For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Friday, January 21, 2011
USDL-11-0063
Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/cps
Media contact:
(202) 691-5902 • [email protected]
UNION MEMBERS — 2010
In 2010, the union membership rate—the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of a
union—was 11.9 percent, down from 12.3 percent a year earlier, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
reported today. The number of wage and salary workers belonging to unions declined by 612,000 to
14.7 million. In 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available, the union membership rate was 20.1 percent, and there were 17.7 million union workers.
The data on union membership were collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a
monthly sample survey of about 60,000 households that obtains information on employment and
unemployment among the nation's civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over. For more
information see the Technical Note.
Highlights from the 2010 data:

The union membership rate for public sector workers (36.2 percent) was substantially higher
than the rate for private sector workers (6.9 percent). (See table 3.)

Workers in education, training, and library occupations had the highest unionization rate at
37.1 percent. (See table 3.)

Black workers were more likely to be union members than were white, Asian, or Hispanic
workers. (See table 1.)

Among states, New York had the highest union membership rate (24.2 percent) and North
Carolina had the lowest rate (3.2 percent). (See table 5.)
Industry and Occupation of Union Members
In 2010, 7.6 million public sector employees belonged to a union, compared with 7.1 million union
workers in the private sector. The union membership rate for public sector workers (36.2 percent) was
substantially higher than the rate for private sector workers (6.9 percent). Within the public sector, local
government workers had the highest union membership rate, 42.3 percent. This group includes workers
in heavily unionized occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and fire fighters. Private sector
industries with high unionization rates included transportation and utilities (21.8 percent), telecommunications (15.8 percent), and construction (13.1 percent). In 2010, low unionization rates occurred in
agriculture and related industries (1.6 percent) and in financial activities (2.0 percent). (See table 3.)
Among occupational groups, education, training, and library occupations (37.1 percent) and protective
service occupations (34.1 percent) had the highest unionization rates in 2010. Sales and related occupations (3.2 percent) and farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (3.4 percent) had the lowest unionization rates. (See table 3.)
Demographic Characteristics of Union Members
The union membership rate was higher for men (12.6 percent) than for women (11.1 percent) in 2010.
(See table 1.) The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983, when the rate for men
was about 10 percentage points higher than the rate for women. Between 1983 and 2010, the union
membership rate for men declined by almost half (12.1 percentage points), while the rate for women
declined by 3.5 percentage points.
In 2010, among major race and ethnicity groups, black workers were more likely to be union members
(13.4 percent) than workers who were white (11.7 percent), Asian (10.9 percent), or Hispanic (10.0 percent). Black men had the highest union membership rate (14.8 percent), while Asian men had the lowest
rate (9.4 percent).
By age, the union membership rate was highest among 55- to 64-year-old workers (15.7 percent). The
lowest union membership rate occurred among those ages 16 to 24 (4.3 percent).
Union Representation
In 2010, 16.3 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union. This group includes both
union members (14.7 million) and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered
by a union contract (1.6 million). (See table 1.) Government employees (783,000) comprised about half
of the 1.6 million workers who were covered by a union contract but were not members of a union. (See
table 3.)
Earnings
In 2010, among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings
of $917, while those who were not represented by unions had median weekly earnings of $717. (See
table 2.) In addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, the difference reflects a variety of
influences including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by
occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region.
Union Membership by State
In 2010, 31 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S.
average, 11.9 percent, while 19 states had higher rates. All states in the Middle Atlantic and Pacific
divisions reported union membership rates above the national average, and all states in the East South
Central and West South Central divisions had rates below it. Union membership rates declined over the
year in 33 states and the District of Columbia and rose in 17 states. (See table 5.)
Eight states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2010, with North Carolina having the
lowest rate (3.2 percent). The next lowest rates were recorded in Arkansas and Georgia (4.0 percent
each), Louisiana (4.3 percent), Mississippi (4.5 percent), South Carolina and Virginia (4.6 percent each),
-2-
and Tennessee (4.7 percent). Six states had union membership rates over 17.0 percent in 2010: New
York (24.2 percent), Alaska (22.9 percent), Hawaii (21.8 percent), Washington (19.4 percent),
California (17.5 percent), and New Jersey (17.1 percent). (See chart 1.)
