069
13.6
11.9
9.8
35.4
1,045
2,831
317
1,122
15.3
12.8
10.5
37.1
7,067
22,364
3,159
3,120
962
2,588
317
1,111
13.6
11.6
10.0
35.6
1,096
2,830
353
1,180
15.5
12.7
11.2
37.8
7,694
401
5.2
444
5.8
7,621
334
4.4
389
5.1
4,648
3,721
32,479
13,708
18,770
534
324
2,395
447
1,949
11.5
8.7
7.4
3.3
10.4
592
357
2,710
531
2,179
12.7
9.6
8.3
3.9
11.6
4,592
3,873
30,998
13,331
17,667
521
306
2,231
411
1,820
11.3
7.9
7.2
3.1
10.3
570
338
2,499
480
2,019
12.4
8.7
8.1
3.6
11.4
12,444
901
6,876
2,208
39
1,391
17.7
4.3
20.2
2,303
46
1,445
18.5
5.1
21.0
11,231
880
5,820
1,989
24
1,220
17.7
2.8
21.0
2,088
26
1,269
18.6
2.9
21.8
4,668
778
16.7
812
17.4
4,531
744
16.4
793
17.5
16,802
8,601
8,202
2,760
1,269
1,491
16.4
14.8
18.2
2,968
1,370
1,599
17.7
15.9
19.5
15,052
7,309
7,742
2,492
1,082
1,410
16.6
14.8
18.2
2,666
1,164
1,502
17.7
15.9
19.4
108,073
1,057
107,016
776
7,652
15,131
9,728
5,403
18,622
3,635
14,987
5,544
4,639
906
3,056
717
8,265
30
8,236
54
1,195
1,723
1,139
584
976
194
782
1,231
988
243
388
52
7.6
2.8
7.7
6.9
15.6
11.4
11.7
10.8
5.2
5.3
5.2
22.2
21.3
26.9
12.7
7.2
9,084
35
9,049
61
1,241
1,862
1,223
639
1,096
214
881
1,298
1,041
257
420
62
8.4
3.4
8.5
7.9
16.2
12.3
12.6
11.8
5.9
5.9
5.9
23.4
22.4
28.3
13.7
8.7
103,357
1,045
102,312
662
6,613
13,454
8,438
5,016
17,851
3,386
14,465
5,162
4,256
906
2,790
633
7,431
12
7,419
57
958
1,470
907
562
937
167
770
1,144
908
237
280
34
7.2
1.1
7.3
8.6
14.5
10.9
10.8
11.2
5.3
4.9
5.3
22.2
21.3
26.1
10.0
5.3
8,226
14
8,212
63
993
1,595
985
610
1,032
185
847
1,210
960
249
312
41
8.0
1.4
8.0
9.5
15.0
11.9
11.7
12.2
5.8
5.5
5.9
23.4
22.6
27.5
11.2
6.5
337
561
1,184
8,654
6,536
38
53
228
157
86
11.4
9.5
19.3
1.8
1.3
39
59
242
199
115
11.7
10.6
20.4
2.3
1.8
331
534
1,088
8,236
6,199
42
25
174
150
88
12.8
4.7
16.0
1.8
1.4
43
30
192
193
120
13.0
5.5
17.7
2.3
1.9
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
2008
Occupation and industry
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Total
Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . .
Management, administrative, and waste
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . .
Other services3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services, except private households. . .
Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2009
Represented
by unions2
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Total
Represented
by unions2
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
4,312
2,224
2,118
11,967
7,234
45
41
71
253
93
1.0
1.9
3.3
2.1
1.3
62
53
84
324
128
1.4
2.4
4.0
2.7
1.8
4,043
2,155
2,037
11,325
6,915
56
32
61
256
78
1.4
1.5
3.0
2.3
1.1
73
48
73
314
107
1.8
2.2
3.6
2.8
1.5
4,733
18,841
3,657
15,184
11,187
2,044
9,144
1,447
7,696
5,585
4,785
21,305
3,542
6,176
11,586
159
1,723
504
1,219
361
131
231
115
116
175
164
7,832
994
1,955
4,884
3.4
9.1
13.8
8.0
3.2
6.4
2.5
7.9
1.5
3.1
3.4
36.8
28.1
31.6
42.2
196
1,940
584
1,356
408
150
258
120
138
200
185
8,676
1,167
2,167
5,342
4.1
10.3
16.0
8.9
3.6
7.3
2.8
8.3
1.8
3.6
3.9
40.7
33.0
35.1
46.1
4,410
19,269
3,816
15,454
11,352
2,143
9,209
1,390
7,819
5,598
4,775
21,133
3,594
6,294
11,244
178
1,655
494
1,161
349
138
211
108
103
164
147
7,896
1,005
2,025
4,867
4.0
8.6
12.9
7.5
3.1
6.4
2.3
7.8
1.3
2.9
3.1
37.4
28.0
32.2
43.3
207
1,912
580
1,332
407
152
255
115
140
182
163
8,677
1,192
2,222
5,263
4.7
9.9
15.2
8.6
3.6
7.1
2.8
8.3
1.8
3.2
3.4
41.1
33.2
35.3
46.8
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE: Effective with January 2009 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2007 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry
classification system is derived from the 2007 North American Industry Classification System. No historical data have been revised. Data refer to the sole or principal job of fulland part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and
industry
2008
Occupation and industry
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Community and social services occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations. . . . . . . .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . .
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
INDUSTRY
Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . . .
Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
2009
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$1,025
$1,028
$1,017
1,128
1,204
974
980
1,242
1,244
1,035
788
1,174
866
1,113
1,235
925
1,018
1,149
1,223
1,169
983
1,186
974
882
962
475
465
748
402
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$1,028
$1,044
$1,047
$1,040
$1,045
1,120
1,236
943
1,004
1,139
1,243
1,144
978
1,265
957
1,129
1,199
978
973
1,248
1,244
1,018
743
1,169
765
1,138
1,208
996
994
1,253
1,266
1,059
783
1,200
887
1,116
1,192
1,002
1,036
1,078
1,230
1,099
957
1,266
1,010
1,123
1,208
1,009
1,026
1,107
1,210
1,135
948
1,258
996
1,139
1,208
995
983
1,263
1,271
1,040
746
1,191
782
1,110
1,070
691
526
990
502
1,098
1,061
679
526
983
496
858
943
440
457
620
398
888
970
470
472
747
398
1,105
1,089
702
518
992
463
1,059
1,070
682
518
980
456
877
952
435
464
611
395
431
475
614
656
601
596
580
741
679
749
593
570
736
683
744
412
463
603
655
585
444
440
624
665
612
597
576
768
678
782
588
567
761
673
773
418
429
613
665
595
702
420
688
774
990
–
992
1,002
984
–
989
994
647
418
621
729
719
416
718
781
1,009
–
1,023
999
1,003
–
1,011
999
657
411
643
733
594
595
593
777
765
789
770
759
779
560
567
550
605
610
599
786
783
789
780
778
782
578
587
563
694
444
698
1,007
712
741
772
685
603
741
564
787
744
1,061
898
856
883
806
969
814
857
864
846
703
835
1,065
544
838
–
840
1,024
1,014
796
829
729
643
775
598
958
897
1,161
1,011
–
–
–
1,006
782
762
–
–
789
814
1,129
682
829
–
831
1,032
1,012
795
827
729
638
763
596
950
895
1,142
1,001
979
–
944
1,000
782
774
829
–
783
817
1,140
695
680
446
683
1,003
668
733
763
675
601
739
561
747
710
1,010
871
846
800
794
953
816
859
865
849
696
836
1,064
538
711
462
715
1,050
744
767
806
706
611
760
577
798
749
1,043
905
847
1,047
827
964
839
881
889
868
726
864
1,094
560
856
–
857
1,013
1,072
800
836
735
648
761
612
975
923
1,120
1,105
–
–
–
1,095
843
845
842
–
842
761
1,081
658
845
–
846
1,015
1,052
799
832
741
641
767
607
964
911
1,104
1,083
–
–
–
1,079
831
837
817
–
822
748
1,096
640
697
457
701
1,058
698
762
801
698
609
760
575
748
707
1,008
883
843
924
828
924
839
882
892
868
718
868
1,094
553
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and
industry — Continued
2008
Occupation and industry
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services, except private households. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2009
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$685
773
661
470
590
435
508
417
610
629
842
972
812
814
$795
892
756
584
651
563
605
497
878
893
923
949
900
925
$798
868
768
575
638
552
602
491
810
849
918
959
889
917
$671
762
652
462
586
427
494
416
606
622
766
989
753
719
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$ 715
819
685
464
601
423
505
412
605
627
865
1,002
829
834
$839
886
801
583
673
526
582
424
886
893
947
981
906
956
$838
879
802
576
671
505
582
423
862
868
943
989
899
948
$ 698
795
673
458
593
421
496
412
599
620
782
1,019
767
720
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
4 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
- Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
NOTE: Effective with January 2009 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2007 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry
classification system is derived from the 2007 North American Industry Classification System. No historical data have been revised. Data refer to the sole or principal job of