State union membership levels depend on both the employment level and union membership rate. The
largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.4 million) and New York (2.0 million). About
half of the 14.7 million union members in the U.S. lived in just six states (California, 2.4 million; New
York, 2.0 million; Illinois, 0.8 million; Pennsylvania, 0.8 million; Ohio, 0.7 million; and New Jersey, 0.6
million), though these states accounted for only one-third of wage and salary employment nationally.
Texas had about one-fourth as many union members as New York, despite having 1.9 million more
wage and salary employees. Similarly, North Carolina and Hawaii had comparable numbers of union
members (117,000 and 111,000, respectively), though North Carolina's wage and salary employment
level (3.7 million) was about seven times that of Hawaii (511,000).
-3-
Technical Note
The estimates in this release are obtained from the
Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides the basic
information on the labor force, employment, and
unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a
scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000
households. The union membership and earnings data are
tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and
are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed
workers are excluded.
The Census Bureau introduces adjustments to the
population controls for the CPS as part of its annual update of
population estimates. The effect of the revised population
controls on the union affiliation data is unknown. However,
the effect of the new controls on the monthly CPS estimates
was to decrease the December 2009 employment level by
243,000. The updated controls had little or no effect on
unemployment rates and other ratios. Estimated levels, such
as the number of union members for 2010, are not strictly
comparable with estimated levels for 2009. These
adjustments to the levels, however, should have had only
negligible effects on union membership rates. Additional
information is available on the BLS Web site at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.
Information in this release will be made available to
sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:
(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling
and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire
population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the "true" population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending upon the particular sample selected, and this
variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value
because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The state
section of this release preserves the long-time practice of
highlighting the direction of the movements in state union
membership rates and levels regardless of their statistical
significance.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to
obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability
or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct
information, and errors made in the collection or processing
of the data.
For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the
CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the
Household Data section of the "Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error" available on the BLS Web site at
www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.
Definitions
The principal definitions used in this release are
described briefly below.
Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union
or an employee association similar to a union.
Represented by unions. Data refer to both union
members and workers who report no union affiliation but
whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee
association contract.
Nonunion. Data refer to workers who are neither
members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before
taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay,
commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the
case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were
asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January
1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way
for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice
monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they
usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on
a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly
equivalent. The term "usual" is as perceived by the
respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual,
interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than
half of the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.
Median earnings. The median is the amount which
divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups,
one having earnings above the median and the other having
earnings below the median. The estimating procedure places
each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into $50wide intervals which are centered around multiples of $50.
The actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation
of the interval in which the median lies.
Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages,
salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates.
The group includes employees in both the private and public
sectors. Union membership and earnings data exclude all
self-employed workers, both those with incorporated
businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses.
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours
or more per week at their sole or principal job.
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer
than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who
identified themselves in the enumeration process as being
Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics
[Numbers in thousands]
2009
Characteristic
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2010
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
124,490
17,173
107,317
28,067
28,066
29,054
17,599
4,530
15,327
813
14,514
2,942
3,669
4,551
2,926
425
12.3
4.7
13.5
10.5
13.1
15.7
16.6
9.4
16,904
941
15,962
3,262
4,035
4,994
3,186
485
13.6
5.5
14.9
11.6
14.4
17.2
18.1
10.7
124,073
16,638
107,435
28,363
27,356
28,860
18,199
4,657
14,715
722
13,993
2,860
3,512
4,340
2,849
432
11.9
4.3
13.0
10.1
12.8
15.0
15.7
9.3
16,290
836
15,453
3,179
3,888
4,774
3,126
486
13.1
5.0
14.4
11.2
14.2
16.5
17.2
10.4
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63,539
8,555
54,984
14,952
14,679
14,421
8,647
2,285
8,441
493
7,947
1,633
2,077
2,492
1,536
211
13.3
5.8
14.5
10.9
14.1
17.3
17.8
9.2
9,176
560
8,616
1,786
2,250
2,693
1,654
233
14.4
6.5
15.7
11.9
15.3
18.7
19.1
10.2
63,531
8,291
55,240
15,148
14,430
14,423
8,895
2,343
7,994
419
7,575
1,603
1,966
2,349
1,430
227
12.6
5.0
13.7
10.6
13.6
16.3
16.1
9.7
8,761
476
8,286
1,759
2,151
2,554
1,566
256
13.8
5.7
15.0
11.6
14.9
17.7
17.6
10.9
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60,951
8,619
52,333
13,116
13,387
14,633
8,952
2,245
6,887
320
6,567
1,309
1,593
2,060
1,390
215
11.3
3.7
12.5
10.0
11.9
14.1
15.5
9.6
7,727
381
7,346
1,476
1,785
2,302
1,532
252
12.7
4.4
14.0
11.3
13.3
15.7
17.1
11.2
60,542
8,347
52,195
13,215
12,926
14,437
9,303
2,314
6,722
303
6,418
1,257
1,546
1,991
1,419
205
11.1
3.6
12.3
9.5
12.0
13.8
15.3
8.8
7,528
361
7,167
1,420
1,737
2,219
1,560
230
12.4
4.3
13.7
10.7
13.4
15.4
16.8
10.0
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,
AND SEX
White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101,581
52,691
48,889
12,330
6,918
5,412
12.1
13.1
11.1
13,595
7,512
6,083
13.4
14.3
12.4
101,042
52,565
48,477
11,865
6,588
5,277
11.7
12.5
10.9
13,111
7,208
5,903
13.0
13.7
12.2
Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14,127
6,257
7,870
1,966
964
1,002
13.9
15.4
12.7
2,172
1,046
1,126
15.4
16.7
14.3
14,195
6,347
7,848
1,896
938
958
13.4
14.8
12.2
2,115
1,031
1,085
14.9
16.2
13.8
Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5,847
3,075
2,772
664
332
333
11.4
10.8
12.0
730
370
361
12.5
12.0
13.0
5,900
3,112
2,787
645
292
353
10.9
9.4
12.6
713
325
388
12.1
10.4
13.9
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18,034
10,518
7,515
1,841
1,108
733
10.2
10.5
9.7
2,036
1,199
836
11.3
11.4
11.1
18,263
10,646
7,616
1,820
1,090
730
10.0
10.2
9.6
2,021
1,196
825
11.1
11.2
10.8
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS3
Full-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Part-time workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99,820
24,431
13,602
1,698
13.6
7.0
14,960
1,913
15.0
7.8
99,531
24,351
13,125
1,560
13.2
6.4
14,498
1,760
14.6
7.2
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job
is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose
ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers
are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release
of January data.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected
characteristics
2009
2010
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$739
442
774
678
817
838
841
684
$ 908
598
922
834
941
959
958
837
$ 901
586
916
827
936
952
957
831
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
819
458
873
715
916
967
965
791
957
614
972
868
995
1,012
988
871
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
657
424
687
634
709
712
727
602
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,
AND SEX
White, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$710
433
749
653
789
807
800
662
$747
432
782
682
824
844
860
684
$ 917
585
931
847
961
955
975
823
$ 911
580
925
840
954
950
971
821
$717
423
755
657
792
813
828
665
953
605
969
862
992
1,009
990
883
786
447
846
692
899
952
956
771
824
443
874
714
915
954
979
794
967
610
982
870
1,008
1,014
1,010
903
964
601
979
864
1,004
1,013
1,012
903
789
430
846
688
893
935
967
770
840
568
851
800
859
870
909
727
833
548
845
791
857
860
905
728
628
420
659
614
683
680
688
585
669
422
704
648
731
730
736
601
856
531
870
819
897
874
924
690
847
535
861
811
888
864
913
703
639
417
672
624
699
702
702
588
757
845
669
934
981
859
926
976
852
728
811
639
765
850
684
943
988
882
936
985
872
736
817
651
Black or African American, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
601
621
582
749
780
717
745
781
710
581
599
560
611
633
592
772
829
729
766
827
720
589
606
574
Asian, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
880
952
779
907
888
936
919
906
938
870
959
756
855
936
773
909
924
904
918
941
909
842
936
749
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
541
569
509
774
824
683
763
813
674
516
535
493
535
560
508
771
804
729
766
800
724
512
525
489
Characteristic
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed
workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry
[Numbers in thousands]
2009
Occupation and industry
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . .
Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . .
Life, physical, and social science occupations.. .
Community and social services occupations. . . .
Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education, training, and library occupations. . . .
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare practitioner and technical
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food preparation and serving related
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations.. .
INDUSTRY
Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion pictures and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Radio and television broadcasting and cable
subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2010
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
44,845
6,027
13.4
6,821
15.2
16,978
11,548
822
473
4.8
4.1
997
585
5,430
27,867
3,306
2,512
1,220
2,269
1,335
8,318
348
5,206
175
194
122
366
79
3,172
6.4
18.7
5.3
7.7
10.0
16.1
5.9
38.1
1,840
136
7,067
22,364
3,159
3,120
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
44,871
5,867
13.1
6,674
14.9
5.9
5.1
16,684
11,386
782
476
4.7
4.2
973
599
5.8
5.3
412
5,824
207
228
141
396
97
3,503
7.6
20.9
6.3
9.1
11.6
17.5
7.3
42.1
5,299
28,187
3,350
2,468
1,256
2,260
1,352
8,415
306
5,085
136
197
126
362
72
3,123
5.8
18.0
4.0
8.0
10.1
16.0
5.3
37.1
373
5,701
180
244
145
390
87
3,441
7.0
20.2
5.4
9.9
11.5
17.3
6.4
40.9
7.4
157
8.5
1,899
112
5.9
139
7.3
962
2,588
317
1,111
13.6
11.6
10.0
35.6
1,096
2,830
353
1,180
15.5
12.7
11.2
37.8
7,188
22,463
3,214
3,287
957
2,467
268
1,122
13.3
11.0
8.4
34.1
1,076
2,683
296
1,202
15.0
11.9
9.2
36.6
7,621
334
4.4
389
5.1
7,555
297
3.9
328
4.3
4,592
3,873
30,998
13,331
17,667
521
306
2,231
411
1,820
11.3
7.9
7.2
3.1
10.3
570
338
2,499
480
2,019
12.4
8.7
8.1
3.6
11.4
4,549
3,858
30,673
13,033
17,641
469
311
2,113
418
1,695
10.3
8.0
6.9
3.2
9.6
518
338
2,388
496
1,892
11.4
8.8
7.8
3.8
10.7
11,231
880
5,820
1,989
24
1,220
17.7
2.8
21.0
2,088
26
1,269
18.6
2.9
21.8
10,879
869
5,579
1,808
30
1,050
16.6
3.4
18.8
1,912
36
1,100
17.6
4.1
19.7
4,531
744
16.4
793
17.5
4,431
728
16.4
776
17.5
15,052
7,309
7,742
2,492
1,082
1,410
16.6
14.8
18.2
2,666
1,164
1,502
17.7
15.9
19.4
15,186
7,540
7,647
2,460
1,144
1,316
16.2
15.2
17.2
2,633
1,210
1,423
17.3
16.1
18.6
103,357
1,045
102,312
662
6,613
13,454
8,438
5,016
17,851
3,386
14,465
5,162
4,256
906
2,790
633
7,431
12
7,419
57
958
1,470
907
562
937
167
770
1,144
908
237
280
34
7.2
1.1
7.3
8.6
14.5
10.9
10.8
11.2
5.3
4.9
5.3
22.2
21.3
26.1
10.0
5.3
8,226
14
8,212
63
993
1,595
985
610
1,032
185
847
1,210
960
249
312
41
8.0
1.4
8.0
9.5
15.0
11.9
11.7
12.2
5.8
5.5
5.9
23.4
22.6
27.5
11.2
6.5
103,040
1,131
101,909
695
6,103
13,252
8,268
4,984
17,800
3,321
14,479
5,195
4,286
909
2,743
577
7,092
18
7,074
55
801
1,418
835
584
860
173
687
1,134
877
257
265
29
6.9
1.6
6.9
8.0
13.1
10.7
10.1
11.7
4.8
5.2
4.7
21.8
20.5
28.3
9.6
5.0
7,884
23
7,861
61
838
1,538
909
629
949
186
763
1,203
928
275
299
38
7.7
2.0
7.7
8.8
13.7
11.6
11.0
12.6
5.3
5.6
5.3
23.2
21.6
30.3
10.9
6.5
331
42
12.8
43
13.0
341
32
9.3
36
10.6
534
1,088
8,236
25
174
150
4.7
16.0
1.8
30
192
193
5.5
17.7
2.3
561
1,054
8,072
29
167
160
5.1
15.8
2.0
38
177
206
6.8
16.8
2.5
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry — Continued
[Numbers in thousands]
2009
Occupation and industry
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Total
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . .
Management, administrative, and waste
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . .
Other services3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services, except private households. . .
Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2010
Represented
by unions2
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Total
Represented
by unions2
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
6,199
4,043
2,155
2,037
11,325
6,915
88
56
32
61
256
78
1.4
1.4
1.5
3.0
2.3
1.1
120
73
48
73
314
107
1.9
1.8
2.2
3.6
2.8
1.5
6,108
3,985
2,123
1,964
11,738
6,980
79
44
35
81
315
98
1.3
1.1
1.6
4.1
2.7
1.4
110
65
45
95
388
134
1.8
1.6
2.1
4.9
3.3
1.9
4,410
19,269
3,816
15,454
11,352
2,143
9,209
1,390
7,819
5,598
4,775
21,133
3,594
6,294
11,244
178
1,655
494
1,161
349
138
211
108
103
164
147
7,896
1,005
2,025
4,867
4.0
8.6
12.9
7.5
3.1
6.4
2.3
7.8
1.3
2.9
3.1
37.4
28.0
32.2
43.3
207
1,912
580
1,332
407
152
255
115
140
182
163
8,677
1,192
2,222
5,263
4.7
9.9
15.2
8.6
3.6
7.1
2.8
8.3
1.8
3.2
3.4
41.1
33.2
35.3
46.8
4,757
19,804
3,964
15,840
11,111
2,111
8,999
1,345
7,654
5,397
4,726
21,033
3,670
6,328
11,035
217
1,608
517
1,091
301
113
188
106
82
158
152
7,623
984
1,969
4,670
4.6
8.1
13.0
6.9
2.7
5.3
2.1
7.9
1.1
2.9
3.2
36.2
26.8
31.1
42.3
254
1,858
599
1,259
337
126
212
112
100
184
178
8,406
1,154
2,191
5,061
5.3
9.4
15.1
7.9
3.0
5.9
2.4
8.3
1.3
3.4
3.8
40.0
31.4
34.6
45.9
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses
as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and
industry
2009
Occupation and industry
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
Community and social services occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations. . . . . . . .
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . .
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . .
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . .
INDUSTRY
Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . . .
Radio and television broadcasting and cable
subscription programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . . .
See footnotes at end of table.