full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated
population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state
[Numbers in thousands]
2008
State
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2009
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,858
289
2,579
1,158
14,889
2,254
1,625
391
288
7,573
181
68
227
68
2,740
181
275
52
35
482
9.8
23.5
8.8
5.9
18.4
8.0
16.9
13.4
12.2
6.4
199
71
254
85
2,909
208
291
57
41
601
10.7
24.7
9.8
7.3
19.5
9.2
17.9
14.7
14.3
7.9
1,763
293
2,471
1,103
14,297
2,175
1,538
367
276
7,097
191
65
162
47
2,453
153
265
44
29
411
10.9
22.3
6.5
4.2
17.2
7.0
17.3
11.9
10.4
5.8
212
69
194
55
2,622
181
282
47
35
489
12.0
23.6
7.9
5.0
18.3
8.3
18.4
12.8
12.5
6.9
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4,084
562
602
5,662
2,811
1,437
1,273
1,703
1,724
574
151
136
42
939
349
153
89
146
80
71
3.7
24.3
7.1
16.6
12.4
10.6
7.0
8.6
4.6
12.3
189
143
48
993
386
187
111
163
97
84
4.6
25.5
8.0
17.5
13.7
13.0
8.7
9.6
5.6
14.7
3,869
526
577
5,435
2,612
1,398
1,249
1,657
1,704
543
177
123
36
951
277
156
77
142
99
63
4.6
23.5
6.3
17.5
10.6
11.1
6.2
8.6
5.8
11.7
226
128
46
997
319
185
104
173
110
74
5.9
24.3
7.9
18.3
12.2
13.3
8.4
10.5
6.5
13.7
Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,610
2,909
4,089
2,430
1,089
2,543
389
840
1,192
635
329
458
771
392
57
285
47
70
199
67
12.6
15.7
18.8
16.1
5.3
11.2
12.2
8.3
16.7
10.6
380
491
801
412
79
327
61
90
217
79
14.5
16.9
19.6
17.0
7.3
12.8
15.7
10.7
18.2
12.4
2,555
2,864
3,785
2,400
1,029
2,481
374
823
1,097
616
323
476
710
362
49
234
52
76
173
67
12.6
16.6
18.8
15.1
4.8
9.4
13.9
9.2
15.7
10.8
366
516
752
377
66
264
68
94
188
76
14.3
18.0
19.9
15.7
6.4
10.6
18.1
11.4
17.2
12.3
New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,843
807
8,165
3,799
308
5,046
1,529
1,566
5,504
471
703
58
2,029
132
19
716
102
259
847
78
18.3
7.2
24.9
3.5
6.1
14.2
6.6
16.6
15.4
16.5
731
94
2,170
189
25
783
127
272
899
82
19.0
11.6
26.6
5.0
8.2
15.5
8.3
17.4
16.3
17.4
3,734
759
8,021
3,707
301
4,827
1,456
1,471
5,220
444
721
51
2,019
115
21
685
83
250
782
80
19.3
6.7
25.2
3.1
6.8
14.2
5.7
17.0
15.0
17.9
742
77
2,182
162
30
742
107
272
844
83
19.9
10.2
27.2
4.4
9.8
15.4
7.3
18.5
16.2
18.7
South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wyoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,792
369
2,534
9,991
1,178
284
3,597
2,912
736
2,642
241
70
18
139
449
68
29
146
578
101
396
19
3.9
5.0
5.5
4.5
5.8
10.4
4.1
19.8
13.8
15.0
7.7
105
24
166
559
84
36
178
626
112
422
21
5.8
6.4
6.6
5.6
7.1
12.8
5.0
21.5
15.3
16.0
8.9
1,672
357
2,387
9,920
1,136
285
3,503
2,847
699
2,528
239
75
20
121
508
79
35
166
574
97
385
18
4.5
5.5
5.1
5.1
6.9
12.3
4.7
20.2
13.9
15.2
7.7
91
24
156
615
90
40
191
612
108
400
20
5.4
6.6
6.6
6.2
8.0
14.1
5.4
21.5
15.4
15.8
8.3
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses
as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Pacific
ALASKA
CALIF.
ORE.
NEV.
WASH.
HAWAII
ARIZ.
UTAH
IDAHO
N.M.
COLO.
WYO.
MONT.
Mountain
TEXAS
LA.
ARK.
MO.
IOWA
MINN.
West
South Central
OKLA.
KAN.
NEB.
S.D.
N.D.
West
North Central
ALA.
TENN.
IND.
KY.
MICH.
OHIO
GA.
FLA.
S.C.
W.VA.
N.C.
VA.
MD.
PA.
#
N.Y.
#
#
South
Atlantic
DEL.
4.9% or less
5.0% - 9.9%
10.0% - 14.9%
15.0% - 19.9%
20.0% or more
DC
D.C.
CONN. R.I.
#
#
MASS.
MAINE
N.H.
N.J.
#
VT.
New England
Middle
Atlantic
East
North Central
East
South Central
MISS.
ILL.
WIS.
(U S rate = 12.3
(U.S.
12 3 percent)
Chart 1. Union membership rates by state, 2009 annual averages