2010
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$1,044
$1,047
$1,040
1,138
1,208
996
994
1,253
1,266
1,059
783
1,200
887
1,116
1,192
1,002
1,036
1,078
1,230
1,099
957
1,266
1,010
888
970
470
472
747
398
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$1,045
$1,063
$1,059
$1,055
$1,064
1,123
1,208
1,009
1,026
1,107
1,210
1,135
948
1,258
996
1,139
1,208
995
983
1,263
1,271
1,040
746
1,191
782
1,155
1,230
1,036
1,008
1,289
1,255
1,062
802
1,213
913
1,138
1,161
1,082
1,047
1,062
1,238
1,166
980
1,329
1,023
1,145
1,187
1,048
1,040
1,074
1,285
1,160
955
1,358
1,008
1,156
1,231
1,035
998
1,311
1,252
1,038
759
1,199
811
1,105
1,089
702
518
992
463
1,059
1,070
682
518
980
456
877
952
435
464
611
395
920
986
479
471
747
406
999
1,095
723
514
995
508
1,015
1,098
707
503
980
503
915
967
447
467
629
402
444
440
624
665
612
597
576
768
678
782
588
567
761
673
773
418
429
613
665
595
446
455
631
666
619
595
575
752
683
762
590
564
745
678
754
421
440
621
665
607
719
416
718
781
1,009
–
1,023
999
1,003
–
1,011
999
657
411
643
733
719
416
709
794
1,013
–
1,029
1,005
1,006
–
1,019
1,001
664
412
633
745
605
610
599
786
783
789
780
778
782
578
587
563
599
599
599
817
811
824
809
801
816
564
569
557
711
462
715
1,050
744
767
806
706
611
760
577
798
749
1,043
905
847
1,047
856
–
857
1,013
1,072
800
836
735
648
761
612
975
923
1,120
1,105
–
–
845
–
846
1,015
1,052
799
832
741
641
767
607
964
911
1,104
1,083
–
–
697
457
701
1,058
698
762
801
698
609
760
575
748
707
1,008
883
843
924
717
465
721
1,032
735
767
806
700
612
777
575
823
765
1,102
912
876
917
864
–
865
1,076
1,051
828
878
760
669
770
613
1,000
934
1,199
1,018
–
–
855
–
856
1,053
1,046
817
866
749
657
774
608
994
928
1,193
998
–
–
703
463
707
1,026
692
759
796
690
610
777
572
765
725
1,014
895
871
893
827
964
839
881
889
868
726
864
1,094
560
–
1,095
843
845
842
–
842
761
1,081
658
–
1,079
831
837
817
–
822
748
1,096
640
828
924
839
882
892
868
718
868
1,094
553
821
987
849
902
902
902
702
855
1,124
542
–
1,039
806
819
–
–
786
751
1,157
598
–
1,023
799
829
870
–
713
754
1,147
592
814
974
852
905
903
908
701
859
1,123
536
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and
industry — Continued
2009
Occupation and industry
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other services, except private households. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2010
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$ 715
819
685
464
601
423
505
412
605
627
865
1,002
829
834
$839
886
801
583
673
526
582
424
886
893
947
981
906
956
$838
879
802
576
671
505
582
423
862
868
943
989
899
948
$ 698
795
673
458
593
421
496
412
599
620
782
1,019
767
720
Total
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Nonunion3
$ 731
852
698
469
616
430
508
417
615
636
878
1,012
829
854
$849
900
817
580
636
530
547
517
866
880
961
977
922
971
$846
875
823
575
632
524
553
509
862
874
956
987
917
962
$ 717
846
686
461
614
424
502
416
609
627
801
1,040
769
743
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data refer to workers who are neither members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
4 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
- Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses
as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state
[Numbers in thousands]
2009
State
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
2010
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
employed
Members
of
unions1
Represented
by unions2
Total
Percent
of
employed
Total
Percent
of
employed
Alabama. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arizona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arkansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
District of Columbia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,763
293
2,471
1,103
14,297
2,175
1,538
367
276
7,097
191
65
162
47
2,453
153
265
44
29
411
10.9
22.3
6.5
4.2
17.2
7.0
17.3
11.9
10.4
5.8
212
69
194
55
2,622
181
282
47
35
489
12.0
23.6
7.9
5.0
18.3
8.3
18.4
12.8
12.5
6.9
1,809
295
2,507
1,082
13,892
2,130
1,549
352
287
7,033
183
68
161
44
2,431
140
258
40
26
392
10.1
22.9
6.4
4.0
17.5
6.6
16.7
11.4
9.0
5.6
203
73
203
59
2,578
171
270
44
30
488
11.2
24.8
8.1
5.4
18.6
8.0
17.4
12.5
10.5
6.9
Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kansas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,869
526
577
5,435
2,612
1,398
1,249
1,657
1,704
543
177
123
36
951
277
156
77
142
99
63
4.6
23.5
6.3
17.5
10.6
11.1
6.2
8.6
5.8
11.7
226
128
46
997
319
185
104
173
110
74
5.9
24.3
7.9
18.3
12.2
13.3
8.4
10.5
6.5
13.7
3,792
511
584
5,434
2,554
1,393
1,222
1,642
1,742
543
153
111
42
844
279
158
84
147
76
63
4.0
21.8
7.1
15.5
10.9
11.4
6.8
8.9
4.3
11.6
191
120
50
891
313
192
111
166
96
71
5.0
23.5
8.6
16.4
12.2
13.8
9.1
10.1
5.5
13.0
Maryland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mississippi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Montana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nevada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2,555
2,864
3,785
2,400
1,029
2,481
374
823
1,097
616
323
476
710
362
49
234
52
76
173
67
12.6
16.6
18.8
15.1
4.8
9.4
13.9
9.2
15.7
10.8
366
516
752
377
66
264
68
94
188
76
14.3
18.0
19.9
15.7
6.4
10.6
18.1
11.4
17.2
12.3
2,558
2,866
3,806
2,468
1,037
2,469
364
813
1,012
622
296
415
627
385
46
244
46
75
151
63
11.6
14.5
16.5
15.6
4.5
9.9
12.7
9.3
15.0
10.2
329
446
659
397
58
274
52
96
170
73
12.9
15.6
17.3
16.1
5.6
11.1
14.4
11.8
16.8
11.7
New Jersey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ohio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oregon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3,734
759
8,021
3,707
301
4,827
1,456
1,471
5,220
444
721
51
2,019
115
21
685
83
250
782
80
19.3
6.7
25.2
3.1
6.8
14.2
5.7
17.0
15.0
17.9
742
77
2,182
162
30
742
107
272
844
83
19.9
10.2
27.2
4.4
9.8
15.4
7.3
18.5
16.2
18.7
3,734
750
8,078
3,686
313
4,787
1,418
1,515
5,224
456
637
55
1,959
117
23
655
77
245
770
75
17.1
7.3
24.2
3.2
7.4
13.7
5.5
16.2
14.7
16.4
660
72
2,099
180
28
702
99
268
831
79
17.7
9.7
26.0
4.9
9.1
14.7
6.9
17.7
15.9
17.4
South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tennessee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Utah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wyoming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1,672
357
2,387
9,920
1,136
285
3,503
2,847
699
2,528
239
75
20
121
508
79
35
166
574
97
385
18
4.5
5.5
5.1
5.1
6.9
12.3
4.7
20.2
13.9
15.2
7.7
91
24
156
615
90
40
191
612
108
400
20
5.4
6.6
6.6
6.2
8.0
14.1
5.4
21.5
15.4
15.8
8.3
1,713
357
2,477
10,025
1,144
289
3,473
2,837
677
2,508
246
80
20
115
545
75
34
161
552
100
355
18
4.6
5.6
4.7
5.4
6.5
11.8
4.6
19.4
14.8
14.2
7.4
107
24
142
677
96
40
196
605
111
380
21
6.2
6.6
5.8
6.7
8.4
13.6
5.7
21.3
16.5
15.1
8.4
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated businesses
as well as those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Chart 1. Union membership rates by state, 2010 annual averages
(U.S. rate = 11.9 percent)
Mountain
West
North Central
East
North Central
WASH.
MONT.
N.D.
MAINE
Middle
Atlantic
MINN.
ORE.
New England
IDAHO
VT. N.H.
MASS.
N.Y.
WIS.
S.D.
MICH.
CONN.
R.I.
WYO.
PA
PA.
IOWA
N.J.
NEB.
OHIO
NEV.
CALIF.
ILL.
IND.
MD.
UTAH
COLO.
KAN.
DEL.
MO.
W.VA.
KY.
VA.
TENN.
ARIZ.
D.C.
N.C.
OKLA.
N.M.
ARK.
Pacific
MISS.
S.C.
ALA.
GA.
TEXAS
South
Atlantic
LA.
West
South Central
East
South Central
FLA.
17.0% or more
13.0% to 16.9%
9.0% to 12.9%
5.0% to 8.9%
ALASKA
HAWAII
4.9% or less